ON GENDER and RACE LE DONNE AFROAMERICANE NEL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Montgomery 1955-56

ON GENDER AND RACE LE DONNE AFROAMERICANE NEL CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Montgomery 1955-56

Rosa Parks having her fingerprints taken after her arrest on 1st December, 1955. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

Jo Ann Gibson Robinson. In The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It, edited by David J. Garrow, University of Tennessee Press, 1987 Montgomery 1955-56 5,000 at Meeting Outline Boycott; Bullet Clips Bus." Montgomery, Alabama, Bus Boycott. Montgomery Advertiser, December 6, 1955. Copyprint from microfilm. Serial and Government Publications Division . (9- 3). Courtesy of the Montgomery Advertiser

Martin Luther King, Jr. speaking in church during the Montgomery bus boycott. © Dan Weiner, courtesy of Sandra Weiner The Amistad Digital Resource Montgomery 1955-56

• Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956): “It is Ordered, Adjudged and Decreed that Section 301 (31a, 31b and 31c) of Title 48, Code of Alabama, 1940, as amended, and Sections, 10 and 11 of Chapter 6 of the Code of the City of Montgomery, 1952, are unconstitutional and void in that they deny and deprive plaintiffs and other Negro citizens similarly situated of the equal protection of the laws and due process of law secured by the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States and rights and privileges secured by Title 42, United States Code, Sections 1981 and 1983.” Little Rock 1957-58

Elizabeth Eckford. September 4, 1957. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division

U.S. Troops escort African American students from Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas , October 3, 1957. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division Little Rock 1957-58

Pictured here with Daisy Bates, a newspaper journalist and active member in the local NAACP, are nine students, Ernest Green, Thelma Mothershed, Elizabeth Eckford, Terrace Roberts, Carlotta Walls, Gloria Ray, Jefferson Thomas, Melba Pattillo, and Minnijean Brown ca. 1957-1960. Courtesy of the NAACP Little Rock 1957-58

Little Rock Nine students eat Thanksgiving dinner with L. C. and Daisy Bates; November 1957. (Left to right): Carlotta Walls, Terrence Roberts, Melba Pattillo, Thelma Mothershed, L. C. Bates, and Daisy Bates. Photo by Will Counts; courtesy of the Arkansas History Commission I sit-in e la SNCC

Photo Credit: Ella Baker, 1943-1946, NAACP Collection, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress

Matthew Walker, Peggy Alexander, Diane Nash and Stanley Hemphill eat lunch at the previously segregated counter of the Post House Restaurant in the Greyhound bus terminal. This is the first time since the start of the sit-ins that Blacks are served at previously all-white counters in Nashville. Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford 1961: i freedom riders

National public opinion finally forces President Kennedy to call out the National Guard to protect the riders on their journey from Montgomery to Jackson Mississippi. Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford 1964: il Mississippi Summer Project

Ellin (Joseph and Nancy) Freedom Summer Collection. Courtesy of the University of Southern Mississippi - McCain Library and Archives

Freedom Schools Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford. Schwerner, Chaney, and Goodman. FBI Poster with missing three pictured. We were in this auditorium, and they tell us: "Three people are missing." And the next day we all got on the bus to Mississippi. — Hardy Frye Fannie Lou Hamer singing at MFD boardwalk rally. From left — Emory Harris, Stokely Carmichael (Kwame Ture) in hat, Sam Block, Eleanor Holmes, Ella Baker. Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford.

Fannie Lou Hamer testifies about the systematic denial of voting rights in Mississippi before the Credentials Committee at the Democratic National Party Convention in Atlantic City, 1964. Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford MFDP delegates occupying the Mississippi seats, Democratic Convention, Atlantic City, 1964 Copyrights © 1999 — 2006 by Bruce Hartford.