Department of Primary Industries

MINERALS AND PETROLEUM DIVISION

FIELD SAFETY MANUAL

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. GUIDELINES FOR SAFE FIELD OPERATIONS 1-1

2. SUMMARY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS 2-1

3. VEHICLES 3-1

DPI driver safety guidelines 3-2 3.1 Safe driving rules for all vehicles 3-3 3.2 Defensive driving skills and attitudes 3-4 3.2.1 Basic defensive driving techniques for all vehicles 3-4 3.2.2 Off-road and bush road driving techniques for all vehicles 3-5 3.2.3 Additional safe driving tips for all vehicles 3-6 3.2.4 Training 3-9 3.3 Vehicle maintenance and inspection 3-9 3.3.1 Regular vehicle inspections 3-9 3.3.2 Contractor's vehicles 3-11 3.3.3 Rental or leased vehicles 3-11 3.4 Operation of vehicle controls and equipment 3-11 3.4.1 For all vehicles 3-11 3.4.2 Care of tyres 3-12 3.4.3 Use of "jumper" leads 3-13 3.4.4 Loads 3-13 3.4.5 Vehicle handling and driving skills for all vehicles 3-14 3.5 Four-wheel drive vehicles 3-18 3.5.1 Rugged terrain driving 3-20 3.5.2 Route reconnaissance 3-20 3.5.3 General driving techniques 3-20 3.5.4 Free-wheeling hubs 3-21 3.5.5 Steep slopes 3-22 3.5.6 Driving in mud 3-23 3.5.7 Driving in rocky terrain 3-23 3.5.8 Driving in sand 3-24 3.5.9 Driving in snow and ice 3-26 3.5.10 Negotiating water crossings 3-27 3.6 Getting unstuck / unbogged 3-28 3.6.1 Winches 3-29 3.6.2 Snatch Straps 3-31 3.6.3 Fitting chains 3-32 3.6.4 Operate High lift jack 3-33 3.7 Required equipment for all off-road vehicles 3-34 3.8 Fatigue 3-35 3.8.1 What is fatigue 3-35 3.8.2 Conditions that can contribute to fatigue 3-36

August 2006 1 TOC

3.8.3 Symptoms of fatigue 3-36 3.8.4 The best solutions 3-36 3.9 Powered Mobile Plant 3-37

4. AIRCRAFT 4-1

4.1 All aircraft 4-2 4.1.1 Safe operating procedures for aircraft 4-2 4.2 Helicopters 4-3 4.2.1 Safe operating procedures for helicopters 4-3 4.2.2 Additional safety procedures for helicopters 4-5

5. BOATING AND WATER CRAFT SAFETY 5-1

5.1 Safe operating procedures for watercraft 5-2 5.2 Safe loading guidelines 5-3 5.3 Equipment and maintenance 5-6 5.3.1 Fuel and motors 5-6 5.3.2 Refuelling procedures 5-6 5.3.3 Maintenance of equipment 5-6 5.3.4 Tips about equipment 5-7 5.4 Training 5-8 5.4.1 Safe boat-handling techniques and procedures 5-8 5.4.2 Boating hazards 5-9 5.5 Water survival 5-11 5.5.1 Cold water immersion hypothermia 5-11

6. PERSONAL SAFETY 6-1

6.1 Protecting your body 6-3 6.1.1 Your back 6-3 6.1.2 Your eyes 6-3 6.1.3 Your ears 6-4 6.1.4 Your head 6-4 6.1.5 Your hands 6-5 6.1.6 Your feet and legs 6-5 6.1.7 Your lungs 6-6 6.1.8 Your skin 6-6 6.1.9 Clothing 6-7 6.2 Personal travel safety 6-8 6.2.1 Hotel safety 6-8 6.2.2 Hotel fire safety 6-9

7. FIELD EQUIPMENT SAFETY 7-1

7.1 Field equipment 7-2 7.1.1 Axes 7-2 7.1.2 Rock hammers and chisels 7-2 7.1.3 Chain saws 7-2 7.1.4 Ropes 7-6

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7.2 Maintenance of field equipment 7-7 7.2.1 Damaged, unusable, unserviceable or defective equipment 7-7

8. COMMUNICATIONS 8-1

8.1 Safety planning 8-2 8.1.1 Safety plan 8-2 8.2 Schedules 8-4 8.3 Standard emergency procedures 8-5 Search: 8-7 Advanced action 8-7 8.4 Equipment 8-8 8.4.1 Statenet Mobile Radio (SMR) 8-8 8.4.2 Codan Radios 8-9 8.4.3 Satellite Phones 8-10 8.4.4 Training 8-10 8.5 Emergency communications 8-10 8.6 Procedures for moving base camp 8-11

9. TRAVERSING 9-1

9.1 General traversing procedures 9-2 9.2 Traversing in specific terrains 9-3 9.2.1 Traversing in desert areas 9-3 9.2.2 Traversing in mountainous terrain 9-4 9.2.3 Traversing or working in cliff areas 9-4 9.2.4 Traversing in heavy bush 9-5 9.2.5 Traversing in wet terrain 9-5 9.2.6 Traversing fast-moving creeks and streams 9-5 9.2.7 Slow-moving and meandering streams 9-6 9.3 Private property 9-6 9.3.1 Landowner consultation 9-6 9.3.2 Private land and fences 9-7 9.3.3 Climbing and jumping fences 9-7

10. NATURAL HAZARDS 10-1

10.1 Wildfire survival 10-2 10.1.1 Total fire bans 10-4 10.1.2 Campfires 10-4 10.2 Lightning 10-5 10.3 Floods 10-7

11. ENVIRONMENTAL DISORDERS 11-1

11.1 Cold induced illnesses 11-2 11.1.1 Overexposure to cold (Hypothermia) 11-2 11.1.2 Cold water immersion hypothermia 11-4 11.1.3 Frostbite 11-6 11.1.4 Wind chill charts 11-7

August 2006 3 TOC

11.2 Heat induced illnesses 11-7 11.2.1 Overexposure to heat (Hyperthermia) 11-8 11.2.2 Sunburn 11-11 11.2.3 Snowblindness 11-12

12. SURVIVAL 12-1

12.1 Elements of survival 12-2 12.1.1 Attitude 12-2 12.1.2 Knowledge 12-2 12.1.3 Equipment 12-3 12.2 Survival situations 12-4 12.2.1 Preventing a survival situation 12-4 12.2.2 Survival advice 12-5 12.2.3 Survival advice for desert conditions 12-6 12.2.4 Survival advice for cold climate conditions 12-6 12.3 Priorities in a survival situation 12-7 12.3.1 First aid 12-7 12.3.2 Location 12-8 12.3.3 Shelter 12-8 12.3.4 Fire 12-10 12.3.5 Water and food 12-10 12.3.6 Signalling 12-12

13 WILDLIFE 13-1

13.1 Reptiles 13-2 13.1.1 Snakes 13-2 13.2 Insects, arthropods and leeches 13-5 13.2.1 Bees, wasps, and ants 13-5 13.2.2 Ticks 13-6 13.2.3 Scorpions 13-7 13.2.4 Spiders 13-7 13.2.5 Leeches 13-9 13.2.6 Mosquitoes and flies 13-9 13.3 Wild animals 13-10 13.4 Dogs and cats 13-10 13.4.1 Preventing dog attacks 13-11 13.5 Magpies 13-12 13.6 Bats 13-12 13.6.1 Histoplasmosis 13-12 13.6.2 Lyssavirus 13-13

14. SAFETY AROUND HAZARDOUS SITES 14-1

14.1 Explosives 14-2 14.2 Trenches and pits 14-2 14.3 Heavy equipment 14-3 14.3.1 Operating heavy plant or equipment 14-3 14.3.2 Approaching heavy plant or equipment 14-3

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14.4 Drilling rigs 14-4 14.4.1 Visiting drill rigs 14-4 14.5 Active mine sites and advanced exploration sites 14-6 14.6 Open pit mines 14-6 14.7 Old underground workings 14-7 14.7.1 Prior preparation requirements 14-8 14.7.2 Equipment 14-9 14.7.3 General precautions to be taken underground 14-9 14.7.4 Overhead 14-11 14.7.5 Underfoot 14-12 14.7.6 Sampling 14-12 14.7.7 Ventilation 14-12 14.8 Offshore Platforms 14-13

15 DISEASE PREVENTION 15-1

15.1 Routine immunizations 15-1

16. FIRST AID 16-1 16.1.1 Contents 16-1

17. SAFETY MEETINGS 17-1

APPENDIX 1

OH&S INCIDENT REPORT FORM

APPENDIX 2

NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES

APPENDIX 3

HAZARDOUS MINE GASES

APPENDIX 4

EXTERNAL ILLEGAL OR CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES

APPENDIX 5

SAFETY PLAN PROFORMA

APPENDIX 6

CODAN RADIOS

APPENDIX 7

LAND ACCESS LETTER

August 2006 5 TOC

APPENDIX 8

MINE SAFETY SCHEDULE

APPENDIX 9

WERRIBEE CORE LIBRARY

APPENDIX 10

CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY

APPENDIX 11

TYPES OF LICENCES

APPENDIX 12

WORK SAFETY CHECKLIST FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES

APPENDIX 13

DPI DRIVER SAFETY PROCEDURE DPI VEHICLE PROCEDURE DPI VEHICLE POLICY

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1. GUIDELINES FOR SAFE FIELD OPERATIONS

Preface

These guidelines have been prepared to cover the general operating conditions encountered by officers of this Division in undertaking their field duties.

These general guidelines and any more specific guidelines or instructions are subject to continuous review or revision, and staff should ensure that they keep up-to-date with the appropriate safework procedures.

While it is primarily the Department's responsibility to ensure the health, safety and welfare of employees, it is also up to individual employees and employee groups to take reasonable care and to cooperate with the Department for the health and safety of themselves and others in the work place.

It should also be noted that many organisations have similar "guideline sets" for their particular operations; e.g., guidelines for Exploration" by the Australian Institute of Geoscientists, BHP, the Department of Minerals and Energy in NSW, and CRA Exploration. Most of these guidelines, whilst aimed at safe working practices, are also designed to ensure protection of the environment during field activities.

This aspect is also an implied feature of these Divisional guidelines.

August 2006 1-1 Guidelines for safe field operations Manual prepared by:

Geological Survey of Victoria - Field Safety Committee May 1998:

Alan Willocks Gayle Ellis Simon Maher John Kelsall

Revision June 2001 Revision October 2003 Revision February 2006 Revision August 2006

Sources and Acknowledgments:

BHP Minerals - Exploration safety manual 1994.

Department of Minerals and Energy, NSW - Guidelines for safe field operations. CRAE Exploration - Victorian Tasmanian Occupational health and safety manual.

Health and Safety Organisation Victoria - Explosives in the community.

Anti Cancer Council - Workers and the sun.

Contributions from Minerals and Petroleum Victoria staff.

Illustrations by:

Pam Sapurmas Marc Hendrickx BHP Manual Annonymous source internet (Magpies)

Guidelines for safe field operations 1-2 August 2006

2. SUMMARY OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENTS

The primary legislation dealing with Occupational Health and Safety in Victoria are the Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 (OH&S Act), the Dangerous Good Act 1985, and the Accident Compensation Act 1985.

Under the Acts are numerous Regulations and Codes of Practice which exist to flesh out the principal legislation, and are more specific to certain risks (e.g., Plant & Equipment, Manual Handling, Noise, Dangerous Goods Storage & Handling, Asbestos, Confined Spaces).

The principal legislation, i.e. OH&S Act 2004, requires an employer to provide and maintain so far as is practicable for employees a working environment which is safe and without risks to health.

Within Government Agencies, the Secretary is deemed to be the employer. The Secretary delegates (in part) OH&S responsibilities down through the tiered management structure, i.e. to Executive Directors, Directors, Regional Managers, Functional Managers, Operations Managers, Branch Managers, Unit Heads, Section Heads, and Supervisors.

All staff of the Department are considered employees.

Under the OH&S Act, management have a responsibility to :

„ provide and maintain safe plant and systems of work that are so far as is practicable safe and without risks to health;

„ make arrangements for ensuring so far as is practicable safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances;

„ maintain so far as is practicable any workplace under the control of management of the employer in a condition that is safe and without risks to health;

„ provide, so far as is reasonably practicable adequate facilities for the welfare of employees at any workplace under the control and management of the employer;

„ provide information, instruction, training and supervision to employees as are necessary to enable the employees to perform their work in a way that is safe and without risks to health.

August 2006 2-1 Summary of OHS requirements Under this Act, all employees have a responsibility to :

„ take reasonable care for his or her own health and safety and for the health and safety of anyone else who may be affected by his or her acts or omissions at the workplace

„ co-operate with his or her employer with respect to any action taken by the employer to comply with any requirement imposed by or under this Act.

Also, employees must not :

„ intentionally or recklessly interfere with or misuse anything provided in the interests of health safety or welfare in pursuance of this Act or the regulations

„ wilfully place at risk the health or safety of any person at this workplace.

The Safe System of Work which is underlined above is a complete system for managing occupational health and safety. This means that an employer must ensure that :

„ there are appropriate policies and procedures in place to ensure compliance with legislation;

„ all employees are trained to do their jobs safely, and are aware of and carry out their responsibilities;

„ there are procedures in place to manage all hazards and risks associated with all facets of work;

„ there is appropriate documentation of all training and hazard management, etc.

„ there are appropriate personnel, resources and structures in place in the organisation to ensure that there is safe system of work and appropriate consultation and communication;

„ all injuries, incidents and near misses must be reported immediately (within 24 hours) to your relevant Manager or Supervisor through the Safety Incident Management System (SIMS) or, where this is not available using the DPI Incident Report form (Appendix 1);

„ all purchasing incorporates OH&S requirements; and

„ the system is audited regularly, and follow-up actions are completed.

Summary of OHS requirements 2-2 August 2006

3. VEHICLES

rivers of vehicles are the major cause of many work-related accidents and safety incidents within the MPD. In most cases, these accidents Dand incidents are due to driver negligence. They can be prevented and it is a major aim of our safety program to reduce vehicle accidents. Therefore, we expect all our employees to develop the highest possible driving skills and to exercise care at all times while driving. With the use of improved driver skills and attitudes, defensive driving techniques, and the reduction of driver fatigue, MPD expects to substantially reduce vehicle accidents and incidents. In addition to skill development, the MPD safety program addresses vehicle maintenance and equipment requirements for vehicles.

August 2006 3-1 Vehicles

DPI driver safety guidelines

All drivers of department vehicles must follow the DPI Driver Safety Procedure, DPI Vehicle Procedure and DPI Vehicle Policy all of which can be found in Appendix 13. Contents of these appendices are listed below:

DPI Driver Safety Procedure DPI Vehicle Policy 1. Introduction 1. Summary 2. Overview 2. Scope 3. Procedures 3. Definitions 3.1 Driver Education and Training 4. Policy Principles Course 4.1 Commuting in Vehicles 3.2 Trip Planning 4.2 Permanent allocation of vehicles 3.3 Fatigue Management 4.3 Use of vehicles whilst employee 3.4 General Management is on approved paid leave 4. Approval 4.4 Government drivers, licences 5. Responsibility/Delegation and driver authorisations 6. Procedure Related Documents 4.5 Non government employees 7. Further Information Contacts 4.6 Vehicle acquisition 4.7 Petrol cards and purchases 4.8 Logbooks 4.9 Care and security of vehicles 4.10 Car pooling 4.11 Corporate branding of vehicles 5. Policy related documents 6. Responsibility/Delegation

DPI Vehicle Procedure 1. Introduction 2. Overview 2.1 Licensing of drivers 2.18 Registration labels 2.2 Use of DPI vehicles 2.19 Accident management 2.3 Non-departmental vehicles 2.20 Replacement of vehicles 2.4 Use of vehicles by non DPI staff 2.21 Vehicle pools 2.5 Driver training 2.22 Interstate travel 2.6 Logbooks & FBT 2.23 Alternative vehicles and transport 2.7 Vehicle acquisition 2.24 Use of private vehicles for 2.8 Overnight allocation of a vehicle government business 2.9 Communication equipment 2.25 Parking and traffic offences 2.10 Care and security of vehicles 2.26 Theft of property from vehicles 2.11 Roadside service 2.27 Theft of a motor vehicle 2.12 Servicing and repairs 2.28 Trailers 2.13 Tyres and batteries 2.29 Vehicle disposal 2.14 Pre-driving checklist 3. Procedure related documents 2.15 Petty cash expenditure 4. Further information contacts 2.16 Fuel 2.17 E-Tags

Vehicles 3-2 August 2006

3.1 Safe driving rules for all vehicles

The following rules must always be observed:

1. Obey all the rules of the road whether on public roads, non gazetted roads or private property.

2. Wear a seat belt at all times.

All MPD vehicles must be fitted with appropriate seat belts for each seat. The driver and passengers must wear them at all times while underway.

3. MPD vehicles must be driven only by properly licenced and trained employees.

4. Never drive a vehicle if your blood alcohol concentration is greater than that prescribed by law, or if you have taken medication or drugs that might affect your ability to drive.

5. Respect the legal speed limit at all times.

Most accidents result from driving too fast for existing road conditions. You must reduce speed if road conditions are unknown, if they deteriorate, or if visibility is reduced - no matter what the legal speed limit.

August 2006 3-3 Vehicles

3.2 Defensive driving skills and attitudes

Training in defensive driving techniques aims to develop driver attitudes and skills that will result in fewer vehicle accidents. According to statistics, 85% of vehicle collisions can be prevented by drivers. Defensive driving is defined as "driving to prevent collisions in spite of the actions of others and the conditions around you". MPD employees must drive defensively at all times, whether driving standard 2-wheel or 4-wheel drive vehicles. Our drivers must be able to recognize impending road hazards and emergencies, and know the best ways to handle them. Good defensive drivers react in time to prevent accidents. For this reason, MPD strongly recommends that you take a defensive driving course.

3.2.1 Basic defensive driving techniques for all vehicles

„ Always reduce your speed when you encounter adverse road conditions. These include heavy traffic; hazardous road surfaces such as water, sand, oil, ice, snow, wet leaves, potholes, mud, ruts, etc.; bad weather; and poor light or visibility.

„ Respect the "2 second rule" for safe following distance. Under normal conditions, allow the vehicle ahead of you to pass a fixed point 2 seconds before you pass that same point. Increase this following distance whenever you experience adverse conditions, or when you tow a trailer. (Use a "4 second rule" )

„ Always be ready to yield the right-of-way to another vehicle to avoid a collision. An aggressive driving attitude often causes accidents.

„ Anticipate possible problems by scanning well ahead and behind your vehicle. Once you identify a hazard, take proper preventative action. Don't have a "wait and see" attitude.

In addition to these defensive driving techniques, the following strategies will help reduce accidents.

„ Avoid driving at night in dangerous areas. Reduced visibility while driving at night makes it difficult to see animals or pedestrians on the road. Try to minimize night driving whenever possible.

Vehicles 3-4 August 2006 „ Never drive for more than 8 hours a day. Take several breaks during this period. Once you begin to notice fatigue, it has already reached an acute stage. Rotate drivers or pull off the road at a safe place and rest. Avoid driving if you are emotionally upset.

„ Plan your route and time of travel with road safety in mind. Take into account the quality of the road. Where necessary, take into account any potential threat to your personal safety (e.g. animals).

„ Know how to reach your destination so that you need not travel in convoy.

„ Be attentive. Keep your eyes moving so that you don't develop a fixed stare.

„ Park your vehicle in a safe place when you stop by the side of the road. Park well off the road on a straight stretch away from curves, hills, and intersections.

„ Use hazard lights if stopped on a public road, or if travelling slowly and frequently stopping.

„ Never race a train to a crossing or drive around lowered crossing gates. After a train has passed, always watch for another train if there are multiple tracks. Many crossings in the country are without lights and bells and trains are a potential danger at any hour of day or night.

3.2.2 Off-road and bush road driving techniques for all vehicles

Employees who drive MPD vehicles on rugged bush and gravel roads will receive training to handle the hazards of bush road driving. Although a 2- wheel drive car may be adequate for some conditions, MPD recommends a 4-wheel drive vehicle if work involves considerable unpaved road or off-road travel.

In some cases, it may be safer to resort to walking (e.g. overgrown tracks, loose sand, through creek crossings, mud bogs, very steep slopes etc). Driver attitude is an integral part of vehicle safety. Don't push your luck. Know your capabilities and those of your vehicle. It is better to walk than get stuck miles from help.

Make use of the following techniques and knowledge when you drive on gravel or bush roads:

„ Drive according to the existing road conditions, not the way you remember them. Bush roads can deteriorate rapidly due to washouts, floods, fallen trees, rainstorms, ice, whiteouts, sandstorms, etc.

„ Keep well behind other vehicles to allow yourself maximum visibility. This will also reduce stone damage to your windshield, radiator, or headlights. Let the dust settle ahead of your vehicle.

August 2006 3-5 Vehicles „ See and be seen - drive with your headlights on. Use the horn on blind corners and steep hill crests on bush roads. „ Keep to the left even on isolated roads. Other cars may be driving in the centre of the road and wont expect another vehicle.

„ Slow down when you are being overtaken by another vehicle to avoid being blinded by dust.

3.2.3 Additional safe driving tips for all vehicles

Any time you drive, you may encounter unexpected circumstances. Always adjust your driving methods to meet local road and weather conditions. These actions will help reduce accidents and safety incidents.

Wet/windy weather driving tips:

„ Paved roads are most slippery at the start of a rainfall due to accumulated oil and grease. Light rains will not wash away road grease and oil. Only heavy rain lasting half an hour or more will do so.

„ Slow down in wet or windy weather and be alert to potential problems on the road ahead. Do not follow another vehicle too closely, and increase your spacing between vehicles as conditions worsen.

„ Slow down when driving through heavy rain, standing water, or slush. A wedge of water can build up and interfere with the tyre/road contact of your vehicle at speeds as low as 50 km/h. This "hydroplaning" results in the loss of steering and braking control. The effect is like driving on ice.

Cold weather driving tips:

„ Make sure there is antifreeze (ethylene-glycol) in the vehicle radiator.

„ Test the antifreeze concentration in the radiator before winter, or if you have to top-up the radiator with antifreeze mixture.

„ Check the condition of the battery and cables frequently so that start-up does not become a problem. (See Vehicle Maintenance and Inspection Procedures 3.1.)

„ Use an engine oil with a viscosity for cold weather as specified by the vehicle's user manual.

„ Keep the fuel tank at least half full in case you become stranded. This also helps to avoid a frozen fuel line.

„ In very cold weather, do not use your parking brake. It may freeze while engaged.

„ Do not let ice and snow accumulate under mudguards. This accumulation can cause steering difficulties.

Vehicles 3-6 August 2006 „ Completely clear your vehicle windshield and all lights of snow and ice. Make sure you remove vapour or ice from the inside of your vehicle's windows so you can see clearly. Only use cold water to remove ice or snow on windows. Hot water will cause the cold glass to crack. Completely clear windshields of ice for „ When driving in fog or clear vision blowing snow, use your headlights on low beam for less reflection and better visibility. Always be able to come to a full stop within the distance you can see.

„ On snow-packed or icy roads, accelerate and brake gently to avoid skids. Use chains on the driving wheels for extra traction on ice. Warm or hot weather driving tips:

„ Use an engine oil with a viscosity recommended by the vehicle's user manual for hot weather.

„ After a long hot drive, idle the engine for one minute before turning off the ignition. Watch the temperature gauge in hot weather as the engine may overheat, especially if you are going uphill frequently.

If overheating occurs:

„ Turn off the air conditioning and pull off the road in a safe place.

„ Stop the engine if the engine coolant is boiling over. Leave the engine running if the coolant is not boiling over. Turning on the heater will help cool the engine.

„ Do not remove the radiator cap when the engine and radiator are hot.

„ Check for leaks in the system and check for broken fan or pump belts. Turn off the engine immediately if you discover any broken belts.

August 2006 3-7 Vehicles „ Check coolant levels when the temperature returns to normal. Refill if necessary.

Tips for other special road conditions:

„ If you are working in desert areas, expect sand. Carry a shovel and strong steel bar in the vehicle to anchor your winch, in case there are no trees. (You can bury a spare tyre or a wide fluted boat anchor to anchor your winch).

„ Beware of slippery

muddy conditions, Beware of slippery muddy conditions particularly during the wet periods. Tyre chains or strips of steel landing mats can provide traction if your vehicle gets bogged down.

„ Be cautious when driving through wet places on unpaved road areas. For flooded areas or large puddles, get out of the vehicle and walk through them. Check the firmness of the road bed, the water depth, and for Check depths of water and road bed ruts. before driving through

„ Avoid parking in dry stream beds if there is any possibility of flash flooding.

„ Logging trucks and ore trucks have the right-of-way on private roads. Expect them to take the inside of curves, even though it may be the wrong side of the road. Sound your horn and listen carefully. Whenever possible, use radio contact to track the location of these vehicles.

„ When entering state/private forests contact the operator for advice on operations and let them know of your presence.

„ Watch out for livestock and wildlife, especially on bush roads and remote highways (cattle, wombats, kangaroos etc.).

Vehicles 3-8 August 2006

„ Avoid night travel in areas where livestock or wildlife are known to be a road hazard. Travel slowly at night when dangers are greater. Animals often become confused by headlights and freeze in their tracks. In some areas, pedestrians may be a hazard at night.

„ Avoid parking in tall dry grass to avoid the possibility of starting a grass fire from hot engine parts. Regularly clear away dry grass and vegetation from sump and exhaust guards. Equip all field vehicles with spark arresters if they are used in areas where there is a risk of bush or grass fire be particularly wary when driving an unleaded petrol vehicle.

3.2.4 Training

Training provides MPD employees with knowledge and skills to handle both 2-wheel and 4-wheel drive field vehicles. Training aims to provide instruction in the safe operation, loading, and handling of these vehicles to meet the local conditions where they operate. Employees must learn to operate vehicles and equipment correctly and learn the performance limits of vehicles and equipment. In addition, training promotes safe driving skills through defensive driving techniques and safe driving attitudes. Employees must develop these driving skills to help prevent accidents.

3.3 Vehicle maintenance and inspection

All vehicles must undergo regular maintenance and inspections. Drivers should conduct a daily safety check to determine any need for repairs. No vehicle should be driven if it is not in roadworthy condition. Each vehicle should contain a log book to record the mileage (km) and routine service or repairs of the vehicle. Drivers are responsible for keeping vehicle log books up to date. Note any mechanical problems including exhaust, tyres, steering, lights, windshield wipers, and communication equipment, etc. Drivers are responsible for organizing repairs to be done as soon as possible.

3.3.1 Regular vehicle inspections

Pre-start check: Before a vehicle is driven, the driver should walk around it before entering and note:

„ Do the tyres look properly inflated? Are they free of cuts?

„ Are the windshield wipers properly attached?

„ Check the exterior lights. Are they undamaged and clear of dirt or snow?

„ Clean windows and lights. „ Check the oil level. The vehicle must be on flat ground.

August 2006 3-9 Vehicles „ Check your vehicle for oil leaks. grass and brush caught in or under the vehicle, etc.

When inside the vehicle, the driver should:

„ Check that the brake lights and turn signal lights all function. „ Check fuel level. „ Adjust the mirrors. „ Test the brakes. „ Listen for unusual sounds as the engine starts. Also, watch the dashboard to make certain all lights and gauges indicate that the vehicle is functioning properly.

„ Check the warning lights. Warning lights should go out when the engine is running

Periodic inspection: Make this inspection in addition to the pre start inspection. The frequency will vary with vehicle use. With normal usage, a weekly inspection may be enough. With heavy usage, this inspection routine may be necessary each day.

„ Check the battery acid level. Battery acid should be about 5 mm higher than the plates. Add distilled water only, if necessary. Never smoke or use an open flame for light while checking battery acid levels, as hydrogen is often present. Use a flashlight if necessary.

„ Check battery connections. Make sure they are tight and corrosion free. Clean and coat them with petroleum jelly, if necessary.

„ Check the radiator coolant level when the engine is cold. Use the appropriate mixture of water, antifreeze, or corrosion inhibitor.

„ Check the brake fluid level. Top-up with the same type of fluid.

„ Check the automatic transmission fluid level.

„ Check all hoses and lines. Check all radiator hoses, fuel lines, and those associated with power steering or brakes for leaks. Connections should be tight and hoses free of kinks or swellings.

„ Check wires and electrical connections. Make sure they are firmly connected and do not rub against anything.

„ Check operation of the controls when the engine is off. Check brake pedal travel, steering wheel play, gear linkage, and the accelerator.

„ Check tyre pressure, including the spares. Check for any tyre damage and tread wear. Recommended pressure is 40-45 psi when the tyre is cold.

„ Check all necessary equipment. Make sure that the required tools and emergency kits are present and complete.

Vehicles 3-10 August 2006

3.3.2 Contractor's vehicles

If you must drive a contractor's vehicle, do not assume that it is in good working condition. Make certain that the brakes, steering, lights, and other controls work properly. Do a thorough roadworthy test. Perform the daily and periodic inspections on the vehicle to ensure your safety.

3.3.3 Rental or leased vehicles

If you drive a rental or leased vehicle hired by for work, your name and driver's licence number must appear on the hire document. Carry out the inspection procedures on rental or leased vehicles that are used for field work. It is probably worth paying the extra money to waive the insurance excess.

3.4 Operation of vehicle controls and equipment

3.4.1 For all vehicles

„ Make sure you are familiar with the controls of your vehicle before driving it.

„ Know how to change a tyre. Always apply the hand brake and chock the wheels when you use a jack. Make a firm base for the jack. Consider carrying a small steel plate for a base if you make frequent tyre changes. Place extra support under the vehicle in case the jack tips or the vehicle falls off the jack. (A spare tyre works well for cars). Avoid rocking the vehicle while you remove the jack. Never crawl under a jacked-up vehicle for any reason unless it is also supported on blocks. Prevent any movement by putting chocks under wheels that remain on the ground. Do not use a high lift jack without the proper vehicle attachments.

„ Know how to jump-start vehicles that can be jump started. Do not attempt to start those that shouldn't be eg. automatics.

„ Know your fuel tank capacity and carry extra fuel, oil, and water in remote areas. Use the fuel in your auxiliary tank first (if fitted), then the fuel from the main tank. Then your gauge will indicate your final reserve. Switch fuel tanks before it is empty. Try never to run dry as contaminants in the fuel tank such as dirt or water may be sucked into the carburettor or injectors.

„ Ensure you know whether the vehicle is petrol or diesel powered before attempting to refuel. If you run out of fuel in a diesel vehicle you may have to bleed the system to restart it (see instruction manual).

August 2006 3-11 Vehicles 3.4.2 Care of tyres

„ Regularly check all tyres (including the spare), for correct pressure, tread wear and any sidewall or tread damage e.g., cuts or splits.

„ In dry sandy terrain, reduced tyre pressures (but make sure there is some means of re-pressurizing the tyres) will usually improve the vehicles ability to travel. However, beware of buried objects such as mulga roots, broken bottles etc., which readily puncture tyres which are at reduced pressure. Always re-pressurize the tyres (with an engine or tyre pump) as soon as practicable before running on hard surfaces again.

„ In isolated terrain or where extensive off-road travel is intended it will be essential to take specific additional spares such as an additional complete spare wheel, or (if it is possible to mend the tyre without recourse to special equipment e.g., for removal of flanges on split rim wheels) tyre changing tools, a tube, patch kit, and air pump.

„ In emergency situations, "packing" a damaged tyre case with sand or other preferably non combustible materials will enable slow travel back to a base.

Changing tyres

„ If you find yourself with a flat tyre always drive the vehicle (slowly) to a level, safe location before attempting to jack the vehicle. First read the vehicle manual to determine the appropriate jacking point). The chances are that if the tyre is not already ruined by a sidewall split/puncture you will not further damage it if you drive slowly. Even driving very slowly for a short distance on rough bitumen usually will not damage the tyre or rim so much that it cannot be repaired.

„ Do not attempt to jack a vehicle up which is not essentially level. Even chocks to stop possible movement downhill can move (even sideways).

„ Get the spare tyre out before jacking the vehicle up to ensure that it is useable (e.g., is not already flat or has no air pressure) and so that you do not have to excessively rock the vehicle once it is on the jack.

„ Once the vehicle is jacked up, and before commencing to change the tyre always chock the wheel(s) which remain on the ground against movement in both directions (also check possible sideways movement).

„ Never get underneath a vehicle which is jacked up unless you have an additional safety support in place (in case the vehicle falls off the jack).

„ Remember the exhaust pipe and muffler will be hot if you have just switched the engine off.

„ Use only appropriate tools and equipment. Loosen wheel nuts before jacking up and tighten fully only after lowering again.

„ Where practicable separate the tyre case from the rim before storing in the spare compartment (this is mainly to ensure that the tyre is

Vehicles 3-12 August 2006 recognisable as unserviceable and hence its repair is not overlooked). Driving over the tyre is an acceptable method of separating rim from case if bead breakers are unavailable.

„ Get the spare tyre fixed/replaced as soon as possible. Do not wait until you get back to Head Office.

3.4.3 Use of "jumper" leads

„ If you have a flat battery and cannot start your vehicle and are about to use jumper leads from another vehicle's battery (or are using your vehicle's battery to help start another vehicle), first read the owner's manual for both vehicles. Some vehicles do not have protection against reverse polarity across the alternator or the current regulator; in some cases you have to disconnect the battery; in others switch off the engine. Do not proceed until you are clear as to the procedure, or one or both vehicles could suffer a major electrical failure.

Attach -ve or 'earth' lead last to some conductive part of the chassis or engine, remote from the battery. This will lessen the risk of sparks near the battery. Take special care when attaching or detaching battery cable fittings or alligator clamps to the battery terminals (wear gloves and goggles if you have them). It is essential to avoid any chance of causing a spark - batteries give off hydrogen gas which readily explodes when mixed with air.

„ Locate your jumper leads and open the bonnet of both vehicles. Start the "other" vehicle and raise its engine speed to a fast idle.

„ Mostly the procedure will then be to firstly connect the red or positive jumper lead to the red or positive battery terminals of both vehicles. Then connect the black or negative lead to the black or negative battery terminals of each vehicle.

„ Wait approximately 1 minute to allow a surface charge to develop on the flat battery before trying to start your vehicle. If it does not start, wait a further 1 minute and try again.

„ When the vehicle starts it is recommended that you remove the black or negative lead from both vehicles first (since most vehicles have an earth return), followed by the red or positive lead.

„ Leave the engine running on a fast idle to charge the flat battery.

3.4.4 Loads

Learn how to load your vehicle correctly. If you must tow a trailer, load it according to the directions in the towing section of the car's manual.

„ Do not exceed the GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating). Refer to the vehicle's user manual or the Certification Regulation Plate mounted on the vehicle.

August 2006 3-13 Vehicles

„ Roof racks and/or trailers must be used in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and must not be overloaded. Any loads carried on roof racks or in trailers must be secured and checked at regular intervals during a trip to ensure they have not vibrated loose.

„ Roof racks and trailers must be maintained in a serviceable condition and form part of the pre start inspection before carrying a load.

„ Securely anchor all internal and external loads. Make sure all items are secured, even when a vehicle contains very little so that loose items do not become dangerous projectiles if you stop suddenly.

„ Balance all loads, both inside and outside the vehicle. Heavier items should go near the cab and lighter items toward the back to avoid undue stress on rear springs. Check frequently for spills and leakage when you transport liquids in containers.

„ Only light loads are permitted on roof racks, and make sure these are thoroughly secured. Loads must not obscure the driver's vision.

„ Whenever possible, transport fuel drums or gas bottles on the back of trayback or pickup vehicles, not within hardtop vehicles.

„ Do not transport passengers in the back of pickup or trayback trucks.

„ Transport heavy or bulky objects in trailers that are maintained in safe condition. (See Towing 3.4.5.3.)

„ Transport any hazardous materials or dangerous goods according to laws and regulations.

3.4.5 Vehicle handling and driving skills for all vehicles

3.4.5.1 Braking:

Good braking skills are fundamental to safe driving. The following practices will help ensure your safety and help avoid accidents.

„ When you descend long or steep hills, remember to reduce speed and downshift to a lower gear. Most vehicles with automatic transmission can be manually downshifted if you reduce your speed appropriately. Let the engine, not your brakes, do the work.

„ If you have power-assisted brakes and your vehicle stalls, depress the brake pedal only once to stop. Do not pump your brakes, as this will use up the vacuum reserve in your brake system.

„ Do not brake suddenly if you have a flat tyre while driving. Steer a straight course and reduce your speed gradually. Pull off the road completely in a safe place to change the tyre.

Vehicles 3-14 August 2006 „ When you park on a hill, turn your front wheels inwards until they touch the curb. Set the parking brake. Set the transmission in P (park) for automatic vehicles, or in first or reverse gear for manual vehicles. Chock the wheels if necessary.

When water enters the brake system, the vehicle's braking ability is impaired. It takes far longer to stop and the vehicle may pull to one side. Test your brakes after you drive through deep puddles or cross streams. Test your brakes periodically when you drive on slushy or muddy roads. To test your brakes, check that there is no traffic nearby and do the following:

„ Depress the brake pedal lightly to see if your brakes respond normally. If they do not, they are probably wet.

„ If the brakes are wet, continue to drive carefully with the pedal slightly depressed for a short distance. This will heat the brakes and evaporate any moisture. If the brakes do not function properly after these measures, it is not safe to continue driving.

3.4.5.2 Crossing streams

Be cautious when you cross streams. Check both upstream and downstream for some distance to determine if there is a better place to cross. Get out of your vehicle and walk across to check the water depth, firmness of the stream bed, and for hidden hazards. Check that there are no washaways (washouts).

„ If the water is too deep for a safe crossing (greater than 0.5 m), you should determine if the water level is rising, falling, or stationary. Place a stick at the stream edge and observe the ebb and flow at that point. You can then estimate if a safe crossing will be possible within a reasonable length of time.

„ As you cross, drive slowly, as there may be hidden hazards. Vehicles can stall if you drive too fast.

„ Check that your brakes function properly afterwards.

„ Whenever you use a ferry crossing, do not remain inside the vehicle.

August 2006 3-15 Vehicles

3.4.5.3 Towing trailers:

Any vehicle handles differently while towing a load, so drivers should receive training in towing trailers or caravans. Towing greatly affects your ability to pass, change lanes, pull into traffic, accelerate, etc. Practice manoeuvring a trailer before you begin any trip. Driver error, excessive speed, and improper load management are the three main causes of vehicle-trailer accidents.

Staff who are required to tow a trailer must feel confident they can do so and have the necessary expertise and experience in towing.

Prepare your trailer correctly before you depart:

„ Prior to hooking up a trailer the driver of the vehicle must ensure that the tow is sufficiently rated for trailer, the break and trafficator lights are connected and the safety chain(s) are secure. Under no circumstances will a trailer be towed contrary to local traffic laws.

„ The total weight of the trailer and cargo load must not exceed the vehicle's weight restrictions. Refer to the vehicle's user manual or the vehicle Certification Regulation Plate for the weight limits.

„ Use a hitch that suits the size and weight of your vehicle and trailer. The vehicle's user manual will indicate the specifications. Consider installing a stabilizer bar if you must drive on very rough roads.

„ All trailers must be equipped with safety chains. When you hitch a trailer to your vehicle, make sure to attach the safety chains to the hitch.

„ Distribute the load in the trailer so that there is no excess weight on the tongue. The vehicle and trailer must be level when hitched - either with the trailer loaded or unloaded. There must be no appearance of "nose- up" or "nose-down".

„ Load the heaviest objects of the cargo as low as possible to maintain a low centre of gravity. Secure the cargo thoroughly, both inside and outside, so that no shifting will occur. Never overload a trailer.

„ You need clear, unobstructed visibility when you tow trailers. Vehicles towing loads require rear-view mirrors designed for extra visibility. Use these, even if they are not required by local laws.

„ Practice turning, stopping, and backing up with the trailer before you actually tow it on a trip. Do this in an area with no traffic. Get the feel of it.

„ Before you start each trip, do a full inspection of the trailer hitch, safety chains, wheels, tyres, lights, load distribution, and load security. Check that trailer-vehicle connections are secure and all lights are functioning properly.

Vehicles 3-16 August 2006 „ After you drive a short distance, stop and check the lights and connections again. Check them frequently throughout each trip.

Turning and steering skills:

„ Make sure you perform all starting, stopping, and steering actions smoothly to avoid possible skids and jackknifes. This is especially important when you drive on wet or slippery surfaces.

„ When you turn a sharp corner, always use a wider than normal turning radius. You must do this because the trailer wheels on the inside of the curve will track closer to the curb than those of your vehicle.

Speed:

„ Do not exceed the posted towing speed, or 80 km/h. If your vehicle- trailer combination sways while underway, you are usually travelling too fast or the trailer is incorrectly loaded or over loaded. Swaying increases with speed.

„ Leave extra distance between your vehicle and those vehicles ahead. A good rule to follow is to allow the vehicle ahead of you to pass a fixed point at least 4 seconds before you pass that same point ("4 second rule"). Another method to use allows at least one vehicle and trailer length for every 15 km/h of speed you are travelling.

„ Downshift before descending long or steep hills.

„ Slow down on rough roads to avoid scraping the hitch.

Passing other vehicles:

„ Allow plenty of room to accommodate your vehicle and trailer. You must be able to change lanes smoothly, overtake, and return to your lane without crowding other vehicles.

Road and weather conditions have an increased effect on vehicles that tow trailers:

„ Rough roads will cause trailers to sway. Slow down.

„ Crosswinds will cause trailers to sway. Slow down. Swaying may also happen when large vehicles pass you. You can prepare for crosswinds holding the steering wheel. In addition, be ready to reduce your speed by releasing your foot gradually from the accelerator. Do not brake suddenly. Continue to steer straight ahead.

„ When roads are wet and slippery, slow down and allow extra distance between vehicles in addition to the "4 second rule".

„ In hot weather or in mountainous areas, watch the temperature gauge for signs of overheating. Carry extra radiator coolant.

August 2006 3-17 Vehicles Backing a trailer:

Use caution when backing a trailer. Have someone guide you to help watch for obstacles. Practice before getting underway. Hold the bottom of the steering wheel and move your hand in the direction you wish to turn. Turn the wheel a little at a time.

Parking a trailer: Park on level ground. Leave the vehicle transmission in P (automatic) or in first or reverse gear (manual). Use the parking brake. Also, chock the wheels of the vehicle and the trailer. Never park on a slope with a trailer unless it is absolutely unavoidable. If you must park on a slope, there must be one other person present and you must follow this procedure:

„ Apply the brakes and hold the vehicle in position while a helper applies the wheel chocks to the vehicle and the trailer.

„ Release the brakes slowly and let the chocks absorb the load.

„ Apply the parking brake and place the transmission in P (automatic) or first or reverse gear (manual). Turn off the engine.

When you want to drive away after parking on a slope, be sure to use this procedure:

„ Start the engine with your foot on the brake pedal (automatic transmission). Shift into gear.

„ Release the parking brake and foot brake, and slowly move away from the wheel chocks. Have your helper pick up the chocks.

3.5 Four-wheel drive vehicles

4x4 vehicles handle very differently to other vehicles. They can be significantly less safe than regular automobiles due to their design characteristics. 4x4 vehicles have a higher ground clearance and a higher centre of gravity than regular automobiles. This higher centre of gravity prevents safe cornering at the same speeds as a regular automobile. Vehicle roll-over is a potential serious problem with 4x4s.

1 If you are taking a 4WD vehicle out (e.g., for the first time or it is a new or different make or model) talk to the Transport Officer about its special

Vehicles 3-18 August 2006 features (e.g., long-range fuel tanks, winches, tools, accessories) and read the vehicle handbook.

2 Ensure you know whether the vehicle is petrol or diesel powered before attempting to refuel.

Learn to operate the controls and use the following techniques when you operate 4x4s for on-pavement and off-road driving.

„ Review the section in the vehicle's user manual on the engagement and disengagement of 4-wheel drive. Some vehicles have automatic locking hubs while others require manual engagement of the hub locks. If the ones on your vehicle are not automatic you should always engage the hubs (i.e. ready for four wheel drive) prior to entering 4WD terrain (in advance of any real need). With some vehicles it is advisable to engage 4WD (high range) once you have engaged the hubs. If your vehicle has "automatic hubs" it is good practice to check them regularly as they are capable of disengaging with repeated forwards and backwards driving.

„ 4-wheel drive vehicles must not be driven on pavement at high speed with 4-wheel drive engaged. This may cause serious wear to the front transmission, tyres and suspension. Unnecessary use of 4-wheel drive increases fuel consumption and driver fatigue. Check the vehicle's user manual for instruction about the proper use of the 4-wheel drive system.

„ Avoid sharp turns and abrupt manoeuvres. These actions make 4x4s particularly vulnerable to loss of control and roll-over.

„ Slow down for better control when it is windy. Crosswinds adversely affect the stability of 4x4s.

„ When driving off-road, drive straight up and down slopes. Do not drive across slopes.

„ When driving off-road, do not drive at excessive speeds or try to jump ditches with a vehicle. Wherever possible, use existing roads or tracks. Do not create any unnecessary new tracks with your vehicle. Preserve the environment.

August 2006 3-19 Vehicles „ Anticipate steering wheel kickback when you drive over rough terrain. Keep your fingers and thumbs firmly placed on the outside of the steering wheel and your hands in the "ten-to-two" or "quarter to three" positions.

„ Park your vehicle in an identifiable and cleared area. Park in a position so that you can make a rapid exit in case of emergency (e.g. bush fire).

„ Know how to operate a winch (see section 3.6.1). Steel winch cables may snap or tear free during winching operations. Therefore, bystanders should never stand within range of a potentially whipping cable. Preferably drape a blanket or tarp over the cable to dampen any whipping action. Wear leather gloves to avoid cuts from frayed cables.

3.5.1 Rugged terrain driving

Operation of four wheel drive vehicles in rugged terrain will be safer and more successful if some general principles are observed, and some specific driving techniques applied in particular types of terrain.

This section describes those general principles, and describes techniques to apply in negotiating rocky, sandy, muddy and snowy conditions. Load management to maximise traction is also discussed.

3.5.2 Route reconnaissance

A careful check on foot of your best route across difficult terrain will maximise your chances of a successful crossing, and may save hours of work recovering your vehicle. Where the ground surface cannot be seen because of water or mud, check for hidden obstructions such as rocks or logs (which may have been placed by earlier drivers) and the depth to a hard surface.

On deeply rutted tracks get out and actually check the depth of the deepest ruts and decide whether the ground clearance on your vehicle will allow you to negotiate them. If not, you may have to fill the deepest ruts with rocks or branches, or negotiate the section by straddling the ruts.

3.5.3 General driving techniques

Some general principles of four wheel driving in difficult terrain are as follows:

„ check difficult terrain or obstacles on foot first

„ only commit one vehicle at a time to a difficult section of terrain

„ enter difficult terrain in the most suitable gear

Vehicles 3-20 August 2006 „ do not change gear unless you absolutely have to (you will probably initiate wheel spin)

„ a slow steady approach is usually best – do not over-rev, use the hand throttle, do not use brakes or clutch if possible

„ if wheel spin occurs, back off the accelerator

„ brake gently and smoothly – if skidding commences, ease braking until wheels are rolling again

„ always walk around a vehicle looking for obstacles before driving off, particularly if you intend reversing.

3.5.4 Free-wheeling hubs

Conventional four wheel drive vehicles when driven in two wheel drive can generate noise in the front axle due to the rotation of the axle’s internal components. Vehicles may be fitted with free-wheeling hubs to reduce this noise as well as to reduce wear on the front drive line, and to conserve fuel,. On each front wheel hub a manually operated lock engages or disengages the internal drive train forward of the transfer case.

Some modern four wheel drive vehicles have automatic hub locking. Where this is not fitted, it is necessary to manually lock both front hubs before selecting four wheel drive. It is good practice to do this in advance when you anticipate that four wheel drive will be needed. Remember to turn the hubs back to FREE (unlocked) when you return to good road surfaces.

Where free wheeling hubs are fitted, it is good practice to engage four wheel drive at least once every two weeks to lubricate parts.

August 2006 3-21 Vehicles

3.5.5 Steep slopes

Ascending a steep slope Inspect intended vehicle path prior to negotiation Select correct gear/range to ascend grade Turn off air conditioning Maintain engine revolutions to ensure constant traction

Stall vehicle ascending slope Apply foot brake as vehicle stalls and handbrake applied, ignition turned off Depress clutch and select reverse gear Release clutch and release handbrake slowly Turn on ignition and release brakes Start vehicle reverse down the slope Apply brakes as necessary to control descent

Descending a steep slope Inspect the proposed route. Often the lower part of the slope cannot be seen from the top. If it is too slippery to walk straight down, it is too slippery to drive down. Make sure all occupants are wearing seat belts and air conditioner is off. Point the vehicle straight down the slope. Select low range four wheel drive first gear before descending down the slope. Do not try to change gear whilst descending. Slow the vehicle to slowly descend just on the engine compression, ie., no accelerator pressure. When the engine braking is not sufficient to slow the vehicle, use the handbrake rather than the footbrake. This will give greater control and help to prevent a skid and loss of steering. Apply hand brakes gently to slow the vehicle. If the wheels lock and begin to skid, gently ease the brake pressure to allow the wheels to roll again, then reapply carefully to slow the vehicle. In vehicles fitted with ABS brakes, the footbrake may be used to slow the vehicle; this system will automatically control a skid.

Stall vehicle descending slope Turn off ignition and apply foot brake and engage hand brake Depress clutch and select low gear Release clutch and slowly release handbrake Turn on ignition and release brakes Start vehicle and allowed it to continue down the slope

Vehicles 3-22 August 2006 Apply brakes as necessary to control descent and steer into skids

3.5.6 Driving in mud

As with sand, driving in mud requires vehicle momentum to be maintained. A careful reconnaissance is essential to determine the best route, and to locate sub-surface obstacles. Check the security of the vehicles contents and any load - vehicles can lurch violently as they slip sideways into hidden ruts or holes.

As a general rule when driving through mud:

„ select the best gear before entering the mud (low range four wheel drive second or third may be best) and do not change gear once committed „ maintain as straight a line as possible - if you have to change direction, do it gradually if possible „ maintain momentum „ if the vehicle stops, stop the wheels turning before they dig in.

Chains may help you get through mud.

Deflating tyre pressure may also help improve traction - do not deflate to less than 15 psi (105 kPa), and reinflate them as soon as possible.

3.5.7 Driving in rocky terrain

Rocky terrain often presents problems in terms of sharp rises or ledges to be surmounted, and protracting rocks that can damage tyre sidewalls, vehicle panels and underbody areas.

Some general principles to observe are:

„ a slow steady momentum in low range, perhaps using the hand throttle, usually works best „ present wheels to obstacles square on, to prevent damage to tyre sidewalls „ where wheel placement and clearance is critical, use an offsider if possible to guide you from outside the vehicle.

August 2006 3-23 Vehicles Where a sharp ledge has to be climbed, check that the front of the vehicle (bumper bar, spring hangers) will clear the obstacle before the wheels meet it. This is called the approach angle.

Departure Approach angle angle

Check that the upper ledge is wide enough for the vehicle to stand on - otherwise you run the risk of “hanging up” the vehicle with all wheels off the ground.

If approach angle is adequate and the ledge wide enough: „ approach square on „ when the front wheels have mounted the ledge, lift your foot off the accelerator „ just before the rear wheels meet the ledge, accelerate sharply. The vehicle will initially sit down at the rear but then pitch forward reducing load on the rear axle, whilst the extra power helps pull the rear wheels over.

Descending ledges also requires a slow steady approach. Assess the departure angle to ensure you will not crunch the rear of the vehicle, then allow it to crawl down the ledge in the lowest gear possible, only using brake gently, and without touching clutch or accelerator.

Gutters and humps that are narrower than the wheel base of the vehicle are often best approached at an angle. This means that each wheel meets the obstacle separately, reducing the impact and keeping three wheels on the ground simultaneously. This reduces the risk of being “hung up” with the underbody resting on the ground.

3.5.8 Driving in sand

At slow speeds in loose sand, considerable power is needed to push sand ahead and to the sides of the tyres. Once some speed and momentum is developed, the tyres tend to ride higher on the sand surface, requiring less power and making it less likely the vehicle will dig in the bog.

Vehicles 3-24 August 2006 As a general rule when driving in loose sand: „ maintain the maximum possible safe speed, using four wheel drive high range „ apply power to increase speed only when the going is firmer, or the vehicle is going downhill „ if you must change down gears, do it quickly so as not to lose momentum „ if you must stop, try to let the vehicle roll to a halt without braking, on as firm going as possible, or pointing downhill „ the vehicle’s turning circle will be greater.

Traction in loose sand may be improved with a bigger tyre “footprint” by reducing tyre pressure. Tyre pressures can be safely reduced to 15 - 20 psi (105 - 140 kPa) for short periods - be sure you have a pump to return pressures to normal as soon as possible.

Normal inflated Deflated footprint footprint

Reducing tyre pressures below 15 psi (105 kPa) increases the risk of:

„ breaking the bead on tubeless tyres, with subsequent rapid deflation (and difficulty in re-inflating with a manual pump or small capacity compressor) having the tyre creep around on the rim, shearing the valve off on tubed tyres (giving you a flat tyre and a useless tube).

August 2006 3-25 Vehicles

In negotiating sharp rises or drops, or ditches or humps, consider the value of spending a little time constructing a ramp with stones, logs, branches. This may overcome an inadequate approach angle, reducing the risk of underbody damage, and will reduce the effort required to lift the vehicle and the stress on tyres.

3.5.9 Driving in snow and ice

Snow covered ground presents some similar problems to mud - you cannot see the surface, with its possible obstacles and irregularities. If you cannot easily assess all factors from the vehicle, get out and check. Particularly check for: „ depth of snow „ type of snow (wet, dry, compacted) - you can drive through deeper dry snow than wet snow „ the actual path of the road or track - are the edges defined in any visible way? „ the likelihood of deeper drifts further on - will you be able to turn, or back out?

As a general rule when driving through snow: „ keep to existing wheel tracks „ keep to the crown of the road or track „ maintain momentum with steady power in the highest practical gear „ if you have to stop, look for bare patches, crests or downslopes from where you will be able to get going again „ if you start losing traction on slopes, try swinging the steering wheel sharply from side to side to allow the edges of the front wheels to bite more. Keep engine revs steady whilst doing this.

Vehicles 3-26 August 2006 „ fit chains - if possible to all four wheels. If only one set is available, fit to front wheels in a 4WD vehicle (or to the driving wheels in a 2WD vehicle). „ allow much greater stopping and turning distances than normal if other vehicles are encountered „ whenever possible, stop and remove snow build-up in and below the engine bay. Hard packed snow could eventually limit the movement of steering components.

Ice can be found on all types of road surfaces in very cold conditions, and particularly on timber bridges, in areas shaded by embankments or heavy tree cover, and where water may be seeping across the road.

Some snow surfaces can also be turned to ice where vehicles have compacted the surface, or exposed snowy surfaces are polished by wind.

Where ice is encountered there will be an almost complete loss of traction. Reduce your speed to the absolute minimum without using brakes. Use the accelerator, clutch and steering wheel as gently and smoothly as possible. If you have to make an emergency stop, try to steer the vehicle into a snow bank or off the road.

Where vehicles are operated or parked in freezing conditions: „ ensure the coolant in the radiator has had anti-freeze added (usual ratio 1 : 1) „ consider using Alpine-mix diesel, available in Alpine regions, if driving a diesel vehicle „ note that standard diesel fuel can become clogged with waxy deposits in very cold conditions, rendering the vehicle useless until the fuel is warmed „ do not apply the handbrake (the inner cable can freeze, locking the brakes on) „ lift the wiper blades so they do not freeze to the windscreen „ add methylated spirits to the windscreen washer reservoir to prevent it freezing „ keep the fuel tank as full as possible to limit water condensation.

3.5.10 Negotiating water crossings

It is unfortunately common to hear of drivers drowning after their vehicles have been swept off flooded river or creek crossings.

If you must cross water, check the water depth, condition of the road or creek bed, the state of the entry and exit point. Gravel, shingle and boulder river beds are generally safer to cross than sandy or silty beds.

Under no circumstances try to cross without checking.

August 2006 3-27 Vehicles As a general rule try not to cross water that is deeper than waist height and flowing faster than 1 m/s (about 2 s to cover 1 m). Treat water deeper than axle deep with extreme caution.

If there is likelihood that the water level at the crossing point will fall to safer levels within a day or so it would be better to wait before attempting the crossing. Alternatively you may need to turn around and retrace your tracks.

„ Identify and select path for entry and exit points for crossing determined for current flow „ Check depth of water at intended crossing point against engine air intake by capable swimmer only „ Identify gear ratio for completion of crossing without the need to change „ Attach appropriate cover to front of vehicle to prevent water damage to engine area „ Maintain engine revolutions without sudden acceleration or deceleration and maintain a bow wave „ Dry brakes off following any water crossing by gentle application whilst moving „ Check engine oils for contamination after crossing and diff and gear box oils after prolonged periods in water „ If necessary recover vehicle using standard winching procedures

3.6 Getting unstuck / unbogged

„ If you feel/sense/know that you are stuck or have lost traction and/or steerage, stop all further attempts to drive and alight from the vehicle (if practicable). Try to determine what the problem is. Determine what the vehicle is stuck or hung-up on, or which wheels have lost traction. Use your vehicle's shovel to test for any "loose ground which may simply be causing loss of traction.

„ Use the shovel to remove any loose sand, gravel, or mud from under the spinning wheel, or the soil, rock or tree stump/branch on which you are caught.

„ With most 4WDs, getting hung-up on a front or rear differential or the transfer gear box is the most common cause of bogging (this results in one or more wheels losing traction); being on too steep and slippery a slope is the usual cause of loss of traction and/or steerage.

„ Spinning of the wheels is a wasted exercise (apart from the fact that it mostly serves only to dig the vehicle in deeper): you require maximum torque/ground friction to get the vehicle to move, so minimum power is appropriate. Always straighten your front wheels before attempting to drive or to be winched out of a bogged position.

Vehicles 3-28 August 2006 „ The weight of most 4WD vehicles means that often you will not be able to drive them out of a bog unless you get them onto a more or less level keel. Often just some shovel work and/or lowering the tyre pressure (if not hung up already) will achieve this.

„ When bogged, jacking up the wheel(s) which has lost traction and packing beneath it with stones, wood or hard dry soil is usually the only alternative to winching or towing (but take care with all jacking operations).

3.6.1 Winches

Employees using vehicles with winches should be shown by an experienced person how to operate the winch safely. Details of safe operation are given in the Winch Training Manual. This information is summarised below.

Guidelines for operating safely

„ The major hazard with all winching is that the cable will break loose and recoil when under strain, either through cable break or, more likely, loss of end fixing. Always stand clear of this cable while the remote control lead is plugged into the winch, preferably behind a solid object. Preferably drape a blanket or tarp over the cable to dampen the whipping action.

„ Do not exceed the capacity of the winch. This can be increased by doubling the line and using a pulley.

„ Never use a Snatch Strap in the winch system. It stores elastic energy and will release it catastrophically if it fails.

„ To avoid accidental crushing, always inspect the remote control for damage before plugging into the drum. A damaged remote control may cause the drum to spin unexpectedly.

„ Always inspect and carefully rewind the wire rope after use, and replace if damaged. Wear heavy gloves and do not let the wire rope slip through your hand. Stop rewinding 1.2 metres from the drum, unplug the remote control, release the clutch, and rotate the drum by hand to retrieve the remaining wire rope. Re-engage the clutch.

„ Ensure that the winch or tow rope is in good condition, including all its shackles and eyes/hooks.

„ Use a tree trunk protector to attach the anchor to avoid damage to the wire rope. Ensure that the anchor is suitable - preferably one that will fail slowly rather than abruptly.

August 2006 3-29 Vehicles

Vehicles 3-30 August 2006

3.6.2 Snatch Straps

This method requires two vehicles.

The strap is attached to a strong point on the bogged vehicle and to one on the recovery vehicle with a few feet of slack in between.

The recovery vehicle takes off, usually in 1st or 2nd low. As the strap becomes taught it stretches, storing kinetic energy from the recovery vehicle and transferring it to the bogged vehicle, popping it free. The bogged vehicle should generally have its wheels rotating to assist.

A bogged vehicle can be snatched forwards or backwards. The recovery vehicle should ideally be on firm ground.

Snatch straps are potentially dangerous. The strap is nothing less than a giant catapult. The forces generated are of the same order of magnitude as the vehicle's weight - ie. they are measured in tons.

Only straps that are specifically designed for vehicle recovery and that pass appropriate national standards (e.g. ASA) should be used. The straps are elastic and the technique will not work with any old rope! Straps should be treated carefully and worn ones must be discarded. A strap can loose its elasticity under repeated use and some have special stitching or threads to show when this has happened.

The strap must be attached to towing-points that are well able to withstand the huge forces generated. Shackles should not be used to attach straps, only adequate towing strong-points. Ordinary tow-balls are not designed to withstand these forces. Most bull-bar manufacturers do not approve their bars for use as attachment points for snatch straps.

If an anchor point fails during recovery, the heavy metal object and the recoiling strap itself become lethal projectiles which is quite capable of punching a hole right through vehicle bodywork and through any person that happens to be in the way. The strap alone can inflict serious injury if it breaks. For these reasons, bystanders should be kept well away.

A snatch strap should not be used to extend a winch cable during recovery operations precisely because it stretches and thus stores energy.

A shackle must never be used to join two straps. Even if the shackle is plenty strong enough, one of the straps might break, launching the shackle with a force of tons.

August 2006 3-31 Vehicles The best way to join two straps together is to pass each strap through the eye of the other to give a combined length of 2 straps. If you do join two snatch straps by this method, but do nothing else, it will be almost impossible to separate them after use as they will have tightened up and become locked together. The trick to avoiding this problem is to insert a small, light, wooden stick between them before use (picture). Note that the stick does not carry any load as such; so it will not break and it does not matter if it does, and it is easily slipped out after use thus providing just enough slack to separate the two straps easily. You can also use a rolled-up magazine or newspaper.

3.6.3 Fitting chains

Tyre chains fitted to two or four wheels will give dramatically increased traction in many situations. On some public roads leading to ski fields, their fitting is mandatory.

Where required, chains should be fitted to all four wheels. Where only one set of chains is available, they should generally be fitted to the front wheels of 4WD vehicle - this will assist with steering and braking as well as traction. An exception to this is where chains are required to get a vehicle up a long incline - here they are best fitted to the rear wheels because the vehicle’s weight will sit back on a climb.

Chains will assist with vehicle traction in snow, in mud, and also on very greasy clay surfaces. Be aware that on firm (but slippery) clay tracks the chains will bite and gouge the track surface - reduced speed and engine revs will improve traction and cause less damage to the track.

To fit tyre chains: „ lay each chain out beside a wheel, with the adjuster to the outside, and inspect all linkages for damage

Vehicles 3-32 August 2006 „ holding the inside edge of the chain, drape it over the wheel and connect the inside link „ connect and tighten the outside link - you may have to re-adjust the inside link „ move the vehicle a body length or two, then re-tighten the links. Repeat this if necessary „ tie up any loose ends

3.6.4 Operate High lift jack Vehicle is jacked and wheel ruts filled with material or vehicle pushed sideways to clear rut

August 2006 3-33 Vehicles

3.7 Required equipment for all off-road vehicles

It is the drivers responsibility to ensure that the following equipment is in the vehicle prior to departure to the field:

St John first aid kit is complete 1 kg fire extinguisher 16 Lt fire extinguisher (knapsack) with water fire blanket and brochures on how to survive bushfires Codan HF radio is working, bush antenna and manuals Wildfire safety and survival booklet Info sheet containing DPI, hospital, fire, ambulance and police locations and phone numbers, safety vest in glove box Recovery kit (snatch strap, tree protector, pulley, 2 D shackles) manuals for equipment (radios, winch, others) bow saw shovel or rake hoe hard hats car jack and tools goggles gloves matches (waterproof) spare keys log book spare tyre chainsaw and safety equipment distress flares winch cable and remote control EPIRB satellite phone sunscreen

ALL VEHICLES MUST HAVE STICKERS OR CARDS LOCATED IN THE GLOVE BOX THAT SHOW:

1. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPS) for emergency situations 2. Operating instructions for the vehicle radio 3. Wildfire stickers on dashboard

No vehicle may be fitted with a combination of radial and cross-ply tyres. Keep the tyres, including the spares, at the correct pressure.

Vehicles 3-34 August 2006 IN COLD WEATHER IN HOT WEATHER chains large plastic bag for catching water extra mitts and wool hats clear plastic to make a still sleeping bags and/or blankets space blankets (1 per person) shovel extra fuel and water sand bags shovel emergency candles food extra food

Use common sense and carry appropriate extra equipment for your field area. Drivers are responsible for returning a vehicle with all equipment. Missing or damaged equipment should be replaced. Radios and their antennae must be maintained in good working order and returned with the vehicle.

3.8 Fatigue

3.8.1 What is fatigue

Fatigue is a response to a continued physical or mental activity.

When suffering from sleep related fatigue, it is impossible to resist falling asleep.

The need for sleep can be as powerful as the need to breathe.

Fatigue is considered the main cause of driver recognition failure.

This includes:

• Inattention • Distraction • Drowsiness • Falling asleep

The impairment of 17 hours without sleep is about equal to that associated with a Blood Alcohol Content (BAC) of 0.05%.

August 2006 3-35 Vehicles

3.8.2 Conditions that can contribute to fatigue

• Quantity and quality of sleep before driving. • Time of the day or night. • Temperature, light and noise levels. • Medication and alcohol intake. • Physical fitness.

Research shows that 24 hours of sleep loss produces about the same degree of performance loss as a BAC of 0.10%.

3.8.3 Symptoms of fatigue

• Continued yawning. • Closing, heavy or sore feeling in eyes. • Slow reactions. • Blurred or dim vision. • Lack of concentration. • Becoming impatient. • Driving speed fluctuates. • Wandering across the road. • Make bad gear changes. • Feeling stiff or cramped.

Sleep is the only way to reduce the fatigue accident risk. Take a Powernap!

High risk groups of people include:

• Young drivers under 25 years of age. • Shift workers. • Long distance drivers. • Drivers with sleep disorders such as Sleep Apnoea.

3.8.4 The best solutions

Plan your trip well in advance:

• Get a good night’s sleep before setting out.

• Stay somewhere overnight if you are on a long journey.

Vehicles 3-36 August 2006

• Share the driving.

• Plan to travel for no longer than 8-10 hours per day.

• Take a Powernap when drowsy – even a 10 minute nap can provide safety benefits.

3.9 Powered Mobile Plant

Workers operating certain types of powered mobile plant without direct supervision must hold appropriate WorkSafe certificates of competency. This includes the operation of slewing mobile cranes, non-slewing mobile cranes with greater than 3 tonne capacity, vehicle loading cranes with a capacity of 10 metre tonnes or more, fork- lift trucks (except pedestrian operated types), boom type elevating work platforms with a boom length of 11 metres or more, and truck-mounted concrete placing booms. Workers operating earthmoving plant such as front-end loaders, front-end loader/backhoes, skid steer loaders, excavators, dozers and draglines should have an appropriate qualification card or certificate.

Mobile plant that is to be operated on public roadways, even driven across a roadway, must be appropriately registered.

Operators must be familiar with their plant and attachments and have the operator’s manual and understand the safe operating procedures for the work.

Mobile cranes with a capacity of more than 10 tonnes and truck-mounted concrete pumping booms must have a current plant registration before they can be operated. These units can be registered with WorkSafe in Victoria or with any interstate equivalent Authority. Do not allow these items of plant to operate until you have sighted proof of current registration.

Make sure plant is in a serviceable condition when it arrives on site. In the case of plant which has been hired or leased, insist that the supplier provides you with a copy of the latest inspection and maintenance record. Make sure all the inspection and service checks recommended by the supplier are carried out at the recommended intervals during the time the plant remains on site. Keep records on any inspections and maintenance to plant carried out while the plant is under your management and control. Make sure plant found to be unserviceable is taken out of operation until it is repaired or replaced.

Tractors, rough terrain equipment or other powered mobile plant subject to the risk of overturning need a properly constructed and fitted roll-over protective structure (ROPS) to safeguard the operator from injury. Likewise, where there is any danger of falling debris, a suitable and robust falling object protective structure (FOPS) is needed to protect the operator.

Boom-type elevating work platforms (cherry pickers, travel towers, boom lifts etc) should be supplied with a safety harness and lanyard for each person working in the basket.

August 2006 3-37 Vehicles Although a Certificate of Competency is not required to operate certain other types of plant (refer to Appendix 10), the department has a legal obligation to ensure that employees are given suitable training in the type of plant they are operating.

You may get training by working under the direct supervision of someone who has suitable experience operating the plant or from the manufacture or supplier of the plant.

Vehicles 3-38 August 2006

4. AIRCRAFT

he Department uses fixed wing aircraft and helicopters for airborne geophysical surveys. They commonly operate under a wide variety of Tdemanding conditions. Therefore, all employees who use aircraft on a charter or casual basis must be thoroughly trained in safe operating procedures for aircraft. Everyone must know and follow rules for working safely in and around aircraft. Employees must also clearly understand their own responsibilities for operations regarding either fixed wing aircraft or helicopters.

August 2006 4-1 Aircraft

4.1 All aircraft

Follow strict safety rules when you work around all aircraft. Propellers and rotor blades are invisible when engines are running, and you can easily become distracted and walk into one.

4.1.1 Safe operating procedures for aircraft

1. All passengers must be transported in anchored seats with seatbelts fastened.

2. The pilot or co-pilot must supervise the embarking and disembarking of passengers. This is usually done when the engines are shut down.

3. Never disembark and walk in the direction of the propellers of an aircraft or in the direction of the tail rotor of a helicopter.

4. Stand well back from all aircraft during landing or docking procedures. Never touch or stand within the arc of a stationary propeller. The engine's ignition circuits may be live and spontaneous ignition in piston engines may occur.

5. Aircraft must carry safety and survival equipment for each passenger.

6. In the event of a crash, STAY IN THE VICINITY OF THE AIRCRAFT. In the event of a hard landing, never leave a helicopter until the rotor blades stop completely or the pilot gives permission.

7. All employees must maintain vigilant, safe behavior and refrain from all types of horseplay while in and around aircraft at all times.

8. Never overload an aircraft. Follow safe loading procedures.

Aircraft 4-2 August 2006

4.2 Helicopters

Many rules and safety procedures apply equally to helicopters and fixed wing aircraft. However, helicopters are less safe because of their design and use. They are more susceptible to mechanical failure. The following safe operating procedures apply to helicopters, in addition to those previously listed for all aircraft.

4.2.1 Safe operating procedures for helicopters

1. Always obey instructions given by the pilot.

2. Never approach or exit a helicopter without the pilot's direct permission. Pilots frequently do stability testing and shift the helicopter slightly before final landing.

3. Approach a helicopter by moving toward the FRONT of it and in full view of the pilot. Engine not running Exit by moving away at the FRONT of the craft. Keep eye contact with the pilot if possible. Take care not to walk into the helicopter's radio antenna. You may have to approach or exit a helicopter to the side if it lands toward high ground or for a few helicopter types such as the Sikorsky S-76 which has a low blade clearance at the front of the helicopter. Never enter or exit toward the rear of a STAND CLEAR - Propellars invisible helicopter because the tail rotor when engines are running is invisible when the machine is running.

4. NEVER WALK IN THE DIRECTION OF THE TAIL ROTOR. If you walk into the tail rotor it will kill you! Inform the pilot before exiting if you must remove gear from the cargo

Crouch for maximum clearance

August 2006 4-3 Aircraft

compartment. Do this carefully, and make sure you properly close the cargo compartment door when finished. Then, return to the full view of the pilot and move away at the FRONT of the helicopter.

5. Always approach and exit a helicopter using the DOWNHILL side if the craft is on a slope. The rotor blades will be much closer to the ground on the uphill side and can hit your head. Be alert to the risks of moving through hummocky ground within the range of the main rotor blade.

6. Always approach or exit a helicopter in a CROUCHING position to give your head more clearance from the rotor blades. Secure hats and other loose clothing before approaching the helicopter (eg scarf, jacket).

AVOID THIS AT ALL COSTS

7. Do not approach or exit if the rotor blades are moving slowly. Blades will dip as the motor slows, and they can also dip unpredictable if it is windy.

8. Do not approach a helicopter when visibility is reduced by the downdraft blowing up dust, sand, or snow. Wait until visibility is clear or until the helicopter has shut down.

9. Do not distract the pilot or upset the balance of the machine with sudden or unpredictable movements during take-off, landing or other manoeuvres. However, if you notice a hazard while flying, be sure to point it out to the pilot. Do not assume that the pilot has seen it.

Aircraft 4-4 August 2006

10. When loading and unloading, carry all long items horizontally (poles, oars, tools, etc.) Never carry them vertically or over your shoulder, as they may hit the main rotor blades.

11. Never throw anything out of a helicopter. It may contact the rotor blades or be sucked into the jet engines.

You must stay alert and constantly remind yourself to keep your distance from the rotor blades.

4.2.2 Additional safety procedures for helicopters

„ If you are exiting from a helicopter that will take off immediately, move at least 10 metres away with your gear and crouch down. Remain there while it lifts off.

„ On rare occasions, pick-ups and drop-offs on steep slopes may require "toeing-in" with only partial support of the skids. (Pilots should avoid toeing-in whenever possible). If this procedure is unavoidable, all passengers must be fully briefed on specific aspects of approach, exit, communication with the pilot, and emergency procedures before departure. Board or exit only after you receive instruction and permission from the pilot. Be especially careful not to make any unexpected movements that suddenly redistribute weight during these landings.

„ During some surveys, a helicopter door may be removed. Never unfasten your seat belt until the pilot gives permission.

„ Never touch a helicopter or its load before it has completely landed, as it is usually charged with static electricity.

„ When exiting, refasten seat belts so they do not flap around inside the bubble or hang out the door.

„ Protect your eyes from dust blown up when a helicopter is arriving or departing. Wear goggles or sunglasses.

„ Stand back at least 15 metres from the landing pad when a helicopter is arriving or departing.

„ Securely stow all items within the bubble. Unsecured, small heavy items can cause a lot of damage in turbulence or a hard landing.

August 2006 4-5 Aircraft „ Never place items against the bubble of the helicopter, as they may damage the surface or obstruct the pilot's view.

„ Close doors and cargo compartments carefully and completely.

Aircraft 4-6 August 2006

5. BOATING AND WATER CRAFT SAFETY

mployees who use watercraft must receive training in safe boating techniques. You must be thoroughly familiar with the characteristics of Eany boat you operate. It is critically important to select the appropriate boat for your work. For large bodies of water, coastal areas, and in cold water areas, use large boats or inflatables. These have much greater stability than small outboards or canoes. Use canoes only when you work in areas with small lakes and streams. MPD recommends that you always travel with a second boat, or carry a back-up motor that uses the same fuel hose linkage as your main motor. Due to the possibility of capsizing accidents, everyone who uses boats should know how to swim and should wear a life jacket. Training in boat recovery and rescue skills, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other resuscitation skills is essential. If you work in cold water areas, be prepared to deal with cold water immersion hypothermia.

The Marine (Hire and Drive Vessels) Act 2001 requires that all recreational boat operators require a specific boat licence to operate any powered recreational vessel in Victoria.

Vessels registered as commercial vessels: Commercial vessels used to transport staff will be seaworthy and be registered in accordance with the relevant state requirements. Any person who is required to pilot a commercial vessel will hold an appropriate coxswain certificate or other recognised certificate or competency which is issued by a bona fides issuing authority.

Commercial vessels must be operated within the terms of their particular licence and registration so far as speed, load and other relevant conditions are concerned.

August 2006 5-1 Boating and watercraft safety

5.1 Safe operating procedures for watercraft

All parties using a boat more than a few kilometres from base should take enough equipment to ensure survival during a night out—you may be wet, and boats may be less reliable than land vehicles, and should not be used at night because of risk of collision, grounding, and disorientation. Therefore head for land well before nightfall, even if home base has not been reached. All parties using a boat should be equipped with a GPS, a compass, and at least one EPIRB in addition to a satphone (protected by a waterproof bag). The EPIRB should be attached to one member of the party—probably the operator—and should only be deployed in a LIFE-THREATENING emergency.

If a boating party is late returning, attempt to contact them by satellite phone. If contact is made, ascertain their exact location and condition—based on their response, rescue by the appropriate authority may still be appropriate. Leave a message on their satphone asking them to contact you ASAP, and telling them that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated. In this instance, or if contact cannot be made, promptly contact the local police (000) and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers. DO NOT attempt to initiate your own search for a missing boating party.

1. It is a legal requirement to wear a personal flotation device (PFD, life jacket). MPD requires all employees to wear a PFD whenever they travel in any small watercraft on company business. A PFD must meet Australian standards. It should contain closed-cell foam, rather than kapok, as flotation material. Do not use it for a cushion.

2. Use fully equipped boats that are safe and appropriate for your region.

3. Limit the speed of your boat at all times. As with motor vehicles, speed is a major cause of boating accidents.

4. File your daily boating route with the project manager.

5. Never boat in bad weather. Don't take chances.

6. Travel as close to shore as safely possible, in case problems develop.

7. Never overload your boat. Follow safe loading guidelines.

Boating and watercraft safety 5-2 August 2006

8. Become a competent swimmer. The swimming ability of your group should be known to all team members and included in the safety plan. Non-swimmers and people who are not confident in water should not use boats in the course of their work.

5.2 Safe loading guidelines

You need a stable boat to work safely on water. Boats capsize more readily if they ride too high or too low. Always allow extra freeboard for safety in case the weather conditions change for the worse. Follow these guidelines.

„ Never overload your boat. Know and never exceed, the maximum load and allowable number of passengers for your class of boat. Make an extra trip.

„ Distribute passengers and load so that your boat is "trim". Keep loads centred and low as possible. For canoes, it is especially important to keep the weight centred and low. Place the heavier items on the bottom and the lighter ones on top. Passengers should sit on the bottom of these boats.

August 2006 5-3 Boating and watercraft safety „ When you travel with a group of boats, distribute the food, equipment, and survival kits as equally as possible between crafts. This reduces the chance of placing the entire field party at risk with the loss of a single craft.

„ Load inflatable boats so that no sharp or pointed objects can pierce or damage the inflatable hull. Make sure you pack them away carefully for storage so that they cannot be damaged.

„ Never load or unload a boat unless it is securely moored to a dock or beach.

„ If you load in calm water, remember to allow enough freeboard for rougher water conditions.

„ If you travel in rough water, make sure your boat has enough ballast for stability.

„ Store your important cargo items in several layers of plastic bags to keep them dry. Tie them to the boat.

Boating and watercraft safety 5-4 August 2006 Required equipment for all boats

approved life jacket or personal flotation device (PFD) 1 per person on board two paddles, or oars and oarlocks anchor rope - at least 40 metres in length according to Victorian Regulations whistle or horn bailing device or bucket first aid kit survival kit radio water and food torch any other equipment required by law (e.g. running lights)

Additional required equipment for boats that operate with motors

small fire extinguisher patch kit (inflatable boats) air pump, pressure gauge (inflatable boats) motor operator manual tool kit

Tool kit list

extra fuses and spark plugs cotter and shear pins funnel and filter electrical tape tools: knife, screwdrivers, pliers, adjustable wrench, spark plug wrench, gap gauge

NOTE: Store your tool kit in a waterproof container

August 2006 5-5 Boating and watercraft safety

5.3 Equipment and maintenance

5.3.1 Fuel and motors

„ Always tie the motor to your boat because the motor mounting clamps may loosen due to vibration.

„ Know the fuel consumption of your boat and motor combination. Check your fuel level frequently. Always reserve more than half your fuel for your return trip.

„ Always carry more fuel than you need for the worst conditions. Boats consume more fuel when the water is rough. Carry extra fuel and oil, mixed to the correct ratio if necessary, in extra tanks for emergencies.

„ Store motor fuel in correctly labelled containers. Never store motor fuel in aviation fuel drums.

„ Never use a motor that is too powerful for your boat.

„ To avoid damage, do not use the motor in shallow water. Paddle your boat.

„ Unhook the fuel hose and hoist the motor whenever you beach your boat for more than 15 minutes.

5.3.2 Refuelling procedures

„ Always refuel and make repairs to outboard motors on land, rather than on water.

„ Refuel a motor only when the motor is off and cool, and in a well- ventilated place.

„ Do not smoke. Do not allow open flames or sparks in a refuelling area.

„ Do not overfill the tank. Close the tank cap securely when refuelling is done.

„ Clean up any fuel spills completely.

5.3.3 Maintenance of equipment

„ Perform periodic maintenance on the motor as recommended in the user's manual.

„ Learn to make emergency repairs to your boat and motor.

„ Learn to use the appropriate tools correctly.

Boating and watercraft safety 5-6 August 2006 „ Check regularly that the motor is securely mounted. Make sure there is always a safety cable joined to the linchpin.

„ Apply patches to inflatable boats only when the boat is completely dry.

„ Some types of PFDs (life jackets) contain several plastic air sacs filled with buoyant material inside their cloth cover. A hole in the plastic may ruin the jacket and make it unable to protect your life as it is designed to do. Never use a PFD as a cushion. Never step on a PFD.

5.3.4 Tips about equipment

„ All life jackets (PFDs) should fit your body well, allow you freedom of movement, and fit over either bulky or lightweight clothing. PFDs should be brightly coloured so that you will be spotted more easily from the air, or if you fall overboard.

„ Learn what clothing is appropriate for the area where you work. Good quality waterproof clothing, flotation jackets, or immersion survival suits may be essential.

„ When you work in cold water areas, choose a PFD that provides extra thermal protection. Compared to an ordinary life vest, a flotation jacket with a crotch flap and hood offers you 50% to 75% increased predicted survival time in the event of cold water immersion. Under some conditions, you may be advised to wear an immersion survival suit, plus a flotation jacket.

„ Do not wear loose clothing that might get caught in motors.

„ Apply sunscreen and use sunglasses when you work on water.

„ Keep your emergency equipment, such as extra paddles, readily available - not stowed under all your gear.

„ Keep a long, strong bow rope coiled on board. Never allow it to drag in the water as it may foul the propeller. Carry 30 metres of rope so that you can "line" a boat through shallow water.

„ To make a simple bailing device, cut the bottom out of a plastic bottle with a handle. Glue the bottle cap on and tie this device to your boat so it does not blow overboard.

August 2006 5-7 Boating and watercraft safety

5.4 Training

Learn navigation and safe boating skills in classes taught by professionals. Without training, many boat users do not realize the limitations of their boating knowledge and experience. They find themselves in situations that exceed the abilities. All onboard training should be done in a safe location. In addition to general safety awareness, training should include the maintenance of equipment, load management skills, and safe boating techniques for the type of boat and the type of water where you will work.

5.4.1 Safe boat-handling techniques and procedures

Learn general boat-handling techniques and procedures appropriate for your work environment and the type of craft you must operate. These should include shore/dock landings and departures under various circumstances; anchoring and securing methods; and boat-handling techniques for rough weather, ie conditions, tides and currents, as relevant; and rescue practice. Some general techniques and procedures include:

„ If you turn or stop a boat too quickly, the wake may swamp your boat. Negotiate stops and turns slowly.

„ Try to steer your course so that you head into waves at 45° or greater. Never steer a course that permits waves to hit your boat broadside.

„ Use caution when coming ashore. Do not run aground and damage a propeller or the body of an inflatable boat.

„ Do not moor inflatable boats where sharp rocks may puncture the hull.

„ Keep your weight low. Never stand up in a canoe.

„ Always loosen the laces of your field boots before you start a journey in a canoe, zodiac, or small boat. If you capsize, you can discard them quickly.

Boating and watercraft safety 5-8 August 2006 .

„ File your daily traverse plans, with the estimated time of return, with your field supervisor or project manager. Always notify them if you change your plans.

„ For longer trips, file the general planned routes, with time estimations, with your office and your expediter. Notify both of any changes, as appropriate.

„ Learn appropriate knots to use around boats. They save effort.

5.4.2 Boating hazards

The interaction of weather conditions, water, and landforms creates unique problems for those who work in boats. Learn the signs that indicate hazards such as obstructions or wave patterns that change around headlands, shoals, and entrances of bays. Learn what hazards to expect in different localities. The problems you may encounter on open water are quite different from those you may experience in rivers or on small lakes.

Weather: Learn the signs that indicate weather changes.

„ Learn to recognize the signs that indicate changing weather that may create problems in your area. Speak to locals about local weather conditions.

„ Always head for shore and safety when bad weather threatens. Don't be caught out in a storm. Winds can quickly create waves that can swamp a boat.

„ Get off the water immediately when threatened by a lightning storm.

„ Know the areas where the terrain and wind can combine to cause hazards. For example, afternoon storms frequently develop with little warning on lakes in mountainous areas.

„ Remain in sight of shore during foggy weather, or postpone your trip.

August 2006 5-9 Boating and watercraft safety Shallow water:

„ Navigate cautiously. Watch out for protruding objects such as rocks, semi-submerged objects, etc.

„ Mark safe navigation channels on your charts. Use charts that indicate water depths, whenever possible.

„ Weeds, often associated with shallows, cause problems by fouling the propeller and the motor's water intake.

Open water, coastlines, or ocean shores:

„ Remain in sight of shore during foggy weather, or postpone your trip.

„ Learn to use and always carry local tide charts.

„ Always carry extra drinking water.

„ Watch out for larger than usual waves.

„ When you haul boats out of the water, make sure they are above high tide. Secure boats carefully and thoroughly.

„ The safest time to travel through dangerous areas such as narrows or tidal bores is at slack tide. It is safer to travel through dangerous areas at low tide when the greatest number of hazards are exposed.

Lakes:

„ Plan your routes so you have protection from the wind by using leeward shores and islands.

„ Never cross lakes during high winds; postpone your trip until winds diminish.

„ Choose your moorings carefully. Dead trees are poor moorings as they may fall down.

Rivers:

„ Use sequenced aerial photos to predict where you might encounter hazards such as rapids, waterfalls, fallen trees (sweepers and strainers), or logjams. Use these photos to keep track of your progress. Whenever possible, fly over your traverse route along rivers to check out these hazards. Remember that water conditions will seem less dangerous when seen from above.

„ Don't run rapids. Always be prepared to portage your boat and supplies rather than risk your safety.

„ Avoid fallen trees and logjams. The current flowing through these can pull you under. If you are drawn into one, make every effort to jump or

Boating and watercraft safety 5-10 August 2006 hoist yourself up onto it. If you are drawn underwater, it may be impossible to rescue you.

5.5 Water survival

Knowledge, training, and prudence all help to prevent accidents. Make sure to include CPR and other resuscitation skills in your first aid training. Remember that to capsize in cold water far from shore in a remote area most likely means death. If you find yourself in an emergency situation, keep calm, assess the situation, and act promptly. To help prevent accidents, consider the following:

„ Try to become a competent swimmer. Good swimmers do not panic as easily when faced with an emergency situation in water. Let others know if you are a non-swimmer or a poor swimmer, and use extreme caution when working with boats.

„ If you use canoes, practice recovery from capsize situations. Then your field party will know better what to expect, how to react, and what to do in an emergency situation.

„ If you use a boat that is difficult to climb into from the water, consider installing a small rope ladder at the side for emergency use.

„ Use an automatic shut-off device on your motor when you work on open water. If you fall overboard, the motor will automatically stop and you will have a better chance to regain your boat.

„ Always carry waterproof matches and a knife in your pocket so you can build a fire to dry out and warm up.

„ Know how to deal with cold water immersion hypothermia.

5.5.1 Cold water immersion hypothermia

Hypothermia develops rapidly if you capsize a canoe or fall into cold water (less than 10°C). Your body cools so quickly that you cannot breathe properly and your hands become numb. You lose good judgement quickly as your core body temperature falls. Your most important defence against cold water immersion hypothermia is to wear a Personal Flotation Device (PFD), preferably one that is a convertible style with a crotch flap and hood. It is important to treat all people rescued from cold water immersion as hypothermia or shock victims. Treat them as directed in Cold induced illnesses, in Environmental Disorders 11.1.

August 2006 5-11 Boating and watercraft safety

Boating and watercraft safety 5-12 August 2006

6. PERSONAL SAFETY

our safety is of paramount importance when you work in the field and when you travel on MPD business. Please prepare yourself as Ythoroughly as possible for field work conditions. MPD provides safety equipment, appropriate training for your protection, and as safe and healthy a field camp environment as possible.

August 2006 6-1 Personal safety

Personal safety 6-2 August 2006

6.1 Protecting your body

6.1.1 Your back

Back injuries are a major risk. These injuries can easily result from the improper lifting of heavy equipment, core trays, drill samples, drill pipe and bits - or even from the changing of a tyre or lifting a wheel off the roof of a vehicle. Injuries often result if you lift with a bent back, or with the object held away from your body or to your side. To avoid back injury, it is important to keep your back muscles strong and flexible and use correct lifting procedures.

Follow these correct lifting procedures when you lift any object, especially a heavy one:

„ Plan the lift before you begin.

„ Use all available aids eg., lift trolley where appropriate.

„ Make sure your footing is secure and the route is clear, if you must carry the object.

„ Use gloves if your hands are sweaty or if the object is slippery.

„ Keep your back straight when you lift.

„ Avoid twisting when you lift.

„ Cradle heavy objects close to your body when carrying them.

„ Get assistance if there is any possibility that you might injure yourself if you do the job alone.

„ When you lift with a team, make sure you plan the lift together and execute the lift according to your plan.

„ Lift with your legs, not with your back.

Plan the lift Get a good grip Lift with the legs Lift within your ability

6.1.2 Your eyes

Protect your vision by using safety glasses, goggles, sunglasses, or face shields whenever you perform a job that might endanger your eyesight. Wear sunglasses whenever you work in conditions that expose your eyes to extra amounts of ultraviolet light (mountains, snow, on water) (See 6.1.8 for more details on sunglasses). Be sure to wear safety glasses with side shields when you do the following activities:

„ sample rocks or split core „ operate a chain saw or rock saw

August 2006 6-3 Personal safety „ work in areas of heavy machinery „ visit mine sites „ traverse wooded and brushy areas „ work in dusty conditions

Goggles are strongly recommended when you:

„ sling any overhead load „ work above eye level „ handle hazardous materials „ use ultra-violet lamps

If you wear contact lenses, it is especially important to wear goggles (with no side perforations ) or use a face shield when you handle corrosives or other hazardous liquids. These products may get under your lenses which can hold the substances next to your eye tissue. Severe damage may occur before you can remove the lenses and wash your eyes.

6.1.3 Your ears

Helicopter engines, chainsaws, and drilling equipment frequently result in exposure to noise levels above 85 decibels (dB). The louder the noise, the shorter the duration necessary to damage your hearing and result in permanent hearing loss. Even sustained amounts of moderate level noise can result in permanent hearing damage. To preserve your hearing, use the hearing protection equipment that is provided for you.

„ Employees should be trained to properly fit and maintain all earmuffs and ear plugs.

„ Use disposable ear plugs for all helicopter and charter aircraft flights. Some aircraft supply earmuffs for all passengers. Use these in addition to disposable ear plugs whenever possible.

„ Pay particular attention to ear protection when you use rock and chain saws or drilling equipment, even for a short period of time.

6.1.4 Your head

Wear an approved hard hat when you work in any situation where you might be in danger from falling or flying debris. These locations include:

„ all drill sites „ pits or trenches „ mine sites - all active, abandon, and underground mine areas „ sampling at steep slopes or cliff faces (See 6.1.8 for more detail on hats/headgear)

Personal safety 6-4 August 2006

6.1.5 Your hands

Do not wear gloves if there is an entrapment or rings when you operate machinery. They might become entangled in the equipment and cause severe injury. However, when your hands need protection, be sure to choose the type of gloves that protects your hands properly.

„ Leather gloves protect from cuts and scratches as well as heat, to a limited degree.

„ Use gloves made of nitrile, neoprene, or butyl rubber when you handle corrosive materials.

„ For cold weather work, be sure to wear insulated gloves. Use waterproof and fuelproof insulated gloves when you handle fuel and salt.

„ Protect your hands by washing them with mild cleansing agents. Avoid the use of gasoline, turpentine, or other solvents to remove grease from your hands because these may damage your skin.

6.1.6 Your feet and legs

„ For traversing, wear durable boots that have proper ankle support. The soles should provide you with appropriate traction for the areas and conditions where you work.

„ Safety boots are usually provided when you visit a mine site or open pit. Safety boots should be worn when you work underground, in open pits, around heavy equipment such as drill rigs or bulldozers, when you handle heavy materials, or when you use heavy mechanical tools or equipment to cut or hammer (axe, heavy sledge, chainsaw etc.).

„ Wear heavily insulated waterproof boots with pull-out wool or felt liners in cold weather.

„ Wear high leather boots and appropriate long pants when you work in areas where poisonous snakes are a hazard.

„ Gaiters protect your feet and lower legs from various hazards. They are useful for protection from snow and ice; vegetation such as scrub, blackberries, and poisonous snakes, etc.

August 2006 6-5 Personal safety

6.1.7 Your lungs

Use appropriate respiratory masks to protect your lungs from fumes and dusts when you:

„ operate rock saws and split core

„ work around cyclone drill outlets or exhaust hoses

„ work in dusty environments

„ work in some active underground mines

„ work with certain chemicals

There are different mask for different hazards.

6.1.8 Your skin

When you do field work, protect your skin from ultra-violet radiation. You should protect yourself by wearing and using:

Proper outdoor work clothes „ Shirts should be loose and long-sleeved with collars. „ Wear long trousers or skirts. If shorts must be worn, they should be to the knee. „ Light colour fabrics with a close-weave restrict sunlight and UV radiation penetration.

A hat or proper headgear „ These should shade your head, face, neck and ears - Legionnaires caps are good. „ Hats should have a broad brim (8 to 10 cm wide) and be of a close weave material. „ Attach a flap of fabric to the back of the hat to protect your neck when bending. „ A broad brim and flap should also be attached to hard harts for outdoor work.

Sunglasses „ These should fit closely to the face and meet Australian Standard, AS 1067 Sunglasses and Fashion Spectacles (look for the Standards tag when you buy them). „ Wrap-around sunglasses are best. „ AS 1337 - Safety Glasses when appropriate.

Personal safety 6-6 August 2006 Sunscreen „ This should be 'broad-spectrum' with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 30+. „ Put sunscreen on all exposed skin at least 20 minutes before you go outside. „ It should be water-resistant and applied generously so that it goes on evenly. „ Re-apply regularly as it easily wipes, sweats and washes off. „ Pay particular attention to your hands which are rarely sheltered from sun exposure. „ Put more sunscreen on at least every two hours. „ Remember - no sunscreen gives 100% protection. „ Check the use-by date as sunscreen is only good for about three years. Store in a cool place out of the sun. „ Lip balm can also be used and should have a SPF rating of 30+.

Remember - skin protection is important all year round, not just in summer time.

6.1.9 Clothing

The type of clothing that is suitable for field work depends on climatic conditions and terrain. Choose clothing that is durable and good quality. Your clothing should meet certain criteria:

„ Comfort: Avoid constricting clothes. Not only do you need freedom of movement, but dressing in loose layers allows air to be entrapped so that you have greater insulation from cold temperatures. Loose clothing is cooler in hot temperatures.

„ Safety: Clothing should be visible. It should never be too loose or frayed so that it catches in machinery or on vegetation. Clothing should provide protection from various environmental hazards. These include heat, cold, rain, snow, UV radiation, insects, and dangerous chemicals.

„ Survival: Always wear clothing that protects you from exposure to weather conditions. Take extra clothing on traverses. In a crisis situation, your chances of survival diminish if you have inadequate clothing. Dress appropriately for conditions in your field area - mountains, semi desert.

„ Rain gear should be waterproof and windproof. The pieces of rain gear should overlap sufficiently so that rain does not leak into your remaining clothing. Inadequate rain gear may advance the development of hypothermia.

„ Consider the fibre content when you select clothing, and choose that which fits the conditions of your work environment. Various fibres have particular valuable properties. Wool retains warmth even when wet.

August 2006 6-7 Personal safety Down provides insulation only when dry. Some synthetics provide insulation and dry quickly. Cotton is an excellent fibre for warm and humid conditions but not for cold conditions. It draws sweat away from your skin; it does not retain warmth when wet.

„ Avoid synthetic fibres (e.g. polartec) when near open flame.

6.2 Personal travel safety

When you travel on business for MPD, you may encounter hazards over which you have little control. To enhance your personal safety, use common sense when choosing travel routes, methods of transportation, and lodging. At hotels, pay particular attention to hotel fire safety routines and security locks.

A safety plan is required for all overnight travel (Section 8.1.1).

6.2.1 Hotel safety

Fire, theft, or assault can occur in any hotel or motel around the world. By using common sense and simple preventative measures, you may help avoid many problem situations. If you follow a few routines whenever you check in or approach your hotel room, you may avert disaster - especially if a fire starts in the hotel.

To avoid theft:

„ Never leave your clothing or luggage unattended anywhere - airports, hotel lobbies, restaurants, etc.

„ Never leave valuables, or cash lying in your room. Use the hotel safe.

„ Check that all locks on hotel doors and windows work properly, including those of any sliding doors that open onto a balcony. Request another room if every lock does not function properly.

„ Keep all the doors and windows of your room locked at all times, even when you leave the room only briefly. Keep the door chain-locked until you visually identify any visitors.

„ If someone knocks claiming to be from hotel services, call the desk to verify that they have been sent to your room if you have not requested the service.

„ Do not enter your hotel room door if anyone is lingering nearby or follows you in the corridor. Pass by your room and find a hotel telephone to request security, or return to the front desk. It is common practice for thieves to push a victim into a room as the door is being unlocked.

Personal safety 6-8 August 2006 6.2.2 Hotel fire safety

In the event of a hotel fire, people more commonly die from smoke inhalation, poisonous gases, or injury due to panic, than from flames. You need a plan of action to deal with this possible crisis. Your plan begins at the time you check in. When you request a room, remember that rescue equipment rarely reaches higher than 25 metres (6 to 8 stories). Ask how guests are notified in the event of fire. If fire breaks out, DO NOT USE THE ELEVATOR. It may take you to the floor where the fire is burning or become stuck between floors. Remain calm and DO NOT PANIC.

Follow this safety routine each time you check into a hotel:

„ As soon as you find your room and set down your luggage, locate the fire alarm and the fire exits on either side of your room. Count the doors to each fire exit so that you can feel your way to the exit, even if the hall fills with smoke. Note any obstacles, or if you must turn a corner to get to the exit.

„ See if the window will open. If not, consider the best way to break it should the need arise.

„ Note if it is possible to escape from your hotel window. There may be a roof or deck that you can safely drop onto outside the window.

„ Always keep your room key, and a flashlight on the bedside table so you can locate them in the dark

If a fire breaks out in your room, do the following:

„ Telephone the hotel operator and inform them of the fire.

„ Attempt to put out the fire only if it is small, and you are sure that you can do so.

„ Leave the room and close the door securely to confine the fire if you can not control it. Take your key and glasses if possible. Notify your neighbours and activate the fire alarm. Use the stairs to exit the building.

If a fire breaks out elsewhere in the hotel, do the following:

„ Take your key, eye-glasses, and flashlight and go to the door. Crawl to the door if there is smoke in your room. Smoke rises, the clearest air will be near the floor.

„ Before you open the door, feel the surface and doorknob to determine if it is hot. Do not open the door if it is hot.

„ If the door feels cool, open it slightly to see if there is smoke in the corridor. Close the door quickly if the corridor is filled with smoke.

„ If the corridor is passable, walk or crawl to the fire exit stairwell, counting the doors if necessary. Walk down the stairway holding

August 2006 6-9 Personal safety securely onto the handrail to avoid falling, if people panic. Always close your hotel room door and keep your key available in case you must retreat to your room. Close the fire door to the stairwell.

„ Stop if you encounter smoke as you descend the fire exit stairwell. Re- verse your direction and climb up to the roof. Hang on tightly to the stair rail as people will be attempting to go down. Prop the roof door open to help vent the smoke that has stacked in the stairwell. Seek the wind- ward side of the roof and remain there until rescue arrives.

If you are forced to remain in your room, do the following:

„ Try to notify the hotel operator that you are remaining there. Hang a sheet in the window to signify your presence.

„ Fill the bathtub with water and turn on the fan to help disperse any smoke. (Make sure no smoke enters if you turn on the fan.) Soak towels and sheets. Place them around the door or windows, wherever smoke may enter. Use an ice bucket or waste paper basket to wet down the door and any walls that feel hot. Remain calm.

„ Open a window to gain fresh air only if necessary. However, make sure that no rising smoke or flames can enter your room from the outside be- fore you open or break the window. If necessary, drape a blanket over your head to make a tent while you breathe at a slightly opened window. This will help exclude smoky air in your room from your lungs.

„ Never drop from your room if you are more than two floors above the ground.

„ If you must escape to the roof of the hotel, make sure you prop open the roof door.

REMEMBER TO STAY CALM PANIC CAUSES MOST HOTEL FIRE DEATHS

Personal safety 6-10 August 2006

7. FIELD EQUIPMENT SAFETY

ll equipment should be carefully used and maintained. Always seek instruction if you are unsure about the correct use of tools and Aequipment. Report all breakage or malfunctions to supervisors so the equipment can be repaired or replaced.

August 2006 7-1 Field equipment safety

7.1 Field equipment

7.1.1 Axes

Dull axes require more effort to use, and they can glance off wet wood more easily than a sharp axe. Keep axes well-sharpened, and exercise caution when using them.

„ Keep the axe in a sheath when it is not in use.

„ Do not leave an unsecured axe within the passenger cabin of a vehicle – it will be lethal in any accident

„ Wrap the axe in a magazine if no sheath is available.

„ Use an axe file or sharpening stone to sharpen the axe when necessary.

„ When you carry an unsheathed axe, hold it by the handle, close to the axe head. Point the blade down and away from your body.

„ Never carry an unsheathed axe over your shoulder.

„ Ensure the axe head is secure within the handle.

7.1.2 Rock hammers and chisels

„ Always wear eye protection when you chip rock samples. Flying slivers can cause eye injuries.

„ Always alert anyone nearby that you are going to use the hammer.

„ Always look 360° and above prior to striking with the hammer.

„ When using chisels, beware of flying splinters of steel that may come off the hammer. Never use another hammer in place of a chisel. The hardened steel of the hammer may splinter and become a dangerous projectile.

„ File off any rough edges that develop on rock hammers or chisels.

„ Carry a rock hammer carefully. People have been injured by falling on them.

7.1.3 Chain saws

Chain saws are dangerous tools. and must be handled with care with due regard for safety. Inexperience and carelessness have been major causes of severe accidents. Accident prevention is everyone's responsibility and

Field equipment safety 7-2 August 2006 duty. To minimise the number and severity of accidents, it is essential that planning and preparation is carried out before any chainsaw operation is attempted.

No one should use a chain saw until they have been trained in its operation. Anyone who may be required to use a saw should practice under relaxed circumstances prior to using it in the field.

THINK AHEAD - the work should be planned with sufficient rest breaks to recover from fatigue. Fatigue breeds carelessness and causes accidents. Personal equipment:

When using a chain saw, take time to use and wear the following equipment:

safety boots "chaps" or cut resistant chain saw pants cut-resistant gloves hard hat eye and hearing protection

Hazards: „ Falling limbs and branches Always wear safety helmet. Do not enter felling area until adjacent trees have settled. keep a sharp watch for hanging limbs.

„ Eye injuries Wear mesh visor attached to safety helmet or safety glasses.

„ Industrial deafness Hearing is seriously impaired in the high frequency zone by chainsaws. Wear earmuffs for preference. Ear plugs are probably not as effective. Remember, a hearing aid will not overcome high frequency hearing loss. Ensure that the exhaust muffler is maintained in good condition.

„ Foot injuries Wear heavy duty work boots with deep patterned soles and adequate ankle protection. Safety boots with steel toecaps are ideal.

„ Back injuries Use correct lifting techniques. Seek assistance when lifting heavy or awkward objects.

„ Kickback Inspect the brake chain regularly. Do not operate saw if brake is not functioning correctly. Only use safety (anti-kick) chain.

August 2006 7-3 Field equipment safety Environment:

„ Avoid using chainsaws in wet or windy conditions.

„ Watch for hidden stump holes and abandoned mine shafts.

„ Keep fire extinguishing equipment handy.

Hand tools:

„ Keep all hand tools correctly sharpened and cutting edge covered when not in use.

„ Replace damaged handled.

„ Do not use steel wedges with burred heads.

Reynard's phenomenon:

„ "White fingers" mainly occurs in cold climates. Initially a tingling sensation in the tips of the fingers which finally become white and numb.

„ Keep hands warm and ensure the saw's anti-vibration mounts are in good condition.

Operating guidelines:

„ If you have not been trained or are not confident with the use of the chainsaw. DON'T USE IT

„ Even if you have used chain saws before, read the instruction manual for the particular model you will operate to determine if there are any special features that you should know about. Chain saws are said to "kick-back" when the blade bucks out of the cut. This can cause severe injuries. All chain saws must have a chain brake which immediately stops the chain if the saw bucks up. Learn the correct use of the chain brake. To avoid kick-back, cut from a comfortable, safe position and maintain full control over the saw. These guidelines will help you work safely with chain saws.

Basic working techniques:

„ Keep the saw close to the body.

„ Keep feet firmly placed to minimise strain on your back and prevent slipping.

„ Use the correct grip.

„ Keep wrists straight to minimise strain.

„ Keep the strain off the back by having your back straight and as upright as possible.

Field equipment safety 7-4 August 2006 How to help reduce kickback:

„ Make sure your footing is stable and that you will not slip while cutting. „ Cut at peak revs (more chance of cutting through an obstruction). „ Be conscious of where the nose of the bar is at all times. „ Use correct boring techniques. „ Avoid limbing with the upper section of the cutter bar nose. „ Ensure that the cutting teeth are properly sharpened. „ Tension chain correctly. „ Correct depth gauge setting. „ Front of depth gauges well rounded. „ Ensure chain brake is functioning correctly. „ Only use safety chain (anti-kickback chain). „ Use sprocket nose cutter bars. Kickback is effectively reduced due to the extra tension of the chain and reduced nose Danger Area.

General procedures:

„ Use the correct fuel.

„ Keep the chain saw in good operating order in line with the recommended service procedures in the manufacturers handbook.

„ Make sure that all parts are tight.

„ Adjust the idle so that the blade stops when you release your fingers from the trigger.

„ Always stand uphill of the log.

„ Never straddle the saw while cutting.

„ Never use a chain saw to cut brush or strip bark.

August 2006 7-5 Field equipment safety „ Never walk with the saw motor running. Carry the saw with the motor stopped and the blade pointed to the rear.

„ Start the saw on the ground or on a stump - not on your knee.

„ Move the chain saw at least 3 metres from the refuelling site before you start the motor again.

„ Clean any fuel from the machine after refuelling.

„ Do not smoke while refuelling, and do not refuel a hot machine.

„ Always keep a first aid kit nearby.

„ Keep a fire extinguisher nearby if there is a fire hazard.

7.1.4 Ropes

The following guidelines apply to the use of ropes:

„ All ropes (and fittings) will be constructed of sound material with adequate strength for the particular application and use. „ All ropes will be inspected prior to use. „ Ropes that are excessively worn or adversely affected by weather will be removed from service.

Field equipment safety 7-6 August 2006 „ Fibre ropes will not be exposed to temperatures exceeding 65 degrees centigrade. „ No rope will be used to lift a load greater than its safe working load. „ Ropes which have been repaired and/or altered will be subjected to a load equal to their safe working load before being re-used. „ Ropes will be kept clear of acids and other chemicals. „ Ropes should be kept clean and stored in a clean dry place when not in use. „ Suitable packing should be provided to ensure ropes do not come into contact with edges and/or surfaces which could damage the rope.

7.2 Maintenance of field equipment

All field equipment needs to be kept in good operating order in line with recommended service procedures in the manufacturer’s handbook.

Records of maintenance need to be kept and filed. They will include:

„ Date of service or maintenance. „ Name of DPI person organising the maintenance. „ Name of organisation where the service was undertaken. „ Identification of equipment, type and serial number. „ Description of the activity undertaken, e.g., chainsaw blade replaced, engine serviced to overcome difficult starting. „ Copy of invoices/receipts for work. „ All equipment should be check for leaks or other faults prior to being loaded into field vehicle and again prior to usage in the field.

7.2.1 Damaged, unusable, unserviceable or defective equipment

Any equipment which is found to be damaged, unusable, unserviceable and/or defective should be taken out of service and tagged using a “DO NOT USE TAG”.

August 2006 7-7 Field equipment safety

Field equipment safety 7-8 August 2006

8. COMMUNICATIONS

t is the responsibility of each project to develop and maintain standard operating procedures for routine communications and for emergencies. IEach project should assess the need for appropriate communications procedures, equipment, and schedules, taking into account such factors as isolation, terrain, means of transportation, and other pertinent risks. Effective and regular communications play an extremely important role in good quality, safe field work. Good communication builds morale and provides the means for any necessary emergency assistance. The term "communication" includes all aspects of field based communications. It covers all communication between the office, base camps, fly camps, and parties on traverse or in vehicles, etc. It includes check-in systems when you work out of a hotel or motel, and routines for emergency situations.

August 2006 8-1 Communications

8.1 Safety planning

8.1.1 Safety plan

A Safety plan should be completed prior to commencement of field work, and accompany each member of the project while in the field. A copy should also be lodged with the designated schedule monitor in the office who will post it in a prominent position. This plan will replace the "trip planning form" and "whiteboard". A proforma for this plan* is given in Appendix 5. The plan is best developed during a meeting of all project members where safety issues, levels of training, staff medical conditions and project schedules can be discussed.

* This should be a proforma document including accommodation, vehicle contact, local police, search and rescue, and emergency contact phone numbers; plus area of work, field equipment carried.

The project leader will plan a meeting to discuss safety issues and develop the plan to include emergency contacts and procedures (fire, injuries, lost people), level of staff training, medical conditions of staff on the project. Daily safety procedures need to be developed. Each project member is to sign the safety plan before it is signed off by the supervisor. Each project member should have a copy of the safety plan.

This plan should also include details of emergency procedures in addition to those in the standard emergency procedure. This should include areas of good radio reception and transmission points for various sectors of the mapsheet, as well as the best access to these sectors and the travel times to reach main points. A copy of this should be kept with basic rescue gear (torches, blankets, flagging tape, flares etc.). A list of the vehicles and their selcall numbers should accompany the gear.

Training levels

Determine the level of training and experience for each project member in:

„ first aid

„ 4WD training

„ safe chainsaw use

„ Satellite phone use

„ Codan operation

„ Underground training

„ bushfire safety

„ use of the winches, fit chains etc.

Communications 8-2 August 2006 „ boat training

„ competent swimmer

Identify any training that is required for the project and organise for it to be done.

Medical conditions

Team members should be prepared to volunteer information about any medical condition they may have or medication they may be taking. In case of an emergency and for your own safety, it would be very helpful for others to know how to deal with situations if for example you are a diabetic, asthmatic, suffer from epilepsy or are allergic to bee stings.

Pre field work planning

„ Ensure vehicles are serviced and equipped with recovery, safety, and first aid equipment (in the box), chainsaws, wheel chains, fire knapsacks etc.

„ Local authorities (Police and DPI) should be informed that the GSV. are working in the area. A list of vehicle registrations and Selcall numbers should be given to them.

Orientation trip

„ List the emergency frequencies for your area.

„ List numbers to call for medical help: hospital, health centre, Flying Doctor service, local search and rescue organization, local police, etc. Include whatever is applicable for your location.

„ List the location of the nearest medical facility where injured workers can be taken or treated. Know (list if necessary) which facilities treat which problems so that you do not evacuate a patient to the wrong facility.

„ List the location of the nearest helicopter or fixed wing aircraft. Know how to reach or contact them quickly in an emergency.

„ List police and any necessary government numbers.

„ List mechanical help numbers.

„ List MPD personnel to contact in case of emergency.

„ All members of the field trip are required to read the Safety Plan and sign it prior to departure.

Daily safety procedures

„ Regular vehicle inspection as per 3.3.1

„ An assessment of the weather conditions made, ie is it wet, is the fire danger high etc.

August 2006 8-3 Communications

„ List the tracks you are likely to be working on or walks that you are planning and give a list to the other members of the group. If plans change during the day then try to contact others. Radio contact should be regularly maintained during the day updating the group on plans and locations.

„ Make scheduled contact with office in the evening only if one vehicle out. Give details of the following day's route during the schedule contact.

„ Scheduled radio calls to other party members. At this time the receiver of the call should document the callers location and update the daily plan.

„ Contact other groups if in a situation that might require assistance (winching, changing tyres, or on a difficult track etc.)

„ Fire knapsacks should be filled.

„ Take warm clothes, water, torch, food, lighter, first aid kit, flagging tape even on short walks. One could get hurt and delay your return.

At the end of a field trip:

„ Contact the other groups/office of when you are leaving the field area. When you have arrived in Melbourne also contact the voice mail at the office (or if in the office the designated schedule monitor), so that the Safety plan can be signed-off.

„ Report damaged equipment, used first aid supplies etc. and make sure they are replaced/serviced/repaired.

„ Also enter problems/hazards encountered in the field to the hazard register so procedures can be developed and implemented.

8.2 Schedules

Evening (time ranges should be defined, but vary with time of the year) scheduled telephone contacts to voicemail at the office. One missed schedule initiates the Standard emergency procedure. Scheds should be checked once per day (including weekends) by a designated responsible person, and signed-off against the Project Plan. Scheds should include details of where the party is working for the day (or where these details can be found), and who is "included" in the sign-off.

A copy of the Safety Plan should be left with the designated sched monitor.

„ Regular communications schedules and routine reporting procedures contribute to a safe, well-run field operation.

„ Set up and adhere to time schedules for contact between field parties.

Communications 8-4 August 2006

„ Keep non-essential radio messages to a minimum.

8.3 Standard emergency procedures

Emergency procedures for all field parties

If a critical incident (e.g. serious injury, car/mine accident, snake bite etc) occurs while out, the field party involved should first control the situation (first aid, evacuation, etc), then contact emergency services (police, ambulance etc) by satphone without delay. Give clear instructions as to your exact location—map coordinates where possible; nature of the incident; number of people involved and their condition; return phone number, etc. Only after this vital step has been successfully completed should contact with other GSV staff, including field parties, be attempted. If the satphone proves unsuccessful, the car-based HF radio can be used to attempt to contact field parties or any other available emergency contacts. If no communication can be achieved, and only if the incident is LIFE-THREATENING, the EPIRB device may be deployed. This will automatically raise an alarm and initiate a search from the relevant authority. In the event of inadvertent activation of an EPIRB, the following numbers can be called to cancel a search:

(marine) 1800 641 792 (24 hours) (aviation) 1800 815 257 (24 hours)

Delays during fieldwork are common but not often of a critical nature. As soon as you become aware that it is likely you will be late back from a day’s fieldwork, IT IS IMPERATIVE that you use the satellite phone or radio to make contact with other members of the field party. If you do not get an immediate response then leave a message on their phone mailbox explaining where you are, the time of your call, expected time of return to base, intended route, and return phone number. If this is not possible, a responsible third party may be contacted and instructed to pass the message on to the field base. This action can prevent an unnecessary search. If the satphone is inoperative, or if there is no immediate reply, attempt contact using the car-mounted HF radio–the SELCALL function leaves a message on the other radio that you have called.

After hours, the late field party should check their satphone mailbox at regular intervals for any messages from the search party.

Additional Information for single vehicle field party

SAFETY SCHEDULES Prior to commencement of the trip, arrangements should be in place for a scheduled call to be made by the field party to a nominated contact person, upon return to field base each evening, at an agreed time. If this call is missed, the emergency response procedure commences.

The single vehicle field party should refer to emergency procedures for all field parties (above) for critical incident procedures. In the case of a single vehicle field party returning late, it is important that you use the

August 2006 8-5 Communications satellite phone to fulfil your daily evening scheduled call to the nominated contact person, even if you have not yet returned to base from a days fieldwork. In this instance you should arrange for a follow-up scheduled contact call to be made when the field party has safely returned to base.

If you cannot make direct contact with you nominated contact person at the scheduled call time, leave a message on their phone mailbox explaining where you are, the time you left the message, what time you expect to return to base, your intended route, and return phone number. If this is not possible, a responsible third party may be contacted and instructed to pass the message on to the nominated contact. This action can prevent an unnecessary search. If the satphone is inoperative and the scheduled call time has been missed, make sure to place a follow-up call at the earliest possible opportunity. After hours, the late field party should check their satphone mailbox at regular intervals for any messages from the nominated contact person.

Information for the nominated sched monitor

This procedure should be initiated by the sched monitor if a party misses one consecutive sched.

SAFETY SCHEDULES A scheduled call should be made by the field party to you at a previously agreed, nominated time, upon their safe return to field base each evening.

Following each successful scheduled call, the nominated contact person should, on the following business day, update a second contact person of the field parties status. If this call is missed, the emergency response procedure commences.

If the scheduled evening call has not been received by the agreed time, the nominated contact person should:

1. Attempt to contact the single vehicle party on their satphone and all other available means (eg personal mobile). Leave a message on their message-bank informing them to contact you at the earliest opportunity, and that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated.

2. Contact the parties field accommodation to confirm the party (=vehicle) is missing. Contact the homes of party members to confirm they haven’t forgotten to sign-off.

3. If this is unsuccessful: Promptly contact the local police and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers

Field party procedure for a VEHICLE NOT RETURNING to field base:

1. Check the mailbox on all available satphones to see if the missing party has left a message. If there is a message, it is important to let the missing party know that communication was successful.

Communications 8-6 August 2006

2. If there is no message, attempt to contact the missing party by phone or by Codan HF radio from base.

3. If there is no immediate response, leave a message on the mailbox of the missing party’s phone, informing them that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated, and that they should phone the search party’s satphone immediately—give the number they need to call. With the radio, use the SELCALL function which leaves a message on their radio that it was called.

• If the Beacon/Selcall is received from the missing vehicle, it means that the party are not with the missing vehicle, or are unable to respond. • If the Beacon/Selcall is not received, then the missing vehicle is either out of range or hidden by topography; or has a damaged antenna. The likelihood of the two former options can be assessed by the quality of radio reception (N.B. reception on channel 2 is often poorest in the evening).

4. If HF radio communication is unsuccessful, a communication vehicle should go to nearby high/clear ground* with better reception and again attempt. This vehicle must carry a satphone, satphone car-battery kit, first-aid kit, recovery gear, chains, torches, blankets, food, a chainsaw, and other equipment for a night out, and maintain contact with base if other vehicles are available for a search. A bush antenna may improve radio reception.

*Planned routes should be plotted on a map each morning. This map should also show locations of best radio reception and should remain at base. Copies should be in each vehicle during the Standard emergency procedure (N.B. projects may require duplicate copies of maps).

Only if additional vehicles are available (search vehicles) should a search be initiated. The communication vehicle should then maintain its high ground position and act as a field base for communication and co- ordination with search vehicles. At this point, contact the local police (or 000) to let them know that a search is in progress, and agree on a time at which you will let them know the outcome of the search.

Contact the EPIRB rescue authorities (ph. 1800 641 792) to ascertain whether an EPIRB has been deployed. If so, they may be able to provide the probable location of the missing party.

Search: 5. Once a search is initiated (point 4 above) the communication vehicle should request that search vehicles travel along the most likely return routes of the missing vehicle, and then search the missing vehicle’s planned route*. Search vehicles must carry an HF radio, satphone, first aid kit, recovery gear, chains, torches, blankets, food, a chainsaw, and other equipment for a night out.

Advanced action 6. If no additional vehicles are available and the missing vehicle cannot be contacted, or is found but the party are still missing; or the search does not find the missing vehicle:

August 2006 8-7 Communications

Promptly contact the local police (000) and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers.

Do not attempt a search in the dark. If the party is not with the missing vehicle, sound your horn, and flash lights to guide the missing party back to you—if unsuccessful, contact the police as above.

8.4 Equipment

8.4.1 Statenet Mobile Radio (SMR)

The Telstra Statenet Mobile Radio Network (SMR) trunked radio network is composed of:-

„ A large number of base sites with multiple channels all networked back to a number of switching exchanges which handle the cross connection of users and outside telephony networks;

„ Uses a signalling protocol called MPT 1327 (a UK Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs Standard) which sets up each call and a companion protocol called MPT 1343 which defines the manner in which the user responds to the network;

„ Uses frequencies in the 160 Mhz VHF band;

„ Works in a similar manner to a telephone system;

„ Each radio has a unique number and the network registers when it is switched ON and connected to the system;

„ Only allocates one of the radio traffic channels available at a base site to a unit for the duration of each call;

„ The channels are a shared resource so that users from the same organisation do not have to wait for another user from the same organisation to complete their call before they make a call; and

„ Has been designed to provide the level of service and response/connect times required to meet the needs of the state's emergency services.

The SMR trunked radio network uses:-

„ NOKIA "Actionet" control and exchange equipment for the switching functions;

„ Nokia and ERG Pty Ltd radio base stations for the transmission and reception of radio signals; and

„ A variety of microwave equipment to link the base stations back to the exchanges.

Communications 8-8 August 2006

Trunk radio systems are primarily designed to :-

„ Provide "Individual Calls" between radio terminals in a manner similar to the mobile telephone networks;

„ Calls that cannot be connected because the system is "busy" are placed in a queue for up to 1 minute and connected to the unit when the system becomes free;

„ If a call is not answered by the unit within a prescribed response time a "call back" message is displayed on the screen and the number left in "call in absence" memory of the unit;

„ Most calls on the network are expected to be connected within 20 to 30 seconds of sending the required number; and

„ Although separate radio frequencies are used to transmit and receive the calls the system is simplex (i.e., conversation in one direction at a time) so users will still have to press the transmit key to talk.

8.4.2 Codan Radios

All GSV vehicles are fitted with Codan HF 9313 transceivers. Proper selection, preparation, and maintenance of equipment is essential. Staff should endeavour to make themselves familiar with the Codans by talking to various operators, experimenting with beacon and selcall facilities, setting up Bushcom etc (Appendix 6).

Familiarity with the Codans is essential if emergency calls are to be made.

„ Before field season commences, check all radio equipment and make certain that each item works properly.

„ Make sure you have appropriate radio frequencies for the area where you work. Know which frequencies provide weather and emergency information.

„ Always stow whip antennae correctly, and know how to rig an emergency antenna to replace a broken one. Carry a dipole antenna as a spare, sometimes it will work when laid out on the ground.

„ When more than one party uses a vehicle, each party must return the vehicle with all radio equipment intact, including antennae.

„ Make certain that your communication equipment functions properly before you leave on each day's traverse.

August 2006 8-9 Communications

8.4.3 Satellite Phones

All GSV staff should carry a portable satellite phone. Familiarisation and maintenance of these phones is essential.

„ Before field season commences, check all radio equipment and make certain that each item works properly.

„ When more than one party uses a vehicle, each party must return the vehicle with all radio equipment intact, including antennae.

„ Make certain that your communication equipment functions properly before you leave on each day's traverse.

Common use numbers

Help desk 1800 800 991 (24 hours, 7 days a week) Voicemail 121 Directory assistance 123 Emergency 000

8.4.4 Training

Training and awareness are important aspects of communication.

„ Train field workers to correctly set up and operate the radio/communications equipment they will use in vehicles.

„ Employees who do intermittent field work, should ensure that they update their training to use current radio/communications equipment.

„ Store clear instructions for radio use and emergency frequencies in the glove box of all vehicles equipped with radios.

8.5 Emergency communications

Most emergency response plans rely on good communications. However, communication problems often occur during emergencies. Think up some worst-case emergency scenarios for your camp and area and figure out how to solve them. Emergency communication plans should be tested to see if they work. Post operating instructions for the communications equipment and emergency frequencies at each communications station, and in each vehicle. (People often forget how to do the simplest things during an emergency). An emergency call list must be available at each communications station and will have been prepared as part of the project safety plan.

Communications 8-10 August 2006

Local emergency numbers should be recorded before travelling into remote areas.

Note: Be ready to relay messages for other parties in need of assistance.

8.6 Procedures for moving base camp

If it becomes necessary to shift the location of the base camp/lodging during the course of a field trip, it is imperative that all team members and safety contacts are informed in advance of the timing of the move, and the new intended base camp/lodging location. There should be a team meeting at the start of the intended day of the move, and nominated 3rd party safety contacts should also be updated at this time. The new camp location should be marked on all team members personal safety plan maps, and specific team members should be nominated for the task of moving camp.

Team members who have arrived at the new location should be especially vigilant in maintaining communications (mobile phone, HF radios on, etc) until all other members of the team have arrived, in case directions or other assistance are required.

Although these precautions seem obvious, in fact it is quite easy for confusion to occur if, for example, only a few team members are involved in moving camp, while others are conducting field work as normal. On one occasion in the recent past two GSV team members remained unaware of the timing of a camp move and its new location, so returned to the old camp location late in the day (in a boat!) only to find it was no longer there. Obviously such a situation is potentially serious.

If the camp is moved during the day it is essential that staff in the field are contacted.

In the very rare instance that this is impossible the new camp location should be referenced on a detailed map, posted prominently and protected from the weather. Efforts to contact the field staff should continue until they are contacted or have arrived at the new camp.

August 2006 8-11 Communications

Communications 8-12 August 2006

9. TRAVERSING

areful planning makes your traversing safer and more productive. Most field workers enjoy the challenge of traversing on foot. However, Cit is important to exercise good judgement at all times as a fall in isolated or rough terrain can be life-threatening, or put the entire field party at risk.

August 2006 9-1 Traversing

9.1 General traversing procedures

„ All field personal should be provided with standard photo ID cards.

„ Try to obtain permission from landowners to cross or conduct surveys of their land. Give them complete information regarding time, place, and methods of transportation that will be used. Carry a DPI covering letter (Appendix 7) and your ID card to show the land owners that you have a legitimate reason for requesting access to their land.

„ Always abide by the requests of landowners regarding the use of water, roads, stock gates, etc.

„ Plan to do your easier traverses early in the season. Save the difficult ones for later when you are in better physical condition.

„ Try to schedule difficult traverses for times when you will have extra crew or other support available.

„ Plan your traverse route carefully to avoid hazards or impassable terrain.

„ Each day you should leave the details of your route, your drop-off and pick-up points, and your alternate routes and pick-up points, on a map, in the base camp. This information should be dated. The party chief and one other person should know this information.

„ While traversing, don't confine your eyes to the ground. Remember to look up, back and around, noting landmarks, etc. Make plenty of noise as you traverse, especially in areas where wildlife might be a threat when surprised by your presence.

„ Allow yourself plenty of daylight for traversing. Allow plenty of time to return to camp before dark.

„ When working in areas of mature forests you should wear a hard hat if it is windy and/or if you consider there to be an above normal risk of being hit by falling branches. If you feel unable to asses the risk of falling branches you should wear a hard hat.

„ Allow extra time for traverses through rough areas: dense brush, slash areas, old burned areas, etc. Haste often results in injury.

„ If you must return along the route you traverse, make certain to mark the route adequately (flagging tape). Make certain that the method you use for marking is legal and causes the least environmental impact. Pick up flagging tape on the way out.

„ Keep track of where you are on aerial photos/maps at all times.

Where possible, employees should work with partners.

„ Traverse in pairs for safety. Remain in sight of each other in high-risk areas. For example, this includes areas of very rough terrain.

Traversing 9-2 August 2006

„ When working in pairs, one worker may be more experienced than the other. The junior worker should be learning as he or she traverses, not just accompanying the senior.

„ All party members should be fully equipped with maps, GPS, compasses, aerial photos, survival kits, etc.

You must prepare for emergencies that might develop while traversing.

„ Carry your survival kit, first aid kit, plenty of water, and extra food at all times. See Survival 12.1.3

„ Each field party should have a plan that includes what to do if you become separated, are involved in an accident, or face a survival situation. Discuss the possible dangerous developments with your field partner as you plan your traverse each day, and note potential problems while you are en route.

„ Keep up your mental safety awareness as you traverse each day. Watch for suitable emergency shelter sites.

9.2 Traversing in specific terrains

9.2.1 Traversing in desert areas

Work in deserts is usually done in close affiliation with a vehicle. Your vehicle must be fully equipped with maps, survival kit, first aid kit, extra water, and food. See Vehicles. Vehicles are equipped with a radio.

„ Always traverse in pairs. Do not travel long distances from your vehicle.

„ Consume water throughout the day. To avoid dehydration, you must consume much more than to quench your thirst; you need to drink 800 ml per hour under hot, strenuous working conditions. See Overexposure to heat, Environmental Disorders 11.2.1.

„ Always carry a survival kit, compass, signal mirror, and extra water whenever you leave the vehicle. On rare occasions, vehicles have caught fire by spontaneous combustion stranding field workers without any survival equipment, radio, or water.

„ Protect yourself from the environment. Wear appropriate protective clothing that includes long pants, long-sleeved shirt, broad-brimmed hat, and sunglasses. Wear gaiters in snake country. If you become too hot and wish to remove clothing, apply sunscreen liberally half an hour before exposure and repeat applications frequently throughout the day.

„ Stop before you cross dry creek beds or wet areas on a road. Get out of the vehicle and check for water, ditches, or soft spots before you drive across. Check upstream and downstream for safer places to cross. Walk through puddles to find out the actual water depth.

August 2006 9-3 Traversing

9.2.2 Traversing in mountainous terrain

If you work in mountainous areas, you need to be thoroughly prepared for the climate, physiography of the region, and probable isolation.

„ Prepare yourself with proper equipment that meets the needs of the terrain, flora and fauna, and weather. You need appropriate clothing, means to protect your skin and eyes from ultra-violet radiation or snow- blindness, and extra protection from insects.

„ Have a thorough understanding of overexposure to heat or cold See Environmental Disorders 11.

„ Always carry plenty of food and water. Dehydration is a serious problem at high altitude and you must be well-fed to think clearly. Avoid alcoholic beverages.

„ Have clearly established communication schedules with your base and office. Always leave traverse route information with your supervisor.

„ Have well thought out emergency plans for search and rescue. Learn all possible survival skills that are appropriate for your area. See Survival 12.

„ Always carry extra clothing and survival gear when you work in mountainous terrain. In some areas, bad weather may strand you for days.

„ Develop a thorough understanding of the weather patterns in your area.

„ Learn to recognize and avoid dangers in the mountainous terrain you work in. This may include cornices, mudslides, areas of rock falls, or swift-flowing streams or rivers.

9.2.3 Traversing or working in cliff areas

„ Stay back from cliff edges, as they can break off and collapse.

„ Wear hard hats when you are working at a cliff face. Be alert for rock falls. Avoid working for extended periods below a cliff face.

„ Technical climbing should be avoided and must never be done alone. Climbers must be suitably certified, roped and belayed. No traverse route or samples are worth a climbing accident.

Traversing 9-4 August 2006

9.2.4 Traversing in heavy bush

„ Follow your partner at a safe distance - no closer than three paces. This will prevent branches from whipping back into your face. Always wear eye protection.

„ Some types of vegetation will irritate your skin. Learn to recognize and avoid contact with these plants whenever possible.

„ In dense bush, you may need to leave a trail of flagging tape to mark your way.

9.2.5 Traversing in wet terrain

„ Use extra caution when you traverse across moss-covered logs or boulders; wet logs; or steep, wet, grassy slopes. Lichen-covered rocks are extremely slippery when wet. Bark and moss frequently peel off in slabs. If you slip on wet grass or heather when you are wearing rain gear, it may be difficult to arrest your slide. Always wear appropriate boots.

9.2.6 Traversing fast-moving creeks and streams

„ Take time to search for the safest place to cross. Never cross swift rivers above rapids. Avoid places where the current is swift. Never attempt a dangerous crossing.

„ Remove your socks to keep them dry, but wear your boots to protect your feet. If the water is cold, keep your pant legs rolled down to insulate your legs. This helps avoid muscle cramps.

„ It is dangerous to wear rubber waders. If you are swept off your feet, they may fill with water and prevent you from getting out. Also, they may retain air and float, holding you upside down under the surface.

„ Loosen your pack straps so that you can discard it immediately if you lose your footing while crossing a stream.

August 2006 9-5 Traversing

„ Always carry a long, strong staff to probe ahead and add to your stability. Place it on the downstream side and lean into it slightly. Cross carefully, one step at a time.

„ Carry a lightweight nylon rope to help cross difficult streams. Rope-up and cross one at a time. Anchor the rope to a tree or a large boulder, as a person who anchors someone else during a stream crossing can easily be dragged into the stream if an accident occurs.

„ When you traverse in a group, make certain that everyone crosses safely before the party continues. In groups, consider linking arms and crossing together all abreast. The upstream person breaks the current supported by others downstream.

„ If you fall into a stream, keep your head up and point your feet downstream. Work your way to the stream bank.

9.2.7 Slow-moving and meandering streams

„ Meandering streams frequently have shallow borders and then drop off vertically where the main channel flows.

„ Always use a long, strong staff to probe the bottom and to provide support when you cross. Cross carefully, one step at a time.

„ If the water is deep, the shortest party member should lead the crossing.

9.3 Private property

9.3.1 Landowner consultation

Wherever practical we should seek to inform the landowner that we wish to go on to their property. Some owners may request formal identification to determine that you are who you say you are. Ensure that you have your photo ID card and DPI letter (Appendix 7) of identification available.

„ This is done as a courtesy and should avoid the risk of being shot at by an irate landowner

„ It lessens the risk of you doing some damage on the property

„ It has safety implications, as the property owner should be able to advise you of boggy paddocks, electric fences, rogue bulls, mean dogs etc.

„ It is good for public relations

„ Remind the landowner, to advise any other residents on the property of your presence.

Traversing 9-6 August 2006 9.3.2 Private land and fences

„ Where possible, egress onto private land should be along tracks and through gates.

„ However in many cases the practical access will be over or through a fence. Injuries such as cuts and twisted knees and ankles have occurred to people jumping over fences. If you need to cross a fence make sure that you support your bodyweight with your hand on a solid fence post.

„ Electrified wires are also used and either run along the top of the fence, 3/4 of the way up the fence or as a separate fence (made up of a single electrified wire) which is generally 1 metre away from the main fence. Employees should always check for an electrified wire before going over a fence.

9.3.3 Climbing and jumping fences

When getting over a fence, there is a risk of injuring yourself. The risk will depend on the type of fence (strand wire, barbed & electric) and the method employed in crossing it.

„ Corner posts at fence triple junctions are usually the easiest places to climb over. „ Test if electric fence is on – by listening for the current and using a long wet blade of grass „ Earth the electric fence „ Get another person to hold the wires apart „ Drape a sack or old towel across the barbed wire „ Don’t jump over with a heavy pack on, remove pack and place on far side of fence before crossing. „ Before jumping, check that your proposed landing spot is on reasonable even ground, clear of snakes, old barbed wire or other farm equipment.

Wire strand fences can often be climbed through (not over) if they are loosely strung, but this should never be attempted if there is any suspicion that the fence may have an electrified strand. A shock to the head region while climbing through an electric fence can cause unconsciousness, with potentially grave consequences if you then remain in contact with the electrified wire.

Although electric fences should be flagged by regular signs on the fence, this is often not done, so don’t rely on it.

Fences that sport clearly visible insulators are easily recognised as electrified. However, in some cases, farmers slide plastic tube insulators into holes drilled through the posts to insulate the wires. These fences are hard to pick from normal unelectrified fences, so check carefully. Dried hardwood pickets are inherently quite good insulators and farmers often don’t bother to

August 2006 9-7 Traversing insulate electric wires from these, so uninsulated wooden pickets are no guarantee that a fence is not electrified. On the other hand, any wires that pass uninsulated through a steel star picket will be well earthed, and obviously cannot be electrified.

Suspected electrified fences can be tested by almost shorting the suspect strand out against a nearby earth (for example a steel star-picket or an adjacent earthed wire) using a suitable conductive object - with an insulated handle, of course. A G-pick with a plastic handle works well - watch and listen for the regular spark as it jumps the small gap to earth.

If you have to cross an electric fence, the electrified wire(s) can be effectively earthed to ground or other wires by using

„ a pre-prepared piece of wire with alligator clips (with insulated handles) attached to either end,

„ a G-pick to temporarily twist the electrified wire into adjacent earthed ones.

„ When in doubt earth the fence.

Rubber soles on boots are usually effective insulators providing they are not wet.

Traversing 9-8 August 2006

10. NATURAL HAZARDS

mployees risk exposure to a variety of natural hazards. These may be weather-related, wildlife, terrain-related, or a combination . If you work Ein a high risk area, your best approach is to learn all you can about how to cope with incidents that threaten your safety. Then, if you find yourself in a crisis, apply your knowledge, use your common sense, and keep calm.

August 2006 10-1 Natural hazards

10.1 Wildfire survival

Bush fires are all too familiar in Victoria. Extreme caution is necessary if you work in an area where fires are a potential problem, or if fires are burning. If you see unexplained smoke, it is wisest to return to camp and check with local landowners to evaluate the hazard. Always be alert for fires, and evacuate the area before the situation is too dangerous. Remember these important procedures if you are caught in any fire situation:

1. Search for an area with the least possible combustible material.

2. Protect yourself from the radiant heat of the fire.

3. DO NOT PANIC. You must assess the situation with a clear mind.

Shelter can be a building, a vehicle, a pond, or a stream. For shelter against radiant heat, you can cover yourself with dirt or sand; dig into a stream bed; use a wheel rut, wombat hole, a blanket, or even crawl inside a log. Remember, radiant heat kills faster than flames.

„ With grass fires, the flames may last only a minute; they pass very quickly.

„ With forest fires, the flames last longer. Your chances of survival are reduced, but it is possible to do so with sufficient shelter.

„ Find shelter in a building if possible. It usually takes more time for a building to catch fire than for the fire to pass - especially if you have had time to damp down the roof and walls. Be very careful what you choose for shelter.

„ Do not drive into heavy smoke. Pull over to the side of the road, preferably in an area with as little vegetation as possible. Put the vehicle lights on (they should be on already).

„ If no other shelter is available, you are safer inside your vehicle than outside. Close the windows and vents. Get down below the dashboard and protect your body from the radiant heat with a blanket, or even a floor mat. It is very unlikely that the fuel tank will explode. Get out of the car only after the fire front has passed.

„ With grass fires, and only as a last resort, it may be possible to protect yourself by back-burning an area before the fire reaches you. However, you must know how to do this procedure correctly to avoid increasing your problems.

Natural hazards 10-2 August 2006

FIRE EMERGENCY PROCEDURE

DON'T PANIC!

Assess the situation:

1. If feasible using the fire 2. If you can't put the fire out fighting equipment in the within the first minute or so, vehicle, try to extinguish the and it appears as though fire. Where a second person outside help will be needed, is available, they should save yourself and warn any contact the local CFA at the local people in your immediate same time. area.

The above is common sense so, familiarise yourself with the equipment in your vehicle and know how to use it.

WHAT TO DO IF YOU ARE CAUGHT IN A BUSH FIRE - FOREST FIRE.

DON'T PANIC!

If you are on foot:

„ Don't try to outrun the fire uphill.

„ Don’t run at all unless to a clearly indicated way of escape.

„ Walk across and downhill trying to outflank the fire and keep your eyes open for any possible refuges e.g. running streams or pools, eroded gullies free of scrub, holes made by fallen trees, road culvert pipes, deep wheel ruts on the roads.

„ If you find a good refuge take to it and wait for the fire to pass. Radiant heat is a killer!

August 2006 10-3 Natural hazards

10.1.1 Total fire bans

Total Fire Ban days are declared when conditions are hot, windy, and the bush is dry. There are five fire ban districts in Victoria - it is up to you to find out when a fire ban is on. Listen to the local radio for updates on conditions and fires in the area, contact your local Department or CFA office before lighting up.

Working on Total Fire Ban Days

„ Work on total fire ban days or hot windy days can be unpleasant and dangerous. If you are planning to work in the open on such days, you are required to contact the local DPI office to check on local fire conditions and comply with any instructions. Careful consideration should be given to which areas work will be done in. Work in less fire prone areas such as cleared or cultivated land is permitted. Working away from your vehicle, and on tracks in forested areas is not permitted.

„ If the day is one of extreme fire danger and no relatively safer areas are available to work in you should consider staying at your base.

„ Be alert for bushfire smoke in the area. If you are unsure of the source of smoke and can’t find out, you should leave the area immediately. Only return when it is safe to do so.

Fire restrictions on Total Fire Ban days:

„ No fires can be lit in the open air. This includes campfires, barbeques, kettle/webber style barbecues and solid fuel camp ovens.

„ No liquid fuel or gas appliance - in the open, in a tent, annexe or tent like trailer.

„ Appliances in a caravan or caravan-type trailer may be used provided the appliance is attended at all times and remains within the caravan.

10.1.2 Campfires

„ Some parks provide built in electric or gas barbecues. These can be used provided a water supply is within 10 metres, the barbecue is clear of all flammable material three metres around it and an adult is present.

„ Take extra care with fires on dry, windy days.

„ Keep your campfire just big enough for cooking and keeping warm.

„ Put your fire out with water not soil, even if going for a short walk or swim.

Remember, if your campfire is cool to touch then it is safe to leave, and it can’t go bush!

Natural hazards 10-4 August 2006

10.2 Lightning

Always be mindful of the weather if you work in an area where electrical storms occur. Thunderclouds can form quickly, but you ought to be aware of them before a storm is upon you. Seek shelter early and use common sense to avoid being caught where you might be struck by lightning. Direct hits by lightning are rare. However, you can be severely injured by splash lightning or ground currents that spread out after lightning strikes a building or tree.

When a storm with potential lightning approaches:

„ Immediately disconnect the radio antennas. Move them away from the radio, and ground them. If the antenna is struck by lightning, the charge will travel through the wire into the radio. It will damage the radio and possibly start a fire.

„ Geophysical crews in the field should disconnect all wires from equipment and stay clear of the wires and equipment for the duration of the storm. Crews must be especially alert for storms Lighting striking aerial can possibly lead to in the area where they are fire damaging radio. Disconnect antenae during storm working because the wires

connecting equipment may

stretch for kilometres.

Seek shelter early - well before the storm arrives:

„ Seek shelter inside a building if possible. Stay away from open doors and windows. Avoid contact with anything metal or electrical, as lightning can travel into buildings through stove pipes or electrical wiring. Electrical outlets, plug-in appliances, radiators, and open fireplaces all offer easy paths for lightning.

„ Seek shelter in an all-metal vehicle if one is nearby. Jeeps and similar cloth-top vehicles do not offer sufficient protection. After a storm has passed, watch out for live wires if wind damage has occurred.

„ Do not seek shelter in an isolated shed, especially if it has a metal roof.

August 2006 10-5 Natural hazards If you are caught outside when lightning strikes in the vicinity:

„ It is vitally important that you assume a position that minimizes your contact with the ground. Do this in the safest location you can find. If your hair begins to stand on end and your skin or teeth feel a tingle, you are in grave danger of being struck by lightning.

„ The safest position: Crouch down with your knees drawn up and your feet close together to minimize your contact with the ground. Never let your hands, shoulders, or head touch the ground. Never lie flat on the ground. Discard your pack, hammer, knife, compass, etc.

„ If there are several people in your party, spread out so that your group does not provide multiple paths for the current. Everyone should assume the crouched position.

„ Crouch on insulating material if possible. For example, use a dry sleeping bag or a dry, coiled climbing rope.

Seek the safest outdoor location during a lighting storm, if indoor shelter is not available:

„ Go to a lower elevation if you are on a ridge or peak. If you are near peaks, seek a bench below a peak and away from local promontories. If you find shelter below a peak or cliff, that cliff or peak should be at least 5 to 10 times your height. You should crouch more than 2 metres, but less than 15 metres, away from the base of the cliff.

„ Avoid standing under isolated tall trees or in open spaces where you are the tallest object. Crouch, and stay twice the height of a tree from its base.

„ If you are in a forest, seek a stand of young trees for shelter. Avoid tall isolated trees.

„ Avoid small gullies and caves, rock overhangs, rocks with wet surfaces, patches of lichen, cracks that hold water, plant or tree roots, streams, and lakes. These are all likely to conduct current.

„ Avoid metal objects such as power lines, fences, tent poles, and packs with metal frames.

„ Get out of the water and onto land if you are swimming or boating.

„ Move away from (or avoid the area of) iron formations.

„ A scree or talus slope is relatively safe, as is crouching on a small float boulder.

Natural hazards 10-6 August 2006

NOTE: If someone is struck by lightning, check if the victim is breathing and has a pulse. If not, immediately begin EAR or CPR, even if some time has elapsed since the strike.

Lightning rarely kills a person outright; it paralyzes body functions. Recovery is common. You cannot receive an electrical shock from someone who has been struck by lightning.

10.3 Floods

Flooding may result from large or small storms. Floods may be widespread or local in extent. If flood warnings are issued, heed them. Flash floods are the most critical concern for geologists.

„ Never camp in a dry stream bed because of the danger of flash floods. Never drive in a dry stream bed unless there is an obvious route for escape from flash flooding. A dry stream bed may become a torrent following a rainstorm. Always carry survival equipment.

„ Avoid valley bottoms after a heavy rainfall.

August 2006 10-7 Natural hazards

Natural hazards 10-8 August 2006

11. ENVIRONMENTAL DISORDERS

PV employees sometimes work under difficult field conditions. Some of the most challenging conditions are environmental: cold and windy, Mhot and humid. The processes of heat loss and heat gain control your core body temperature. Heat loss is a function of evaporation, convection, conduction, radiation, and respiration. Heat gain is a function of your metabolism and activity level. If you are not properly equipped and prepared, their effects can kill you. Heat, and cold can cause disorders with subtle and progressive symptoms that are difficult to diagnose accurately. Your brain needs blood at the correct temperature and oxygen level for you to think clearly. For this reason, confused and inept thinking are symptoms of environmental disorders. A thorough understanding of hypothermia and hyperthermia may save your life or that of a co-worker.

August 2006 11-1 Environmental disorders

11.1 Cold induced illnesses

11.1.1 Overexposure to cold (Hypothermia)

Hypothermia occurs when your core body temperature falls to a level where internal organs cease functioning effectively. As a result, your body loses heat faster than you can produce it. Hypothermia can develop quickly, and it can be fatal. Wet, cold, windy weather combined with hard physical effort can lead to exhaustion and leave you vulnerable to hypothermia. Temperatures need not be especially cold for hypothermia to develop; it frequently sets in at temperatures between -2°C to 10°C. Field party members should watch out for early warning signs of hypothermia in one another; the buddy system is the most effective way to monitor each other. This is important because victims often do not recognize their own symptoms. You can prevent hypothermia by using good judgement and by respecting safe outdoor procedures.

PREVENTION: The key is to... STAY WARM... STAY DRY... AVOID FATIGUE. Pay strict attention to these tips and you will avoid hypothermia.

„ Dress intelligently and appropriately. Wear several layers of loose fitting clothing, with enough space between each layer to entrap 4 mm of air. Wool clothing or specially designed synthetics are recommended, as they retain 80% of its insulating qualities even when wet. Down is a good insulator only when it is dry. Always carry waterproof rain gear, preferably the "breathable" kind, as it allows perspiration to escape. Put on rain gear before you get wet for the most effective protection.

„ Try to maintain comfortable body temperature. Try not to work up a sweat, this avoids wet clothes that may chill you. To cool down, remove your gloves first if your hands won't be exposed to ice or snow. Next, remove your hat and scarf exposing your neck area. Then loosen the clothing at your wrists and waist. Finally, remove layers of clothing.

„ Rest frequently to avoid fatigue. When resting, take shelter from the wind and make certain that you sit on something (such as your pack) to insulate you from the ground or snow. Always stop to make camp before fatigue sets in.

„ Your body cannot combat the cold efficiently if you are dehydrated or hungry. Snack often on high-energy foods. Carry waterproof matches so you can make a fire and a hot drink if necessary.

„ Be on the lookout for symptoms in yourself and others. If you recognize and deal with early symptoms, you can avoid further problems. Always believe the symptoms, not the victim, as he or she may not recognize them.

„ Learn to recognize weather conditions that may cause hypothermia.

Environmental disorders 11-2 August 2006 „ Beware of wind chill. The cooling effect of wind on your body can be enormous. Use windproof clothing and take shelter from the wind if necessary. See the wind chill charts 11.1.4.

SYMPTOMS: Hypothermia is a progressive disorder. Mild hypothermia can be treated in the field, but severe hypothermia is life-threatening and extremely difficult to treat in the field. For this reason, it is vitally important to recognize and deal with the early symptoms so that hypothermia does not progress to a severe stage. Early symptoms can be subtle and hard to recognize, and no single symptom is diagnostic of hypothermia. Here is a list of progressive symptoms:

„ Feeling chilled and numb is the first symptom. Do not ignore this symptom.

„ Loss of focus on the task at hand, or a negative attitude toward anything but getting warm, indicates mild hypothermia.

„ Loss of fine muscle performance and control, especially in your hands and feet, indicates mild hypothermia.

„ A blue or grey pallor develops on your lips and fingertips, depending on your race.

„ Uncontrollable shivering: this stops as the victim progresses into severe hypothermia.

„ Slurred speech, irrational behaviour, or the inability to walk or stand all indicate moderate to severe hypothermia.

„ A slow, weak pulse that is very hard to measure indicates severe hypothermia. As the heart and lung control centres of the brain cease functioning, unconsciousness and death soon follow.

To remember the symptoms of hypothermia, a mnemonic from Medicine for Mountaineering & Other Wilderness Activities, by James A. Wilkerson is very helpful:

"A person fumbles, mumbles and grumbles, stumbles and tumbles."

TREATMENT: Take immediate action when you encounter someone suffering from hypothermia.

1. Get the victim into some sort of shelter. If there is no indoor shelter, use whatever is available: a tent, an overturned canoe, a space blanket or tarp to create a tent, branches, rocks, or snow for a windbreak. Build a fire as soon as possible.

2. Remove the victim's wet clothes if possible but try to prevent them getting any colder. A group can share dry clothing to the extent that no other member becomes endangered.

August 2006 11-3 Environmental disorders 3. The ideal way to warm a victim is to place him or her, stripped, in a warmed sleeping bag next to or between one or two other stripped people who are not suffering from hypothermia. Their body heat will warm the victim. Concentrate on warming the trunk, chest, and head areas of the victim. Insulate all their extremities (hat, gloves, socks, etc.) to prevent further heat loss.

The following measures will also help treat hypothermia:

„ Give warm drinks (without caffeine or alcohol) to a victim who is conscious and not shivering uncontrollably.

„ Always handle the victim gently. Do not rub the skin or make the victim perform vigorous exercise; rough handling can cause cardiac problems.

„ Seek medical attention as soon as possible; complications frequently develop with hypothermia.

„ Because it is difficult to measure a victim's pulse and respiration, never consider a victim to be dead. That is the job of the medical profession.

11.1.2 Cold water immersion hypothermia

Hypothermia develops swiftly if you capsize a boat, or fall into cold water (less than 10°C). Water in this temperature range conducts heat away from your body rapidly. Your body cools so quickly that you cannot breathe properly and your hands become numb. You lose good judgement quickly as your core body temperature falls. Whenever you operate a boat, the most effective defence against cold water immersion hypothermia is to wear a Personal Flotation Device (PFD). It is important to treat all people rescued from cold water immersion as hypothermia or shock victims.

If you capsize your boat or fall into cold water:

„ Do any necessary jobs that require the use of your hands immediately. Get rid of heavy boots, or packs. Retrieve your whistle and flare gun.

„ Stay with your boat. You lose body heat 35% faster when you are swimming than when you remain still. In cold water, you can only swim one-tenth to one-fourth the distance you can normally swim in warm water. It is safer to paddle or drift to shore with the boat.

„ Always get as much of your body as possible out of the water. You lose your body heat much faster in the water than in the air. Try to get back into the boat and bail water out of it. Crouch low to stay out of the wind.

„ Climb up onto the overturned boat and tie yourself to your partner with a belt or rope, if you cannot get back into your boat.

„ Do not discard clothing or light-weight shoes if you capsize. They help you retain body heat. Button up your clothing and cover your head to help preserve body heat.

„ Use your emergency whistle, flare gun, or an air horn to attract attention.

Environmental disorders 11-4 August 2006

„ If you cannot get out of the water, assume the HELP position. HELP is an acronym for Heat Escape Lessening Posture.

Heat Escape Lessening Posture

This position minimizes heat loss from your torso area. You must be wearing a PFD. Try to wear a hat to minimize heat loss from your head.

1. Cross your arms tightly across your chest.

2. Draw your knees up close to your chest.

3. Stay still. Do not expend energy moving around.

If you capsize with a group of people, huddle together to minimize heat loss. Again, you must all be wearing PFDs.

1. Form a circle facing inward so that your chests are close.

2. Place your arms around the back of each person next to you.

3. Intertwine your legs.

Here are further suggestions:

„ Swim for shore only if the shoreline is very close, or if there is no chance of rescue at all. Check the wind direction to make sure it will not blow you off-shore.

„ Eat any food that you have available to supply your body with energy to combat hypothermia.

„ Always carry waterproof matches and a knife in your pocket so you can build a fire to dry out and warm up.

„ Once on shore, build a fire immediately. If you have no dry clothing available, remove your articles of clothing one at a time. Wring them out and put them back on.

August 2006 11-5 Environmental disorders

11.1.3 Frostbite

Frostbite occurs when your body tissue actually freezes. It most commonly affects the toes, fingers, ears, nose, or face. Hypothermia and frostbite often develop at the same time, and wind chill is frequently a contributing factor. Watch for signs of frostbite in yourself and other members of your field party.

PREVENTION:

„ Stay warm and stay dry. Many precautions that you take to prevent hypothermia apply to frostbite.

„ Recognize the importance of the wind chill on exposed flesh in freezing temperatures. See the wind chill charts 11.1.4.

„ Pay attention to those areas of your body that may be exposed to the cold. Dress accordingly. A balaclava or a face mask will protect your face better than a hat alone. Avoid clothing that might restrict your circulation, such as tight boots and gloves.

„ Wear gloves when handling volatile fuels, as these products may cause immediate frostbite if they come in contact with your bare skin. Cold metal surfaces can do the same.

SYMPTOMS:

„ White or grey patchy skin develops on the face, fingers, or toes.

„ Pain in these extremities is present, but it gradually disappears as frostbite develops.

„ Skin does not move easily over the knuckles or toes; it becomes hard and waxy.

TREATMENT:

„ For superficial frostbite rewarm by body heat. Move the victim to a medical facility.

„ Do not rub affected areas with anything. Never thaw with direct heat, such as fire or a heating pad, etc.

„ For deep frostbite do not attempt to thaw. Keep the casualty dry and warm. Protect the thawed areas with sterile dressings and keep the victim warm to promote good circulation. Seek medical aid urgently.

Environmental disorders 11-6 August 2006

11.1.4 Wind chill charts

WIND CHILL CHART FOR CELSIUS TEMPERATURES WIND THERMOMETER READING (°C) SPEED 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 KPH WHAT IT EQUALS IN ITS EFFECT ON EXPOSED FLESH 0 10 5 O -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 8 8 3 -2 -7 -12 -18 -23 -28 -33 -39 16 4 -2 -8 - 14 -20 -26 -32 -38 -45 -51 24 3 -4 -11 -18 -25 -32 -38 -45 -52 -59 32 O -7 -14 -21 -28 -35 -43 -50 -57 -64 40 -1 -8 -16 -23 -31 -38 -46 -53 -61 -68 48 -2 9 -17 -25 -33 -40 -48 -56 -63 -71 56 -3 -10 -18 -26 -34 -42 -50 -57 -65 -73 64 -3 -11 -19 -27 -35 -43 -51 -59 -67 -75 Little danger if properly Considerable Very great danger clothed danger Exposed Exposed flesh may flesh may freeze freeze within 30 within one minute seconds

11.2 Heat induced illnesses

The combination of high temperature, high humidity, over-exertion, and lack of acclimatisation all contribute to the development of heat-related illnesses. It need not be especially hot. Heat-related illnesses can develop if the air temperature exceeds 23°C and the humidity exceeds 50%. However, the higher the temperature and humidity, the more likely the danger of heat- related illnesses. Evaporation of sweat is the main mechanism for cooling the human body. The onset of heat-related illness usually occurs when the body core temperature begins to rise because there is not enough water available within the body to produce the necessary amount of sweat (dehydration). Your body must be able to produce sweat freely. Furthermore, this sweat must evaporate from your skin for maximum cooling effect. Sweat that pools and runs off your body does little to cool you. Field workers and their supervisors should recognize the need for acclimatization and fluid replacement to prevent various heat-induced illnesses, especially when employees are engaged in strenuous work.

PREVENTION of heat-related illness when working in warm environments:

„ Drink plenty of water. Avoid dehydration. Do not rely on thirst to indicate how much to drink. Drink large quantities before you begin to work, and about 250 ml (1 cup) every 20 minutes while you work. Water is best; carbonated drinks are less effective. Do not drink milk, undiluted fruit juices, or any form of alcohol. Alcohol actually causes your body to lose fluids. When performing moderately strenuous work in a hot environment, you need to drink at least 5 litres of water a day.

August 2006 11-7 Environmental disorders „ Wear a broad brimmed or legionaire hat in the sun.

„ Increase your salt intake slightly. The salt in most prepared foods should be sufficient. Salt tablets should be taken only on the advice of a doctor. However, if you have been sweating heavily, an electrolyte- glucose drink such as "Gatorade" or "Lucozade" might be advisable. Electrolyte-glucose solutions can be purchased in prepackaged amounts or made from commonly available ingredients.

„ Wear light-coloured, loose-fitting clothing that does not leave too much skin exposed.

„ "Listen" to your body. Don't over-exert yourself in hot or humid weather, on or off the job.

„ Become acclimatised, whether you are new to a hot climate or are returning from a break, sickness, or annual leave.

ACCLIMATIZATION: When exposed to hot weather, your body undergoes profound changes to improve its ability to cope with heat. These are:

„ Your sweat rate increases over a period of several days. It is possible to lose 1.5 litres of sweat an hour when you are working strenuously under hot conditions. (You need to consume a lot of water to replace such losses.) You begin sweating earlier. By starting to sweat at a lower skin temperature, your body responds more efficiently to heat.

„ The salt concentration in your sweat decreases. This allows your body to retain most of the salt it needs. For this reason, doctors rarely suggest that people take salt tablets when working in hot environments.

„ Your behaviour changes. You learn quickly to use any available shade, to rest frequently if necessary, and to replace water lost through sweat.

11.2.1 Overexposure to heat (Hyperthermia)

There are three main types of hyperthermia or heat stress: heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. A fourth type, prickly heat rash, is an annoying but less disabling form of heat stress. Heat cramps and heat exhaustion result from dehydration and salt depletion as the body sweats to lower its internal temperature. Heat stroke occurs when the body core temperature exceeds 41°C because its cooling mechanisms have broken down. This condition can cause death. Heat stroke requires immediate medical attention. You can avoid almost all cases of hyperthermia by taking preventative measures.

Environmental disorders 11-8 August 2006 PRICKLY HEAT / HEAT RASH:

This skin condition is common in the tropics. It is aggravated by high humidity. Tiny droplets of sweat become trapped under the outer layer of skin. These droplets appear as an irritating, blister-like red rash. Frequent showering helps prevent its development. Sometimes a drying lotion and mild talcum powder help, but ointments and creams will clog up the outlets of your sweat glands even further.

HEAT CRAMPS:

These painful spasms usually occur in your arm and leg muscles. They can be disabling, but they are preventable if you pay attention to replacing the salt and water lost through sweating. Heat cramps can be treated by gently stretching the muscle, applying ice, and by rehydration.

HEAT EXHAUSTION:

If you do not replace the fluids lost through sweating, you may develop heat exhaustion. Although a person suffering from heat exhaustion can continue to produce sweat, the production is not great enough to cool the body satisfactorily. While there is no significant rise in the core body temperature of a victim of heat exhaustion, the condition can rapidly develop into heat stroke. The symptoms for heat exhaustion are the same as for shock.

SYMPTOMS of heat exhaustion:

„ cool clammy skin „ weakness or fatigue „ headache „ nausea, vomiting „ muscle cramps „ dizziness „ confusion

TREATMENT: Remove the victim to a cool area. Cool the victim if necessary, and replace the water and salt lost by dehydration. Have the victim lie down with feet elevated. Although a victim of heat exhaustion may feel better almost immediately and wish to return to work, 24 hours of rest is needed for adequate rehydration to occur.

HEAT STROKE:

Heat stroke is a life-threatening condition demanding immediate medical attention. As the body core temperature approaches 41°C , the skin usually becomes hot and dry, and the victim can no longer produce sweat. Once this happens, the victim will die if his or her body temperature continues to rise. Provide interim treatment and transport victims of heat stroke to a medical treatment facility as soon as possible, because complications frequently develop.

August 2006 11-9 Environmental disorders SYMPTOMS of heat stroke:

„ hot dry skin

„ rapidly rising core temperature

„ rapid pulse

„ headache

„ nausea and vomiting

„ delirium

„ convulsions

„ collapse and coma

INTERIM TREATMENT - prior to evacuation to a medical centre:

1. Get the victim out of the sun into the coolest possible location.

2. Loosen tight clothing and elevate the feet.

3. Cool the victim as quickly as possible, paying particular attention to the head, arm pits, and groin. Drape the victim with lukewarm wet sheets or towels to conduct heat away from the body.

4. Fan the body, using electric or hand-held fans. Try to place the victim on a screen so they can be cooled both from above and below. The aim is maximize evaporation from the body to cool the core body temperature - without chilling the victim.

TO COOL A VICTIM OF HEAT DISORDER

„ An efficient way to cool an overheated field worker is to douse the victim with lukewarm water or cover with wet clothing. Place the victim in a vehicle with the windows down so that he or she is exposed to the moving air. Drive back to a medical treatment facility or rest area, as needed.

„ Use water, wet blankets, or wet clothing to cool the skin of the victim.

„ Use water with a temperature that is warm to the touch, but cooler than skin temperature. This temperature produces the best cooling effect by evaporation and conduction. Water that is too cold will effectively shut down the blood supply to the skin. It can also induce shivering as the body works to warm up that local area.

TRANSPORT THE VICTIM TO A MEDICAL CENTRE AS SOON AS POSSIBLE

Environmental disorders 11-10 August 2006

11.2.2 Sunburn

The sun produces ultraviolet radiation that can cause serious burns to your eyes and skin. Both direct and reflected radiation cause burning, and the best way to avoid sunburn is to avoid exposure as much as possible. You can do this by wearing sunglasses with polaroid lenses and by using sunscreen on your exposed skin. Various products are available that contain agents to block out UV radiation. Skin damage from repeated episodes of sunburn can lead to skin cancer, including melanoma. Pay special attention to your hands; field workers frequently develop skin cancers on their hands due to prolonged exposure to the sun.

Factors influencing UV radiation exposure:

„ Altitude: An increase of 300 metres in elevation causes an increase in UV radiation of 4%.

„ Time of day: UV radiation causes most damage between 10 am and 3 pm when the sun is highest in the sky.

„ Season of the year: the UV radiation is more intense during summer months when the sun is closer to Earth.

„ Wind: Wind masks the effect of UV radiation.

„ Filters: Sunglasses fitted with polaroid lenses will cut down UV radiation exposure to your eyes.

„ Ozone depletion of upper atmosphere: Some areas on Earth are now less protected from UV radiation due to ozone depletion (Arctic, Antarctic, southern South America, Australia).

„ Environment: Depending upon your surroundings, varying amounts of UV radiation will be reflected. For example:

Vegetation reflects only 2.5%

Sand reflects 20%

Snowfields reflect 85%

Water can reflect almost 100% if the sun is overhead.

PREVENTION:

„ Wear a broad brimmed hat, shirt, long pants, sunglasses, and sunscreen when appropriate. Shorts expose your legs to sunburn.

„ Wear a broad spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with a SPF of at least 15. You need this amount of protection. For full effect, apply sunscreen carefully and thoroughly to exposed skin, especially on your hands, at least 20 minutes before you go out.

August 2006 11-11 Environmental disorders

„ Sunscreen agents: A sunscreen's effectiveness is measured by a number called a sun protection factor (SPF). The higher the number, the longer you are protected from burning. That is, if the SPF is 10, then you are protected 10 times longer than if you use no sunscreen. This effectiveness is reduced if you are sweating or swimming. There are two types of sunscreen agents. Physical agents block UV radiation by reflection. These are usually thick creams such as zinc oxide. Chemical sunscreen agents block UV radiation by absorption. For continuous protection, you must apply sunscreen frequently to exposed skin, especially if swimming or sweating.

„ Lips should be protected with a lip balm.

„ Taking certain medications often increases a person's sensitivity to UV radiation. These include tetracyclines, sulphonamides, and oral anti- diabetics.

TREATMENT:

„ Keep the sunburned area covered loosely to stop exposure to more sun.

„ Cold compresses help; creams or lotions may help, but do not apply them to blisters.

11.2.3 Snowblindness

When your eyes are exposed to too much UV radiation, small blisters can develop on the corneas. The higher the altitude, the greater the risk. The condition develops most frequently when working on snow, but it can also develop if you are working on water, or if you use short wave ultra-violet lamps for more than half an hour at a time.

PREVENTION:

Use dark sunglasses with polarizing lenses that are guaranteed to filter out UV radiation. When working in high risk areas such as snowfields, use glasses that have side shields for more protection from reflected light. Take care to choose good quality protecting sunglasses as many brands make unwarranted claims. Wear glasses whenever you work with short wave ultra-violet lamps and use them for only short periods of time.

SYMPTOMS:

„ Symptoms develop 6 to 12 hours after exposure and last 24 to 48 hours.

„ The eyelids swell and there is intense pain - a feeling like hot sand in the eyes.

„ Excessive tearing occurs and the eyes are very sensitive to light.

Environmental disorders 11-12 August 2006 TREATMENT:

„ Bandage the eyes with thick sterile pads and have the victim rest in the dark.

„ Apply cold compresses to the eyes and give oral pain medicine such as aspirin or tylenol.

„ Do not rub eyes and do not apply topical eye ointments or solutions unless prescribed by a doctor.

„ If the eyes are still sensitive to light after 12 hours, rebandage for another 12 hours.

August 2006 11-13 Environmental disorders

Environmental disorders 11-14 August 2006

12. SURVIVAL

PD employees often work in hostile environments and the possibility of facing a survival situation is real. Any employee doing field work M may face a survival situation.

This could happen if:

„ you get lost in the bush

„ your vehicle breaks down in a remote area

„ adverse weather conditions suddenly develop

„ personal injury on a traverse

„ the water becomes too rough for a safe boat passage

„ water levels rise so that streams become impassable

These are situations that could test your survival skills. Other circumstances (less common but still realistic) include a helicopter or plane crash. The attitude that "it can't happen to me " is unacceptable. No employee is immune to accidents or unexpected danger. It could happen to you. Safety manuals cannot ensure your survival in a crisis. Learn to recognize the potential seriousness of a dangerous situation and how a simple problem can escalate into disaster. Learn survival skills and how to maximize your chances of rescue. You must have a strong will to live. Remember that survival situations are not limited to remote areas. Depending where you work, you could face a crisis situation due to weather conditions or transportation accident yet be near civilization. Therefore you need survival equipment with you on every job.

August 2006 12-1 Survival

12.1 Elements of survival

ATTITUDE... KNOWLEDGE... EQUIPMENT... Experts claim that survival is 80% attitude, 10% knowledge of equipment use, and 10% equipment. Therefore, a clear-thinking, innovative mind is your best ally in a survival situation. The old Scout motto "be prepared" applies to all elements of survival. However, the principle of "6P's" is more explicit. Prior Planning and Preparation Prevents Poor Performance. Prior planning and preparation provides you with the necessary knowledge of equipment use and skills to see you through a survival situation. Therefore, prior planning and preparation affects your mental attitude enormously, because it gives you the foundation for your survival strategies.

12.1.1 Attitude

You need a very positive attitude and a strong will to live when you face a survival crisis. You must think rationally so that you combat the factors that threaten you: heat or cold, thirst, hunger, pain, fatigue, boredom, loneliness, injury or illness, and fear and panic. Panic kills, while fear can influence your behaviour in a positive or negative way. You must utilize your fear and direct your actions to meet any immediate requirements that will increase your chances of survival. People frequently die when they deny fear and the existence of danger. Here is a simple example to illustrate this point. If you are afraid you will freeze to death, the constructive reaction to this fear will be to build a fire for warmth. On the other hand, if you deny this fear and neglect to build a fire for warmth, you increase the possibility that you might freeze to death.

„ KEEP CALM. PANIC IS A KILLER. You must control any urge to panic. Once it begins, panic is almost irreversible. If you are part of a group, you can avert panic by careful organization, good leadership, and working as a team. If you are alone, you must assess your emergency situation quickly and correctly with a calm, clear mind.

„ Prioritize problems and work to solve your most pressing ones. In order, these usually are: first aid, location, shelter, fire, water/food, and signalling for help. As time passes you must continue to reassess your priorities.

„ Learn to improvise to solve problems. If you lack something, find an alternative or create a substitute. Keep trying to solve your survival problems because success will probably not come on the first effort. Keep trying, because there are always things you can do that will make a difference and increase your chances of survival.

12.1.2 Knowledge

„ Learn and practice survival techniques. Preparation and rehearsal will increase your self-confidence in a survival situation. Learn how to construct emergency shelters.

Survival 12-2 August 2006

„ Survival equipment has limited value if you do not know how to use it. As well as your basic skills with compass and signal mirror, know how to operate an personal emergency radio beacon (EPIRB). Learn how to use transpiration bags and how to construct a solar still to collect water if you work in hot, arid climates.

„ Learn bushcraft skills. Acquire knowledge of the local flora and fauna so you can use what is available in your environment in an emergency. This knowledge is especially important in desert climates to help locate water.

„ Understand the need to conserve your water. In arid places you must do everything possible to control the loss of your body's water. Learn to avoid sweating; you must do everything to avoid vomiting, etc. See: To conserve your body fluids, 12.3.5 (Water and food).

12.1.3 Equipment

You need some basic, essential equipment to cope with a survival situation.

„ Assemble your personal survival kit in a waterproof bag. It should contain items appropriate for your area.

„ Take your survival kit with you every time you are dropped off by a vehicle or boat. Take it on every traverse and to each work site. Do not send it ahead or leave it in a vehicle. Keep it with you so it is available when you need it.

Personal basic survival kit 2 large brightly coloured, heavy-duty plastic garbage bags matches - waterproof or kept in a waterproof container and a cigarette lighter candle knife signal mirror space blanket flourescent signal cloth whistle insect repellent adhesive tape nylon line - 15 metres, brightly coloured, braided fishing cord. This is a very fine line. EPIRB (personal) tin foil - useful for boiling water, signalling, etc. Fold it and wrap it around something flat in your kit. food packets: chocolate bars, etc. water purification tablets extra bandaids fishing hooks and line small survival book - appropriate for your field area small container for your kit: (small heavy-duty plastic bag or small tupperware-type sandwich box.). Use this to contain your kit. It also serves as a water container.

August 2006 12-3 Survival

12.2 Survival situations

When you suddenly face a survival situation, you can expect rescue within an interval of between a few hours and 2 to 3 days - if you have followed the established procedures of communications with your project manager or supervisor. Co-workers must know your location, your destination, your route, and your expected time of return or contact. Then, if you do not return or make contact at an appointed time, a search can be initiated shortly thereafter. The search will continue until you are found.

12.2.1 Preventing a survival situation

Common sense and good communication help prevent accidents and mishaps that lead to survival situations. General preventative measures include the following:

„ Give accurate details of your daily route and plans to your field leader each day. Leave grid coordinates, etc., if possible. Immediately relay any changes in plans or dangerous developments (such as impending bad weather, vehicle breakdown, etc.) to base location or to your party chief.

„ Know your field area. Before you start traverses, agree on focal points for searches or targets to aim for if you become lost. Carry maps that extend beyond the boundaries of your area to help you locate yourself if you stray.

„ Make sure your vehicle is in good mechanical condition. Make sure it is properly equipped with first aid and survival kits and manuals. In some areas, all field vehicles must be equipped with radios. Take plenty of extra food, extra water, fuel, and clothing if you work in harsh climates.

„ Do not work too far from your vehicle in hot or cold weather. Hyperthermia and hypothermia can set in quickly.

„ In desert areas you should carry water, matches, and a signal mirror any time you leave your vehicle. Always carry extra water and a survival kit if you walk farther than 30 minutes from your vehicle.

„ Look out for good emergency campsites or places to shelter as you traverse throughout the day. Be ready to quit work early to seek shelter or to make an emergency camp if conditions deteriorate. Don't wait until dark, or until you are too tired to think clearly.

„ Always carry a fluorescent signal cloth 2 metres square. Wear brightly coloured clothing, especially when you work in bushy areas and out of boats. You will be easier to locate from the air.

„ Try to obtain the daily weather forecast. Heed any warnings of potential problems such as major storms or fire risk.

Survival 12-4 August 2006 „ Recognize when risks and problems are adding up. Work to reduce the risks.

12.2.2 Survival advice

„ If an accident occurs, assess the situation and, if possible, contact others for help before you attempt rescue.

„ If your transportation fails to arrive, remain at your destination or pick up point. Co-workers will know where to find you.

„ If you become stuck or disabled - REMAIN WITH YOUR VEHICLE. This is most important. You are safer remaining with a well-supplied vehicle than if you strike out alone. It can provide shelter from hot or cold climatic conditions. Furthermore, a vehicle is more visible from the air than a person.

„ Only leave your stranded vehicle, crash site, pick-up point, etc., if conditions are too dangerous to remain. Then, travel only until you find a safe location for an emergency camp. Leave a complete windproof and weatherproof note. Write your message on a page from your field notebook and place it in a plastic sample bag. Place it in a location where it will be easily seen. Use flagging tape to draw attention to it. The note should state your destination, route, time of departure, and the date. Mark your trail as you proceed.

„ Never try to walk back to base camp unless it is closer than 10 km, and you are absolutely positive of the direction in which you must travel. You must:

1. know where you are going and be able to set and maintain a course

2. be fit to travel

3. have sufficient supplies (clothing, water, food, shelter) for the journey

„ If you fall into water or capsize your boat or canoe, you must avoid hypothermia. Get into dry clothes and build a fire for warmth, if necessary. See Cold Water Immersion in Environmental Disorders 11.1.2.

You can use your watch set to standard time to roughly determine the North and South directions.

„ In the southern hemisphere, point the 12 on your watch face at the sun. North is located half way between hour hand and the 12 on your watch- face.

August 2006 12-5 Survival

12.2.3 Survival advice for desert conditions

If you are stranded in a hot desert location, you need shade. You must keep activity to a minimum to control your body temperature and your sweat rate.

„ Know how to avoid hyperthermia and sun or heat-related problems. See Environmental Disorders 11.2. You should remain still in the shade and rest during the day. Do necessary work at night.

„ When resting, do not sit directly on the ground. The surface temperature may be much warmer than the air temperature. Search for elevated places to rest, such as tree limbs, if they are available. Otherwise, scrape away 30 to 50 cm of the surface dirt.

„ Your vehicle's interior can become very hot during daytime hours, even with all the windows open. The shade cast by vegetation or rocks may be cooler than the shade cast by your vehicle. However, it may be coolest under the vehicle, especially if you can scrape away any loose surface material that retains heat.

„ To create shade, rig a canopy out from the side of your vehicle with a sheet of opaque plastic (white is best). Leave at least 125 cm of open space below it for ventilation.

„ "Ration your sweat, not your drinking water." See Water and Food 12.3.5.

„ Wear a long-sleeved shirt and long pants to cover as much skin as possible. Light-coloured clothing is best.

12.2.4 Survival advice for cold climate conditions

„ Know how to avoid hypothermia and other cold-related problems. See Environmental Disorders 11.1.

„ Always maintain your vehicle's fuel tank at least half full. This will allow you to run the engine intermittently to heat your vehicle's interior if you become stranded.

„ You MUST ensure that the exhaust pipe is clear of snow or dirt to prevent asphyxiation when you use the engine to heat your vehicle. Leave a window slightly open for ventilation.

„ Always tie a cord to yourself and the steering wheel if you must leave your vehicle during white-out conditions.

„ You can create a tent within a vehicle using 3 space blankets.

1. Tape one edge of a blanket to the windshield. Bring the blanket over your head and behind your back.

Survival 12-6 August 2006 2. Tape a second blanket over the inside of the window and door on the windward side to create a wind screen.

3. Spread another space blanket on the floor. Curl up on the seat inside the 3 blankets.

„ Use a coffee-can candle, or an emergency candle, on the floor of your vehicle to generate heat once your fuel is gone. (You can easily make one by filling a 1 kg coffee-can with wax and 2 wicks.)

„ If a group is stranded in a vehicle, you may be warmer if you huddle together. Using coats spread out as blankets may provide the most warmth. Loosen any constricting clothing.

12.3 Priorities in a survival situation

You advance your chances of survival if you recognize immediately when you are in a potential crisis situation, and maximize every effort to help yourself. Consolidate your situation and attend to the following priorities. You will have the greatest energy level during the first three days, so you must use this to your advantage. The fourth and fifth days usually cause most depression and people loose their will to live and ability to think clearly at this time. If you survive these days, your attitude usually improves because you have grown familiar with the situation. Only a very strong will to live and a positive mental attitude will pull you through. Prior planning and preparation will help you know what you are up against and to respond appropriately.

You must meet the physical needs of a survival situation as quickly as possible. In a crisis, first check for injuries and attend to any necessary first aid. Following this, your priorities are location, shelter, fire, water/food, and signalling for help - usually in that order. However, in the case of an aircraft mishap, you should make certain that the ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) is transmitting a distress signal as soon as first aid is administered. Take action in the following order of priority.

12.3.1 First aid

Administer first aid as necessary in a crisis situation. Injured workers need shelter as soon as possible. Try not to move them too far.

Medical status „ Staff who participate in work in remote areas should be reasonably fit and have no existing medical condition which may give rise to a life threatening, or a serious ill health situation.

Medication „ Staff required to work in remote areas who are required to take medication must carry adequate supplies of such medication.

August 2006 12-7 Survival

12.3.2 Location

Make every effort to know your exact location. If you have radio contact, be sure to give a clear, accurate description of your position so that rescuers can find you more easily. If you know where you are, you can utilize features in the area that may aid your survival. These may include water sources, safe shelter, etc. If you are completely lost, stop and remain where you are. Proceed with the following priorities - do not waste energy wandering around. Remember to remain with your vehicle.

12.3.3 Shelter

You need to protect yourself from the elements to avoid hyperthermia and hypothermia. Use your ingenuity to remain as comfortable as possible, without expending much energy. Always remember to insulate yourself from the ground by making a mat of branches or grasses to rest on.

Criteria for shelter sites:

„ Remain with your transportation if possible. Incorporate it or use it as shelter, if appropriate.

„ You need good water, fuel, and shelter supplies - and a safe fire for warmth and signalling.

„ Avoid building a shelter where there are obvious dangers such as mudslides, rockslides, or overhanging branches. Also avoid low flood- prone areas and wet insect-infested areas.

„ A knoll or hill may provide a breeze to relieve insect annoyance.

„ In cold weather it is vitally important that the shelter site and shelter protect you from the wind.

Types of shelters: You can construct simple shelters from a variety of materials.

Plastic garbage bag tube shelter:

„ Two large plastic garbage bags (opened at the ends and taped together to form a tube) can provide you with shade or immediate shelter from water and wind.

„ Crawl inside the tube or suspend it to make a tent. Use a rope or stick to prop up one end. Anchor the edges to the ground with rocks, bark, or vegetation.

„ This is an essential part of your survival kit. Use fluorescent or bright orange garbage bags for high visibility and signalling.

Survival 12-8 August 2006 Other simple shelters:

„ Use an overturned canoe or inflatable boat as the foundation of an emergency shelter.

„ Use a fallen tree as the foundation of a lean-to shelter.

„ Use two adjacent logs of unequal size with a plastic sheet stretched over them for shelter with drainage. Scoop out dirt between the logs, if necessary.

„ Use mounds of sand or rocks to support and control the placement of your plastic sheet or space blanket. Dig out beneath the sheet to make room for yourself.

Lean-to shelter:

„ This simple shelter can be constructed from a wide variety of materials. Build your lean-to only as long as your height so that you do not waste energy heating extra space.

„ Build a framework from trees, sticks, or tree branches - or even in combination with rocks if necessary. Make upright supports by using trees or 2 or 3 crossed, freestanding poles. These must support a ridgepole, against which you lean more upright sticks at a 45° angle. (This slope will allow rain to drain away efficiently) Place smaller sticks horizontally on these 45° sticks to support the roofing material. Use ropes, vines, grasses, shoelaces, etc., tie the components together.

„ Roof coverings for a lean to shelter can consist of a plastic tarpaulin, evergreen branches, bark, palm leaves, split bamboo stems, or whatever is available in your environment. Build the vegetation up in layers from bottom to top, as though you were shingling or thatching a roof.

„ Make sure that the layer of evergreen boughs are at least 15 cm thick so that rain does not penetrate. If there are heavy rains or winds use your plastic covering on top of the boughs.

„ Thick bark and split bamboo can be laid like pan tiles. Make a gutter from these to drain water away.

„ Stuff the ends of the lean-to with vegetation to stop winds.

„ The roof need not extend to the ground in a warm climate where ventilation is desirable.

„ Build a long fire at the opening of the lean-to. Do not build two leantos facing each other with a fire between, as one shelter will fill with smoke.

Cold climate shelters: Shelters carved from snow are quick to make. They can be surprisingly warm if you have a small source of heat. However, if you block the entrance to retain warmth, you must create an air hole to avoid asphyxiation. Always remember to insulate beneath yourself.

August 2006 12-9 Survival

Tree base shelter: Dig out accumulated snow near the trunk of an evergreen tree with spreading branches. Use the space beneath low branches for shelter.

Snow tunnel: Dig out a tunnel in a snow drift and insulate the floor surface.

Snow cave: Dig out a small cave in a snow drift. Create a raised sitting or sleeping platform. Insulate the platform. Make an air hole for ventilation.

12.3.4 Fire

Fire provides warmth. It allows you to boil water for drinking, dry your wet clothing, and lifts your spirits if you are in a survival situation. Make your fire only as large as necessary so you don't waste your energy collecting extra fuel.

„ Always carry plenty of matches in a waterproof container in your pocket.

„ Choose a safe place to build a fire. Clear a large circle and scrape down to bare soil. Don't build a fire on moss, needles, or roots, etc. Make certain no overhead branches will catch fire.

„ In wet areas or on snow, build a platform of green wood and cover it with earth, if possible. In flooded areas, raise this platform on stilts. Build your fire on this platform.

„ Assemble everything before lighting the fire. All your fuel should be within reach. Have water available to extinguish the fire.

„ Tinder must be dry. Use bits of cotton lint, pine cones, moss, shredded dry bark, powdered wood from insect borings, or fluff from plants. These catch fire quickly. They can be soaked in fuel oil if this is available.

„ Kindling should catch the flame from tinder. Use small twigs, dead leaves or grass, shaved wood bits, etc.

„ Fuel: Start with dry wood. Add fuel slowly so the fire does not smother. Green or wet wood burns slower and creates smoke which helps keep insects away. Mixing dry and wet wood helps a fire last longer.

12.3.5 Water and food

Water is more important to your survival than food. You can live a month without food, but only a few days without water. Carry water purification equipment (tablets, filter, or a container for boiling), if you work in areas where water is usually not safe to drink. Never travel in desert terrain without sufficient water for everyone, extra water for emergencies, and supplies to obtain water. Each person needs 10 litres a day when working in hot climates. If you become stranded, stop work and make every effort to

Survival 12-10 August 2006 conserve the drinking water you possess, as well as that within your body. Do everything you can to prevent the formation and evaporation of sweat. It is better to "ration your sweat, not your drinking water". You should not reduce your water intake in the first 24 hours of a survival situation because dehydration will impair your ability to think clearly.

To conserve your body fluids:

„ Make every effort to avoid sweating, crying, or vomiting.

„ Drink sufficient water frequently enough to quench your thirst. Don't just sip small amounts; you must drink enough to avoid dehydration.

„ Follow the guidelines for clothing, rest, and shelter.

Sources of water:

„ When you search for sites to dig for ground water, look for areas where plants that require water are growing. Typical plants would be willow, rushes and casurinas.

„ The best site for groundwater are in creek beds, especially beneath cliffs or steep banks.

„ Small, grain eating birds (eg finches) need water daily. Their presence indicates that water is nearby.

„ Surface sources such as lakes, streams, pools, or watering holes may or may not provide clean safe water. Filter any muddy or scummy water through a handkerchief if you do not have a proper filter. Let it settle, then purify it by boiling or chemical treatment, if possible.

„ If you cannot remove surface water to filter it, you can lay a handkerchief on the surface and sip the water through the cloth.

„ You can obtain water through transpiration by using non-poisonous, broad-leafed plants. Seal a clear, plastic bag around a leafy branch that receives full sunlight. A pebble in the bag will weigh it down and allow water to collect at the bottom. Up to 125 ml (half a cup) of water can collect before the atmosphere within the bag becomes saturated and stops producing water. Drain the water by making a small hole. Reseal the bag with tape to repeat the process. You can place several bags on a tree or shrub at one time.

„ You can obtain water by distillation. The best site to make a solar still is where the earth is damp and easy to dig, although dampness is not necessary. Dig a hole about 50 cm deep and 75 cm wide. Place a container in the bottom and cover the hole with clear or white plastic. Anchor the plastic around the edge of the hole, and weigh it down with a stone to form a cone over the container. As the air warms within the still, the water from the ground will condense on the underside of the plastic and drip down into the container. You can insert a piece of tubing, if available, so that you can sip the water without disturbing the still. You can add cut vegetation and urine to the hole to provide additional moisture for distillation.

August 2006 12-11 Survival

„ Learn which plants in your work area will yield water and how to retrieve it. Some vines yield water when cut and held vertically. Some plants are easily chewed to release water.

„ Sop up dew from the surface of vegetation and equipment.

„ Melted ice yields more drinking water than snow. Never eat snow; it lowers your body temperature. If you lack a source of heat, squeeze snow in your hand to liquefy it.

„ Never drink sea water, salt water, polluted water, or water from plants with milky sap.

„ Never drink water from vehicle radiators that contain any additives.

„ Never drink urine because it forces your kidneys to filter concentrated impurities from your system. However, you can add urine to the ground of a solar still. The water content will be distilled into your container.

Sources of food:

„ Use any food supplies that are already open. They will spoil first.

„ Try to consume protein foods first because they require water to digest. Save your carbohydrate foods for later as they produce water within your body during digestion.

„ If you have no water available at all, do not eat anything. Most foods require water to aid digestion. You can live far longer without food than without water.

„ Eat native plants only if you are certain that they are not poisonous. In general, avoid those with red or white berries; those with milky sap; stinging, bitter, or acidic tasting plants; and fungi.

„ If possible, clean and wash all food sources. Cook all gathered foods so that you have less chance of getting sick. Vomiting and diarrhea, even in cold weather, can quickly cause dehydration that progresses to death.

12.3.6 Signalling

Signals must stand out against the existing background to be noticed. As the target of a search, you should make yourself as visible and noticeable as possible - if you are able to do so. Employ any and all possible methods that are safe and appropriate. Proper use of a signal mirror is the best way to attract attention, as it can be seen for many miles. Red flares can be seen for only a short distance.

Signalling with a mirror: The flash of a mirror or other shiny surface can be seen for miles, even in dull weather. Catching the sun's reflection and casting it onto a target is quite easy when the sun is high in the sky. It can be difficult to do when the sun is low. Practice helps. Signalling can be done with a compass mirror, a can lid, aluminium foil, a chrome piece or the side

Survival 12-12 August 2006 or rear-view mirror from a car. Improvise if necessary. DO NOT sustain a flash signal onto a nearby plane or landing aircraft because the signal might momentarily blind the pilot.

To use a signal mirror:

„ Hold a mirror under your sighting eye.

„ Extend your arm outwards and form a "V' with two fingers.

„ Sight the aircraft or object in the point of the 'V'.

„ Tilt the mirror under your eye so that the sun's reflection also passes through the 'V' in the direction of the aircraft. Flash the reflection on your target.

Signalling with fire and smoke: Fire is most noticeable at night. Smoke is most noticeable during daylight.

„ Make three fires 30 metres apart to form a triangle, when possible. Fires in a straight line are acceptable along a river or restricted area. However, one good fire is better than three small ones.

„ Have signal fires prepared but unlit, so you do not waste fuel and energy to keep them going. Light them when you hear a plane. Keep smoke- producing material near

each fire to add to the fire

when required.

„ You can set an isolated tree (torch tree) on fire by building a fire in the lower branches of it. Light it when you see or hear a plane. Make very sure that you will not start a brush or forest fire.

„ To produce smoke: add ferns, green boughs, moss, rubber tyres, or diesel fuel (carefully) to a fire.

Noise signals:

Noise signals can attract attention. The repetition of three sounds in a row is recognised as a distress signal. Leave at least 5 seconds between each sound and at least 15 seconds between each series of sounds.

„ A blast of a whistle carries much farther than the human voice. A whistle is a highly recommended part of your survival kit. Keep it on a cord around your neck or fastened in your vest pocket.

August 2006 12-13 Survival „ Other ways to attract attention with noise include banging rocks together, hitting sticks on a tree etc.

Distress flares:

Several kinds of signal flares exist for use in the field. They can be fired from convenient pen-like holders or from pistols. Hold flares at arm's length when firing. Aim them in a near vertical direction, away from all people.

„ Smoke flares only last a short time but are good for indicating wind direction to a pilot. Their ash will leave a noticeable mark on snow.

„ Crack flares emit a loud noise.

„ Colored flares may be either red (distress) or green.

„ Discard any flares that show signs of leaking or corrosion.

EPIRB

Personal emergency radio beacons (EPIRB) are designed to be used when your safety is endangered and you have no other means of communication. The beacon could save your life and the lives of others by leading a rescue team to your precise location.

The personal EPIRB are recommended to be carried when undertaking traverses away from the vehicle. The EPIRB kit comes with full operational instructions. Make sure that your EPIRB has these.

The beacon transmits an internationally recognised distress signal on the 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz aviation emergency frequencies for a minimum of 48 hours. It should be mounted vertically in an area not blocked by trees, foilage or rocks. If you are in a narrow valley, you can greatly increase the chances of the beacon signal being detected by placing it on higher ground where there is a clearer view of the sky.

Other signals:

When you devise ground signals to be seen from the air, remember that contrast is the key. Symbols should be a minimum of 6 m long, but 12 m long is preferable.

„ Make a trench in snow or sand in the shape of your signal. Pile the snow or sand all on one side of the trench to help maximize a shadow effect.

„ Outline letters that you tramp in snow or sand with brush, dirt, peeled logs, green boughs, rock piles, etc.

„ In a field or meadow, you can cut or trample grass to form signals.

Survival 12-14 August 2006

13 WILDLIFE

ildlife can present a hazard to field workers that ranges from nuisance level to life-threatening. Depending on where you work, Wthe major hazards may be mammals, insects, or reptiles.

August 2006 13-1 Wildlife

13.1 Reptiles

13.1.1 Snakes

Snakes are a source of anxiety for many people, even though most snakes are non-poisonous. Because they are cold-blooded, snakes utilize the warmth of the environment to maintain their body temperature. When the temperature is cool, they seek warmth in places such as rock ledges and paths. When the sun is out and the temperature is high, they seek shelter in cool, dark, and damp places such as: under rocks, under rockoverhangs or bushes, in crevices and holes, among leaves, in or around logs, or in tall grasses. If you encounter a snake, do not make any sudden movement. Back away slowly and give it lots of space.

13.1.1.1 How to avoid snakebite

To avoid a snakebite, you must avoid situations where snakes might strike you. Most bites occur when people fail to use common sense. Follow these rules to help avoid snakebite:

„ Learn the habits and the favoured habitat of poisonous snakes found in your field area. Know where you can expect to find these snakes - they will be there some of the time.

„ Because snakes are well camouflaged, try to train your eye to see the shapes and colours of the poisonous snakes in your area.

„ Always wear loose, long trousers over boots and socks. Boots should cover your ankles - better still, your lower legs. Gaiters worn over boots are highly recommended. Australia has some of the most poisonous snakes in the world. Venom from these snakes flows down and around the fangs to enter the victim rather than being injected through the fangs. Therefore, proper clothing can greatly reduce the severity of snakebites by absorbing the venom or deflecting the fangs.

„ Do not try to kill snakes. Do not handle or disturb snakes in the wild, even if they appear dead or if you think they are harmless. Many bites result from "dead" snakes and from mistakenly identified venomous snakes.

„ Most snakes will retreat to avoid an encounter if they sense that you are in the area. Therefore, if you make noise while traversing, you may encounter very few snakes. However, eastern brown, and tiger snakes will sometimes hold their ground.

„ Some snakes become very aggressive at certain times of the year. Know when this occurs. Make every effort to avoid snakes at these times.

Wildlife 13-2 August 2006 „ Always roll over stones or logs with your rock hammer or a long stick, not with your hand or foot. Roll them toward yourself to keep the object between you and a snake.

„ It is very dangerous to reach into a hole with your hand or a stick. Look carefully (from a safe distance) before reaching into any crack, crevice, or hollow log. Make sure no snake is inside.

„ Use extra caution if you climb rocks.

„ Use extra caution and wear gloves when you collect firewood. Do not collect firewood at night.

„ Remember that snakes climb trees and fences. Be very cautious if you climb trees with dense foliage. Don't crawl under a fence in high grass.

„ Stamp on the ground and use a walking stick to sweep ahead in areas of tall grasses.

„ Step up onto logs and boulders rather than stepping over them. Then you can check that there are no snakes where you will step.

„ Keep your tent tightly closed so that no snakes can crawl inside.

„ Use a torch at night to walk around camp and between outbuildings.

„ Do not hike at night. If you must do so, always use a torch and a walking stick.

„ Keep the doors of your field vehicle closed so that no snake can crawl inside.

13.1.1.2 Treatment of snakebite

„ If a venomous snakebite occurs, it is very important that the victim receive correct medical treatment as soon as possible. In Australia, medical help is quickly available with radio communication and Flying Doctor services. All Poison Control centres can give guidance over the telephone. Keep the telephone numbers of the treatment centres in your snakebite kit. All victims of suspected venomous snakebites must receive medical treatment as soon as possible. While some toxins may take hours to be effective, they can still cause death if untreated.

„ Know the proper way to manage snakebite for the poisonous snakes. You should not wash any venom off the skin of the victim because it can be used to identify the snake.

„ Receive first aid instruction concerning how to correctly apply an pressure immobilization bandage to a snakebite. Most snake venom travels through the body via the lymphatic system. Proper bandaging reduces the speed that venom spreads. However, an improperly applied elastic bandage may become a tourniquet and cause the loss of a limb. Do not apply a tourniquet.

August 2006 13-3 Wildlife „ Note and record any symptoms and changes in the snakebite victim. These include quality of vision, respiration rate, emotional changes, nausea, etc.

„ Do not apply ice to the site of the bite as this may cause further tissue damage.

„ If possible try to identify the snake that the appropriate antivenene can be administered, if necessary. Do not attempt to capture or kill the snake. Remember that many snakebites do not result in venom being injected into the victim.

IF SOMEONE IS Bitten, make sure that no further bites occur. The generalised procedure is:

1. Have the victim lie down and remain in this position. Reassure the victim to help keep him or her calm.

2. Do not cut, do not suck with your mouth, and do not apply a tourniquet to the bite area. Do not wash a snakebite.

3. Pressure bandage and immobilize the limb with a splint as well, and maintain the victim in a horizontal position

4. Remove the victim to a medical treatment centre for treatment or observation as quickly as possible. Transport the victim to a vehicle by stretcher, if possible. If absolutely necessary, a victim may be carried. The victim should not walk, and should never run. The victim should remain under medical observation for twenty four hours.

Note: If the victim is unconscious (near death), do apply a tourniquet between the bite area and the heart.

The victim may lose the bitten limb, but that is preferable to death.

If the victim stops breathing, begin EAR only begin CPR the heart stops.

Wildlife 13-4 August 2006

13.2 Insects, arthropods and leeches

Depending upon location and time of year, insects may be considered anything from a mere nuisance to a great plague. They may carry life- threatening diseases. Swarms of insects can be so distracting that they impair your judgement. Be prepared to cope with them and protect yourself from the diseases they carry. If you have any allergies to insect bites, carry appropriate medication or antidote and instruct your co-workers how to administer it.

13.2.1 Bees, wasps, and ants

Some people are allergic to stings from bees, wasps, and fire ants. Some allergic reactions can cause death from anaphylactic shock. Anyone known to have severe reactions to such stings must carry medication to be administered immediately upon being bitten. Fellow workers should be taught to administer the medication. After any sting, always check that the stinger and venom sack do not remain embedded. Scrape them away with a knife-blade rather than picking them out with tweezers, which might rupture any remaining venom sack.

European Wasps - Preventing stings

„ Soft drinks, beer and fruit juice should be drunk from a glass, or through a straw from a can or bottle.

„ Food and drink consumed outdoors - especially meat, fish and confectionary - should be checked before each mouthful. Wasps like to hide inside and underneath food.

„ Keep away from wasp nests unless fully prepared and never approach a nest during the day.

„ Don't wear heavy perfumes or perfumed cosmetics outdoors during summer.

„ Don't swat at or annoy wasps that are hovering around food - wasps are attracted to a moving target. Although

difficult, the best way to avoid being stung is to sit still and ignore the wasp.

August 2006 13-5 Wildlife Sting treatment

1. If stung, move to another area, preferably indoors, as soon as possible.

2. Apply an ice pack to the sting site, but don't put ice directly onto the skin. A bag of frozen vegetables or a plastic bag containing ice and water makes a good ice pack.

3. Antihistamine tablets available from the chemist are useful to reduce general symptoms, but advice should be sought from the pharmacist on possible side effects.

4. Monitor the symptoms to ensure that the reaction to the sting is not worse than normal. A normal reaction involves local pain and swelling lasting several hours, which may be followed by itching. Only a small number of people become allergic to wasp venom.

5. If in doubt about the symptoms, consult a doctor. People with more severe symptoms require assessment by a specialist as they may need treatment to prevent and manage possible future stings.

Products containing anti-inflammatory, anti-itching or pain relief compounds may help reduce the pain, swelling and itching.

13.2.2 Ticks

Ticks are blood-sucking arthropods that may transmit serious diseases (Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. They are found in grassy and wooded areas where they feed on various animals. Most ticks drop or brush off trees and low scrub. Ticks prefer to hide in body crevices such as around the armpits, groin, and head - especially the base of the neck, behind the ears, and the scalp. They latch onto you with their barbed mouth parts so you must remove them carefully. If you find one tick, there are often more. Recheck thoroughly. Remember that some ticks are very small.

Prevent tick bites by following these precautions:

„ Wear long, tucked-in pants; long-sleeved shirts; and footwear that covers your feet. Light-colored clothing allows ticks to be seen more easily.

„ Apply insect repellents containing DEET or Picaridin to your skin, footwear and clothing (note that DEET can damage some synthetic clothing).

„ When you rest or eat lunch, do so on bare rocks, away from vegetation.

„ Do not drape clothing on bushes or on the ground in tick-infested areas.

„ Conduct daily checks of your body and each piece of clothing for ticks. A short hair cut makes them easier to locate on your head.

Wildlife 13-6 August 2006 Removal of ticks:

Transmission of disease-bearing bacteria requires approximately 24 hours of attachment, so you need to find and remove ticks quickly. Do it correctly!

„ If a tick is detected that is attached, never attempt to place any chemical such as methylated spirits onto the tick, nor should it be touched or disturbed, as the tick will inject saliva into the skin.

„ The tick should be sprayed with an aerosol insect repellent preferably containing pyrethrin or a pyrethroid (if a repellent cannot be found which contains a pyrethroid, then Lyclear, a scabies cream containing permethrin will work fine).

„ The tick should be sprayed again one minute later (or dabbed with the Lyclear) and left.

„ After 24 hours it should drop off naturally or be gently removed with fine- tipped forceps.

„ It is normal for a tick bite to remain slightly itchy for several weeks, however if other symptoms develop, then a doctor should be consulted immediately.

13.2.3 Scorpions

Scorpions are common arthropods. While they prefer hot, dry climates, they may also be found in moist warm climates. Scorpions usually hide under rocks and vegetation during daylight hours and forage at night. Most scorpion bites are not serious, even though they cause sharp pain and swelling at the site of the bite. If you are bitten, apply ice and immobilise the bitten area. Seek immediate medical attention.

To avoid bites:

„ Never reach into dark crevices.

„ Use a stick or rock hammer to roll stones and logs.

„ Do not sit in areas with loose, dry vegetation.

„ Keep tents tightly closed. Shake out your sleeping bag at night.

„ Always shake out your boots and clothing before you put them on in the morning. Check your eating utensils before use.

13.2.4 Spiders

The only spider found in Melbourne that has been proven to be highly venomous is the red-back spider, for which an antivenene is available at hospitals. All other spiders are considered relatively harmless but should be treated with respect. Nearly every spider uses venom to kill its prey and in

August 2006 13-7 Wildlife general this venom will only cause a mild local irritation or inflammation in humans. However, certain individuals may show allergic or hypersensitive reactions to the venom or may develop symptoms of a bacterial infection introduced by decomposig foodstuffs on the fangs. It should be remembered that fear of a spider bite can often cause more problems than the bite itself.

Red-back spider

„ The black or brown female (15 mm) typically has a red hour-glass mark on her abdomen or back. Rarely, it may be white. Only the female produces enough toxin to cause harm.

„ This spider is shy and retiring. Bites are usually accidental and occur when a spider becomes caught next to your skin.

„ Initially, the bite may not hurt or show swelling. Within three hours however, the toxin produces muscle cramps and spasms, headache, anxiety, elevated blood pressure, and intense pain throughout the body. Ice may relieve the pain. Antivenene is available. Seek medical treatment.

„ Habitat: rural areas, barns, woodpiles, under logs and stones, old mine openings, pits.

„ Treatment: Loosen or remove tight clothing and make the patient as comfortable as possible, preferably lying down. As the fangs of the red- back spider are small, the venom is placed just under the skin and the application of a firm bandage is not recommended. If the victim is perspiring freely, give fluids (not alcohol). Take the victim to hospital as soon as possible. Remember - stay calm.

Anti-venom is administered if the bite is definitely from a red-back spider and only then if the patient shows signs of venom absorption.

Funnel-web spider

„ This hairy brown or black spider (2-3 cm) is aggressive and will attack when disturbed.

„ Bites can produce sweating, muscle weakness, respiratory failure, and death.

„ If bitten, bandage the bite area as though it were a snakebite and seek urgent medical treatment.

Wildlife 13-8 August 2006

„ Habitat: rock crevices, burrows, beneath houses and shrubs.

„ Range: South eastern Victoria, far north eastern Victoria, coastal New South Wales and southeast Queensland. Australia.

Treatment for a venomous spider bites

„ In cases of a spider bite from a highly venomous spider, or if there is concern about a spider bite, the victim should be kept as quiet as possible - even walking should be kept to a minimum. Excitement or activity increases heartbeat and therefore circulation of the venom. A broad, firm bandage (not a tournique) may be applied over the wound on the heart side of the bite, especially if there is likely to be a delay in obtaining medical help (except for red-back spider bite). An ice pack applied to the bitten area will help reduce the circulation at the bite site and also the associated pain. In case treatment is necessary, take the spider with you (in a jar), so that the medical staff can determine the type of treatment required.

Treatment for less venomous spider bites

„ Clean the wound thoroughly with soap and water. Keep the patient under observation for an hour or more and if his/her condition deteriorates, seek medical aid.

„ A doctor can give treatment to prevent possible secondary infection and tetanus.

13.2.5 Leeches

Leeches are blood-sucking, aquatic, annelid worms. They inhabit flowing and stagnant waters and damp places in tropical and temperate zones. Insect repellent will discourage leeches. Wear long pants that are tucked into socks. Wear shoes that cover your feet - not sandals. Some leeches can produce nasty lesions. Do not pull them off if they are firmly attached. Remove leeches by applying salt, insect repellent, a lighted match or cigarette, kerosene, or turpentine to the leech's body. They will detach and fall off. Clean the bite area and apply antiseptic.

13.2.6 Mosquitoes and flies

Mosquito- and fly-borne diseases (malaria, Ross River Fever, encephalitis, etc.) are of major concern in the tropics and in some temperate regions.

August 2006 13-9 Wildlife „ Always carry insect repellent and use it properly on your skin and clothing. You should use repellent containing from 15 to 55 percent DEET (N, N-diethyl meta-toluamide) on your skin. Higher concentrations may cause reactions, as it is absorbed through your skin.

„ Do not use cosmetics or soaps that contain fragrances. These attract insects.

13.3 Wild animals

Many television shows, books, magazines, and advertisements feature people getting close to or feeding wildlife as if this is appropriate behaviour. Don’t be misled – approaching or feeding wild animals is never appropriate. Giving food to, or approaching wild animals not only interferes with their natural activity, it is the leading cause of conflicts, which result in serious injury or death to both people and animals. Fortunately, most wild animals in Australia—even poisonous ones like snakes—will naturally move away from humans, given the opportunity. Therefore the most important rule for safety around wild animals in Australia is: don’t approach them, and give them the opportunity to escape.

Human injury often occurs when an animal is surprised, or responds to a perceived threat with instinctive "fight or flight" behaviour—people get injured simply because they are in the animal’s way. A car horn, barking dog, blundering into the animals ‘personal space’, or excited children can trigger an animal into fight or flight behaviour.

Both the females and males of most wildlife species are equally dangerous.

Although animals may look or act tame, they are wild and may change quickly and unpredictably from passive or "friendly" to aggressive behaviour.

If an animal approaches you, it is your responsibility to move away to maintain a safe distance. Your safety is your responsibility!

13.4 Dogs and cats

Stray dogs and cats all present a potential health threat to field workers. All animal bites are high-risk wounds because of the bacteria present in the animal's mouth.

Wildlife 13-10 August 2006 „ Do not befriend, adopt, or provoke stray animals or wild animals.

„ Do not keep pets or encourage wild animals to associate with field camps.

„ Wash any animal bite vigorously and thoroughly with soap and water. Apply antiseptic and seek medical advice. Leave bites and puncture wounds open.

13.4.1 Preventing dog attacks

The first, and most important, rule for preventing dog attacks is: Never go near a strange dog.

Other rules that can help prevent a dog attack are:

„ Do not approach dogs that are leashed, chained, fenced or in a car.

„ Do not pet a dog unless the owner an assure you it is safe to pet.

„ Never turn and run from a dog, especially if it is threatening you -- dogs will naturally chase and catch their "prey." If a dog threatens you, stand still, keep your hands at your side and do not look at the dog. It will probably lose interest and walk away.

„ Do not disturb a dog while it is sleeping, eating, chewing on a toy or caring for a puppy.

„ Never put your face close to a strange dog.

„ Don't play with a dog so much that it becomes overly excited.

„ Always keep in mind that a dog who doesn't know you may see you as an intruder or as a threat.

„ If you have a jacket on take it off and hold it in front of you if the dog attacks this then try and get back into the car (don’t let go of the jacket other wise the dog will still attack).

If the dog becomes more threatening

„ Do NOT make eye contact with the dog. Stand still, fold your arms, look away and yawn (calming signal tells the dog you are not interested).

„ Back up to a car, fence or wall so the dog can’t get behind you and keep still.

„ Shout for help.

REMEMBER

„ Don’t run.

„ Stand still.

August 2006 13-11 Wildlife „ Fold your arms across your chest. „ Turn your head away.

„ Yawn (look bored).

If you don’t run the dog has nothing to chase.

What do you do if you are knocked to the ground?

TRY NOT TO PANIC!

„ Roll into the foetal position making sure you cover your head with your hands.

„ Keep very still.

„ Listen for the movement from the dog and when safe slowly look to see where he is.

„ When the coast is clear slowly get up and go for help.

13.5 Magpies

„ During their spring nesting time, adult magpies become aggressive to people or animals close to their nest in an attempt to protect their young chicks. They commonly swoop and peck at the head or upper body in an attempt to scare off the “intruder”. These attacks can be unpleasant and quite dangerous and cuts to the head and eye damage can occur. The best way to avoid being attack is to avoid the nesting trees and nearby area.

13.6 Bats

13.6.1 Histoplasmosis

Bat droppings in old mine workings and caves may be a source of the potentially fatal fungal disease Histoplasmosis.

Wildlife 13-12 August 2006

The fungus grows in soil and material contaminated with bat or bird droppings. Histoplasmosis spores become airborne when contaminated soil is disturbed. Breathing the spores causes infection. If the droppings are moist they pose little risk.

The disease is not transmitted from an infected person to someone else. Its symptoms vary greatly, but the disease primarily affects the lungs. Occasionally, other organs are affected.

Symptoms

„ Most infected persons have no apparent ill effects. The symptoms include respiratory illness, a general ill feeling, fever, chest pains, headache, fatigue, skin rash, swollen liver spleen or lymph nodes.

„ If symptoms occur, they will start within 3 to 17 days after exposure; the average is 10 days.

„ Antifungal medications are used to treat severe cases of acute histoplasmosis and all cases of chronic and disseminated disease. Mild disease usually resolves without treatment. Past infection results in partial protection against ill effects if reinfected.

The following precautions can be taken to reduce a person's risk of exposure:

„ The best way to prevent exposures is to avoid situations where material that might be contaminated can become airborne and subsequently inhaled.

„ Dust suppression methods, such spraying the area with water, may be useful for reducing the amount of material airborne during an activity.

„ For some activities, approved respirator capable of filtering particles above 1 μm in diameter and other items of personal protective equipment may be needed to further reduce the risk.

Further information http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod

13.6.2 Lyssavirus

Bats in Australia may carry lyssavirus. This virus is similar to rabies and can be contracted by humans from bites and scratches of infected animals. It should be assumed that all bats have the potential to carry the virus.

Bat lyssavirus causes encephalitis which can be fatal.

Vaccination against the virus is recommended if you are exposed to bats, for instance mapping old mine workings where bats roost.

August 2006 13-13 Wildlife

Wildlife 13-14 August 2006

14. SAFETY AROUND HAZARDOUS SITES

ield workers may encounter many different hazards at worksites where heavy equipment is operating. These sites commonly include advanced exploration Fsites and active or abandoned mine sites. However, other potentially hazardous sites may be less easily recognized. Some sites, may be contaminated with hazardous chemicals or radioactivity (Appendix 2 - Noxious substances)).

August 2006 14-1 Safety around hazardous sites

14.1 Explosives

Employees who use or transport explosive materials must have proper training and certification. Employees must follow all regulations and secure all necessary permits for handling and storing explosives.

„ Transport explosives and detonators separately in approved carrying boxes. Transport them in separate vehicles that do not travel together.

„ Store explosives and detonators separately in appropriate magazines that are licenced. Store them unopened and in their original packaging until they are used.

In the course of your work, possible in old mines, you make come across abandoned explosives.

Blasting explosives and primers are marked with the words "Danger Explosive"

Detonators are marked as "Detonator Explosive Danger"

If you find unwanted or abandoned explosives: Do not attempt to move or handle them. Contact the police.

Explosives that have deteriorated may be dangerously unstable. Disposal or destruction of abandoned explosives can be an extremely hazardous activity. The task should be left to experts who hold licences to use explosives.

14.2 Trenches and pits

Cut the sides of trenches and pits back to a 45° angle, or shore-up trenches with a support system if they are deeper than 1.2 metres. Avoid digging deep narrow trenches, as they are particularly dangerous.

„ Never enter a trench or pit that is deeper than 1.2 metres (on foot or by using the bucket of an excavator) unless the trench or pit contains the required structural support, or the sides have been cut back to a minimum 45° angle.

„ Operate with "the buddy system" when you work in a trench or pit. No employee may work alone or remain alone in a trench or pit.

„ Remain vigilant at all times of the excavation equipment at the work site. It is very easy to forget and step behind the moving machinery or in the path of the bucket.

Safety around hazardous sites 14-2 August 2006 14.3 Heavy equipment

Only properly licenced and trained personnel may operate heavy equipment. Because the operators of large heavy equipment may have reduced visibility, you must never approach such equipment unless you are sure that the operator is aware of your location and your movements at all times. When you work around heavy equipment, you must remain vigilant.

14.3.1 Operating heavy plant or equipment

No personnel are permitted to operate heavy plant or equipment unless they are,

„ Authorised, in writing, by the Department to operate the individual type of plant or equipment.

„ Trained and competent to operate the individual type of plant or equipment.

„ Where required, holders of the appropriate Licence or Certificate of Competency, issued by the relevant government authority or equivalent interstate authority.

In Victoria, WorkSafe issues Certificates of Competency for the use and operation of a wide range plant and equipment, including the following:

„ Scaffolding, rigging and lifting gear. „ Tower and derrick cranes. „ Portal boom, bridge and gantry cranes. „ Slewing and non-slewing mobile cranes. „ Large boom-type elevating work platforms. „ Personnel and material hoists. „ Concrete placing booms.

Appendix 10 contains details of the Certificate of Competency issued by WorkSafe and some examples of plant which do not require WorkSafe Certificates.

14.3.2 Approaching heavy plant or equipment

Because the operators of heavy plant or equipment may have reduced visibility, personnel must never approach such plant or equipment unless they have,

„ Obtained permission to enter the area, in which the plant or equipment is operating, from the appropriate site manager or supervisor.

„ The required Personal Protective Equipment, such as appropriate high visibility vest, and are wearing it.

August 2006 14-3 Safety around hazardous sites

„ Effective communication with the plant or equipment operator at all times. (Radios being the preferred method.)

„ Ensured that the plant or equipment operator is aware of your location and movements at all times.

„ Ensured, if practicable, your work area has been isolated from the operating plant or equipment by the use of suitable physical barriers.

When you work around heavy plant or equipment, you must remain extremely vigilant.

14.4 Drilling rigs

14.4.1 Visiting drill rigs

1. Always park well clear of the rig, sumps and flare line (if present), drill rod racks, and away from the paths of heavy vehicles.

2. Wear a hard hat, hearing protection, steel-toed boots, and any other personal protective equipment as directed by the drill crew supervisor.

Do not wear loose clothing or jewellery that might catch in machinery.

3. You should speak to the company representative, the site foreman or the driller to inform him who you are and why you are there and to confirm that your vehicle is not in anybody's way.

4. Handle equipment or machinery only if you have been trained for the job.

5. Wear respiratory masks when you work in or visit dusty areas.

6. Keep clear of the rig and associated equipment unless there is a particular reason to do otherwise. Always keep a firm hold when on catwalks, stairs etc., as they are often greasy.

7. Make sure that you don't stand in the "line of fire" when the core is being forced out of the core barrel.

8. If you are logging on site, lay the core out in a place well clear of the rig to keep clear of stray machinery, swinging rods, leaking pump or hoses and to preserve your hearing.

9. Look out for spiders and other venomous creatures in and under core boxes.

10. Be wary of sharp metal edges on equipment e.g., water hose couplings, core boxes, drill rods, etc., if you are involved in handling them. Always wear gloves when handling such items (see also following section on handling core).

Safety around hazardous sites 14-4 August 2006

11. If using an ultra-violet light on core or cuttings, read the instrument's operating instructions on eye protection (retina burns are painful and may cause permanent damage).

12. Do not lick drill core samples. Chemical residues left by drilling fluids may be poisonous. Use another source of water to examine a sample.

Handling core

1. Full core boxes are heavy and awkward to lift. Make sure you use recommended lifting techniques (straight back, lift from knees), preferably lift with mechanical aids.

2. Always wear strong leather gloves when moving core boxes. The boxes commonly have sharp edges and may contain spiders or other venomous creatures. Beware of boxes which are slippery due to spilt oil, etc., be wary of boxes which have been left standing in the sun - they can be very hot.

3. Where possible (at core sheds) use a pallet mover or fork lift truck to move core from one place to another.

4. Only licenced fork lift drivers (or learners under supervision) should drive fork lift trucks.

5. Check that wooden pallets are in good condition before stacking core boxes on them. Never use damaged or suspect pallets.

6. Stack boxes in a regular manner, alternating the direction of each layer to form a stable stack. Boxes should not be stacked more than 12 layers high per pallet, that is, about 1000 mm.

7. Do not try to remove a box from the middle of a stack. A full pallet of core can weigh up to 1.5 tonnes.

8. If you are required to undertake core slabbing make sure you are instructed in the operation of the saws (or splitters) before you start.

Hand auger or other scout drilling

1. The following precautions should be observed by trained drill operators or those selecting sites for major drilling projects.

2. Rarely should scout drilling be contemplated with fewer than a 2 person team.

3. Wear appropriate protective clothing, including steel toed boots, hard hat, and ear and eye protection.

4. Read the instruction manual before assembling the auger or drill. When using a hand auger make sure the handle is oriented correctly before "planting" the bit.

August 2006 14-5 Safety around hazardous sites 5. Before commencing drilling, carefully site your actual hole location. Reconnaissance drilling is often undertaken on road easements or travelling stock routes etc. Buried power, telephone, water, sewerage, drainage, and gas distribution mains/pipes are also frequently located in such easements and constitute potential drilling hazards. Always check for overhead obstructions as well, e.g., particularly power lines.

6. Check with the local utility services (e.g., Telstra) for the location of possible buried services and look at least 100 metres in all directions for any marker posts (e.g., for coaxial telephone cable markers); for the small sign plates on fence posts or telegraph poles for other services and for manhole covers or stop cocks on sewers or water mains.

7. If you encounter a shallow obstruction it is recommended that you pull- out and start again - to one side of your abandoned hole. This will obviate your getting the drilling equipment jammed and may prevent a major accident (if the resistance was due to a hidden services conduit).

8. When using a powered drilling machine always arrange the site set up and your stance so that exhaust fumes and/or dust will be carried away from you by the air movement.

14.5 Active mine sites and advanced exploration sites

MPD workers may be required to visit active mine sites and advanced exploration sites Any person who enters a work site (any place where work is being done under licence) must report to the Manager and must comply with any direction given by the manager Occupational Health and Safety (Mines) Regulations 2002. Due to the inherent dangers present, it is normal procedure for experienced mine personnel to accompany you whenever you are underground or in a mine plant. You must follow their directions regarding what personal protective equipment to wear and what areas you may visit. Normally, if you are going underground they should issue you a self-rescuer and demonstrate its use. Ask questions if you are in doubt about its use. Various mine dangers include open holes, falls of ground, heavy equipment that operates in confined spaces, and the possibility of encountering oxygen-deficient atmosphere. Refer to Section 14.7 for a more detailed description of the risks involved in inspecting underground workings and the safety precautions required.

14.6 Open pit mines

The primary dangers in open pit mines are heavy equipment and falls.

„ Beware of heavy equipment. Never approach machinery in use or walk behind where the operator cannot see you. Remember that laden ore trucks normally drive on the inside of the bench, even though this may be the "wrong side of the road".

Safety around hazardous sites 14-6 August 2006

„ Falls are a major risk. Benches lack fencing. Watch out for loose rock on bench faces that may cause you to lose your footing.

„ Always wear a hard hat and steel-toed safety boots.

„ When sampling faces, be careful not to dislodge loose rock.

„ Never work with your back to the face.

14.7 Old underground workings

The following guidelines apply to old or abandoned mine workings and to any situation that requires the examination of caves. Old and abandoned mine workings (or caves) are always potentially hazardous. Treat them with respect. Major potential hazards include injury, death or entrapment resulting from persons falling into voids or collapse of the roof and walls. In addition persons may be overcome and killed quite suddenly by a lack of oxygen or the presence of noxious gases; many of which are colourless and odourless and require electronic monitors to test for their presence.

Although a mine may appear stable, having survived intact for over a hundred years, the ground vibration, body heat and air disturbance caused by an inspection party may be the catalyst that causes a collapse or the release of a pocket of dangerous gas.

Although adits accessing into old mine workings were often sited in stable ground the workings themselves are, by their nature, usually sited in bad ground weakened by the presence of shear zones, faults or veins. Fallen blocks on the floor, or the presence of heavy timbering is an indication of unsafe conditions. Usually, most timber support and any iron or steel will be severely deteriorated; therefore it is virtually useless for load bearing. In fact, its very presence obscures the nature of the rock behind and its appearance often gives rise to a false sense of stability. Be especially wary of old timber underfoot, such as those forming plats or covers over shafts, ore passes, or winzes, and those found in shaft collars and adit portals.

Old mine workings and caves that contain large colonies of bats may present a disease hazard. Spores from moulds associated with bat droppings may be present in the air and cause histoplasmosis, a respiratory disease that is difficult to diagnose. Watch out for snakes, spiders, or other wildlife that may live in old mine workings. It is risky to explore old mine workings or cave systems in stormy weather because creeks may swell and flood mine shafts.

Use caution above ground in areas of old workings. A depression on the surface may reflect either subsidence over a stope or an old shaft that has been backfilled or covered. In either case, the surface may be unsafe. The stope may have been worked upwards to within a short distance of the surface and only a minimal crown pillar or sill may remain. Wooden covers over shafts will be deteriorated and unsafe, and are usually obscured beneath soil.

August 2006 14-7 Safety around hazardous sites

In the absence of a qualified escort (a mining engineer, mines inspector or the mine operator) only a properly equipped and prepared team that consists of persons certified to enter old workings may inspect old workings. Such inspections are limited to horizontal accesses and must never proceed up or down rises, winzes or stopes since this greatly increases risks and makes any potential rescue more difficult. Vertical openings such as shafts, rises, or winzes, can only be entered if you are part of a fully equipped party under the supervision of an experienced mining engineer, underground miner, or mine geologist.

IF YOU DO NOT PERSONALLY FEEL SAFE AT ANY TIME, DO NOT PROCEED ANY FURTHER INTO THE MINE.

14.7.1 Prior preparation requirements

„ Always check with the regional inspector of mines for any permits and information on the mine.

„ Be sure to obtain mine plans, sections, and any available mine records with particular attention being paid to the location of winzes, rises and stopes. Be aware that ‘tributers’ may have worked the mine in its final stages, robbing it of support pillars and creating new voids that will not be on any plan.

„ At the beginning of any long term project in an area, e.g. mapsheet mapping project, the best available mine rescue team in the area should be identified, and their contact details noted as part of the project safety plan preparations. This agency should be notified of your intention to work underground at the beginning of each field trip.

„ An inspection team must comprise a minimum of three and preferably 4 persons (a 2 person inspection party inside the mine and 1-2 person safety party outside to call for assistance if required)

„ All persons going underground must have the certificate for entering old underground workings.

„ A written mine safety plan must be established and explained to the whole party before entering the mine. At a minimum the plan must specify the intended time of return of the inspection party, the method of communication between the inspection and safety party, timing of scheduled communication, e.g. every ½ hour on the ½ hour, to a maximum of every hour on the hour, areas to be inspected marked on the plan of the mine (if available), and the emergency numbers to be contacted if the inspection party fails to return by the agreed time. All members of the safety and inspection parties must be properly briefed on the safety plan.

„ Under NO circumstance shall all of the safety party enter the mine. At least one person should remain outside at all times Their role is to maintain communication to the outside world and call for emergency services in the event of a mishap or the failure of the inspection party to return by the agreed time. As long as one person remains outside other

Safety around hazardous sites 14-8 August 2006 properly equipped and certified members of the support team may enter the mine, following the route of the inspection party to help aid in their return or to facilitate communications.

„ However, certified persons wishing to enter the mine while the inspection party is underground should do so only after the mine has been given the all clear by the inspection party and the safety protocols outlined above are adhered to (i.e. communication schedules, at least 1 person remain outside, correct safety equipment, etc.).

14.7.2 Equipment

Each person going underground must be equipped with the following safety equipment:

hard hat cap lamp (with fully charged batteries) alternative light source e.g. torch steel capped boots eye protection gloves and full length clothing watch sturdy belt/safety harness

In addition to individual gear the inspection party must carry:

first aid kit including whistle scaling bar gas measuring equipment for oxygen and noxious gases (carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen sulphide) equipment for determining air flow (anemometer, smoke taper, etc) spray paint can or tape (for flagging route) compass length of sturdy rope emergency food and water (in case of entrapment) face masks

The safety party must have means for speedy communication to the already forewarned emergency services in case a rescue is needed

14.7.3 General precautions to be taken underground

„ If at any stage, any member feels unsafe the mine should be vacated.

„ Ensure all equipment is serviceable (especially battery operated items) before arriving at the site. Ensure that the relevant emergency services are aware of the visit and their potential need to undertake a mine rescue if needed. Check other members of the party to ensure that everyone is appropriately dressed and equipped. Ensure that the written

August 2006 14-9 Safety around hazardous sites plan and communication procedures are understood by all members of the team before entering underground.

„ Thoroughly check the portal. Clear away loose rock or other hazards.

„ If the mine inspection only requires ingress of a couple of hundred metres still in line of sight of the safety party, then verbal communications are sufficient. If the mine is over several hundred metres in length or the party wishes to deviate into cross-cuts or other drives then a two-way electronic communication system may be used. Alternatively, the inspection party must maintain regular, scheduled voice communication with the safety party, e.g. every ½ hour on the ½ hour to a maximum of every hour on the hour.".

„ The gas measuring equipment should be calibrated outside the mine. At the entrance to the mine establish the state of ventilation and check the oxygen level and for the presence of noxious gases. These readings should be entered into the written mine safety plan.

„ One of the inspection party moves forward with the scaling bar, first tapping the ground to check for hidden voids before assessing the stability of the roof and walls. Loose or unstable material can be detected by its “druminess” when tapped. Small unstable blocks may be removed (scaled back) safely using the scaling bar. Large unstable blocks/regions of ‘druminess’ should not be pursued: the mine is unsafe and should be abandoned. The second member follows at a safe distance monitoring air quality as the ventilation conditions dictate and maintaining communications to the outside safety party. Air quality must be especially monitored at junctions.

„ Use extreme caution in old timbered areas. The remains of timber in parts of a drive probably indicate poor ground which required support at the time of mining. Most likely, ground conditions will have deteriorated further. Timber deteriorates with time, and it is usually not possible to assess its competence as support.

„ Do not enter old stopes. Stope roofs are often too high to test with the scaling bar and are the most likely areas of a mine to be unsafe underfoot. Stopes were generally never intended for use as a safe thoroughfare.

„ Clearly mark your route taken at each junction and mark off no go and hazardous areas that have been bypassed.

„ Watch out for open (or covered) holes, winzes, chutes and passes.

Do not disturb bat droppings, generally identified as slimy, smelly piles in stopes under where the bats roost. Wear a face mask where bat droppings occur.

„ Watch for hang-ups in chutes and ore passes. Do not disturb these under any circumstance.

Safety around hazardous sites 14-10 August 2006 „ Proceed with extra caution when the floor is under water. Water may obscure open or partially covered winzes. Test the floor with the scaling bar and, if in doubt, wear a safety rope.

„ When working near winzes, raises, ore passes, or other vertical openings always secure yourself with a safety rope. Do not enter such features under any circumstances, either from the top or bottom. Never stand below ore passes or raises since unseen material from high above may fall onto you.

„ Do not attempt to climb or descend ladderways for better views into stopes, winzes or rises as they will have deteriorated since manufacture and are likely to collapse or be slippery.

„ Do not unnecessarily touch any equipment, service ducting, or valves that you may encounter.

„ Be wary when disturbing water or stratified air in poorly ventilated areas since noxious gaseous could be liberated or stirred and brought to mouth level. When monitoring gases make sure that light gases (CO, CH4) are checked for at roof level and heavy gases at ground level (CO2, H2S)

„ As part of the Inspection Party, before attempting to assist a person who may have been overcome by harmful gasses, it is absolutely essential that the atmosphere is tested. Many multiple fatalities have occurred because people rush into confined spaces to give assistance!

14.7.4 Overhead

„ Watch out for signs of loose ground. These include cracks, rocks sitting on timbers, or rock from previous falls lying on the floor. Watch out for signs that timber supports are taking weight. Note especially, if there are crumpled tops (caps) of timber supports; watch out for broken supports (legs), broken or compressed stulls, etc.

„ Evacuate the area immediately if you hear a trickle of ground falling, however gently, from the backs.

„ Use a scaling bar to check the ground overhead - but do it carefully. Remember to work with the bar held away from the body so that it will not impale you if forced down by a heavy rock. Likewise, hold the bar so that the falling rock will not slide down the bar and hit you–drop the bar if it is forced down by a falling rock.

„ Watch out for slabs or rock peeling off the walls.

„ Beware of pipes, drill steel, pieces of wire, and nails that may protrude at eye level.

„ Do not proceed past, or work underneath, an area that cannot be scaled back to safe rock. If small unsafe areas can be bypassed then mark those areas off in case a follow up party enters or to remind yourself upon exiting.

August 2006 14-11 Safety around hazardous sites

14.7.5 Underfoot

„ Watch out for sumps, rail lines, broken rock, discarded tools or slimy ground that presents tripping and slipping hazards.

„ Pools of water must conceal such hazards or be covering a winze that may or may not be boarded over. Carefully test all boards and pools of water before you walk on them. Remember that disturbed water can liberate dangerous gases and gas testing needs to be more frequent.

„ Be wary of steel plates or timbers on the floor. They may cover passes or winzes and may no longer have sufficient strength to support your weight.

„ Beware of wet slime which has accumulated as fill, it may retain its moisture content and not support your weight. You may sink into it. Coarse sized mine fill is usually very sound and should support you.

„ Take great care climbing over muck piles since they may be slippery or avalanche. Beware of voids such as chutes on the other side of the muck pile that you may slide into (if in doubt rope together). Do not follow anyone up a muck pile. Wait for them to reach the top before you ascend.

„ Mark off any sections of the mine that you consider unsafe.

14.7.6 Sampling

„ Complete a tour of the workings to determine if it is safe to take samples. Use your common sense. Never take samples from workings with unstable ground, collapsed timbers, or where rock has fallen from backs (roofs) or raises.

„ Test backs (roof) and sidewalls before sampling. Carefully scale (bar) down loose material with a scaling bar.

„ Do not sample close to butts or barrels from old drill holes. Residual explosives may detonate by the impact of a hammer.

14.7.7 Ventilation

„ Check underground workings for natural ventilation and identify potential dead end areas to avoid. In mines with little or no ventilation stagnant air and water may be present. Water can deplete oxygen from the air and rust, mineral reactions, rotten timbers and fungus growth can all generate dangerous gases or deplete oxygen.

„ Some dangerous gases have a noticeable smell (SO2, NO, NO2) but some commonly encountered gases are odourless and colourless and can only be detected by monitoring (H2S, CO, CO2, CH4). At the first

Safety around hazardous sites 14-12 August 2006 sign of smelling a dangerous gas, registering its presence with a monitor or a person feels unwell (nausea, light-headedness, buzzing in the ears, watering eyes, breathing problems) the inspection team must return to the surface.

„ If the mine is poorly ventilated or every time ventilation conditions change (such as reaching a junction of drives) the air must be tested for its oxygen level and the presence of dangerous gases.

„ Under no circumstances may a fire be lit underground, nor any petrol engine be taken underground. Use a diesel engine underground only with the approval of appropriate mining inspectors.

„ Carbonate deposits and “tide marks” of mineral deposits on tunnel walls can indicate stale and/or stratified air, signs of poor ventilation.

14.8 Offshore Platforms

„ Before you go offshore

Permission and authorisation to travel to an offshore facility is required from the facility manager.

„ Primary safety induction

All personnel must complete a primary safety induction prior to traveling offshore unaccompanied. If this has not been completed before your trip then you must be accompanied at all times (except in the quarters) by an experienced person who will be responsible for you during the flight and on the platform(s).

„ Travel clothes

Wear suitable clothes for the helicopter trip, including long trousers, a long sleeved shirt, pullover and or jacket.

„ Work clothes and protective equipment

August 2006 14-13 Safety around hazardous sites You should supply your own protective equipment. As a minimum, the following protective equipment must be worn outside the living quarters:

Coveralls or long trousers and long sleeved shirt Safety helmet Steel toed safety footwear Safety glasses with side shields Ear protection where designated

„ DO NOT BRING

Alcohol or drugs (other than prescribed medicines) Disposable cigarette lighters Firearms or ammunition Explosives

„ Smoking

You must remove cigarettes and matches from your pockets and leave them in your quarters.

„ On arrival at your platform

Sign in Proceed to the arrivals area where you are required to sign the arrivals log and be assigned an emergency assembly area and room.

Safety briefing You will be given a safety briefing which will explain any platform specific information which you may need to know. Platform safety induction Notify the person in charge to be given a platform safety induction.

Report in At the conclusion of this briefing you should report to the supervisor to whom you will be responsible.

„ Safety offshore

Make it your primary concern to be aware and conscious of safety at all times. Your safety depends on some degree on your knowledge of your whereabouts and your ability to react in case of emergency.

Be considerate of your co-workers and look out for their safety.

The use of cameras outside the quarters requires the approval of the Person in Charge and requires the use of a continuous gas monitor.

„ Personal protection

As a minimum, the following personal protective equipment must be worn whenever you are outside the living quarters:

- Coveralls or long trousers and long sleeved shirt - Safety helmet

Safety around hazardous sites 14-14 August 2006 - Steel toed safety footwear - Safety glasses, with side shields - Ear protection where designated

If you do not have any of these items, you must inform our supervisor prior to commencing your duties.

Extra care must be taken in areas where major work such as drilling, diving, construction, sandblasting, wireline or the unloading of boats is in progress. Take particular notice of the crane location and its activity. Keep clear of all loads. DO NOT WALK BENEATH LOADS.

There are many advisory signs on the platform which are there for you guidance. Please abide by them.

If you need to go to sea deck you must be accompanied, and you must wear a life jacket or buoyancy vest. Inform the Person in Charge before you go and again when you return.

You are not permitted on the helipad without permission from the Person in Charge, and you need to inform him/her when you come back down.

Be aware that hot pipe work exists around the platform so take care when moving around the platform. Produce oil and water is typically 85- 95°C from the wells.

„ Emergency procedures

In the event of an emergency alarm, you should immediately proceed to your Emergency Assembly Area (usually a Survival Capsule at the south end of the platform) assigned to you when you arrived on the platform. In responding to this alarm you should wear safety clothing; that is,

August 2006 14-15 Safety around hazardous sites overalls or jacket, jumper and trousers and safety helmet, boots and eye protection.

„ Procedure at the emergency assembly area (EAA)

Assemble inboard or on the side of the painted line on the deck where it states “Assembly Here”.

File past the Capsule Commander and either sate you name or cross it off the list and then move to the area near the escape capsule entrance and await instructions to collect life jackets and board the capsule.

„ Witnessing a dangerous situation

An offshore visitor observing a situation which appears unsafe or hazardous should immediately notify (via the PA) the Person in Charge or the Production Operator.

If the situation appears serious (eg., large oil or gas leak, smoke or fire etc) you should activate an ESD valve, proceed directly to the EAA and advise the Person in Charge of the situation. It is preferable not to activate an ESD/Deluge valve, as activating the wrong area can reduce the ability of the fire system to control the actual fire. Automate fire detection devices will activate the relevant deluge area automatically or it can be manually activated by experienced platform personnel.

Safety around hazardous sites 14-16 August 2006

15 DISEASE PREVENTION

15.1 Routine immunizations

All MPD employees should protect themselves from preventable diseases by keeping their immunizations up to date. These are routine inoculations that you should receive and the duration of their effectiveness.

„ Tetanus and diphtheria immunizations are effective for 10 years.

„ Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) is a routine inoculation. One booster is recommended for people born after 1956.

„ Persons 18 years old or older, who have not previously received polio vaccine, should be vaccinated. If you were vaccinated as a child, you should receive one booster once in your adult life.

You should:

„ Keep all your inoculations up to date. This helps prevent the need to receive an injection if you are injured.

August 2006 15-1 Disease prevention

Disease prevention 15-2 August 2006

16. FIRST AID

his safety manual does not attempt to cover the topic of first aid. Every field worker should complete a level 2 first aid and CPR T(cardiopulmonary resuscitation) course. St John Ambulance and Red Cross Society offer excellent first aid courses and first aid manuals.

16.1 First aid kits

All first aid kits should be well equipped to deal with burns and lacerations as these occur frequently. Keep all first aid kits restocked.

16.1.1 Contents

2 triangular bandages 3 roller bandage (for snake bite) 3 wound dressings - Has own bandage inside 1 roll tape 1 box elastoplast 1 box bandaids 1 pair scissors 1 tube stingose

lighter in bike tube - Light tube for firelighter survival bag - Crawl Inside for shelter or Hypothermia cyalume light stick - lasts approximatly 12 hours

Note: Staff may provide their own pain killers.

REMEMBER - IF PATIENT IS UNCONCIOUS YOUR FIRST PRIORITY IS TO MAINTAIN A CLEAR AIRWAY !

August 2006 16-1 Safety meetings

First aid 16-2 August 2006

17. SAFETY MEETINGS

he value of routine safety meetings at industrial facilities or mine sites is already well documented. Safety meetings are the most expedient Tway for us to implement our exploration safety program, and to ensure that its objectives are achieved. Safety meetings provide an effective mechanism for the communication to employees of safe operating procedures and to discuss ways of improving procedures for specific projects.

All safety meetings should be well planned to achieve desired results. We will document safety training given over time to specific employees so that we have a measure of the success on the input side of our Safety Plan.

Safety meetings should be held regularly, although the format of the meeting may vary as required. Safety meetings can be formal or informal. Formal meetings, planned and scheduled in advance will provide workers with training on specific safety issues, safe operating procedures, emergency procedures, or other regulatory requirements. Formal meetings can also be structured to include different types of training. This may involve hands on training, practice, lectures, audio-visual presentations and demonstrations.

The safety manual will be a major source of information on the many aspects of field safety that will need to be addressed at safety meetings. At these meetings, employees should be encouraged to discuss safety issues, again with the aim of developing their sense of involvement and ownership in the Safety Plan.

Informal meetings can be opportunities that should be seized as they arise to emphasize safety on the job. For instance, a hands-on demonstration of how to perform a particular task safely can be given - especially if employees are not working safely on that task.

Safety meetings also provide an excellent forum for management, supervisors, or project leaders to provide leadership and commitment to working safely.

Emergency procedures should also be part of the safety meeting agenda and should be thoroughly reviewed. Emergency response must be tested to see if it works. The meetings can provide the best opportunity to discuss emergency procedures and to make sure that everyone is familiar with them. This way, we can be better prepared to make the correct decisions and act accordingly in case of an emergency.

Safety meetings also represent the ideal forums for reporting, discussing, and acting on significant safety incidents that potentially could have resulted in an accident. This should include "near miss" situations.

August 2006 17-1 Safety meetings Follow-up actions with respect to near misses or significant safety incidents will help prevent future similar incidents that may conceivably have more serious consequences. Including these incidents in safety reports will help others to benefit from the experience. Modification of safe operating procedures for a project area may be required as some of these significant safety incidents become known. Often it will be appropriate to circulate advisory notices regarding a specific significant safety incident, with the objective of accident prevention.

The agenda and proceedings for each safety meeting should always be documented as minutes with a list of attendees. The minutes should also highlight any potential safety problems or risks that were raised or identified at the meeting, as well as the actions that were taken. This documentation will also help us to track our success on the process or implementation side of our Safety Plan.

The importance of regular, well-planned safety meetings cannot be overemphasized. They are fundamental keystones of the Safety Plan.

Safety meetings 17-2 August 2006

APPENDIX 1

OH&S INCIDENT REPORT FORM

OH&S INCIDENT REPORT FORM No.:______

Part 1: INCIDENT / INVOLVED PERSON’S REPORT

Where access to SIMS is not available this form must be completed and handed to your supervisor within 24 hours of the OH&S incident occurring (or within 24 hours of becoming aware of the injury / disease). Please note that an OH&S Incident may include: near miss, injury, disease, or damage. If you are making a WorkCover Claim, a WorkCover Claim form, in addition to this Incident Report Form, must be completed .

DIVISION / PLATFORM Program/Work Centre/Work Location Branch/Section

INVOLVED PERSON’S DETAILS (please print clearly)

1. Title(Mr/Ms/Mrs/Miss/Dr) ______Family Name ______First Name/s______

2. Home Address ______Post Code ______

3. Date of Birth ______4. Male ο Female ο 5. Ph. Work: ______Home: ______EMPLOYMENT DETAILS

6. Occupation/Job Title ______(e.g. Technical Officer, Fisheries Officer, Project Manager)

7. DPI Employee ο Contractor ο Full Time ο Part Time ο On going ο Fixed Term ο Temporary ο Casual ο Student ο (you may tick more than one box)

8. Job Classification ______9. Name of Supervisor ______Ph: ______OH&S INCIDENT DETAILS

10. What was the Incident (you may tick more than one box)? Near Miss ο Injury ο Disease ο Property or other Damage ο

Briefly describe: ______

______

11. When did the Incident occur? Date: ______Time: ______

12. When did you first know of the incident/disease/injury (only if different to above)? Date: ______Time: ______

13. What part of the body was / is affected? ______

14. The Incident happened (you may tick more than one box): On Site ο Off Site ο During The Course Of Employment ο During a Break ο During A Journey ο

15. Exact location of Incident (e.g. Staff Kitchen; Workshop; Laboratory) ______

16. Was there a witness (s)? YES ο NO ο (1) Name ______Ph: ______

(2) Name ______Phone ______

17. Time Work Commenced ______am/pm Time due to finish/finished ______am/pm

18. Was medical treatment sought? YES ο NO ο Details: ______

19. Was there lost time? YES ο NO ο No. of Days: ______From (date): ______To (date): ______

20. Was an Employee WorkCover Claim completed? YES ο NO ο

21. When did you notify your supervisor? Date: ______Time: ______CAUSE OF OH&S INCIDENT

22. Experience in this task ____ years ____months ____days 22. Training received in task: YES ο NO ο Details ______

______

23. What task were you doing at the time of the incident? ______

______

24. Describe what happened (eg. Machine jammed; Foot slipped; Repeatedly lifting 16kg bags of feed from pallet to floor; Exhaust blockage): _____

______

______

25. What was the cause? (eg. Elevator belt; Fell two meters to floor; Felt sudden pain in back; Chemical etc.) ______

______

26. INVOLVED PERSON’S / AGENT’S SIGNATURE (if agent, please also print name) DATE

Authoriser: DPI OH&S Incident Report Form Modification Date: 17/03/06 Author: Review Date: 15/11/05 Page 1 of 2 DPI OH&S Print Date: 17/03/06

OH&S INCIDENT REPORT FORM No.:______

Part 2: SUPERVISOR’S REPORT

Both sides of the Incident Report Form must be completed and sent to the local manager within 48 HOURS. The purpose of this report is to ensure action has been taken by the supervisor to meet legal requirements and for the purposes of OH&S prevention. A formal investigation, using the Procedure for Investigating OH&S Incidents, must be undertaken for serious near misses, lost time injuries, Notifiable Incidents, and WorkCover Claims.

DIVISION / REGION / INSTITUTE Program/Work Centre/Work Location Branch/Section

SUPERVISOR’S DETAILS (please print clearly)

1. Title(Mr/Ms/Mrs/Miss/Dr) ______Family Name ______First Name/s______

2. Home Address ______

______Post Code ______3. Ph. Work: ______Home: ______NOTIFIABLE OH&S INCIDENT

1. Is this a Notifiable Incident under the Occupational Health and Safety (Incident Notification) Regulations 1997 or Occupational Health and Safety Equipment (Public Safety) (Incident Notification) Regulations 1997? YES ο NO ο

2. If so, have you notified the : local Manager? YES ο NO ο Date: ______local OH&S Coordinator? YES ο NO ο Date: ______local Health and Safety Representative? YES ο NO ο Date: ______

3. Has the local Manager or the local OH&S Coordinator arranged for sending notification to the VWA? YES ο NO ο Date: ______

4. Has the formal investigation been undertaken? YES ο NO ο Date: ______

5. If so, by whom (e.g. H&S Rep, Supervisor, OH&S Coordinator)? ______

______(provide names and positions) THE TASK

6. At the time of the Incident, was the involved or injured employee working alone? YES ο NO ο

7. For this task: was adequate and suitable supervision provided? YES ο NO ο

was appropriate instruction and training provided? YES ο NO ο

were standard or safe operating procedures provided? YES ο NO ο HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT, AND CONTROL

8. Describe the hazard(s) associated with the Incident (a hazard is anything that has potential to cause harm) ______

______

9 Have the risks associated with the hazard(s) been assessed (i.e. for each hazard, have you assessed the likelihood of injury and the possible consequences)? YES ο NO ο

10. Have the hazard(s) and risks (or a similar Incident) been reported previously? YES ο NO ο

11. Prior to this Incident, was any action taken to reduce likelihood of injury? YES ο NO ο Briefly Describe ______

______

12. Following the Incident, was immediate remedial action (if any) been taken? YES ο NO ο

Briefly Describe ______

______

13. Is there an action plan in place to prevent a recurrence of the Incident? YES ο NO ο

14. Proposed control measures to prevent recurrence fit the following category (s)? Elimination of hazard from workplace ο Substitution to replace hazardous plant, process or substance with a safer one ο Engineering/Isolation of hazard, equipment or materials ο Administration to limit the exposure of a worker to a hazard (e.g. changing the work methods, training) ο Personal Protective Equipment ο

Briefly Describe (include proposed control measures and proposed completion date) ______

______

______SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE (please also print name) DATE LOCAL MANAGER’S SIGNATURE (please also print name) DATE

1. Original to Line Manager. 2. Copy to Supervisor 3. Copy to Health & Safety Representative, person involved, OH&S Coordinator, P&C person.

Authoriser: DPI OH&S Incident Report Form Modification Date: 17/03/06 Author: Review Date: 15/11/05 Page 2 of 2 DPI OH&S Print Date: 17/03/06

APPENDIX 2

NOXIOUS SUBSTANCES

Noxious substances

When inspecting mines and quarries or treatment plants for the processing of ores or minerals it is essential that personal cleanliness habits be stringent.

There is an extremely wide range of natural materials and industrial chemicals in use, variously in mining, agriculture, stock raising, forestry and national park management. Most of these, if ingested, are extremely toxic. Some of these chemicals can also be absorbed through the skin or by breathing. Remember also that some natural mineral and ore materials are physically hazardous - just their presence gives rise to a hazard. The two most significant classes in this category are the asbestiform (or fibrous) and the radioactive minerals. You should be aware of the likely presence of these minerals from the local geological setting (but do not forget that monazite also occurs in some heavy mineral sand deposits).

Whenever you have been handling ores or chemicals or have come in contact with such (e.g., been accidentally under or traversed the path of an aerial spraying or dusting aircraft or vehicle) it is recommended that you wash the exposed/or contacted areas of your body, and preferably change your clothing as soon as possible. Symptoms of poisoning can occur hours later. Do not touch food baits for feral animals (rabbits, pigs, dingoes etc.); the poisons are very toxic to humans.

Some of the more chemically hazardous minerals you could encounter include scorodite, mispickel or arsenical pyrites (arsenic), stibnite (antimony), cinnabar (mercury), and most cadmium, uranium, radium or thorium minerals. Galena (lead), sphalerite or zinc blende (zinc), and their secondary minerals, are marginally less hazardous than the above minerals. Be especially conscious of clear to white or pale pinkish or yellowish powdery encrustations on any rocks or specimens of ore. These are almost certainly water-soluble, intensely concentrated forms of metallic chemicals. While the mostly clear to white species such as gypsum, calcite and salt are relatively harmless, many others such as zinc, lead, cobalt etc., are poisonous. The brighter green, blue and yellow oxidation products are generally somewhat less hazardous except the group of secondary uranium oxide/carbonate/phosphate minerals.

The possible list of toxic industrial and agricultural chemicals is too long to print. However, cyanide is commonly present in many mineral dressing plants.

Good sense dictates that you do not handle or come in contact with any chemicals unless you clearly understand their nature, purpose and handling characteristics. After contact, cleanse yourself and your clothing thoroughly.

Be especially wary of explosive materials especially those with protruding wires, in sticks or in a mouldable (plasticine type) form.

APPENDIX 3

HAZARDOUS MINE GASES

Hazardous mine gases

Avoid areas with no perceptible air movement unless you carry and use gas detection equipment, such as Drager tubes, or oxygen monitors. The possibility of gas pockets is greater in old workings. Abandon all exploration activities and plans and evacuate the workings if there is any indication of dangerous gases.

Oxygen

Air deficient in oxygen becomes dangerous when the 02 concentration falls below 16%. Normal oxygen concentration in air is 21%. Most oxygen metres sound an alarm at concentrations of 18% or less.

„ Oxygen depletion is caused by: - dilution by other gases - sulphide minerals and carbonaceous shales that oxidize slowly - ground water absorbs oxygen from the atmosphere

- timber decay due to fungal growth requires O2; this action is accelerated by hot, humid air and crushed timber

- rusting in iron tanks utilizes atmospheric O2

„ Tests for oxygen depletion:

- A candle or match flame extinguishes when O2 concentration falls below 17%. Do not use this test if there is a risk of methane being present.

- Your breathing will become faster at 17% oxygen concentration. At 15% concentration, you should experience dizziness, headaches, and buzzing in your ears. Unconsciousness soon follows.

- Remember that disposable cigarette lighters and carbide lamps will continue to burn in low-oxygen atmospheres. They are not adequate indicators of oxygen depletion.

Carbon Dioxide CO2

„ CO2 is a colourless, odourless gas and is non-explosive in air. A heavy component of air, it will usually be found near the floor where the air is still. It is a poorly recognized but dangerous gas. Concentrations of 6% or more may occur in old mine atmospheres and, at this concentration, it will cause instant loss of consciousness leading to rapid death. The maximum allowable concentration in coal mines is 1.25%.

„ Sources of CO2: - mine fires, or slow combustion of timber in an abandoned mine - blasting - breakdown of carbonate ores - biochemical action in moist, confined spaces

„ Tests for CO2:

- A candle flame will extinguish (but not a cigarette lighter or carbide lamp). - In low concentrations, it will cause a person to breathe more heavily and deeply. This effect is accentuated by exertion. - When breathed at moderate concentrations (e.g. 2% by volume), it may cause a distinctly acid taste in the mouth. - It does not support life in concentrations greater than about 6% (regardless of oxygen content), and at this concentration, there will be no forewarning before collapse occurs.

- There is no repeatable method of determining the CO2 content of an atmosphere without the use of instruments.

Carbon Monoxide CO

„ This deadly gas is commonly present in coal mine atmospheres. It is a colourless, odourless, and tasteless gas. It is very poisonous in extremely low concentrations. At 0.2% C0, death is possible within 10 minutes. It is explosive in air.

„ Sources of CO: - mine fires - blasting operations - exhaust fumes from internal combustion engines „ Tests:

- The gas will cause headaches. Other symptoms that quickly follow include tiredness, staggering, confusion, nausea and finally, death. High concentrations give no forewarning before causing collapse.

- There is no method of detecting CO without the use of an instrument eg. Drager Multigas Detector.

Hydrogen Sulphide H2S

„ This is a deadly poisonous gas, but it is rarely found in mines. However it is often found in areas of stagnant water and it may be liberated in dangerous quantities by stirring up stagnant waters while traversing old mine workings. H2S is very soluble in water. It is colourless and smells initially of rotten eggs before it overwhelms the olfactory (smell) nerves.

„ Sources of H2S: - action of acid water on sulphide ore - reducing action of bacteria in acid water „ Tests: - at the slightest smell (of rotten eggs) do not proceed If the smell goes away you cannot assume that the risk is removed as the ability to smell is impeded by H2S. - use an instrument to check concentration

Methane CH4

„ This is the most common deadly gas found in coal mines, but it can also be found in metalliferous mines. It is colourless, odourless, and tasteless. It is explosive in air within a certain range of concentrations and may be set off by an open flame. In a pure state it is lighter than air. It is usually found near the roof, but if it mixes with CO2, it sinks to the floor.

„ Source - emanations from coal seams, decaying timbers „ Tests: Davey safety lamp, Drager tube

„ No poisonous effect on man but it may replace O2 in the air and result in suffocation

Nitrogen Oxides NO, NO2

„ Small concentrations can cause death. Enough N02 to produce irritation in nose and air passages is very dangerous. Its effect on these passages may not be felt until several hours after contact and even then may result in death.

„ Source: NO and NO2 are formed by partial detonation of explosives.

„ Tests: - Odour (similar to burnt powder): this is a warning not to proceed.

- N02 has a reddish colour (Note that NO gas immediately converts to N02 on contact with oxygen).

Sulphur Dioxide SO2

„ This very poisonous and colourless gas has a pungent sulphurous odour. „ Source - results from fires in sulphide ore bodies „ Tests: - detected by irritating effect on eyes and respiratory passages - suffocating pungent odour is a warning not to proceed

Radon

„ Expect dangerous levels of radon in mines within granitic, granodioritic or acid volcanic rocks.

„ Flush old workings with fresh air before you enter and always carry and use gas detection equipment.

Air quality

Satisfactory air quality as outlined in the Mineral Resources (Health and Safety) Regulations 1991—

„ contains not less than 19 per cent by volume of oxygen (Drager monitor Alarm1 19.5% [asphyxiating] and Alarm2 23.5% [explosive]; and „ contains not more than the following concentrations of the following impurities.

impurity maximum dp distinguishing properties sg specific gravity (air=1) he harmful effects conc. s source d detection sp symptoms of poisoning carbon dioxide 0.5% dp Slight acid taste. Odourless. sg 1.53 he Asphyxiating. s Respiration, combustion, rock. d Drager monitor. Alarm1 0.5%, Alarm2 1.0%. sp At low conc.—heavy deep breathing. At 2% slight acid taste. At 6% collapse and asphyxiating. carbon monoxide 50 ppm dp Odourless. sg 0.97 he Toxic, explosive. s Incomplete combustion, i.c. engines, blasting. d Drager monitor. Alarm1 30 ppm, Alarm2 60 ppm. sp Headaches quickly followed by ± staggering ± confusion ± nausea and then death. hydrogen 10 ppm dp Acid taste, ‘rotten egg’ odour at 0.1 ppm. Olfactory (smell) nerves are sulphide overwhelmed at higher levels. sg 1.19 he Toxic, explosive. s Oxidation of sulphides, bacteria in water (nb. soluble in water). d Drager monitor. Alarm1 10 ppm, Alarm2 20 ppm. Smell. sp ? methane 5.4% dp Odourless. lower sg 0.56, heavier when mixed w/ CO2 explosive he Explosive, asphyxiating. limit s Organic material (e.g. coal), decaying timber. d Drager monitor. Alarm1 5% lel, Alarm2 10% lel. sp Probably the same as CO2. nitrogen dioxide 3 ppm dp Irritating odour (similar to burnt gunpowder) at 0.5 ppm, red–brown colour, bitter taste. sg 1.59 he Toxic. s Incompl. combustion, i.c. engines, blasting. d Smell. sp ? nitric oxide 25 ppm dp Odourless. sg ? he Toxic. s Incompl. combustion, i.c. engines, blasting. d Smell. Immediately converts to nitrogen dioxide on contact with oxygen (see above). sulphur dioxide 2 ppm dp Pungent sulphurous odour and acid irritation to respiratory passages and eyes at 0.5 ppm. Acid taste. sg 1.19 he Toxic. s Oxidation of sulphides, i.c. engines. d Sulphurous smell and acid taste. sp ? ammonia 25 ppm dp Odour at 5 ppm. sg ? he ? s ? d Smell. sp ? aldehydes 1 ppm dp Irritating odour, acid taste. sg ~1.70 he Toxic. s I.c. engines. d Smell. Unlikely to be present outside operating mines. sp ? radon dp sg 7.67 he Radiation. s U bearing rocks (felsic igneous rocks, pegmatite, carbonatite, black shale, red beds, heavy mineral sand placer deposits), groundwater in contact with these rocks. d Spectrometer. sp ? All concentrations measured by volume. Methane lel is taken from Drager notes. The Drager monitor will also alarm if Australian Standard threshold limit (8 hours) or short term exposure (15 minutes) time weighted averages are exceeded.

Although not an issue in abandoned mines, respirable dust, quartz and amorphous silica in operating mines must not exceed concentrations listed in the Occupational

Health and Safety (Mines) Regulations 2002. Maximum concentrations of other impurities are specified in the Worksafe Australia Standard, Exposure Standard for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment, Guidance Notes and National Exposure Standards, May 1990.

APPENDIX 4

EXTERNAL ILLEGAL OR CRIMINAL ACTIVITIES (e.g., cultivation of marijuana)

External illegal or criminal activities (e.g., cultivation of marijuana)

Attention is drawn to the possibility that field staff could stumble on to an illegal activity whilst in the course of normal field duties.

One of the most likely such activities is a marijuana plantation. However, there are others, e.g., "stock theft and car stealing. You should be aware of the appropriate means of ensuring your safety should you encounter such an activity. Marijuana plants are usually cultivated as "plantations" but these may not be dense in the sense of adjacent plants; they frequently comprise individual plants scattered through the bush.

Should you suspect that you have stumbled into a marijuana plantation:

„ Do not in any circumstances proceed. The area could be booby-trapped.

„ Do not attempt to closely inspect the plants.

„ Do not attempt to take a sample leaf.

„ Simply withdraw and at the first convenient opportunity inform the local police of your suspicions and give them the location directions.

„ For your own safety - since you may be under observation - you should attempt to act normally in your withdrawal.

„ If you are confronted, explain that you are mapping the rocks, and that you have (a) seen enough of the local rock to have finished, or (b) come to a belief that there is not going of be any interesting/different rocks in the area, or (c) that the thick soil present means that there will be no significant outcrops of rock for you to inspect in the area: so you are going.

„ You could even act fully naively by asking if the person knows of any significant or interesting rock outcrops nearby.

„ If you are not believed and subjected to threats, it is essential that you comply with any instructions given by the person(s) confronting you.

„ It could be at times like this that your routine practice of leaving information on your movements would become very important.

Other illegal activities

„ In the case of stock theft or car stealing and dumping, the most likely encounter is that you will stumble upon the holding area for the cattle or sheep, or the dumping/stripping/hiding area for cars.

„ Again your safety could depend on a prompt withdrawal so do not attempt to inspect the discovered property.

„ It may even be appropriate to simply deviate around such "findings"; thus giving the impression that you have not had your suspicions aroused, since you may be under observation.

„ After withdrawing, you should notify the local police of your suspicions, again, providing location directions.

„ If you are confronted whilst in the vicinity, similar explanations to those listed above should be preferred.

APPENDIX 5

SAFETY PLAN PROFORMA

SAFETY PLAN TRIP (Dates)

PROJECT: PROJECT COORDINATORS:

FIELD TRIP START DATE END DATE SATELLITE/MOBILE PHONE NAME PHONE NUMBER

Useful Sat Numbers: Help desk: 1800 800 991 Voicemail: 121 Directory assistance: 123 Emergency: 000 or 112

PARTICIPANTS:

NAME ADDRESS PHONE NO. (AH)

EMERGENCY CONTACTS:

PARTICIPANT EMERGENCY ADDRESS RELATIONSHIP PHONE NO. (BH/AH) CONTACT

LOCAL CONTACTS:

ADDRESS PHONE

POLICE 000 COUNTRY FIRE AUTHORITY All fire calls 000 STATE EMERGENCY SERVICE LOCAL DPI/DSE inc. fire PARKS VICTORIA (Info & emergency calls, 24 hours) HOSPITALS

AMBULANCE SERVICE 000 VEHICLE BREAKDOWN

ACCOMMODATION DETAILS:

HOTEL/MOTEL PROPRIETORS ADDRESS PHONE FAX

VEHICLES: DRIVERS and PASSENGERS REGO

DRIVERS REGO TYPE CALL SIGN SELCALL

MEDICAL: NAME MEDICAL MEDICATION ALLERGY TO MEDICATION CONDITION

TRIP ITINERARY (include map photocopy of route) DATE/TIME LOCATION ACTIVITY REMARKS/DETAILS (method of travel and proposed route)

VEHICLE EQUIPMENT: NEED TO BRING: Basic vehicle tool kit Necessary Suggested Wallaby or other jack Winch (plus winch accessory kit) Chains Chainsaw Fire extinguisher Fire fighting sprayer Shovel EPIRB and flare Fire blanket Life Jackets (1 per person)* Oars (2 per boar)* Mooring line* Bailing bucket* Torch*

TRAINING:

NAME FIRST 4WD CHAIN- HF UNDER BOAT Competent OTHER AID** SAW RADIO GROUND (Lic.) swimmer?

** STATE LEVEL OF TRAINING ACHIEVED

Supervisor’s approval: Signature: (Print name) Date:

Each participant to complete the following on the mater copy only:

“I have read and understood the requirements and contents of this safety plan”

Print Name: Signature: Date:

PROJECT SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES:

See attached document on working in underground mines from the Field Safety Manual. See attached document concerning boating safety procedures

DAILY SAFETY PROCEDURES: • Regular vehicle inspection. • Make an assessment of the weather conditions made, ie is it wet, is the fire danger high etc. • List the tracks you are likely to be working on or walks that you are planning and give a list to the other members of the group. If plans change during the day then try to contact others. Radio contact should be regularly maintained during the day updating the group on plans and locations. • Schedule radio calls to other party members. At this time the receiver of the call should document the caller's location and update the daily plan. • Contact other groups if in a situation that might require assistance (winching, changing tyres, or on a difficult track etc.) • Take warm clothes, water, torch, food, lighter, first aid kit, flagging tape even on short walks. One could get hurt and delay your return.

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PROCEDURE

SEARCH AND RESCUE:

RADIO RECEPTION (Location of good reception points)

In case of a critical incident, REFER TO INFORMATION IN THE RED BOOK

SMS messages using the Sat phones:

Sending a txt message:

Press the envelope symbol Press green button : “Write new” Press green button: “Send to:” Press phonebook symbol Use up/down arrow to select a phone number from the pre:programed numbers Press the green button : “send to 0407…..” Press the green button then enter the message you wish to send. Press the green button : “send” Press green button (it displays a message that tells you the message has been sent)

Receiving an SNS message

Press the envelope symbol Displays details of message To simply read the message press “M” To go back press the red button.

To reply press the green button Enter reply text and press the green button twice

To erase messages open the message by pressing the envelope symbol Hold the “c” button for a second : “Delete” Then press the green button.

______2+ vehicle procedure Updated 27/11/2003 (by rac)

VEHICLE NOT RETURNING:

1: Information for field parties.

If a critical incident (e.g. serious injury, car/mine accident, snake bite etc) occurs while out, the field party involved should first control the situation (first aid, evacuation, etc), then contact emergency services (police, ambulance etc) by satphone without delay. Give clear instructions as to your exact location—AMG coordinates where possible; nature of the incident; number of people involved and their condition; return phone number, etc. Only after this vital step has been successfully completed should contact with other GSV staff, including field parties, be attempted. If the satphone proves unsuccessful, the car-based HF radio can be used to attempt to contact field parties or any other available emergency contacts (HF radio network contacts are listed in the red safety booklet, page B-20 ). If no communication can be achieved, and only if the incident is LIFE-THREATENING, the EPIRB device may be deployed. This will automatically raise an alarm and initiate a search from the relevant authority. In the even of inadvertent activation of an EPIRB, the following numbers can be called to cancel a search: (marine) 1800 641 792 (24 hours) (aviation) 1800 815 257 (24 hours)

Delays during fieldwork are common but not often of a critical nature. As soon as you become aware that it is likely you will be late back from a day’s fieldwork, IT IS IMPERATIVE that you use the satellite phone or radio to make contact with other members of the field party. If you do not get an immediate response then leave a message on their phone mailbox explaining where you are, the time of your call, expected time of return to base, intended route, and return phone number. If this is not possible, a responsible third party may be contacted and instructed to pass the message on to the field base. This action can prevent an unnecessary search. If the satphone is inoperative, or if there is no immediate reply, attempt contact using the car-mounted HF radio–the SELCALL function leaves a message on the other radio that you have called. (Use channel 6 for car—car communication.)

After hours, the late field party should check their satphone mailbox at regular intervals for any messages from the search party.

2: Information for search parties

If a vehicle does not return to base at the end of the day (predetermined time), the following procedure should be followed:

1. Check the mailbox on all available satphones to see if the missing party has left a message. If there is a message, it is important to let the missing party know that communication was successful. 2. If there is no message, attempt to contact the missing party by phone or by Codan HF radio from base. 3. If there is no immediate response, leave a message on the mailbox of the missing party’s phone, informing them that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated, and that they should phone the search party’s satphone immediately—give the number they need to call. With the radio, use the SELCALL function which leaves a message on their radio that it was called. 4. If HF radio communication is unsuccessful, a communication vehicle should go to nearby high/clear ground* with better reception and again attempt. This vehicle must carry a satphone, satphone car- battery kit, first-aid kit, recovery gear, chains, torches, blankets, food, a chainsaw, and other equipment for a night out; and maintain contact with base if other vehicles are available for a search. A bush antenna may improve radio reception.

Only if additional vehicles are available (search vehicles) should a search be initiated. The communication vehicle should then maintain its high ground position and act as a field base for communication and co-ordination with search vehicles. At this point, contact the local police (or 000) to let them know that a search is in progress, and agree on a time at which you will let them know the outcome of the search.

Contact the EPIRB rescue authorities (ph. 1800 641 792) to ascertain whether an EPIRB has been deployed. If so, they may be able to provide the probable location of the missing party.

Search: 5. Once a search is initiated (point 4 above) the communication vehicle should request that search vehicles travel along the most likely return routes of the missing vehicle, and then search the missing vehicle’s planned route*. Search vehicles must carry an HF radio, satphone, first aid kit, recovery gear, chains, torches, blankets, food, a chainsaw, and other equipment for a night out.

Advanced action 6. If no additional vehicles are available and the missing vehicle cannot be contacted, or is found but the party are still missing; or the search does not find the missing vehicle:

Promptly contact the local police (000) and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers.

Do not attempt a search in the dark. If the party is not with the missing vehicle, sound your horn, and flash lights to guide the missing party back to you—if unsuccessful, contact the police as above.

*Planned routes should be plotted on a map each morning. This map should also show locations of best radio reception and should remain at base. Copies should be in each vehicle during the Standard emergency procedure (N.B. projects may require duplicate copies of maps).

3: Boating. Updated 27/11/2003 (by rac)

All parties using a boat more than a few kilometres from base should take enough equipment to ensure survival during a night out—you may be wet, and boats may be less reliable than land vehicles, and should not be used at night because of risk of collision, grounding, and disorientation. Therefore head for land well before nightfall, even if home base has not been reached. All parties using a boat should be equipped with a GPS, a compass, and at least one EPIRB in addition to a satphone (protected by a waterproof bag). The EPIRB should be attached to one member of the party—probably the operator—and should only be deployed in a LIFE-THREATENING emergency (see instructions on EPIRB use in Section 1 above).

If a boating party is late returning, attempt to contact them by satellite phone. If contact is made, ascertain their exact location and condition—based on their response, rescue by the appropriate authority may still be appropriate. Leave a message on their satphone asking them to contact you ASAP, and telling them that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated. In this instance, or if contact cannot be made, promptly contact the local police (000) and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers. DO NOT attempt to initiate your own search for a missing boating party. ______1 vehicle procedure Updated 27/11/2003 (by rac)

4: Information for field party

SAFETY SCHEDULES Prior to commencement of the trip, arrangements should be in place for a scheduled call to be made by the field party to a nominated contact person, upon return to field base each evening, at an agreed time. If this call is missed, the emergency response procedure commences.

The field party should refer to section 1: Information for field parties (above) for critical incident procedures. In the case of a single vehicle field party returning late, it is important that you use the satellite phone to fulfil your daily evening scheduled call to the nominated contact person, even if you have not yet returned to base from a days fieldwork. In this instance you should arrange for a follow-up scheduled contact call to be made when the field party has safely returned to base.

If you cannot make direct contact with you nominated contact person at the scheduled call time, leave a message on their phone mailbox explaining where you are, the time you left the message, what time you expect to return to base, your intended route, and return phone number. If this is not possible, a responsible third party may be contacted and instructed to pass the message on to the nominated contact. This action can prevent an unnecessary search. If the satphone is inoperative and the scheduled call time has been missed, make sure to place a follow-up call at the earliest possible opportunity. After hours, the late field party should check their satphone mailbox at regular intervals for any messages from the nominated contact person.

5: Information for the nominated contact person:

SAFETY SCHEDULES A scheduled call should be made by the field party to you at a previously agreed, nominated time, upon their safe return to field base each evening. If this call is missed, the emergency response procedure commences.

Following each successful scheduled call, the nominated contact person should update a second contact person of the field parties status the following business day at work.

If the scheduled evening call has not been received by the agreed time, the nominated contact person should:

1: attempt to contact the single vehicle party on their satphone. Leave a message on their message-bank informing them to contact you at the earliest opportunity, and that the Emergency Response Procedure has been initiated.

2: Contact the parties field accommodation to confirm the party (=vehicle) is missing. Contact the homes of party members to confirm they haven’t forgotten to sign-off.

3. If this is unsuccessful: Promptly contact the local police and ask them to initiate and manage a search. Pass on information from the Safety plan and the planned route. Following this, notify the Section and GSV managers

6: Additional boat safety information.

APPENDIX 6

CODAN RADIOS

Codan radios

Basics of HF propagation

Radio waves have two components - A "ground" wave, propagated line of sight; and a "sky" wave that is propagated upward and can "bounce" off an ionised layer (The F layer).

During the daytime another layer forms (D layer ) that absorbs radio waves on frequencies below between 3 - 6 Mhz. At night this "D" layer disappears and even the shorter wavelengths will "bounce" off the F layer and travel long distances. Recommended frequencies for daytime and night time are as follows:

Daytime - Long Range (greater than 300 - 500 km) 8 Mhz to 16 Mhz

Daytime - Short Range ( less than 300 - 500 km) 2 Mhz (Ground Wave) to 8 Mhz (Sky Wave)

Night-time - Most frequencies will travel well by ground and sky waves.

Use the basic rule of thumb when deciding on a frequency to use:

"The higher the sun the higher the frequency."

Reception can range from crystal clear over long distances to quite poor at short range even via ground wave propagation. Factors affecting the reception and transmission are : „ Atmospheric Conditions „ Time of day „ Sunspot Activity „ Distance „ Topography Sunset is notorious for bad reception.

HF use from vehicles

Our Codans are set up with 15 preset channels. Of these channels, 1−5 are monitored by the Australian National 4WD Radio network, 6−9 are used by and monitored by DSE and 10−15 are on Royal Flying Doctor Service frequencies. For communication between vehicles Channel 6 is normally used.

CODAN HF RADIO CHANNELS AND USEFUL SELCALL NUMBERS

Channel Tx/Rx (kHz) Comments 1 5455 Australian National 4WD Radio Network Inc. 2 8022 Australian National 4WD Radio Network Inc. 3 11612 Australian National 4WD Radio Network Inc. 4 14977 Australian National 4WD Radio Network Inc. 5 3995 Australian National 4WD Radio Network Inc. 6 2728 DSE 7 3820 DSE 8 4880 DSE (Fire Management 8 Nicholson St, also used by AirWing) 9 5931 DSE 10 2020 RFDS Broken Hill, Port Augusta, Charleville 11 4055 RFDS Broken Hill 12 6920 RFDS Broken Hill 13 5410 RFDS Port Augusta 14 6950 RFDS Port Augusta, Alice Springs 15 8165 RFDS Port Augusta

Selcall Number Call Sign Name 3602 Survey3602 GSV vehicle 3603 Survey3603 GSV vehicle 3604 Survey3604 GSV vehicle 3605 Survey3605 GSV vehicle 3846 Survey3847 GSV vehicle

0043 St Marys Base VKS-737 operator 6801 Newcastle Base VKS-737 operator 0601 Adelaide Base VKS-737 operator 8901 Sandstone Base VKS-737 operator 0501 Perth Base VKS-737 operator 6104 Alice Springs Base VKS-737 operator 7701 Cairns Base VKS-737 operator 9401 Darwin Base VKS-737 operator 9201 Derby Base VKS-737 operator

3034 Rescue 134 Victoria Police Search & Rescue 3031 Rescue 401 Victoria Police Search & Rescue 3033 Rescue 403 Victoria Police Search & Rescue 3007 Comms 610 Victoria Police 3019 Comms 629/625 Victoria Police

To obtain assistance (eg. Tow truck, ambulance, fire, etc.) using the HF radio 1/ Go to channel 8 (4880 kHz) and voice call the DSE office OR

2/ Use channels 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and voice or selcall a VKS-737 operator OR 3/ Use channels 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 and voice call for any listener to contact VKS-737 and relay a message for you.

Remember; “The higher the sun, the higher the frequency”

Radio protocol

„ Listen first until the airways are clear.

„ Speak slowly and clearly.

„ Don't use foul language.

„ When Radio reception becomes poor:

Turn off the voice mute on the Codan. You will then hear all signals regardless of their strength, and there will be no "Lag" time which can result in you missing the start of the message.

„ An international code is used to clarify and identify letters and numbers. These should also be used for Call Signs when contacting other stations.

A = Alpha J = Juliet S = Sierra B = Bravo K = Kilo T = Tango C = Charlie L = Lima U = Uniform D = Delta M = Mike V = Victor E = Echo N = November W = Whisky F = Foxtrot O = Oscar X = X-ray G = Golf P = Papa Y = Yankee H = Hotel Q = Quebec Z = Zulu I = India R = Romeo

„ Use the word "Repeat" to repeat important parts of the transmission. eg My location is on Wild Dog Track, repeat Wild Dog Track.

No = Negative Yes = Affirmative I understand = Roger that.

„ Alway say "Over" when you have finished talking and "Out" at end of transmission.

Tuning the codan

Once the channel you want has been selected, then the antenna must be tuned to this frequency by pressing the tune button.

Beacon calls

By using the Beacon facility you can find out the signal strength that a station is receiving your call. This is ascertained by an revertive tone of 4 beeps. Brisbane Radio beacon is 0499.

1. Press Beacon Button 2. Punch in number of the station on keypad 3. Press call button. 4. Wait to hear the tone.

Selcalls

By using the Selcall facility you can call a station directly.

1. Beacon call the station first to get signal strength and revertive tones. 2. Press Call Button 3. Punch in number of station on keypad 4. Press call again

Bush Com

The Bush Com is an emergency aerial that can be hooked up to the Codan if the main antenna is damaged. It also gives very good transmission and reception and can be used for a base station in an emergency.

To set it up :

„ First find a suitable tree to string the aerial from. It can be layed out along the ground but this is not as effective.

„ Lay out aerial along the ground.

„ Attach a rock or stick to the end of the cord and throw this over a tree branch.

„ Tie the loop that is 2/3rds of the way along the aerial to the cord and hoist this up to the branch. (1/3rd of aerial should hang down). Tie the cord to a branch near ground level so that the aerial remains suspended.

„ Undo the coaxial connection from the Codan vehicle mounted tuning antenna and replace it with the coaxial connection of the Bushcom.

„ Clip the alligator clip onto a good earth on the vehicle.

„ Back the vehicle slowly until the entire aerial is free of the ground. (If the vehicle cannot be moved then select a tree far enough away that the aerial can be tensioned by the cord.)

„ The antenna is now ready for transmission.

„ When finished with the aerial please pack it away neatly.

Emergency calls

RFDS

RFDS Calls can be made in an emergency but the frequency of the stations is generally too low to be effectively transmitted over the long distances to the RFDS stations. However the tone that the emergency call makes is very distinctive and may be monitored by other stations. It is worth a try.

To use this facility 1. Select an appropriate RFDS channel. 2. Press the tune button to tune the antenna. 3. Press and hold down the RFDS button. Pips will be heard for two seconds before the emergency call is started. The emergency tone continues for about 20 seconds. To cancel the tone press the PTT (press to talk) on the microphone.

Other emergency calls

Dial 000 via Brisbane radio.

APPENDIX 7

LAND ACCESS LETTER

Print onto Departmental letterhead.

Insert date

ACCESS TO LAND FOR […INSERT NAMES…]

This letter introduces [insert names ] and authorises them to enter onto private lands for the purpose of geological mapping.

Messrs [..names..] are geologists employed by the Department of Primary Industries, and are currently carrying out geological mapping in the [..mapsheet name] 1:100 000 sheet area.

The purpose of their work is to produce a new geological map of the area in order to enable appropriate land management decisions to be made and to assess the mineral potential of the area.

In the course of their work, they will be required to gain access to private land in order to study outcrops of rock and take appropriate measurements of structures displayed by the rocks. They may take occasional fist-sized samples of rock outcrops, but will not cause any disturbance to the land and will take all due care to avoid disturbance to stock and make sure that gates are closed where necessary.

Under Section 112(1)(c) of the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act 1990, the Minister for Primary Industries may authorise in writing any person to enter any land for the purpose of making a geological survey. As Executive Director of the Minerals and Petroleum Division of the Department of Primary Industries I have the official delegation to sign on the Minister's behalf in matters relating to the Mineral Resources (Sustainable Development) Act of 1990. A copy of the relevant section of the Act is attached.

Messrs [..names..] will need only limited time to complete their work on your property. There will be no inconvenience to you and I ask that you give them every assistance.

Yours sincerely

RICHARD ALDUS Executive Director Minerals and Petroleum

Att

APPENDIX 8

MINE SAFETY SCHEDULE

Mine Safety Schedule (example)

Date Adit name and level Personnel Scheds planned In/out and Notes Air vel. & Drager MGA location Route u/ground base time & method sched actual progress, ground conditions, air quality direction battery hours 10.8.2000 A. Westcott C. Osborne in 11:25 bear. ~90° 0.5 m/s E 0:00 I. McHaffie

Maude & Yellow Girl—5 12:25 radio 12:20 radio 150 m bear. ~090°, winze @ 12 m, E side of back unsafe @ 56 m.

542946–5923311 13:25 radio 13:23 base junction @ 220 m bear. ~090° from entrance. N drv N-S drive, 80 m bear. ~180°. 0.2m/s S S drv 0.4 m/s N 200 m E of Omeo Hwy at I. McHaffie A. Westcott 14:25 base out 14:05 87 m bear 180° from junction, CO alarm. 2:40 Omeo 65 km post. C. Osborne

Guidelines on ‘Old underground workings’ must be adhered to. Scheds can be either radio contact or the underground party returning to base. Scheds should be at least every 60 minutes. The base mine plan should be updated during scheds. The ‘appropriate authority’ must be notified if the underground team misses a sched. This must be designated, and contact details listed, in the project Safety Plan. Anemometer readings must be taken at the adit entrance and all junctions. Air quality should be monitored at low, intermediate and high levels of the adit to take account of the specific gravity of hazardous gases. Drager battery life is 12 hours. Headlamp battery life is 8 hours.

APPENDIX 9

WERRIBEE CORE LIBRARY

Department of Primary Industries

Werribee Core Library, Occupational Health, Safety & Environment Procedures 2006

Graeme Torr GeoScience Victoria June 2006

DPI Core Library Occupational Health, Safety & Environment Procedures 2006

i) Approved:

Core Library Manager, GeoScience Victoria

Date:

ii) Approved:

Manager Resources, GeoScience Victoria

Date:

iii) Approved:

Director, GeoScience Victoria

Date:

iv) Approved:

OH & S Co-ordinator, Werribee

Date:

File: Core library OHS&E Procedures 2006.doc Registry File: PE/11/0147 Author: Graeme Torr. Version: August 2006 DPI Core Library Occupational Health, Safety & Environment Procedures 2006

CONTENTS Page

1. Scope and Definitions 1.

2. Management of the Core Library 1.

3. Control of Access 2.

4. General Access Procedures 2.

5. Working Alone 3.

6. Inductions 4.

7. Emergency Procedures 4.

8. Designated Working Areas 5.

9. Safety Issues 5.

10. The Order Picker (Fork Lift) 6.

11. The Diamond Core Saws 7.

12. Other Equipment 8.

13. The Laboratory Rooms 8.

14. Manual Handling 8.

15. Cleaning 9.

16. Risk Assessments and Workplace Inspections 9.

17. Documentation 9.

APPENDIXES

1. Current Staff and Management contacts 10.

2. Registry Files 11.

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DPI Core Library Occupational Health, Safety & Environment Procedures 2006

1. Scope and Definitions

These procedures apply to the Core & Cuttings Sample Library (Core Library), at 18 South Road, Werribee, which is managed by the Department of Primary Industries (DPI).

These procedures apply to all GeoScience Victoria (GSV) staff and contractors working at the Core Library, as well as to all clients and other visitors working there with the approval of GSV staff.

These procedures cover only the health, safety and environmental matters pertinent to the Core Library. There are other procedures on technical matters, such as the receipt, processing, storage and cataloguing of samples, and client access to samples, which are documented separately.

In these procedures, the Core Library Supervisor is the senior GSV staff member present.

A copy of these procedures must be available in the front office at the Core Library.

These procedures should be reviewed and updated if necessary on an annual basis.

2. Management of the Core Library

The building itself and its utilities are managed by the DPI Werribee Centre Facilities Management, based at 600 Sneydes Road, Werribee. Facilities Management is responsible for cleaning, maintenance, security, fire prevention, the electrical and water supplies, the telephone connection, air conditioning, pest control, lawn mowing and waste removal.

Facilities Management staff and contractors entering the building under their control, are subject to Facilities Management OHS&E procedures, and have undergone their own inductions.

GSV is responsible for all activities in the Core library relating to the receipt, processing, storage, cataloguing and retrieval of cores and cuttings and other materials such as maps and documents. GSV is thereby responsible for the occupational health and safety and environmental awareness of all staff, contractors, clients and visitors who enter the Core Library under their control.

GSV is also responsible for the inspection and maintenance of equipment such as the order picker and the core saws, as well as the rack and shelving systems.

One member of GSV staff is nominated as Core Store Manager. This person is responsible for the development of and adherence to these procedures. The name of the

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current Core Store Manager is recorded in Appendix 1. The Core Store Manager reports on these matters to the Manager Resources, GSV, who in turn reports to the Director, GSV.

Currently, there is no OH&S Representative for the Core Library, and with such a small team of staff who work there, there is no legal requirement to appoint such a representative, unless the staff decide that such a role is needed. The OH&S Representative from 17th floor, 1 Spring Street, does fill this role to some extent, by providing help and advice when called upon.

Werribee Centre OH&S Committee meets monthly. It is recommended that a GSV Core Library Staff member attend these meetings from time to time. The advantages include participating in common approaches to matters such as work site inspections, working alone and security.

3. Control of Access

All persons who enter the building, either under the auspices of Facilities Management or of GSV, are required to record their name, organisation and purpose and date of visit in the Visitors’ Register Book, which is located on top of the shelving in the Core Library front office. This generally does not apply to delivery people. This book is brought back to GSV office at the end of each month for the collation of statistics on visitors.

A small team of GSV staff has been designated as Core Library Staff. These people work regularly at the Core Library, looking after clients’ needs and looking after the samples and documents. Core Library Staff have signed off on a full induction, and are permitted to work alone if required, and to sign in and induct all other GSV staff and visitors. Currently, this team comprises four people (Appendix 1.)

Other GSV staff may be permitted to go to the Core Library without a Core Library Staff member being present, but only with the express permission of the Manager Resources, GSV, and only after signing off on a full induction.

A member of the Core library Staff must accompany any other GSV staff member, client or visitor, apart from those entering the building under the authority of Facilities Management.

Children under the age of fifteen are not permitted in the Core Library.

There are three sets of keys to the building held by GSV. Facilities Management also holds a master key.

4. General Access Procedures

Staff and visitors must report any damage to the building, equipment and fittings, or any malfunctioning, to the Core Library Supervisor, who must report the same to Facilities Management, Werribee, or take direct action as appropriate.

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All safety or environmental incidents, hazards or near-misses must be reported. The report should be made to the Core Library Supervisor, who should report it to the Core Library Manager. An entry should also be made in SIMS.

The Core library is a non-smoking work place. Signs in the building should state this.

Appropriate clothing must be worn. Open-toe footware is not acceptable. Shorts are not advisable.

Laboratory coats, goggles, ear muffs, dust masks and gloves are available and must be worn when appropriate.

When the roller door is raised, it should be fully raised, so that delivery trucks and the order picker will not hit the bottom of the door when passing underneath.

When leaving the building, care must be taken to check that all lights are switched off, the computer is switched off, the heater in the front office is switched off, the doors to the internal rooms are locked, the roller door is fully down and the external office door is locked.

5. Working Alone

GeoScience Victoria staff are permitted to work alone at the Core Library under the conditions outlined below. Others, including staff from other branches of the Department of Primary Industries, are not permitted to enter the Core Library on their own, unless when working under the auspices of DPI Werribee Centre Management.

Staff working alone must:

• Only enter the Core Library on normal working days between the hours of 8 a.m. and 5 p.m. • Carry a mobile phone on their person. • Have the prior approval of the Core Library Manager or the Manager Resources. • Mark their visit to the Core Library on the appropriate Staff Movements board in the GSV office at 1 Spring Street. • On arrival at the Core Library, notify, by phone, receptionist Lina Kennedy (phone: 9742 8730) at 621 Sneydes Road (State Chemical Laboratories). • On leaving the Core Library, personally call in at 621 Sneydes Road, to indicate that they have left the store. • Not operate the order picker or the core saws. • Follow safe working practices at all times, especially with regard to lifting. If in doubt, err on the side of caution.

In conjunction with DPI Werribee Centre we need to formulate an emergency response action plan, which must be followed in case a staff member, who is working alone, fails to report in.

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6. Inductions

All current Core Library Staff have undergone appropriate induction, addressing the risks of working within the facility, and have been provided with all necessary safety information. They have signed off on a full, three-page acknowledgement of induction. This acknowledgement of induction document should be reviewed annually and updated if necessary. It is recommended that Core Library Staff undergo a group refresher session each year, so as to reinforce their awareness of the procedures, and that they then sign off on a new acknowledgment.

A Core Library Staff member is to give a verbal safety briefing to all other GSV staff, contractors, clients and other visitors and at the time of their first visit, if they are to be working at the Core Library. These persons are required to sign off on a one-page version of the induction to acknowledge that they have been given an induction, and that they understand the procedures. Infrequent visitors should be given a refresher briefing every visit, but this is at the discretion of the Core Library Supervisor.

Signed acknowledgments are filed in a folder next to the Visitors’ Register Book in the front office. Copies are also placed in the appropriate file in the GSV office, Spring Street.

Not all visitors the building need sign an acknowledgment. For those persons who will not be staying long, and those who will be accompanied by a GSV staff member for the duration of their visit, a verbal briefing should suffice. This again is at the discretion of the Core Library Supervisor.

Maintenance and tradespeople enter the building under the auspices of the DPI Werribee Centre Facilities Management and have been inducted by Facilities Management. Irrespective of this, the operator of the order picker should ensure that such people are aware of the restrictions applying when the order picker is in operation, as specified in Section 9 of these procedures.

7. Emergency Procedures

Emergency procedures should be displayed on the wall in the front office and in the main work area.

There is an emergency exit door near each corner of the building. These doors are clearly indicated by illuminated, green 'EXIT' signs.

In case of emergency evacuation, occupants are to make their way to the assembly area, at the front gate of the compound (on South Road) either by the main entrance, or via one of the emergency exits. The instructions of the Core Library Supervisor should be obeyed during evacuation.

A First Aid kit is mounted on the wall of the main work room, between the front office door and the roller door. The Core Library Supervisor should be informed if the kit is

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used for any purpose. One of the Designated First Aiders from 17th Floor, Spring Street, checks and restocks the kit at three-monthly intervals.

There is a telephone in the front office. Dial “0” to access an outside line.

A list of emergency telephone numbers should be displayed on the wall of the front office above the telephone, together with an up-to-date list of designated first aiders at the DPI Werribee Centre.

8. Designated Working Areas

Designated Working Areas for Visitors

In general, visitors to the Core Library may only work within the designated area around the examination bench, as defined by the black and yellow striping on the floor. The exception is if the Core Library supervisor has asked them to help a member of staff in another area.

The rack and shelving area is a risk area, particularly if the order picker is operating. Even if the order picker is not operating, clients and visitors are not permitted in the aisles without the express permission of the Core Library Supervisor, and only if accompanied by a GSV staff member. Signs at points of access to the area should state this policy. Another consideration is that some of the samples stored in this area may not be available for inspection by clients, because of open file restrictions.

Designated Working Areas for Staff

Work by staff in any part of the Core Library may only be undertaken under the supervision of the Core Library supervisor. If a staff member intends working for more than 30 minutes within one of the aisles in the core shelving, it is recommended that they place warning signs at each end of that aisle in order to alert the order picker operator.

9. Safety Issues

Order-Picker Safety

Operation of the order picker does not necessarily prevent staff from working in the core shelving area. It is essential that good communication is maintained between the order picker operator and other staff members and visitors. Each should be aware of the other’s intentions and whereabouts. Visitors and staff must stay a safe distance from the operating order picker at all times, except when assisting the order picker operator with loading or unloading. The order picker operator must be aware of the assistant’s location at all times. The order picker operator may at any time request that other personnel keep within the designated working area. The order picker strobe light must be on when the machine is operating, and the use of the horn is recommended in situations where there is uncertainty as to the location of personnel. No material is to be left in the aisles, where it may be in the path of the order picker.

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Spiders

Both Red Back and White Tail spiders have been reported at the Core Library. Red Back spiders are a well-known hazard, and White Tail spiders have been implicated as a possible cause of persistent local necrosis (Necrotising Arachnidism). In order to minimise risk, it is advisable to use the gloves provided. It is advisable not to use bare hands to grasp core trays where the contents are not visible, or to insert fingers into map rolls or other possible spider habitats without first checking for spiders. Further information about spiders is given in the poster displayed on the wall of the front office.

Handling Of Core Trays

The wearing of the gloves provided is highly recommended when handling core trays. The trays may have sharp exposed metal corners. Heavy samples should not be lifted unaided. Another staff member should be called upon to assist, to avoid the potential for injury.

Using Reagents

The only reagent now at the Core Library is a small dropper bottle of dilute (10%) Hydrochloric Acid. An MSDS for HCl is on display in the building. Visitors may use this acid if they so request. If more acid is required, it can be made up at 621 Sneydes Road. GSV lodged a flask of concentrated acid in this building in May 2005, for our use if needed.

10. The Order Picker (Fork Lift)

Only staff members with a valid order picker licence are permitted to operate the order picker. Clients are not permitted to operate the order picker. A minimum of two people must be present when the order picker is being operated. This can be two staff members, or a staff member and a visitor. In the case of delivery of material, the delivery driver can be the second person, but operator shall just unload the pallets from the truck and place them on the floor close by.

Operators must wear the safety harness when operating the order picker. Operators must follow all safety procedures that are laid out in the operator’s handbook.

The order picker may be driven outside, down the bitumen ramp, to unload pallets from the side of a truck if necessary, but it must not be driven over the gutter at the bottom of the ramp. The machine is rated for a maximum longitudinal slope of 5 percent. This approximates 3o. The slope of the ramp has been measured, both by clinometer, and by use of a spirit level, as between 2 and 3o. Extreme caution must be taken however, because loose gravel on the ramp may make operating the order picker difficult.

Operating the order picker on the ramp should be avoided if possible. Trucks should be driven into the main work room, so that the order picker does not have to be taken down the ramp. If it is not possible to use the order picker to unload a truck, then a fork lift can

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be borrowed from the Pig Research Centre, at 600 Sneydes Road, by contacting the manager, Wayne Brown.

Care must be taken to ensure the loads do not exceed the load limit of one tonne, and that the centre of gravity of each load lies within the safe limits. This is difficult to comply with in practice without some way of determining the overall weight and the weight distribution of each load.

The order picker should be plugged into the battery charger by the wall when the battery indicator shows low charge level. A daily check of the charge level and of the water level in the battery should be made. Water may need to be topped up frequently. Tap water is adequate for this.

Pre-operational inspection should include checking for obstructions, around the machine.

The order picker should be serviced at intervals of four to six months, depending on usage. The Core Library Manager should arrange this with Crown Equipment, by phoning: 9560 5144 or 8562 5720, and quoting Serial Number: 1-A-179147-R.

In the event that the cabin cannot be lowered, and the operator is stuck at a height of 3 metres or more, an extension ladder can be obtained from Werribee Centre Facilities Management. They have a contractor’s ladder padlocked to the fence at 600 Sneydes Road. If this ladder is used, it should not be leaned against the order picker itself, but can be leaned against the racks.

A No Smoking sign should be placed by the battery charger as well as at other places within the building.

11. The Diamond Core Saws

The new diamond core saw is located in the main work room. Two older saws are in the cutting room.

The core saws may only be operated by staff members who have attended the RMIT Diamond Saw Safety Course. Core saw operators must adhere to all safety procedures that the course prescribes. Clients are not allowed to use the core saws. A minimum of two people must be present when a core saw is being operated. This can be two staff members, or a staff member and a visitor.

It is proposed that only staff who have been trained on the particular saw by a competent operator should be permitted to operate that saw. A procedure for signing off staff as competent is needed.

Eye protection and gloves must be worn by persons operating the old saws in the cutting room. Eye and hearing protection must be worn by all persons in the vicinity of the operating saws in the cutting room. Eye and ear protection is not mandatory for the new core saw outside the cutting room. Jewellery is not to be worn when operating a saw, and long hair must be contained in a hair net. Loose clothing shall not be worn.

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Audiometric testing is required, under OH&S Noise Regulations 2004, for all saw operators at two-yearly intervals. Operators were last checked in June 2005. Testing can be arranged through the Werribee OH&S Co-ordinator. Noise level testing was carried out in February 2006. This confirmed that hearing protection is required for all persons in the cutting room, but that the new core saw operates at a safe noise level.

Proper hoses should be fitted to the new saw to deliver and drain water. The current procedure of carrying buckets of water is not approved.

Users are responsible for cleaning the cutting benches and floors on completion of their work.

12. Other Equipment

Other equipment in the Core Library includes the Manual Core Splitter, the Band saw and the Computer. Electrical tagging should be kept up to date. The Core Library Manager should arrange tagging through Werribee Centre Facilities Management.

13. The Laboratory Rooms

Neither of the two laboratory rooms is now used as a laboratory. A Core Library Strategy is currently being developed. If this strategy concludes that there is no future need for these laboratories, then they can be used for some other function. In this case, the emergency shower, the eye wash station and the fume cupboard should be removed, and the floor, which has been damaged by water, should be repaired. The considerable stock of laboratory equipment should be relocated. 621 Sneydes Road would be an obvious choice to take this equipment.

These rooms are at present being used as storage receptacle for a large assortment of items removed from 240 Victoria Parade. The Core Library should not be a general dumping ground for surplus material from GSV or other sections of DPI. An effort must be made to re-locate much of the material.

14. Manual Handling

It is proposed that all Core Library Staff should undergo an approved Manual Handling Course. In any case, standard manual handling procedures, as specified in the DPI Manual Handling Management Procedure, should be adhered to at all times. A trolley should be used to transport sample trays instead of carrying them. Two persons should lift a heavy item rather than one person, if other means are not available.

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15. Cleaning

Contract cleaners clean the toilets and the office and toilet floors monthly. At other times, staff are expected to keep these rooms tidy, and to empty the small bins in these rooms when required.

The floor of the main workroom can be given a wet clean or a dry clean by request to Facilities Management. This should be done at twice a year. At other times, staff are expected to sweep the lay-out benches and the surrounding floor area periodically.

Staff are expected to keep the kitchen are clean, and to wash up mugs and other utensils.

There are three bins outside the roller door. A wheelie bin for recyclables, and a wheelie bin for general rubbish are emptied at regular intervals. The wire cage is recyclable cardboard, and is emptied by request to Facilities Management.

16. Risk Assessments and Workplace Inspections

A risk assessment should be carried out and documented for each piece of equipment in the Core Library, namely the order picker and each core saw. Assessments should be revised every two or three years. The last assessments were made in May, 2006. . A Workplace Site Inspection should be undertaken at the Core Library annually. This is to be arranged with the Werribee OH&S Co-ordinator. The last assessment was made in May, 2006.

17. Documentation

Correspondence and documents relating to the administration and management of the Core Library in general, and of OH&S in particular, are placed on a series of Registry files. These files are stored in the Compactus on the 17th floor, 1 Spring Street. The files are listed in Appendix 2.

Copies of current OH&S procedures, signed induction forms, workplace inspections, risk assessments and operator qualifications are also placed in appropriate folders, in the front office of the Core Library.

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APPENDIX 1

Current Staff and Management contacts

Core Library Staff

Ken Sherry

Avi Olshina

Terry Smith

Vlad Lisitsin

Designated first Aider

Jim Driscoll

Core Library Supervisor

The senior GSV staff member present.

Core Library Manager

Ken Sherry

Manager Resources

Paul McDonald

Werribee Occupational Health & Safety Co-ordinator

Annette Bashaw

Werribee Centre Facilities Management contacts

Lynn McCluskey 9742 0408 0439 554 674 Chris 0409 995 049 Nathan 0409 961 130

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APPENDIX 2

Registry Files

PE/11/0035 Petroleum - Administration - Core Library - Management

PE/11/0040 Petroleum - Administration - Petroleum Division - Werribee Core Store - Safety

PE/11/0147 Petroleum - Administration - Core Library - Occupational Health and Safety - Policies and Procedures

PE/11/0148 Petroleum - Administration - Core Library - Equipment Operator Training Records

PE/11/0149 Petroleum - Administration - Core Library - Occupational Health and Safety - Induction - Signed Acknowledgment Forms

PE/11/0152 Petroleum - Administration - Core Library - Work Place Inspections & Risk Assessments

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APPENDIX 10

CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY

WorkSafe

Certificates of Competency – Certificate Classes – Issued in Victoria – Advice

Certificate of Competency not required for

A Certificate of Competency is not required for the following equipment:

EARTHMOVING EQUIPMENT

Front-end loader/backhoes Cableways/Flying foxes Excavators Front-end loaders (Skid Steer) Draglines Front-end loaders Dozers Graders Chair lifts Scrapers

CRANES/HOISTS

„ Pendant controlled Bridge/Gantry cranes with *3 powered motions or less „ Vehicle loading cranes with a capacity of less than 10 metre/tonnes „ Non Slewing Mobile cranes with a SWL of 3 tonnes or less „ Boom Type Elevating Work Platforms with a boom length less than 11 metres

PRESSURE EQUIPMENT

„ Steam Turbines with a power output less than 500 kW „ Steam Reciprocating Engines with any piston diameter of 250mm or less „ Boilers with a heating surface of less than 4.6 square metres used in dairying, agriculture, horticulture, viticulture, apiculture or pastoral enterprises „ Boilers that satisfy the requirements of AS 2593 as being Limited or Unattended Boilers „ Various other small boilers as specified in Schedule 2 of the Certification Regulations

SCAFFOLDING

„ A Scaffolding Certificate is not required when a person or object could fall no more than 4 metres at any stage.

DOGGING

„ A Dogging Certificate is not required when the dogging work does not require the person to exercise any judgement in relation to the suitability of the lifting attachments, weight of the loads or methods of slinging and when a load is always in full view of the crane/hoist operator.

MISCELLANEOUS PLANT NOT RQUIRING CERTIFICATION

Mast Climbing Work Platform Conveyors Pedestrian Operated Forklifts Temporary Access equipment Power Shovels Amusement Structures Ditch Diggers Tunnel Borers Timberjack Delimbers Post / Jib Cranes Drilling rigs (any configuration) Vehicle Hoists Scissor Lifts Log Handlers Industrial Rope Access Equipment Non Slewing Multi Purpose Telescopic Boom (Bosuns Chairs) cranes under 3 Tonne SWL

APPENDIX 11

TYPES OF LICENCES

Types of Licences

There are seven categories of driver licences in Victoria. When applying for a licence other than a car or motor cycle licence, you will have to hold the lower category of licence for a certain period of time before you can apply for a higher category.

Licence Categories

Licence Categories from Description and Eligibility September 1995 Car You can drive a vehicle that does not exceed 4.5 tonnes Gross Vehicle Mass (GVM and can seat up to 12 adults including the driver. This does not include motor cycles and motor trikes. Can drive as soon as you get a car licence. Motor Cycle (R) You can drive any two or three wheeled vehicle that includes a sidecar, forecar or trailer and includes a motor trike. Can drive as soon as you get a motorcycle licence. Light Rigid (LR) You may drive any rigid vehicle, including bus and truck, greater than 4.5 tonnes GVM but equal to or less than 8 tonnes GVM or a vehicle that seats more than 12 adults including the driver that has a GVM not greater than 8 tonnes GVM. To apply for this category you must have held a car driver licence for a least 12 months. Medium Rigid (MR) You may drive any two axle rigid vehicle, including bus and truck, greater than 8 tonnes GVM. To apply for this category you must have held a car driver licence for at least 12 months. Heavy Rigid (HR) You may drive any rigid vehicle with three or more axles, including bus and truck, greater than 8 tonnes GVM. To apply for this category you must have held a car driver licence for at least 24 months. Heavy Combinations You may drive a prime mover or single semi trailer (HC) exceeding 9 tonne, or rigid vehicle plus trailer greater than 9 tonnes GVM. To apply for this category you must have held a car driver licence for at least 24 months, including Medium Rigid or Heavy Rigid licence for at least 12 months. Multi Combinations You may drive a heavy combination vehicle with one or (MC) more additional trailers. To apply for this category you must have held a Heavy Combination, Heavy Rigid or a combination of Heavy Rigid and a Heavy Combination vehicle licence for at least 12 months, plus the completion of any approved course.

NOTE: Rigid vehicle licence holders may tow a trailer with a GVM of 9 tonnes or less, however the trailer must not exceed the mass limits allowed for the towing vehicle.

APPENDIX 12

WORK SAFETY CHECKLIST FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES

WORKPLACE INSPECTION CHECK LIST FOR FIELD ACTIVITIES

Purpose

The Department of Primary Industries is committed to ensuring a safe and healthy working environment. The hazard inspections as an essential element in achieving this.

Instructions

1. Incident reporting, investigation and recording (a) Before commencement of the field activity, the staff member in charge must be familiar with the incident reporting and investigation procedures. (b) A SIMIS report should be completed for all incidents or hazards encountered, no matter how minor. (c) The supervisor of the group or the staff member in charge of the field activity should undertake an investigation of the incident on site and assist with the completion of the SIMS report. A thorough investigation of the immediate and underlying causes of an incident is essential to prevent a recurrence. (d) If access to SIMIS is not available a hard copy of the incident report form can be used.

2. Hazard identification and risk assessment (a) A comprehensive appraisal of the hazard to be encountered on field activities and an assessment of the risks associated with these hazards must be undertaken during the planning for the trip. (b) Staff members in charge of field activities and supervisors are responsible for ensuring that the risk assessment procedure has been completed before the commencement of the field activity. (c) Following identification of the hazards likely to be found during the field activity, risk control measures must be adopted to minimise the risk associated with each hazard. (d) Potential hazards identified by the staff member in charge of the field activity must be disclosed to participating staff before departure.

Project: ……………………………………………………….

Location of Field Activity: ………………………………………

Date of field activity: ___/___/___

Staff member in charge/Supervisor: …………………………….

No. of people attending: ………………

Staff members attending field activity and First aid qualifications:

……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

Brief description of the field activity: ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………..

LEVEL OF RISK RISK CONTROL HAZARD THIS COLUMN MUST MUST BE FILLED IN IF THERE IS CHECKLIST BE COMPLETED ANY RISK LOW

Entanglement MED

HIGH

LOW

Crushing MED

HIGH

LOW Cutting, stabbing, MED puncturing HIGH

Use of machinery LOW (cars, winches, MED motors, scientific equipment) HIGH

LOW Striking against or MED struck by HIGH

LOW Hygiene (food preparation & storage, MED personal) HIGH

LOW

Electrical MED

HIGH

LOW

Explosion MED

HIGH

LOW Slipping, tripping, MED falling HIGH

LOW Immersion in water (boating, swimming, MED diving) HIGH

LOW Suffocation (tunnels, MED avalanches, land slips) HIGH

Temperature (fire, LOW thermal comfort, MED hypothermia, heat stress) HIGH

LOW Wildlife (animals, spiders, snakes, MED sharks) HIGH

LOW

Allergic reactions MED

HIGH

LOW

Chemicals MED

HIGH

LOW

Assaults/vandalism MED

HIGH

LOW Compressed air or MED gases HIGH

LOW Fumes, toxic gases MED or vapours, dust HIGH

LOW

Noise MED

HIGH

Radiation; LOW including, ionising, non-ionising, lasers, MED electromagnetic & ultraviolet HIGH LOW

Stress MED

HIGH

LOW

Vibration MED

HIGH

LOW Ergonomics/Manual MED Handling HIGH

LOW

Other factors MED

HIGH

Check list completed and signed off by:

Users: …………………………………………………………………...…….

OH&S Representative: ……………………………………………….……..

Team/Project Leader: ……………………………………………………….

OH&S Coordinator: ………………………………………………………….

Date: ……………………….

APPENDIX 13

DPI DRIVER SAFETY PROCEDURE

DPI VEHICLE PROCEDURE

DPI VEHICLE POLICY

Department of Primary Industries

Driver Safety Procedure

1. Introduction

The Driver Safety Procedure aims to inform DPI employees of measures they should implement to minimise risks when driving. DPI employees shall:

■ comply with all road safety rules and ensure that the appropriate licences are held;

■ participate in driver education and training courses as required;

■ plan ahead for long trips

■ share driving responsibilities

■ consider rest breaks and overnight accommodation

■ plan to avoid fatigue factors

■ avoid extreme weather conditions;

■ Observe anti-fatigue precautions -

■ driving time limits

■ breaks/overnight accommodation;

■ Observe general driving considerations

■ use communication equipment cautiously

■ maintain the vehicle

■ secure loads

■ know your vehicle

■ keep headlights on

■ drive only when fit to do so;

■ The vehicle is a workplace – workplace health and safety regulations apply

■ Drivers are responsible for their own safety and the safety of others around them

2. Overview

2.1 General

The Department of Primary Industries is committed to the elimination of all hazards in the workplace, making a safe and healthy working environment for employees.

The Driver Safety Procedure aims to inform DPI employees who drive DPI vehicles and/or drive vehicles for work purposes, of measures they should implement to remove or minimise risks they may face when in control of a motor vehicle.

The Procedure applies to all personnel employed by the DPI and covers all types of vehicles used in connection with DPI functions and duties.

2.2 Regulations/Licences

All DPI employees, while in the course of their duties, and/or while in control of a DPI vehicle, shall comply with the provisions of the Victorian Road Safety (Road Rules) Regulations 1999.

All DPI employees, who are required to drive departmental vehicles, including mobile plant, shall hold a current Victorian driver's licence endorsed for the particular type of vehicle being used. Employees shall comply with all Victorian legislative requirements in relation to the use of motor vehicles.

Any employee who has their driver's licence suspended or cancelled, or who is disqualified from driving, shall inform their manager or supervisor as soon as possible.

Any employee who holds a licence issued by another state or territory and resides in Victoria for a period longer than 3 months, shall apply to Vic Roads for the issue of a Victorian driver's licence.

Any employee who is required to drive a vehicle that requires a special endorsement, such as forklifts, dozers or front end loaders shall be the holder of the required endorsement.

Any employee who is required, in the course of their employment, to drive a departmental vehicle shall have made available to them the opportunity to undertake a driver education and training course.

All vehicles owned and used by the DPI are to be managed in accordance with the provisions of the VicFleet Whole of Government Policy. All vehicles are to be maintained and serviced in line with the specifications of the manufacturer.

3. Procedures

3.1 Driver Education and Training Courses

Driver Education and training courses that are offered to employees shall be accredited courses and recognised by the Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) or equivalent.

All employees that are required to drive a departmental vehicle should undertake a driver education course. Refresher courses will be available to drivers as is deemed required.

Any employee who is required to drive a vehicle off road shall undertake an accredited off road vehicle training course appropriate to the type of vehicle. This includes the use of motor bikes and All Terrain Vehicles (ATV's).

3.2 Trip Planning

It is essential that employees taking a long trips for DPI business, plan their travel in such a way as to minimise the risks involved. When planning a trip, employees shall consider alternative methods of travel to driving, such as air, rail or coach.

Where no other appropriate method of travel is practicable, employees should book a vehicle type that is appropriate to the nature of the duties. For example, large sedans or four wheel drive vehicles should be used for towing. Employees should book a vehicle of a type for which they are licensed and that they are competent at driving, e.g. automatic or manual transmission.

Other factors to be considered for travel planning, when using a DPI vehicle, should, where possible, include:

■ Make arrangements to share the driving with other employees

■ Make allowance for taking adequate rest breaks

■ Pre-book overnight accommodation if needed

■ Drive during normal waking hours

Be aware of factors that affect fatigue, such as the characteristic dip in wakefulness in mid-afternoon and sleep debt. Plan to minimise the risks associated with these factors

Avoid driving towards the sun when it is low on the horizon

Avoid travel in extreme weather conditions such as heavy rain, snow or very high winds

3.3 Fatigue Management

Employees should not drive for more than eight hours during any twenty-four hour period. Where the total work duties (driving and non-driving) exceed ten hours in any one day, consideration should be given to staying overnight.

Employees are advised that a short rest break should be taken after a maximum of two hours continuous driving.

Managers and supervisors are to be pro-active in fatigue management of employees. Consideration must be given to fatigue of employees who are required to travel long distances and then perform duties upon reaching their location. In circumstances where it is probable that an employee may be fatigued as a result of a combination of driving and other duties, arrangements should be made to accommodate the employee at the destination prior to or at the completion of their duties.

Employees are responsible for the management of their own fatigue when driving. The distance which can be reasonably covered during a day of driving will be governed by the type of vehicle that is used, the type of terrain involved, the road, weather and traffic conditions, speed limits, and the maximum time that should be spent driving.

All DPI employees that may be exposed to fatigue while driving a vehicle must refer to the DPI OH&S Fatigue Management Procedure.

3.4 General Driving Considerations

3.4.1 Use of Communication Equipment

DPI employees must not initiate or receive calls using hand-held communications equipment while driving. This includes hand-held mobile phones, CB radio, and trunk radio. While the use of "hands-free kits" is legal when driving, such activities should be minimised to ensure that the driver's primary focus is on driving.

3.4.2 Vehicle Maintenance

Drivers shall perform an inspection of vehicles prior to the commencement of travel, to ensure the roadworthiness of vehicles.

3.4.3 Load Restraint

Unrestrained objects carried in vehicles can be hazardous, particularly in station wagons, hatchbacks or "one box" vans that are not fitted with a protective barrier, such as a wire mesh panel. Objects that could become dangerous projectiles in the event of a sudden stop should be secured in place or relocated.

3.4.4 Vehicle familiarisation

Drivers using a vehicle should familiarise themselves with its controls before driving.

3.4.5 Daytime Headlight Use

It has been shown that the risk of accident in the daytime is reduced when vehicles have their headlights on. Headlights should therefore be turned on whenever a vehicle is in use.

3.4.6 Fitness to Drive

DPI employees shall not drive a vehicle in the course of their duties while their driving ability is impaired in any way, eg. by illness, injury, fatigue, alcohol or drugs (including prescription medication).

4. Approval

The Safe-T-Care Executive Committee approves the Department of Primary Industries OH&S Hazard Management Driver Safety Procedure.

5. Responsibilty / Delegation

All DPI employees, visitors and contractors are responsible for their own safety and the safety of others around them when driving a DPI vehicle or when involved in DPI business.

Managers and supervisors are to ensure that employees have signed the authority to drive departmental vehicles in accordance with the provisions of the VicFleet Whole of Government Vehicle Policy.

6. Procedure Related Documents

■ Victorian Occupational Health and Safety Act 2004 ■ DPI OH&S Policy

■ WorkSafe Western Australia -- Code of Practice: Fatigue Management for Commercial Vehicle Drivers, 2004 ■ Driver Fatigue WA WorkSafe Bulletin 2006 ■ On-line training in Driver Fatigue ■ Eyesight and visual discomfort ■ Noise ■ Manual handling ■ UV

7. Further Information Contacts

Tony Peters Manager, OH&S Telephone: (03) 5430 4388 Facsimile: (03) 5430 4424 Email: [email protected]

Authorised by: Safe-T-Care Executive Committee Effective Date: 19/05/2005 Last Amendment 19/05/2005 Date: 19/05/2007 Review Due Date: N/A Superseded Documents: Delegation Level:

OH&S Policy and Procedure Function Page

© The State Government of Victoria, 2004 - 2006

Department of Primary Industries

Vehicle Procedure

1. Introduction

This procedure has been issued to provide Managers and Staff with a general framework for understanding their responsibilities regarding Departmental motor vehicle use.

This procedure does not cover the use of Plant and Equipment.

This procedure statement sets the framework for Fleet Management and sets out the structures and processes for managing the fleet within the Department. It has a number of aims:

„ Ensures that the most suitable fleet items are obtained for required tasks and that their utilisation is in accordance with acceptable practices.

„ Supports the implementation of "Whole of Government Standard Motor Vehicle Policy" and DPI Motor Vehicle Policy.

„ Ensures that all staff fully understand their responsibilities in using Government vehicles.

2. Overview

The following procedures detail the conditions and responsibilities of using a DPI vehicle.

2.1 Licensing of Drivers Employees required to drive Government vehicles must possess a current driver's licence. Unlicensed drivers will be subject to disciplinary action and liable for any costs and damages arising from an accident in which they are involved.

Supervisors must ensure that employees driving a Government vehicle for the first time present their current licence and complete the Application to Drive a DPI Vehicle Form. The Fleet Unit shall hold a registration of authorised drivers at each site.

From time to time, supervisors of Officers who regularly drive Government vehicles should undertake confirmation of license status.

Loss of licence must be reported to the Driver's Supervisor and names removed from the Authority to Drive Register. If the driver's licence is subsequently re- issued prior to driving a DPI vehicle, the Officer must present to the Supervisor a copy of the re-issued licence to be added to the Authority to Drive Register.

The use of Executives Officer vehicles by family and friends requires completion of the Application for Other Nominated Drivers - Private & Family Form. This form shall be submitted to the Delegated Authority on completion.

2.2 Use of DPI Vehicles Unless previous exemption has been granted under the DPI Vehicle Policy the use of redplate Government vehicles for private purposes is prohibited.

For Fringe Benefits Tax (FBT) purposes, "private" use of redplate vehicle constitutes use to or from home and the primary place of work.

A redplate vehicle used for official purposes during a weekend or public holiday will require approval from the Secretary, or Authorised Delegate.

In emergency situations where it is not possible to obtain prior approval, the driver must submit a report to the Manager Fleet stating the reasons for using the vehicle and details of the journey.

2.3 Non-Departmental Passengers In accordance with DPI Motor Vehicle Usage Policy, passengers can only be transported in Redplate vehicles if involved on official DPI business or other approved travel.

In the following circumstances transportation of Non DPI Passengers is considered appropriate:

„ where the vehicle is being used to transport DPI visitors, associates, consultant's;

„ members of the public accompanying DPI staff on farm visits, projects, meetings; and other DPI business trips.

2.4 Use of Vehicles by Non-DPI Staff The Secretary or Authorised Delegate has authority to approve requests for non-DPI staff to utilise DPI vehicles for use in joint ventures, consultancies, and government activities or for other similar purposes.

Where approval is given, the supervisor must ensure that non-DPI drivers:

■ are aware of the guidelines on car usage contained in this instruction and DPI Motor Vehicle Usage Policy and the Whole of Government Vehicle Policy; and a copy of the drivers license must be taken prior to vehicle allocation.

2.5 Driver Training DPI employees assigned to drive specialist and 4WD vehicles used in off-road and other demanding situations will require specialist training. Training shall be arranged by Business Units and shall be appropriate for the vehicle use. Guidelines identifying training requirements are contained in the Department's Safer Driving Policy.

Staff must be given adequate opportunity to become familiar with vehicles to which they are not accustomed before they are asked to drive them.

New employees will be given instruction regarding the Safer Driving Policy and the Department's expectations as to how staff shall behave as drivers as part of their induction process. The extent of this instruction may vary according to the nature of the driving duties undertaken. Existing employees who require refresher training can contract the Manager Fleet for further information.

2.6 Logbooks & FBT A logbook is provided in all Department vehicles for the recording of travel.

All travel in Redplate vehicles must be recorded in the supplied logbooks to ensure the Department:

„ does not generate an FBT liability; and

„ can identify the users of vehicles for re-couping costs and completing the nomination forms on traffic infringement notices.

Should a logbook not be completed on a continuous basis or not be available, FBT will be charged against the Business Unit. The Reportable Fringe Benefit Tax will be put against an individual nominated by the Business Unit. In all other circumstances FBT will apply only to non-business kilometres as recorded in the vehicle log book.

The Fleet Unit will be responsible for the re-allocation of the RFBT & cost to the Individual nominated by the Business Unit.

Permanently allocated Redplate vehicles may expose the Department and the individual to an FBT liability even where logbooks are fully maintained. Therefore, drivers of permanently allocated vehicles should make themselves aware of legislation to limit their, and the Department's exposure to FBT.

Executive Officers who salary package Blueplate vehicles are not required to maintain a vehicle logbook. Should an Executive Officer choose not to complete a logbook :

„ they will be ineligible for any FBT rebate:

„ the Department will nominate the vehicle custodian for all traffic infringement notices issued against the vehicle.

At the end of each month the vehicle custodian must sign off logbook sheets. Nominated site staff will collect and forward log sheets for scrutiny and input into the Private Travel System.

The Department's Business Account – Business & Corporate Services will be able to discuss detailed aspects of FBT Liability relating to vehicle use.

2.7 Vehicle Acquisition

General For passenger and light commercial vehicles, the Department has determined to move to a standardised range of vehicles. The approved vehicles will be reviewed quarterly by the Manager Fleet, taking into account, state government policy, whole-of-life costs and the OH&S factors.

In reviewing transport needs, the use of public transport, including taxis and short term use of rental cars should be an integral part of the evaluation and justification process.

Specialist Vehicles Where a Business Unit requires a specialist application vehicle such as a wheelchair hoist vehicle for disabled access, they should consult the Manager Fleet as to suitable available options prior to ordering. Selection of vehicles shall be based on business use requirements.

Vehicle Terms Whole of Government Policy relating to vehicle replacement provides for changeover at:

„ 60,000 kilometres; OR

„ 36 Months whichever comes first.

Vehicle Colour The colour of the vehicle will be in accordance with departmental standards as determined by the Manager Fleet.

Standard Accessories The following is to apply:

„ All passenger vehicles are to be fitted with ABS braking and dual passenger air bags as standard where available.

„ Air conditioning is to be fitted as standard.

„ All vehicles will be fitted with First Aid Kits and Reflective Jackets.

„ Non standard accessories for Redplate vehicles will require approval by the Executive Director.

„ Accessories for Executive vehicles will be negotiated and form part of the employee's contract.

The only optional extra that will normally be approved is a tow bar and wiring - where this is a requirement for business use. Unless a strong business case exists, there is no place for a vehicle with non-standard accessories in the Department's fleet.

Environmental In the management of motor vehicle fleet, DPI must consider:

„ measures to reduce total fuel consumption, improving energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions;

„ the priorities of the Victorian Government Purchasing Board Environmental Purchasing statement concerning more and better transport choices and making vehicles "cleaner"; and

„ fuel consumption is one of the major expenses of operating a motor vehicle fleet and managing fuel costs should be taken into account when optimising fleet size and composition.

OH&S The selection of standard vehicles will give consideration to the Department's DPI Driver Safety Policy and to the recommendations of independent motor safety research organisations.

2.8 Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle The Department recognises that staff will require overnight access to Redplate vehicles to assist in service delivery.

Authorisation of overnight allocation of a pool vehicle must take into account the following considerations:

„ Overnight Allocation should be an exceptional circumstance;

„ Availability of vehicles for business use (including weekend use) should not be disrupted;

„ Emergency Response vehicle access should not be disrupted:

„ Consistency with Safer Driving Policy and OHS trip management planning;

„ Demonstrated savings to the Department;

„ Approval does not set a precedent;

„ Garaging conditions and FBT compliance is maintained in accordance with the Motor Vehicle Usage Policy and FBT legislation;

„ The originator of the meeting; and

„ Overnight Allocation is for business convenience and service delivery and not simply for the personal convenience of the driver.

In accordance with legislative requirements, Overnight Allocation of a vehicle will require written approval through the completion of the "Approval for Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle" form. Where overnight allocation is a regular occurrence drivers may complete the Staff application for "Pre-Approved Ongoing Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle" form. Eg Where regional staff are required to regular early morning meetings located in the CBD.

2.9 Communication Equipment Mobile phone kits and other communication equipment are not standard in any Department vehicles other than in emergency response vehicles.

Where Business Units elect to fit communications equipment it should be removable and transferable between vehicles. Precedence should be given to the selection of devices that allow the multiple pairing of phones to the one installed kit (eg Bluetooth Technology). Technical advice is available through Manager Fleet.

Any damage caused by the fitting of the communication equipment may attract a penalty at the end of the lease period. This penalty will be borne by the Business Unit.

It is illegal for a driver to use a mobile telephone when driving unless a hands free device is being used.

2.10 Care and Security of Vehicles Drivers of Government vehicles are responsible for the vehicle while in their possession and must ensure that:

„ all road rules are followed;

„ all Government vehicles are maintained as smoke-free work environments;

„ the vehicle is in a roadworthy condition;

„ vehicles are used only for official duties;

„ every courtesy is shown to other road users and pedestrians;

„ tyre pressure is maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's specification or as otherwise indicated by authorised fleet personnel;

„ vehicles are returned in a clean and tidy condition both inside and outside with a minimum of half a tank of fuel;

„ every trip is carefully entered in the vehicle log sheet, which is collected by the relevant officer each month;

„ unauthorised drivers are not permitted to drive Government vehicles except where there is an emergency or permission would be justified in the interests of the state;

„ upon return, any maintenance requirements or accident damage is to be reported to the Vehicle Custodian and the Fleet Officer;

„ when leaving a vehicle unattended, the vehicle is locked and the security system activated where fitted; and

„ when authorised to park a vehicle overnight at a private residence, it must be parked "off street" where practicable.

2.11 Roadside Service All Departmental vehicles (Redplate and Executive Officer) are covered by Emergency Roadside Assist provided by the manufacturer. In the event of a breakdown please contact the manufacturer's standard Roadside Assistance.

Details of these programs are located on a sticker on the inside of the windscreen or in the vehicle handbook.

2.12 Servicing and Repairs It is the Vehicle Custodian's responsibility to book vehicles for services and to ensure the servicing is carried out in accordance with manufacturer specifications. Where possible, vehicles are ordered with pre-paid scheduled servicing.

It is the Fleet Officer's responsibility to authorise the services.

Repair costs not covered by the pre-paid servicing will be borne by the Business Unit.

2.13 Tyres and Batteries The Fleet Officer is responsible for the purchase of tyres and batteries. If a tyre is damaged beyond repair during long distance travel, the driver may purchase a new tyre. Replacement tyres shall be where possible the same make and model as the remaining tyres. In the event of a flat tyre, use the manufacturer standard Roadside Assistance to change the tyre. Where these services are not convenient, the driver may change the tyre themselves.

Windscreens Drivers should arrange replacement through the relevant Fleet Officer for their location or roadside assist in emergency.

2.14 Pre-Driving Checklist DPI employees shall ensure any vehicle they drive is in a safe condition before starting the trip. Before starting a journey, employees shall:

„ check tyre condition, that windows and mirrors are clean, and that windscreen washer reservoir has sufficient liquid;

„ adjust the driving seat to a safe, comfortable driving position and adjust internal and external mirrors to ensure a clear view behind and to the sides of the vehicle;

„ rectify any problems at the nearest service station or other convenient location before continuing the journey; and

„ ensure all heavy objects are stowed in the luggage compartment.

2.15 Petty Cash Expenditure Where parts and accessories are purchased or services are paid through the petty cash system, a valid charge code must be provided. Receipts for the above must be provided for reimbursement and a copy forwarded to the Manager Fleet.

2.16 Fuel The Fuel card system is used for the purchase of petrol and topping up oil from contract supplier outlets. Each Fuel card is embossed with the vehicle's registration number, make, type and colour and is not transferable. Fuel cards cannot be used for repairs or maintenance.

Under no circumstance can premium or high-octane fuels be purchased.

Cardholders must quote and have recorded vehicle kilometre reading at the time of all fuel purchases. Cardholders may be asked to sign for the purchase of fuel.

In the case of emergency, petrol may be purchased by other means. The driver must submit an explanation to the respective Fleet officer. Fuel cannot be purchased using DPI Corporate Cards. Fuel cards should be attached to keys to allow for re-fuelling where necessary.

2.17 E-Tags Provision of E-tags Upon request Redplate vehicles will be provided with an E- tag. It is the driver's responsibility to check that the vehicle is fitted with an E-tag prior to travel.

Executive Officer Vehicles have no entitlement to access the Department's Citylink account and must make their own arrangements when using tolled roads. Where Citylink is used for work purposes, reimbursement can be requested via the Business Unit.

2.18 Registration Labels DPI leased vehicles are registered to a common expiry date of 1st August, with renewal being organised by VicFleet.

After the expiry of the initial registration period, expired registration labels must be removed. Redplate vehicles are not issued with a replacement registration label.

Executive/blue plate vehicles are re-issued with replacement labels during the month of July. The registration labels are distributed by Fleet Officers and upon receipt must be affixed ASAP.

It is an offence to have an expired registration label attached to any vehicle.

2.19 Accident Management In the event of an accident involving another vehicle, the following details must be obtained and recorded from the other driver:

„ name

„ address

„ telephone numbers

„ licence number

„ names of witnesses, if any

„ location details (street, suburb, town)

All accidents, including single vehicle accidents, must be reported to the Manager Fleet and Vehicle Custodian where appropriate. In addition, an Insurance Claim Form must be completed.

Under no circumstances should the driver of the Department vehicle admit responsibility for the accident.

Under no circumstances are repairs to be authorised by employees. Repairs can only be authorised by the Department's Insurer or Authorised Delegate.

The Police must be called to the scene of the accident in the following circumstances:

„ if any person is injured or killed and an ambulance has been called;

„ any of the drivers involved appear to be under the influence of drugs or alcohol; or

„ If any damage has occurred to third party property, eg. house, fence, awning etc.

Where an injury has been sustained by a driver or passenger of a departmental vehicle, it must as soon as practicable be reported to the Officer's Supervisor and the incident recorded on the SIMS system. Near misses must also be recorded on the SIMS system.

If the driver of a Departmental motor vehicle is issued with a summons following an accident, the Executive Director and the Manager Fleet must be informed without delay and advised of the outcome of the court action.

Towing of Vehicles Where an accident renders a vehicle undriveable, the Police (if in attendance) may order a tow truck. Where the police allocate a tow truck you are obligated to use that facility. The tow operator will offer to take the vehicles to the closest repair shop or other convenient location. The tow operator may also request payment. On the spot payment is not required; request an invoice to be made in the name of the Department.

Where Police do not attend an accident, drivers should arrange for a tow through the manufacturer's Roadside Assistance program.

Temporary Vehicle Should Roadside Assist not be in a position to provide you with a replacement vehicle, and you have an immediate need for a vehicle, contact your Fleet Officer or the Manager Fleet. A replacement vehicle may be available at normal hiring prices.

2.20 Replacement of Vehicles The Manager Fleet is responsible for arranging the replacement of all Departmental motor vehicles and additions to the fleet. Fleet Officers will issue a Vehicle Selection Schedule a minimum of 120 days prior to expiry of an existing lease. The form shall be completed and returned within 2 weeks of issue.

Any request to change the specification to an existing vehicle will require the approval of the Executive Director and Manager Fleet. The request must include the reason why a different vehicle specification is required.

Individual Business Units may make a request to Fleet Officers for temporary additional vehicles to assist with seasonal aspects of a business resulting in an increased requirement for vehicles.

2.21 Vehicle Pools Unless otherwise previously exempt, all vehicles will form part of the site pool.

The Manager Fleet shall oversee pool management to ensure consistency between sites with site staff assisting in the administration of individual pools and recouping costs.

2.22 Interstate Travel Interstate travel in a DPI vehicle will require the approval of the Secretary or Authorised Delegate. Executive vehicles are exempt from this provision.

Staff who frequently use department vehicles to travel interstate may make written application to an Authorised Delegate for ongoing exemption.

2.23 Alternative Vehicles and Transport The use of taxis is acceptable for short trips when public transport cannot be used and/or a Government vehicle is unavailable. The Department has approved the use of the Cab Charge coupon and coupons are available at locations where arrangements have been made with the taxi industry.

When Departmental vehicles are fully committed and public transport is either unavailable or unsuitable, the State Government Vehicle Pool rents vehicles for short to medium term use. Hiring vehicles from a commercial vehicle rental outlet should only be considered as a last resort as hire vehicles will not always meet the minimum safety and operational standards for Departmental vehicles.

The Secretary or an Authorised Delegate must approve any rentals likely to exceed one month in duration.

Logbooks must be maintained for all rental vehicle use for the administration of fringe benefits tax, traffic infringements and occupational health and safety matters.

2.24 Use of Private Vehicles for Government Business In circumstances where a:

„ departmental vehicle

„ vehicle hired from the State Government Vehicle Pool or commercial rental vehicle

„ Taxi and/or

„ public transport are not available, Supervisors may authorise the use of a private vehicle for Government Business.

„ The Supervisor must ensure that prior to use the private vehicle is:

„ appropriately registered

„ roadworthy

„ comprehensively insured and specifically indemnifies the employer

„ free of modifications that may invalidate the motor vehicle insurance; and

„ driven in an appropriate manner while being used for Government business.

General rules covering vehicle use are contained in the Whole of Government Motor Vehicle Policy.

2.25 Parking and Traffic Offences Parking fines and other traffic infringements are the responsibility of the driver and will not be paid by the Department. Where the Department receives a traffic infringement notice, the driver will be identified through logbook entries and the notice forwarded to the identified driver. The driver will be asked to complete their license details in a prompt manner. Failure to complete the notice may result in the Department nominating the driver directly.

Where no logbook entry is completed, the fine will be issued in the name of the permanent Vehicle Custodian.

If there is a circumstance where a driver cannot be identified, the Business Unit must provide a written account to the Manager Fleet stating the reason.

2.26 Theft of Property from Vehicles Personal property left in Department vehicles is not insured under any circumstances. Therefore valuable items such as laptop computers must not be left in vehicles. If it is unavoidable, the items must be out of sight and the vehicle securely locked.

2.27 Theft of a Motor Vehicle In the event of a theft of a Department motor vehicle, staff are required to notify the Police and the Manager Fleet immediately. A replacement vehicle may be available at normal hiring prices to the Department by contacting the Manager Fleet.

2.28 Trailers Every trailer, except farm trailers towed by tractors, must be registered with VicRoads. Business Units are responsible for the re-registration of trailers.

The Regional OH&S Coordinator will be available to provide technical advice in relation to any OH&S issues associated with the towing or the maintenance of trailers owned or used by any DPI Businesses.

2.29 Vehicle Disposal All Departmental vehicles at the End of Lease must meet the VicFleet minimum standard in accordance with the Vehicle Disposal Procedure and Fair Wear and Tear Schedule. The cost of restoration will be borne by the Business Unit.

3. Procedure Related Documents

DPI Vehicle Policy Application for Registration to Drive a DPI Vehicle (Word 26kb) Approval for Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle (Word 27kb) Approval for Ongoing Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle (Word 27kb) Application for other nominated drivers – Private and Family (Word 29kb)

4. Further Information Contacts

Rodney Suter Manager Fleet Level 23, 1 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3001 Ph: (03) 9658 4110

Fleet Officers: Allan Betts Fleet Officer DSE Office Epsom Cnr Midland H'way & Taylor St., Bendigo Ph: (03) 54304441

Debbie McAlister Fleet Officer DPI Centre Tatura 255 Ferguson Rd. Tatura Ph: (03) 58335340

Heather Zappelli Fleet Officer DSE Office Yarram 310 Commercial Rd., Yarram Ph: (03) 51839144

Authorised by: Finance Sub Committee and Business Services Group Effective Date: 31 March 2006 Last Amendment 4 May 2006 Date: 31 March 2007 Review Due Date: DPI Vehicle Use Procedure Superseded N/A Documents: Delegation Level:

Facilities Policies and Procedures

© The State Government of Victoria, 2004 - 2006

Department of Primary Industries

Vehicle Policy

1. Summary

„ The Department of Primary Industries (DPI) has a responsibility for the appropriate management of its motor vehicle fleet.

„ A policy for Fleet Management is considered good governance and ensures that all stakeholders are provided with equal consideration.

2. Scope

The policy applies to the use of all DPI redplate and blueplate vehicles including passenger cars, utilities and light commercials. The policy does not include plant and equipment including farming equipment, boats, motor bikes and static plant.

3. Definitions

„ Fleet Management the combination of individual tasks associated with the successful operation of a grouping of vehicles and includes purchase and leasing; utilisation; allocation; correct use; maintenance; replacement; data collection; reporting and providing advice to users, operators and management.

„ Authorised Delegate an Officer nominated by the Secretary to act on his behalf. The Manager Fleet and State-wide Operations Manager are an Authorised Delegate.

„ VicFleet the Authority responsible for Whole of Government Motor Vehicle Policy and the provision of motor vehicles to DPI.

„ Permanently Allocated Vehicles is any redplate vehicle permanently allocated to staff by the Secretary in order to execute their business responsibilities.

„ Incidental Motor Vehicle Consumables include oils, globes or other minor goods available from service stations in order to maintain a vehicle in a safe and roadworthy condition when driving.

■ Executive Officers are Executives, band 3 and above, or equivalent in the Victorian Public Service and declared authorities employed under the Public Sector Management and Employment Act 1998. Principal Scientists are equivalent to Executive Officers.

„ Executive Car Scheme blueplate vehicles sourced under a salary sacrifice arrangement.

4. Policy Principles

VicFleet's "Whole of Government Standard Motor Vehicle Policy" (SMVP) is mandatory for all Government Departments and Agencies including DPI. The following policy sets out to enhance or clarify DPI's position with respect to specific areas of policy within the SMVP and defines DPI's implementation and

responsibilities. This policy is to be read as an addendum to the SMVP. In all circumstances the SMVP will take precedence over this policy. Any variation to the SMVP requires the written approval of the Head of Vicfleet.

All vehicles are corporately owned "assets" and form the statewide DPI vehicle fleet. The Fleet Unit is responsible for the overall vehicle management of the fleet to ensure the most cost effective and efficient outcome. Decisions made relating to the management and use of vehicles will be in accordance with DPI's service delivery requirements. Vehicles may therefore require rotation thoughout regions to ensure compliance with lease terms.

Fleet size and composition are to be reviewed annually by the Manager Fleet to ensure optimisation against actual transport requirements (optimum fleet size will usually be less than that required to meet peak demand).

4.1 Commuting in Vehicles With the exception of an Executive Officer's vehicle, commuting in a Government vehicle is prohibited unless it is under one of the following circumstances: a. public transport (including taxis) is not available to an employee required to work beyond his or her normal working hours which is deemed to be 7.00 pm. b. an employee is required to complete official duties after normal working hours, away from the base location. c. an employee is required to proceed directly from a residing address to a site away from where an employee is normally located the following morning, and a saving to the State can be demonstrated from the exempt vehicle use. d. an employee is required to complete official DPI business on a week-end or Public Holiday. e. an emergency occurs.

Where commuting under (b), (c), or (d), authority will be required from the officer's Supervisor. "Approval for Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle "or "Pre- Approved Ongoing Overnight Allocation of a Vehicle" forms are available online.

4.2 Permanent allocation of Vehicles Staff requiring the permanent allocation of a redplate vehicle will require written authorisation from the Secretary or Authorised Delegate stating why they require the permanent allocation of a vehicle. An "Application to Permanently Allocate a Vehicle" is available online.

The Fleet Unit shall maintain a register of all vehicles and officers or businesses that have been granted permanent allocation of vehicles. Officers receiving approval must provide the following information:

„ private address where the vehicle will be garaged when used for commuting between home and office;

„ an estimate of frequency of commuting use under (b), (c) or (d) of section 4.1; and

„ reasons if the vehicle is to be used on a weekend and/or public holiday.

„ Executive Directors shall endorse all requests for permanently allocated vehicles before submission to the Secretary or Authorised Delegate for approval.

„ Executive Directors shall immediately advise the Secretary or Authorised Delegate of any changes to officers' duties that would change any previous approval.

„ Executive Directors shall annually certify to the Secretary the continued requirement for the permanent allocation of vehicles. When not in use, permanently allocated vehicles must be made available in the car pool unless an exemption has been granted.

4.3 Use of Vehicles whilst employee is on approved paid leave Executive Officer vehicles can be used by that Officer when on any approved leave.

Redplate vehicles are not available for use on paid leave. Vehicles must be returned to the car pool during these periods.

4.4 Government Drivers, Licences and Driver Authorisations: Any person intending to drive a Government vehicle must have obtained approval from their supervisor. An "Authority to Drive Form", is available online.

Staff participating in the Executive Vehicle Scheme will require approval for family and friends to use their vehicle. A "Nominated Drivers for Private Purposes" form is available online

4.5 Non Government Employees Non government employees may travel in a DPI Motor Vehicle when on DPI Business or:

„ when the travel of a member of the public is in the best interest of the State;

„ in the case of a serious emergency;

„ Executives Officers using vehicles in the Executive Car Scheme; or

„ authority has been granted by the Secretary or Authorised Delegate. Contract staff are considered employees for the purposes of the DPI Motor Vehicle Policy.

Under the WGVP travel in Redplate vehicles by family and friends for the purposes of personal convenience is not allowed.

4.6 Vehicle Acquisition Approved vehicles can be ordered by the Fleet Manager, as per the "Vehicle Selection Schedule" available online.

4.7 Petrol Cards and Purchases Fuelcards are provided for the purchase of fuel and incidental minor vehicle consumables.

4.8 Logbooks All employees are required to complete logbooks contained in vehicles. Executive Officers who do not complete logbooks will not be eligible for any FBT vehicle rebate.

4.9 Care and Security of Vehicles Staff authorised to use Government vehicles are responsible for the vehicle when in their possession. Refer to DPI Motor Vehicle Procedures for detailed responsibilities.

4.10 Car Pooling Car pooling arrangements are to be established for all redplate vehicles except where the Secretary or Authorised Delegate has provided an exemption in writing

Executive Officer's vehicles are exempt from car pool requirements.

4.11 Corporate Branding of Vehicles Corporate branding of vehicles must be in accordance with the DPI Branding and Visual Standards Policy. Branding will require the approval of the Manager Fleet.

Branding must not:

„ damage a vehicle upon its removal.

„ cause visual obstruction to the driver when travelling in the vehicle.

„ Beacons and additional lighting attached to a Motor Vehicle are considered branding.

5. Policy Related Documents

Vehicle Use Procedure OH&S Policy Whole of Government Standard Motor Vehicle Policy (external link) Victorian Government Purchasing Board – Environmental Policy VMIA Accident Reporting Procedures

6. Responsibility/Delegation

The Secretary of DPI, as principal and accountable officer, has the ultimate responsibility for the motor vehicle fleet.

Responsibility for the management of the fleet, including risk, rests with both management and staff. The nature and level of responsibility managers and staff have will vary depending on their role and functions and on activities being undertaken within their area of control.

For further information contact: Manager Fleet 23/1 Spring Street Melbourne VIC 3001

Telephone: (03) 9658 4110 Facsimile: (03) 9658 4006

Approved by: Secretary Authorised by: Secretary Effective Date: 01/07/2005 Last Amendment 01/07/2005 Date: July 2006 Review Due Date: DPI Motor Vehicle Policy Superseded N/A Documents: Delegation Level:

Facililties Policies and Procedures

© The State Government of Victoria, 2004 - 2006