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Sakeman En Politikus Aan Die Kaap 1859 –1931

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Sakeman En Politikus Aan Die Kaap 1859 –1931 Sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff: Sakeman en Politikus aan die Kaap 1859 –1931 Ebbe Dommisse Proefskrif ingelewer vir die graad Doktor in die Wysbegeerte (Geskiedenis) in die Fakulteit Lettere en Sosiale Wetenskappe aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch Promotor: Prof A M Grundlingh Desember 2011 University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 1 Kopiereg © 2011 Universiteit van Stellenbosch Alle regte voorbehou University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 2 Opsomming Hierdie studie is ‘n biografie van sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff, die baronet van Kaapstad wat in 1859 gebore en in 1931 oorlede is. Dit dek sy hele lewensloop, van sy geboorte-uur as arm plaasseun in die distrik van Villiersdorp totdat hy as een van Suid-Afrika se innoverendste sakemanne gesterf het nadat hy hom ook in ‘n politieke loopbaan onderskei het. As die pionier van koelbewaring in Suid-Afrika het hy teen die einde van die negentiende eeu die verkoeling van vleis en voedsel op groot skaal na die land gebring en in die vleisbedryf een van die grootste sakeondernemings in die Suidelike Halfrond opgebou. As burgemeester van Kaapstad op die jeugdige ouderdom van 31 het hy ‘n deurslaggewende bydrae tot die modernisering van die stad gelewer. As lid van genl. Louis Botha se eerste Kabinet na Uniewording in 1910, ‘n bepalende gebeurtenis waardeur die landsgrense van die huidige Republiek van Suid-Afrika vasgelê is, het hy ‘n soms onderskatte rol in die opgang van die land en die landsekonomie na die beproewinge en langtermyn-gevolge van die Anglo-Boere-oorlog gespeel. Die lewensverhaal van hierdie komplekse sakeleier-politikus, ‘n Kaapse Afrikaner wat as vrygesel op gevorderde leeftyd ‘n erflike Britse titel ontvang het en daarna met die dogter van die leraar van sy NG gemeente getroud is, is boonop ‘n boeiende voorbeeld van die moeilike keuses wat Kaapse Afrikaners in koloniale tye tussen trou aan die Britse Ryk en verankering in die Suid- Afrikaanse bodem moes maak. Sy lewensverhaal bied voorts insig in die rol van ‘n top-sakeman wat tot die aktiewe politiek toetree, ‘n faset wat in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedskrywing nog weinig ontgin is. Deur die mosaïek van sy lewe uit te beeld in die tydsgewrig waarin hy ‘n prominente figuur was, is gepoog om ook meer lig op die maatskaplike en kulturele konteks van daardie epogmakende tydperk te werp en sodoende ‘n genuanseerde begrip van die Suid- Afrikaanse verlede te bevorder. University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 3 Abstract This study is a biography of Sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff, Bt, of Cape Town, who was born in 1859 and died in 1931. It covers his whole life span, from his birth as a poor farm boy in the district of Villiersdorp until his death as one of South Africa’s most innovative businessmen after he also distinguished himself in a political career. As the pioneer of cold storage in South Africa he brought the practice of frozen meat and food to the country at the end of the nineteenth century and in the meat trade he built up one of the biggest business undertakings in the Southern Hemisphere. As mayor of Cape Town at the youthful age of 31 he played a decisive rol in the modernisation of the city. As a member of Genl. Louis Botha’s first Cabinet after Union in 1910, a defining event which laid down the borders of the present Republic of South Africa, he played a sometimes underestimated role in the development of the country and its economy after the tribulations and long-term effects of the Anglo-Boer War. The life of this complex businessman/politician, a Cape Afrikaner who as a bachelor at an advanced age received a hereditary British title and thereafter married the daughter of the dominee of his Dutch Reformed congegation, is also a fascinating example of the difficult choices which Cape Afrikaners in colonial times had to make between loyalty to the British Crown and commitment to the native soil of South Africa. His biography furthermore offers an insight into the role of a top business leader who enters politics, a facet which has received little coverage in South African historial research. By describing the mosaic of his life in the time span in which he was a prominent figure, it was endeavoured to cast more light on the social and cultural context of an epoch-making period, thereby seeking to contribute to a nuanced understanding of the South African past. University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 4 INHOUDSOPGAWE Voorwoord………………………………………………………………………………………...5 1 Inleiding: Herder tot hoogtes………………………………………………………………9 2 Kind van die Overberg……………………………………………………………………..13 3 In Van Riebeeck se stoel……………………………………………………………….....24 4 Parlementslid en Rhodes………………………………………………………..………..42 5 Oorlog………………………………………………………………………………..……….66 6 Imperial Cold Storage en Graaffs Trust…………………………..…………………..79 7 Uniewording…………………………………………………………………………………96 8 Baronet en Skeepsring…………………………………………………………………..116 9 Krisisse,‘n bruilof en diamante ……………………………………………………138 10 Terug na De Grendel en sakelewe………………………………………………..….169 11 Afsterwe en nalatenskap……………………………………………………………….196 Bronnelys……………………………………………………………………………………...213 University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 5 Voorwoord Hierdie biografie is die eerste een wat die volle lewensloop van sir David Pieter de Villiers Graaff dek. Geen omvattende biografie is nog oor hom geskryf nie, afgesien van ‘n honneurstesis wat hoofsaaklik oor sy rol in die Kaapse stadsraad handel.1 Inderdaad is weinig studies nog onderneem oor Suid-Afrikaners wat as die tweede linie van politieke leiersfigure bestempel kan word, maar wat wel betekenisvolle invloed uitgeoefen het. Dit staan in teenstelling met heelwat materiaal wat beskikbaar is oor mense wat tot die eerste linie van politieke leiersfigure gereken kan word, soos die biografieë en ander werke oor Louis Botha, Jan Smuts, D.F. Malan, P.W. Botha, F.W. de Klerk, Nelson Mandela en Thabo Mbeki. Graaff se lewensverhaal is ‘n fassinerende stuk geskiedenis, veral omdat dit nie net die besonder gebeurtenisvolle tydperk ten tyde van Uniewording omvat nie. Graaff die invloedryke politikus was ook ‘n hoogs suksesvolle sakeman, ‘n entrepreneur wat as die pionier van koelbewaring in Suid-Afrika ‘n fortuin uit bevrore vleis en voedsel opgebou het. Graaff se rol as sakeman in die politiek bied op sigself stof vir ‘n afsonderlike studie, aangesien die rol van sakeman-politikus in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis nog weinig ontgin is. Op die koop toe verteenwoordig hy as sakeman ‘n besondere suksesverhaal – die brandarm plaasseun wat ‘n internasionale voedselketting opgebou het. Dan is daar ook nog die rariteit van sy erflike baronetskap, wat met die spogplaas De Grendel verbind is. Die navorsing oor hierdie veelsydige en komplekse pioniersfiguur is begin nadat sy kleinseun, sir David Graaff, die wens teenoor die skrywer uitgespreek het dat ‘n boek oor sy oupa geskryf word. Lede van die Graaff-familie het samewerking in die navorsing verleen, maar daar was geen inmenging of beperking van enige aard nie, slegs die versoek dat die relaas so getrou en akkuraat as moontlik moet wees. In die loop van die navorsing oor Graaff, wat ‘n veel omvattender werk opgelewer as wat aanvanklik gemeen is, het prof. Alex Mouton as hoogleraar in geskiedenis aan die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika ‘n intreerede oor die waarde van ‘n biografie vir geskiedskrywing gelewer wat ook ‘n beduidende invloed op hierdie studie gehad het. Daarin het hy betoog dat, sonder biografiese studies van parlementêre politici, dit moeilik sal wees om die Suid-Afrika van voor 1994 te begryp.2 Mouton gaan voort: “The crucial contribution of biography is that it humanises history as it reflects life ― its heroism, nobility, endurance, folly, ignorance, weaknesses and brutality. For the British biographer Michael Holroyd, biographers are the messengers of the dead calling to us out of the past, asking to be heard, remembered and understood.3 As G.M. Trevelyan hauntingly 1 S. Orman, “Sir David Graaff, Businessman and Politician, 1881-1910”. 2 F.A. Mouton, “‘The good, the bad and the ugly’: Professional historians and political biography of South African parliamentary politics, 1910-1990.” Intreerede by Unisa, 27 Oktober 2009. 3 M Holroyd, Works on paper: The craft of biography and autobiography. p. 19. University of Stellenbosch: http://scholar.sun.ac.za 6 summarised it: “… the poetry of history lies in the quasi-miraculous fact that once, on this earth, once on this familiar ground walked other men and women, as actual as we are today, thinking their own thoughts, swayed by their own passions, but now all gone, one generation vanishing into another, gone as utterly as we ourselves shall shortly be gone, like ghosts at cockcrow.”4 In Graaff se politieke loopbaan was hy op sy eie en in sy wisselwerking met die belangrikste politici van sy era ‘n voorste deelnemer aan ‘n rigtingbepalende tydperk in die Suid-Afrikaanse geskiedenis. As vertroueling van die eerste twee Suid-Afrikaanse premiers ná 1910 was hy deel van die betreklik klein netwerk van vooraanstaande persoonlikhede wat die gang van die geskiedenis ná Uniewording bepaal het. Sy lewensloop strek daarby wyer. Dit kan ook meer lig werp op die verhouding tussen sakelui en politici, des te meer aangesien hy as suksesvolle entrepreneur so ‘n belangrike bydrae tot die ontwikkeling van die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie gelewer het. Sy kundigheid as sakeman het boonop ‘n deurslaggewende rol in die plaaslike politiek van Kaapstad gespeel deurdat hy op betreklik jeugdige leeftyd die dryfkrag agter die modernisering van die destydse agterlike munisipale bestuur van die Moederstad was. In hedendaagse historiografie is sy lewensverhaal relevant aangesien biografiese geskiedskrywing in die laaste paar dekades aansienlik meer aandag van historici begin kry het, onder meer as gevolg van wyer ontwikkelinge in kontemporêre historiese analise. Prof. Barbara Caine, hoogleraar in geskiedenis aan die Monash Universiteit in Australië, wys in hierdie verband in ‘n onlangse werk op die afgelope drie tot vier dekades se merkbare beweging weg van strukturalistiese benadering en uitleg in die geesteswetenskappe.
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