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Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-Level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula Ornithological Monographs

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Avian Community, Climate, and Sea-Level Changes in the Plio-Pleistocene of the Florida Peninsula Ornithological Monographs OrnithologicalMonographs No.50 AvianCommunity, Climate, andSea-Level Changes in the Plio-Pleistoceneof the Florida Peninsula StevenD. Emslie AVIAN COMMUNITY, CLIMATE, AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGES IN THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS Edited by JOHN M. HAGAN Mahomet Center for Conservation Sciences 14 Maine St., Suite 404 Brunswick, Maine 04011 Ornithological Monographs, publishedby the American Ornithologists'Union, hasbeen established for major paperstoo long for inclusionin the Union'sjournal, The Auk. Publicationhas been made possiblethrough the generosityof the late Mrs. Carll Tucker and the Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation, Inc. Copiesof OrnithologicalMonographs may be orderedfrom Max C. Thompson, Assistant to the Treasurer,Department of Biology, SouthwesternCollege, 100 College St., Winfield, Kansas67156. Communicationsmay alsobe routedthrough the AOU's permanent address:Division of Ornithology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. 20560. Author of this issue, Steven D. Emslie. Price of Ornithological Monographs 50:$20.00 prepaid. Add $3.50 for han- dling and shippingcharge in U.S., and $5.00 for all other countries.Make checks payable to American Ornithologists'Union. Library of CongressCatalogue Card Number 98-072819 Printed by Allen Press,Inc., Lawrence, Kansas66044 Issued September 3, 1998 Ornithological Monographs, No. 50 iii + 113 pp. Copyright ¸ by the American Ornithologists' Union, 1998 ISBN: 0-935868-97-6 AVIAN COMMUNITY, CLIMATE, AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGES IN THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA BY: STEVEN D. EMSLIE Department of Biological Sciences University of North Carolina 601 S. College Road Wilmington, North Carolina 28403 USA ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 50 PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION WASHINGTON, D.C. 1998 Ornithological Monographs Volume (1998), pp. 1-113 AVIAN COMMUNITY, CLIMATE, AND SEA-LEVEL CHANGES IN THE PLIO-PLEISTOCENE OF THE FLORIDA PENINSULA STEVEN D. EMSLIE 1 Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, North Carolina, USA ABSTRACT.---Elevenpreviously unidentified fossil avifaunasfrom Pliocene and Pleistocene localities in the Florida peninsula are presented, within which are includedthe descriptionof a new speciesof anhinga(Anhinga beckeri), woodcock (Scolopax hutchensi), and pygmy-owl (Glaucidium explorator), and a new genus and speciesof condor (Aizenogypstoomeyae). The paleospeciesMilvago readei, Dorypaltusprosphatus, and Protocitta dixi are consideredto be synonymouswith the living taxa Milvago chimachima, Vanellus chilensis, and Pica pica, respec- tively. These 11 avifaunas supplementthe existing record of fossil birds from Florida that collectively provide a unique chronologyof ofiginationsand extinc- tions of 239 extinct and extant taxa during a climatically dynamic period that began approximately 2.5 million years ago (Ma). Topographic and bathymetfic maps of the peninsulaare used with GeographicInformation Systemssoftware to model and correlate sea-level changes with the location and age of major fossil sites, the avian chronology, and presumed primary habitat of each represented taxon. These analyses indicate range expansions of Neotropical, western North American, and continentalforest birds into the Florida peninsuladuring glacial stages,and the isolation, extirpation, or extinction of many of these taxa during interglacial stages. The relatively rapid climatic cycles of the Plio-Pleistocene, combined with the low topographyof the peninsula, caused significant loss of wetland habitat during interglacial marine transgressions,especially in southern Florida. This habitat reduction probably accountedfor extinctionsof many wet- land birds, especially those with relatively small body-size, in the late Pliocene. Additional extinctions recorded in the early Pleistoceneresulted in a gradual loss of speciesrichness in these communitiesby the end of the Pleistocene,when modern wetlands were established. Climatic events in the Pleistocene influenced terrestrialcommunities with the periodic formation and fragmentationof the Gulf Coast corridor,a mosaic of dry, thorn-scrub,savannah, wetlands, and hammocks, that united Neotropical regions to the south with western North America and the Florida peninsula. This corridor developed with the emergenceof the shallow continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico during glacial stages,which in some cases more than doubled the land area of the peninsula and allowed numerous species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and plants to extend their ranges into Florida. Frag- mentation of this corridor during interglacial stagescaused loss of speciesrich- ness,probably from loss of habitat heterogeneityin the peninsula.Unlike wetland communities,modern terrestrialcommunities did not develop until the early Ho- locene, after the last fragmentationof the corridor and extinction event at 0.01 Ma. Fossil passefineremains suggestthat North American continental migration patterns began developing in the peninsula in the late Pliocene, and were fully establishedby the late Pleistocene,but Neotropical migration patterns may not have developeduntil the early Holocene. The chronologypresented here provides a model of avian biogeographyand community developmentin the Florida pen- insula during the ice agesthat can be testedwith future paleontologicalresearch. E-mail: [email protected]. 2 ORNITHOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS NO. 50 Those who are unfamiliar with the geology of Florida are often surprisedto learn of the excellent fossil record of vertebrates known from this state. This record includes the most complete chronology of extinct and extant birds in the Neogene of North America. The avian record beginning 2.5 million years ago (Ma), from the initiation of the ice ages in the late Pliocene to the end of the last major glaciafion(the Wisconsinan)in the late Pleistoceneat 0.01 Ma, is partic- ularly well known from dozens of localities that span this period and from the extensiveresearch that has been completedon fossil birds in Florida by Dr. Pierce Brodkorb and his studentssince 1952 (see Campbell 1992). This monographis a culmination of more than 14 years of researchby the author on Plio-Pleistocene birds in the Florida peninsula. Here, I present the systematicpaleontology of avifaunasrecovered from four new and sevenpreviously described fossil localities that includes the description of one new genus and four new species, and the identificationof 23 extant and three extinct speciespreviously unreportedas fos- sils from Florida. I use this extensive addition to Florida's fossil record with data from numerous previouslypublished avifaunas, with certainmodifications, to developa 2.5 mil- lion-year chronologyof extant and extinct birds in the peninsula.I comparethis avian chronology with the glacial and interglacial stages that caused sea-level changesduring the Plio-Pleistocene to discern patternsin avian originationsand extinctionsduring this climatically dynamicperiod. GeographicInformation Sys- tems (GIS) software (Idrisi 1.01, Clark Univ., Worcester, MA) is employed to model sea-level changesin the peninsula during five time periods from 2.5 to 0.01 Ma. Patternsin theseoriginations and extinctions,based on probablehabitats occupiedby thesebirds, are inferred from thesecomparisons to developa model of avian historical biogeographyand community development during the Plio- Pleistocene.My primary hypothesishere is that, becauseof its low topography and geography,the Florida peninsulawas subjectto relatively frequentand rapid changesin land area during the ice ages when even minor sea-level changes(1 m or less) impactedthis region. As I will demonstratebelow, thesechanges over the past 2.5 Ma had a significantinfluence on the compositionof avian com- munities in the peninsula where modem communities developed only recently. This model can be tested and refined with future additions to the fossil record of Florida. The model also may prove beneficial for estimating future changesto avian communities in the Florida peninsula in conjunction with other climate models on this region (e.g., Box et al. 1993). METHODS Systematicanalyses and comparisonsof fossil material were completedat the Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville (FLMNH), the U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington,D.C. (USNM), the University of Mich- igan Museumsof Paleontology(UMMP) and Zoology (UMMZ), Ann Arbor, the American Museum of Natural History, New York (AMNH), and the Natural His- tory Museum of Los AngelesCounty (LACM). Terminologyfollows that of How- ard (1929). Most fossil specimensreported here are cataloguedwith University of Florida (UF) numbers,or with UF/PB numbersfor specimensoriginally in the collection of Pierce Brodkorb. All measurementswere taken with digital calipers, rounded to the nearest 0.1 min. PLIO-PLEISTOCENE BIRDS OF FLORIDA 3 Excavationswere conductedat two fossil localities (Haile 7C and Inglis 1C, see below) to obtain additional avian fossils, and to collect paleomagneticand pollen samples for chronological and paleoecologicalinformation. Pollen sampleswere collectedfrom in situ, bone-bearingsediments and natural stratigraphiclayers using sterile whirl pacs and a clean trowel; paleomagneticsamples also were collected from in situ sedimentsat Haile 7C, Inglis 1C, and the De Soto Shell Pit. Additional pollen samples from Inglis 1A, McLeod Limerock Mine, and Reddick 1A were extracted from sediments archived in the collections at AMNH and FLMNH. Pollen
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