The Gender Index Gender Inequality in Israel Spotlight: Gender 2020 Implications of COVID—19 Hagar Tzameret Naomi Chazan | Hanna Herzog Yulia Basin | Ronna Brayer—Garb | Hadass Ben Eliyahu

spotlight 19־COVID in collaboration with Yael Hasson, Adva Center 3 ׀ ׀ 2 The Gender Index Extent of Inequality The Gender Index is an innovative tool developed by WIPS – The Center The calculation of the extent of inequality enables us to for the Advancement of Women in the Public Sphere at the Van Leer identify in which area the gender gap is the greatest and Jerusalem Institute, which serves to evaluate gender inequality in Israel in which the smallest. across a spectrum of fields over time. The Gender Index is based on the calculation of gender inequality in Israel in key domains: education, the labor market, gendered segregation of professions, economic security and poverty, power, media and culture, health, violence against women, time and family status. It also measures gender inequality in the periphery and gender inequality in Arab and Haredi societies in Israel. Every year the Index is developed and expanded. The Gender Index addresses issues of diversity and social structures of Political inequality by looking at the intersections of gender with ethnicity, religion and and geographic location. Economic The Gender Index is a major tool for decision—makers in government and Power public institutions. 67%

The Labor Market EducationLabor Market Gendered Economic Power Segregation of Security & 40% Professions Poverty Arab Society Gendered 55% Segregation of Professions 36% Media and Family Status Time Violence against Health Culture Women Economic Security & Poverty Haredi Society 29% 47% Time

Arab SocietyPeriphery Haredi Society 23% Periphery Education 25% 12% Throughout the booklet women are marked in gray and men in black Source: Gender Index 2020 5 ׀ ׀ 4 19־Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life Gender Gap in Employment during COVID In most areas of life the gender gap favors men. Since the outbreak of the pandemic, the fluctuation of women exiting and In some areas the gender gap even increases over time. reentering paid employment was much greater than that of men. This pattern may be an outcome of frequent closures imposed on the school system and on women—dominant workplaces.

Labor Market Participation Rates by Gender Searching for Work Reporting Back in Paid by Gender Employment by Gender

59.8% 68.2% 80% Women Men Women Men

January 51% 49% March 54% 46%

February 51% 49% 53% 47% 40% April March 57% 43% May 64% 36% April 49% 51% May 50% 50% June 53% 47% 0% 2018 1998 2008 2018 June 51% 49% July 50% 50%

Source: CBS data compiled by authors July 52% 48% August 49% 51% August 56% 44% September 63% 37% September 63% 37% October 56% 44% October 64% 36%

Average Monthly Salary NIS Source: Israel Employment Services

15,000 Temporarily Unemployed for reasons related to 19־COVID 12,000 12,498 9,000 8,546 43.7% 18.9%

3,000 15.4% 34.7% 11.9% 10% 8.9% 8.6% 8.1% 8.1% 29.3% 28.1% 23% 7% 6.5%

0 21.2% 2018 1998 2008 2018 March April May June July August September October Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: CBS data compiled by authors 7 ׀ ׀ 6 Continuous Gender Gap in All Areas of Life Economic and Political Power Key positions of management and influence in the public sector are held by men.

Israeli Singers Most Played on Radio Stations Full Professors in Academia by Gender by Gender Managers of General Hospitals 2020 Mixed 35 100 100% 14% 22% 64% 80 80% 60 60% 40 40% 7 20 20%

0 0% 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2008 2018

Source: Media Forest, compiled by the authors Source: CHE data compiled by authors Source: She Knows Knowledge Center, VLJI

by Gender Management Positions in Public Rate of Athletes in Competitive Sports Sector CEOs of Government Ministries 2018 100% 40 39% 62% 76.5% 80% 30 60% 20 23.5% 40% 20% 10

0% 0 2018 2006 2008 2018 2004 2010 2020

Source: Ministry of Culture and Sports Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: She Knows Knowledge Center, VLJI 9 ׀ ׀ 8 Economic and Political Power Key positions of management and influence in the economic and political spheres are held by men.

Boards of Public Companies by Gender Government Ministers by Gender 25 17% 24% 8 90% 30

60% 20 The 35th 30% 10 Government 2020

2011 2020 0% 0 2011 2020 2000 2010 2020

Source: Hagar Zemach, ISA website Source: The Knesset

Rate and Number of CEO’s Boards of Government Companies by Gender by Gender 43,520

7% 44% 100% 100% 80% 80% 60% 60% 9,830 40% 40% 20% 20% 2018

0% 0% 1993 2020 1993 2020 2008 2018

Source: Hagar Zemach, GCA website Source: CBS data compiled by authors 11 ׀ ׀ 10 Political Power Precarious Employment Precarious Employment refers to employment that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and cannot support a household. A gendered perspective on this topic reveals that women are more exposed to Number of Women and Men precarious patterns of employment. Heads of Local Knesset Members Municipalities 2018 Number of Employees holding More than One Job 243 120 100 80 120,000 107,408 60 88,667 40 80,000 14 20 0 40,000 2000 2010 2020

Source: Ministry of Interior 0 data compiled by authors 2004 2008 2018 2018

Source: NII data compiled by authors Women in Parliaments around the World 2019 Rate of Employees Rate of Employees France Sweden Poland Receiving Minimum Receiving Less than 12 40% 47% 29% Wage or Less by Gender Monthly Salaries a Year

U.S.A 23% 50% 50% Israel 40% 40% Spain 27% India 44% 14% 30% 30% 20% 20% Rwanda 10% 10%

61% 0% 0% 2008 2018 2008 2018 Source: Inter Parliamentary Union Source: NII data compiled by authors Source: NII data compiled by authors 13 ׀ ׀ 12 Education and Employment An increasing number of women are acquiring higher education and 42.2% 28.4% expanding their fields of study. However, structural and cultural of women need to change their of women need to change their obstacles limit their ability to translate these achievements into profession to achieve gender field of study to achieve gender improvements in the labor market and in power positions. equality in employment, so there equality in education, so there will will be no segregation at all. be no segregation at all.

Rate of Those with 13-15 Rate of Those with 16+ Gender Inequality in Professions Years of Education Years of Education 2003 2018 35% 35% 100% 30% 30% 80% 25% 25% 60% 20% 20% 40% 15% 15% 10% 10% 20% 5% 5% 0% 0% 0% Engineering Software Medicine Law Teaching Nursing 1998 2008 2018 1998 2008 2018 Development Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: CBS data compiled by authors

Average Score on Eligibility for a High Psychometric Tests School Diploma* Rate of Women in Selected Professions

2003 2018 520 100% 100% 500 80% 80% 480 60% 60% 460 40% 40% 440 20% 20% 420

0% 400 0% Engineering Software Medicine Law Teaching Nursing 2004 2009 2019 2008 2018 Development Source: MALO data * Out of the age group, Source: CBS data * Math, Statistics, Computer Science Source: CBS data compiled by authors compiled by authors assuming 50% girls/boys compiled by authors per year 15 ׀ ׀ 14 19־Work, Family and Time Invisible Work During COVID Women are still primarily responsible for family care and house work. Since the outbreak of COVID—19, no increase in the rate of men This is Invisible Work which is unrecognized and unpaid, but functions performing invisible work at home has been recorded. as a barrier for women to full and equal participation in the labor market and the public sphere.

Average Number of Children per Woman Invisible Work In Israel: Invisble Work by Gender (in househods where by population group in the EU both spouses are employed)

2018 OECD average 3.17 3.2 79% 63% 63% 64% 59% 60% 61% 2.06 2.16 37% 37% 41% 40% 39% 1.6 38% 34% 36% 25%

March April June March April June Christian Druze Jewish Muslim Daily care of Daily housework children and family Care work Housework Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: EIGE, Gender Index 2020 Source: Efrat Herzberg—Druker, Meir Yaish, Tali Kristal, Haifa University

Invisible work in Israel: Who does what at home Lockdown by Gender 19־married couples in paid work) Invisible Work During COVID)

Man only Both Woman only 61% 61% 58% 42%

59% 39% 39% 51% 77% 43% 40% 67% 36% 31% 24% 20% 17% 8% 7% 4% 1%

Caring for Laundry Cooking Cleaning Handling financial children matters Germany UK USA

Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: Dugarova 2020 17 ׀ ׀ 16 Work, Family and Time

time Emplyment־Employees Working More than 50 Hours per Week Part

Time־Due to Home and Family Overall Part 29.2% 1.9% 11% 37% 50% 700,000 40% 600,000 500,000 30% 400,000 20% 300,000 200,000 10% 149,200 4,900 100,000

0% 0 2018 2010 2018 2018 1998 2008 2018

Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: CBS data compiled by authors

Parent Families by Gender־The Rate of Women and Men who went on Vacation Heads of Single Vacation in Israel Vacation Abroad 200,000 84% 16% 55% 49% 53% 51% 50% 45% 33% 31% 100,000

0 2008 2018 2008 2018 2000 2008 2018 2018

Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: CBS data compiled by authors 19 ׀ ׀ 18 19־Based Violence During COVID־Based Violence Gender־Gender Official data from state authorities on gender—based violence is Existing data indicate an increase in the extent of gender—based violence difficult to obtain and what exists is incomplete. Other countries and during COVID—19. However, such data is considered an underestimation of international organizations compile and disseminate data on all aspects of the phenomenon. gender violence, including number of murders of women by their intimate partners. In most cases there is no comparative data from Israel.

Number of New Calls to Rape Crisis Centers Number of Applications for Protection Orders

2019 2020 12,077 14,000 1,053 12,000 935 929 892 894 804 819 10,000 713 5,236 8,000 568 525 6,000 4,000 2,000

0 1998 2018 1998 2008 2018 April May June July August

Source: ARCC data compiled by authors Source: Prime Minister's Office

Calls to the 118 Hotline Offenses between regarding Domestic Spouses by Gender of Women Murdered by Spouse or Relatives Violence Suspect (number of cases)

The reported number of women murdered by a spouse or 2019 2020 family member (femicide) every year varies according to the source of data and the definitions used. The number 25,000 published by Israel Police is usually lower than the number published by feminist organizations. 1,309 20,000 15,000 931 10,000 2 1 2 6 1 9 2 3 1 5 1 8 1 8 1 4 2 7 1 3 2 0 646 640 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 *2020 386 5,000 288 300 264 0 April June August October 2010 2019 * 2020 Data is updated until November. Source: Tizkor Source: Ministry of Labor, Source: Israel Police Welfare and Social Services 21 ׀ ׀ 20 Vulnerability Women on the whole are poorer than men and rely more on the social security system at various stages of life.

Recipients of Income Support Average Monthly Income from a Pension According to Head of Household (NIS)

62% 38% 100,000 12,000 10,080 80,000 8,000 6,930 60,000 40,000 4,000 20,000

0 0 2018 2008 2018 2012 2018 2018

Source: CBS and NII data compiled by authors NII defines "head of household" economically: the spouce whose Source: NII data income is higher. A household headed by a woman is a household compiled by authors where the man's income is lower than that of the woman's or there is no man's income, and vice versa.

Incidence of Poverty Number of Registered Rate of Smokers 21 or older after Transfer in Social Services Payments and Taxes Departments* 15% 25.3% 30% 800,000 30%

600,000 20% 20% 400,000 10% 10% 200,000

0% 0 0% 2018 1999 2008 2018 2008 2018 2008 2018

Source: NII data compiled by authors *Of the Welfare Ministry Source: CBS data Source: CBS data compiled by authors 23 ׀ ׀ 22 Diversity among Women In order to fully understand the lives and perspectives of different women we also have to consider their ethnic and national identities, their economic Rate of Those with Rate of Those with 16+ status, geographic location, and exposure to violence. The intersection between 13-15 Years of Education Years of Education in gender and other social factors creates many differences among women, and in Arab Society Arab Society highlights more disadvantaged groups. Thus, the average monthly wage of Arab women is significantly lower than that of Arab men and that of Jewish women. Women in the geographic periphery earn less than men in these locations and 20% 20% less than women in the center. 16% 16% Labor Market Participation in Arab Society 12% 12% 8% 8%

30.4% 61.3% 80% 4% 4% 0% 0% 60% 2008 2018 2008 2018

Source: CBS data compiled by authors 40%

20%

Average Monthly Salary in the Center and the Periphery 0% 2018 20032008 20172018 The periphery domain combines the distance from the center of the Source: CBS data compiled by authors country and the socio—economic ranking of local municipalities.

Average Monthly Salary in Arab Society NIS

9,000

8,190 6,000 5,722 3,000 Periphery General General Periphery Population Population 0 8,539 NIS 5,083 NIS 2018 2008 2018 12,498 NIS 8,546 NIS

Source: CBS data compiled by authors Source: NII data compiled by authors 25 ׀ ׀ 24 Diversity among Women In Haredi Society, more women than men acquire academic education and participate in the labor market, but their average monthly salary is lower than men’s. Average Monthly Salary in Haredi Society Ages 25-64, NIS

Academic Degree in Haredi Society Age 20+ 12,000 8,957 10,000 6,908 8,000 29% 14% 40% 6,000 30% 4,000 2,000 20% 0 1998 2008 2018 2018 10% Source: IDI and CBS data compiled by authors 0% 2018 2008 2018 Source: IDI and CBS data compiled by authors Women from Diverse Social Groups in the Labor Market Average Monthly Salary Labor Market Participation Women ages 15+ Women ages 25-64 Haredi Society Participation in the Labor Market General Arab General Haredi Ages 25-64 Society Society Society Society

79% 54% 75% 79% 90% 8,546

60% 5,722

30%

0% 2018 2008 2018 2018 2018

Source: IDI and CBS data compiled by authors 27 ׀ ׀ 26 The Level of Inequality Over the Years The level of gender inequality remained largely stable between 2004 A strategy of gender mainstreaming is required in all areas not and 2010. Since 2011, the level of inequality was slightly reduced, but only in times of emergency, but also on an ongoing basis: creating this was due more to the worsening in various aspects of men's mechanisms to ensure equal representation of women at each employment than to the advancement in the state of women. juncture of decision—making; integrating a gender perspective in policy design, with emphasis on the needs of diverse women (women Inequality from minority groups, stateless women, women with disabilities, single mothers); and incorporating a gendered examination of policy implications. 1.3 In order to narrow gender gaps, it is vital to set concrete measurable 1.2 objectives in all fields of life and to establish a monitoring mechanism to track progress in light of these objectives. This process entails 1.1 3 expanding existing legislation on equalizing gender representation to additional areas, including the Knesset and boards of directors of 1.0 1 public companies. It also involves the provision of incentives, such as scholarships for women in STEM. 0.9 0.87 Recent experience highlights the importance of rethinking the 0.8 gendered structure of the labor market and designing systematic solutions to facilitate work—family life balance. Working from home 0.7 4 during the coronavirus pandemic has not proven to be a solution 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 to balancing work and family life due to the unequal distribution of invisible work at home between mothers and fathers. Equality Source: Gender Index 2018 Steps in this direction include:  Conducting an annual time—use survey to track gender differences in the amount of time women and men devote to paid and unpaid work.  Reducing the number of work hours per week as is common in other industrialized countries and offering incentives to workplaces that encourage employees, both women and men, to balance work and Policy Recommendations family life.  Recalculating national accounts to reflect and reward women's .clearly demonstrate the critical role invisible work in the private sphere 19־Efforts to overcome COVID of gender—sensitive data in the design of policies that take into account the needs of women from diverse social groups. Therefore, 1 systematic collection and real—time publication of gender—segregated The education system and academic institutions are central to the statistics by all state authorities is more necessary than ever before, reduction of gender segregation in education and employment. with special emphasis on gender—based violence. Implementing a robust gender equality policy is vital to the 5 eradication of this segregation and to increasing the number of women in fields that will be in growing demand in the future. The COVID—19 crisis reveals the precarious nature of gender equality achievements. Preserving past gains requires decision—makers to constantly ask how specific policies affect women and to identify 2 changes needed to address women's needs. CC-BY-SA 4.0 The Van Leer Jerusalem Press, 2020 Design: Yael Katzeer, [email protected] | Printiv Press Jerusalem 29 ׀ ׀ 28 The Gender Index 2020: Domains and Indicators

Labor Market Education Segregation of Power Culture Arab Society 1 Workforce participation 1 13–15 yrs of education Professions 1 Members of parliament 1 Singers in song charts 1 Labor market participation 2 Part—time employment 2 16+ yrs of education 1 High—tech employees 2 Government ministers 2 Israel's Prize 2 Part—time employment 3 Monthly salary 3 Segregation in higher 2 Segregation in selected 3 Heads of local 3 Theater actors 4 Hourly wage education professions municipalities 4 Theater directors 3 Monthly salary 5 Median wage 4 Difficulty in math 3 Seg' by occupation 4 Senior academic faculty 5 Media representation 4 Hourly wage 6 Contract workers 5 High school diploma 4 Seg' by industry 5 CEOs 6 Radio - Israeli singers 5 13–15 yrs of education 7 Employee benefits 6 Learning in high school 6 Boards of public 7 Radio - International 6 16+ yrs of education companies 8 Self employed 7 Psychometric scores singers 7 Teen pregnancies 7 Boards of government 9 Income of self employed 8 Passing academic pre— 8 Competitive sports 8 Age at marriage requisites companies 10 Multiple jobs 9 Involuntary PT 7 5 units in math 8 Top 3 ranks of civil employment 11 Minimum wage service 10 High school diploma 12 Wage double than avg. Poverty 8 Senior contracts in civil 11 Difficulty in math 13 Occupational continuity 1 Incidence of poverty service 12 Smoking 14 Involuntary PT 2 Income support 9 Senior managers in employment recipients public sector 13 Psychometric scores 15 Prolonged 3 Income from Pension 10 CEOs of government ministries unemployment 4 Need for social services

Health Time Gender Family Status Haredi Society Periphery 1 Life expectancy 1 Vacations in Israel Violence 1. Teen pregnancies 1 Workforce participation 1 Labor market participation 2 Mortality rate 2 Vacations abroad 1 Calls to rape crisis 2 Singleparent families 2 Part—time employment 3 Subjective health 3 Volunteerism centers 3 Age at marriage 3 Monthly salary 2 Monthly salary 4 Smoking 4 PT work - domestic 2 Status of new sex 4 Hourly wage 3 Occupational continuity oblig' offense files 5 Academic degree 5 Unemployed - domestic 3 Women at centers for oblig' domestic violence 6 Watching television 4 Domestic violence files 7 Reading newpapers opened 8 Internet usage 5 Sense of personal safety in public 9 Working 50+ hrs per week 6 Sexual harassment of ages 20+ 5 Offenses among spouses מדד המגדר, פרי פיתוח חדשני ופורץ דרך של שוות • המרכז לקידום נשים בזירה הציבורית במכון ון ליר בירושלים, הוא כלי לבחינה רחבת היקף של רמת האי־שוויון המגדרי בין גברים לנשים בישראל לאורך השנים. המדד מציג תמונה מפורטת של מצב האי־שוויון בתחומי חיים שונים – עבודה, השכלה, עוני, עוצמה פוליטית וכלכלית, תרבות, אלימות, חלוקת מדד המגדר זמן, בריאות, יחסי מרכז-פריפריה, החברה הערבית - ומאפשר לתת ציון כולל לרמת האי־שוויון מדד המגדר The Center for the Advancement of Women in the המגדרי בישראל על בסיס מצרף הגורמים הקובעים את מצבן של נשים בחברה. • Public Sphere (WIPS) at the Van Leer Jerusalem Institute is committed to gender mainstreaming as an overall strategy for in diverse במדד המגדר women לשנת status of חידושים civil רבים: and התווסף ממד חדש – democratic ממד the תרבות promoting issue of ותקשורת the– המבטא את האי-שוויוןon transforming המגדרי בייצוג its focus בתחומי תרבות Through מרכזיים כמוזיקה .social groups relates פופולרית that ותיאטרון, כמו גם worldview בסיקור social החדשותי של general נשים a וגברים. into בממד הזמן נוספוgender inequality אי־שוויון מגדרי the WIPS אינדיקטורים של העדר ,structures זמן socialלצפייה to all בטלוויזיה and וקריאת men עיתונים, and ובמדד womenהעוצמה to both of the נוספו part אינדיקטורים של inseparable ייצוג an נשים בסגל equality האקדמי הבכיר make gender ובדירקטוריונים toשל חברות center aims in various ציבוריות makers וממשלתיות.thought and action of legislators and decision areas. שלא כמו מדדי ,thinking מגדר אחרים, strategicהמשווים בין ישראל promotes למדינות אחרות על ,research בסיס מספר מועט WIPS conducts בישראל toמאוד של משתנים, relevant מדד המגדרareas הואin הראשון מסוגו programs הבוחן and אי־שוויון מגדרי projects במגוון רב של and initiates implementing gender mainstreaming and gender equality in

תחומי חיים בתוך המדינה גופא. מדד המגדר מאפשר לבחון כיווני התפתחות בכל תחום אי־שוויון מגדרי בישראל that ובכל מרכיב, ובו a frameworkבזמן it להציע makeתמונה to כוללת של seek מצב WIPSהאי־שוויון of המגדרי בישראל. בכךfounders נעוצה Israel. The תרומתו ,activists הייחודית ועל כן feministבכוחו לשמש מצפן מדיניות ,organizations למקבלי החלטות women’s ולגורמים ממשלתיים brings together researchers, legislators, and decision makers, so that their וציבוריים במדינת ישראל. מדד המגדר גם מספק לארגוני נשים ולגורמים בחברה האזרחית dialogue and sharing of ideas will serve as a source of in מצע interested לפעילותם לשינוי anyoneיחסי הכוחfor המגדריים ולקידום experience צדק andמגדרי בישראל.,knowledge, guidance promoting gender equality and gender mainstreaming in Israel.

הגר צמרת־קרצ'ר The development and publication of the Gender Index was made possible :by generous donations from the following foundations חנה הרצוג, נעמי חזן יוליה בסין, הדס בן אליהו, רונה ברייר־גארב

רחוב ז'בוטינסקי 43, ירושלים 9104001, ת"ד 4070, טל׳ 02-5605222; פקס 02-5619293 43 Jabotinsky St., Jerusalem 9104001, P.O.B. 4070, Tel. 972-2-5605222, Fax. 972-2-5619293

شارع جابوتنسكي 43، القدس 91040، ص. ب. 4070، تلفون: 5605222- 02، فاكس: 02-5619293 [email protected] • www.vanleer.org.il