ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

FOR THE PROPOSED

HARBOUR REDEVELOPMENT PROJECT AT

FEYDHOO, SHAVIYANI ATOLL

October 2020

Prepared for

Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure

Consultant

CDE Consulting, Maldives

މަޝްރޫޢުއިން ތަރައްޤީކުރުމުގެ ތުރަށް އި ބަނދަރު ފޭދޫ .ށ

ރިޕޯޓު ޔާންކުރާ ބަ މިންވަރު އަސަރުކުރާނެ ތިމާވެށްޓަށް

2020 އޮކްޓޯބަރ

: އެދިޔާރު މަޝްރޫޢުގެ

ީރްޓްސިނިމ ްފޮއ ްލަނަޝެނ ްގްނިނޭލްޕ ، ގްނިސުއަހ ްޑްނެއ ރަޗްކަރްޓްސާރްފްނިއ

: ކޮންސަލްޓަންޓް އޭ . އައި .އީ މަޝްރޫޢުގެ

ންގ ި ޓ ް ލ ސަ ކޮން އީ .ޑީ .ސީ

EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... I LIST OF FIGURES ...... III LIST OF TABLES ...... IV ABBREVIATIONS ...... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... II LEAD CONSULTANT’S DECLARATION ...... III PROPONENT’S DECLARATION ...... IV EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... V 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 2

1.1 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA ...... 2 1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 2 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA ...... 2 1.1 STRUCTURE OF THE EIA ...... 3 1.4 ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY ...... 4 1.5 STUDY TEAM ...... 5 1.6 DESK REVIEW ...... 6 1.7 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY ...... 6 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 7

2.1 PROJECT TITLE ...... 7 2.2 PROPONENT ...... 7 2.3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ...... 7 2.4 PROJECT COST AND FINANCING ...... 8 2.5 PROJECT LOCATION ...... 8 2.6 PROJECT SCOPE ...... 1 2.7 PROJECT DESIGN ...... 2 2.8 PROJECT MANAGEMENT ...... 6 2.9 WORK SEQUENCE AND METHODOLOGY ...... 13 2.10 CONSTRUCTION OF REVETMENT ...... 16 2.11 INSTALLATION OF HARBOUR FACILITIES ...... 17 2.12 DEMOBILIZATION ...... 18 2.13 HARBOUR OPERATION ...... 18 2.14 SUMMARY OF PROJECT INPUTS AND OUTPUTS ...... 18 3 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...... 22

3.1 KEY STAKEHOLDERS ...... 22 3.2 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ...... 22 3.3 CONSULTATION WITH ISLAND COMMUNITY ...... 29 3.4 MATERIALITY ISSUES ...... 29 4 ALTERNATIVES ...... 31

Prepared by: CDE Consulting i EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

4.1 NO PROJECT OPTION ...... 31 4.2 ALTERNATIVE HARBOUR DESIGN ...... 32 4.3 ALTERNATIVE DREDGING METHODS ...... 36 4.4 ALTERNATIVE SEDIMENTATION CONTROL MEASURES ...... 37 4.5 ALTERNATIVE DREDGE WASTE DISPOSAL ...... 38 5 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ...... 39

5.1 HARBOUR DESIGN ...... 39 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ...... 39 5.3 LAND ACQUISITION ...... 42 5.4 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES ...... 46 5.5 LABOUR AND WORKING CONDITIONS ...... 47 5.6 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 51 5.7 DREDGING AND MINING ...... 52 5.8 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY ...... 52 5.9 WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 53 5.10 POLLUTION CONTROL ...... 55 5.11 CLIMATE CHANGE ...... 55 5.12 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND SAFETY ...... 57 6 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 62

6.1 EXISTING HARBOR CONDITION ...... 62 6.2 CLIMATE ...... 63 6.3 HYDROLOGY ...... 69 6.4 RISK OF NATURAL HAZARDS ...... 74 6.5 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT ...... 75 6.6 BATHYMETRY ...... 77 6.7 BEACH ...... 78 6.8 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 82 6.9 ENVIRONMENTALLY PROTECTED AREAS AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS ...... 85 6.10 TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 85 6.11 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ...... 94 7 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION ...... 104

7.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 104 7.2 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION ...... 104 7.3 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 105 8 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS ...... 127

8.1 IMPACTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 127 8.2 IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 131 8.3 IMPACTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT DURING OPERATION PHASE ...... 133 8.4 IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT DURING OPERATION PHASE ...... 135 9 IMPACT MITIGATION ...... 138

9.1 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION STAGE ...... 138 9.2 MITIGATION MEASURES FOR SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS DURING OPERATION STAGE ...... 145

Prepared by: CDE Consulting ii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 149

10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ...... 149 10.2 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE AND RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 150 10.3 NON-CONFORMANCES AND CORRECTIVE ACTION ...... 151 10.4 REPORTING ...... 152 11 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN ...... 161

11.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 161 11.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE MONITORING PLAN ...... 161 11.3 BEFORE CONSTRUCTION ...... 161 11.4 CONSTRUCTION PHASE MONITORING PLAN ...... 161 11.5 OPERATING PHASE MONITORING PLAN ...... 162 11.6 MONITORING REPORT ...... 173 11.7 COST OF MONITORING ...... 173 11.8 COMMITMENT TO MONITORING ...... 173 12 POTENTIAL DATA GAPS AND ASSESSMENT LIMITATION ...... 174

12.1 GAPS IN INFORMATION ...... 174 12.2 UNCERTAINTIES IN IMPACT PREDICTION ...... 174 13 CONCLUSION ...... 176 14 REFERENCES ...... 178 APPENDIX A1 – APPROVED TERMS OF REFERENCE (TOR) ...... 180 APPENDIX A2 – SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND SURVEY LOCATION MAP ...... 181 APPENDIX A3 – CVS OF CONSULTANTS ...... 182 APPENDIX B1 – DETAILED SITE PLAN ...... 183 APPENDIX B2 – WORK SCHEDULE ...... 184 APPENDIX C1 – COMMENTS FROM NDMA ...... 185 APPENDIX D – BASELINE ENVIRONMENT ...... 186 APPENDIX E – EIA SHARING WITH ATOLL COUNCIL ...... 187

List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Project location ...... 1 Figure 2.2 Aerial Image of Project Site ...... 2 Figure 2.3 Site plan of the proposed harbour redevelopment ...... 4 Figure 2.4 Site plan of sand disposal sites ...... 5 Figure 2.5 Temporary storage area ...... 10 Figure 4.1 Site plan of the alternative design for harbour ...... 33 Figure 6.1 Strong wave action at the entrance channel ...... 62 Figure 6.2 Strong wave action at the entrance channel ...... 63

Prepared by: CDE Consulting iii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 6.3Wind Frequencies recorded at Hdh. Hanimaadhoo between 1992 – 2018 ...... 65 Figure 6.4 Variation in rainfall at Hanidmaadhoo every month from 1992-2019 (Source: MET, 2020) ...... 66 Figure 6.5 Mean temperature by year in Hanimaadhooe’- 1992-2019 (Source:MET, 2020) ...... 67 Figure 6.6 Monthly temperatures in Hanimaadhoo - 2019 (Source:MET, 2020) ...... 68 Figure 6.7 Tide Measurements at Hanimaadhoo - 19 July 2020 – 1 August 2020 (Source:MET, 2020) ...... 70 Figure 6.8 Estimated waves at Feydhoo ...... 71 Figure 6.9 Currents measured at project location ...... 73 Figure 6.10 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Feydhoo ...... 79 Figure 6.11 Beach Erosion at western side of the island ...... 80 Figure 6.12 Beach Erosionat western side of the island ...... 80 Figure 6.13 Beach Erosion at western side of the island ...... 81 Figure 6.14 Benthic substrate composition at Transect 1 ...... 82 Figure 6.15 Benthic substrate composition along transect 2 ...... 83 Figure 6.16 Benthic substrate composition along transect 3 ...... 84 Figure 6.17 Benthic substrate composition along transect 4 ...... 84 Figure 6.18 Vegetated area at the project site ...... 86 Figure 6.19 Vegetation to the west of the harbour basin ...... 87 Figure 6.20 Vegetation to the south of the harbour basin ...... 88 Figure 6.21 Vegetation to the north of the harbour basin ...... 89 Figure 6.22 Area for vegetation removal ...... 91 Figure 6.23 Area for vegetation relocation ...... 93 Figure 6.24 Resident population by locality in Shaviyani Atoll (Source: Census 2014) ...... 94 Figure 6.25 Population Pyramid of Sh.Feydhoo ...... 95 Figure 6.26 Projected Resident Population of Sh. Feydhoo ...... 96 Figure 6.27 Main Employment Sectors in Sh. Feydhoo ...... 98 Figure 6.28 Number of fishermen by atoll between 2016 and 2017 ...... 100 Figure 6.29 Average Monthly Household Income by Locality, Source: HIES, 2016 ...... 100 Figure 6.30 Top 5 Nationalities for Expatriate Employment in Maldives (NBS, 2020) ...... 101 Figure 7.1 Affected areas of the project ...... 106 Figure 10.1 Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram ...... 150 Figure 10.2 Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase ...... 153

List of Tables

Table 2.1Key details about the project location ...... 9 Table 2.2 Dredging and Reclamation specifications ...... 2 Table 2.3 Breakwater, Revetments, and Quay wall ...... 3

Prepared by: CDE Consulting iv EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Table 2.4 List of equipment that will be used ...... 11 Table 2.7 Major project inputs during construction stage ...... 19 Table 2.8 Major project outputs during construction stage ...... 20 Table 2.9 Major project inputs during operation stage ...... 20 Table 2.10 Major outputs during operation stage ...... 21 Table 3.1 Summary of findings from stakeholder consultations ...... 24 Table 3.2 Materiality issues ...... 29 Table 4.1 Dredging and Reclamation specifications ...... 34 Table 4.2 Specifications for revised coastal protection measures ...... 35 Table 4.3: Summary of dredging options ...... 36 Table 4.4 Summary of sediment containment measures ...... 37 Table 5.1 Summary of laws and regulations that are relevant for this project ...... 59 Table 6.1Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Centre ...... 64 Table 6.2 Tidal elevations reported at Hulhule' ...... 69 Table 6.3 Ground water quality results assessed at MWSC ...... 76 Table 6.4 Marine water quality results assessed at MWSC ...... 76 Table 6.5 Flora inventory of Proposed project site(s) ...... 90 Table 6.7 Inventory of vessels in the island ...... 96 Table 6.8 Type of water used for cooking and Drinking ...... 103 Table 7.1Impacts during construction stage ...... 107 Table 7.2Impacts during operations stage ...... 109 Table 7.3 Evaluation of impacts during construction stage ...... 110 Table 7.4 Evaluation of impacts during operation phase ...... 119 Table 9.1 Mitigation measures for impacts during construction stage ...... 138 Table 9.2 Mitigation measures for impacts during operation stage ...... 145 Table.10.1 Environmental & Social management plan for construction and operation phase .. 154 Table 11.1 Monitoring Schedule for Pre-Construction Stage (if required) ...... 163 Table 11.2 Monitoring Schedule for Construction Stage ...... 166 Table 11.3 Monitoring Schedule for Operation Stage ...... 170 Table 12.1 Limitations of the Study ...... 175

Prepared by: CDE Consulting v EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Abbreviations

EIA Envrionmental Impact Assessment EPA Envrionmental Protection Agency GPS Global Positioning System HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HPA Health Protection Agency IOM International Organisation for Migration IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature ILO International Labour Organisation LRA Labour Relations Authority ME Ministry of Environment MNPHI Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure MSL Mean Sea Level MVR Maldivian Rufiyaa MWSC Maldives Water and Sewerage Company NBS National Bureau of Statistics TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon ToR Term of Reference UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol WHO World Health Organisation

Prepared by: CDE Consulting i EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Acknowledgements

The lead author of this report is Ms. Mariyam Hana Saeed

Additional assessments were undertaken by the following team members.

1. Dr.Ahmed Shaig (Costal assessment and report reviewing)

2. Ms. Fathimath Yamna Mohamed (Legal framework, Impacts evaluation)

3. Mr. Mamdhooh Saeed (Climate data assessment)

4. Ms. Maasa Ali (Geographic Information Systems, Report writing)

5. Mr. Ali Moosa (Bathymetry, aerial photography)

6. Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine Assessment and currents assessment)

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Lead Consultant’s Declaration

I certify that statements made in this Environment Impact Assessment are true, complete and correct to the best of my knowledge and available information.

Mariyam Hana Saeed

Prepared by: CDE Consulting iii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Proponent’s Declaration

As the proponent of the proposed project, I guarantee that I have read the report thoroughly and that to the best of my knowledge all information provided here is accurate and complete.

(Please refer to next page)

Prepared by: CDE Consulting iv

EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Executive Summary

This Environmental Impact Assessment has been prepared for the redevelopment of a harbour in Feydhoo, Shaviyani atoll. The proponent for the project is the Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure (MNPHI) and the project has been financed by the Government of Maldives and it is worth MVR 33Million. The contractor is MTCC Pvt Ltd. It is expected that the harbour will be completed in approximately one year.

The proposed project involves redeveloping the existing harbour in the eastern side of the island by expanding the harbour basin and creating a new, wider entrance channel. Dredging will be carried out in the existing basin, new basin and entrance channel to a depth of -3.5 MSL. Elements for coastal protection and overall stability of the harbour include building a 278m rock boulder outer breakwater, a 90m rock boulder revetment and a 280m quay wall using L blocks. Support facilities for the harbour include installing drainage tanks around the quay wall, constructing a pavement, installing mooring hooks, harbour lights, navigation lights and a ramp. Dredge waste is to be used for beach replenishment and the rest is to be stockpiled on the island for reuse.

The project is in conformance with key laws and regulation including Environment Protection and Preservation Act, Environment Impact Assessment Regulation, Coral and Sand Mining Regulation, Regulation on the Safety Standard for Construction Work, Regulation for Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another and Act on Decentralizing the Administrative Divisions of Maldives.

The key stakeholders for this project include; the proponent, Ministry of Environment, National Disaster Management Authority, the island community of Feydhoo particularly those who will be using the harbour frequently such as fisherman, traders and ferry and cargo boat operators; the Island Council of Feydhoo and Shaviyani Atoll Council.

The main concerns of stakeholders were with regards to the existing condition of the harbour where it is not usable during periods of rough weather. Wave action within the entrance channel and harbour are strong, especially during the northeast monsoon. Shallowing of the harbour basin is also a concern as boats have to lighten their load in order to enter the harbour. During times when the harbour is rough or shallow, cargo and passengers are transferred onto smaller vessels

Prepared by: CDE Consulting v EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll such as Dinghies to reach the island. Concerns regarding space limitations were also raised during consultations. Hence, the recommendation is to expedite the project.

Alternatives that were evaluated for the project include the no project alternative, alternative harbour design, alternative dredging methods and alternative sedimentation control measures. Since the proposed breakwater is at a depth of about -3 m, beyond the wave breaking zone, it is recommended to go ahead with the alternative design by shifting the basin landward. This alternative is less costly and will also put less stress on the reef slope.

Impacts during the construction phase of the project would include the impact on marine water and biodiversity due to sedimentation and turbidity from dredging and reclamation work. Terrestrial biodiversity will also be impacted as the project footprint would need to be cleared. Terrestrial biodiversity in this area includes mainly coastal vegetation and ~30 palm trees. There are potential health and safety risks to the workers as well given the rough condition of the project site. Mitigation measures for these impacts include the placement of bund walls around the project footprint to minimize sedimentation and turbidity impacts, carrying out construction activities during calm weather conditions and providing PPE for workers. It is also recommended to replant as many trees in the island to mitigate the impacts on terrestrial environment.

The main impacts during operation phase of the harbour are positive with enhanced accessibility to the island which can bring substantial positive benefits to the island’s development. Social cohesion will be increased and with easy accessibility for fishing vessels, cargo boats and boats which purchase local produce from the island. Key employment sectors in the island; fisheries and manufacturing sector will flourish. Mitigation measures for these impacts include finishing the project at earliest timeframe and monitoring and undertaking maintenance measures to sustain the standard of the harbour.

The project will enhance accessibility to the island and bring substantial benefits to the island and to the entire atoll as well. Therefore, it is recommended to go ahead with the project and implement it in the shortest timeframe. It is also recommended to implement the mitigation measures, management and monitoring plan described in this EIA.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting vi EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

ހުލާސާ ާ ދ ސާ

މިންވަރު އަސަރުކުރާނެ ތިމާވެށްޓަށް މަޝްރޫޢުއިން ތަރައްގީކުރުމުގެ އިތުރަށް ބަނދަރު ހަދާފައިވާ ފޭދޫގައި ށ ރިޕޯޓަކީ މިދިރާސާ

ުކްނަޒަވ ެގުމުރ ޮގ ްނުތ ެރުކ ާވިއަފިވ ެވެކެއާސާރިދ . ެގުޢޫރްޝަމިމ ީކަރާޔިދެއ ީރްޓްސިނިމ ްފޮއ ްލަނަޝޭނ ގްނިނޭލްޕ ، ްގްނިސުއަހ

މައިގަނޑު މިރިޕޯޓުގެ . މިޓެޑްއެވެ ލި ޕްރައިވެޓް އެމްޓީޓީސީ ކީ ކޮންޓްރެކްޓަރަ މަޝްރޫޢުގެ މި . އެވެ އިންފްރާސްޓްރަކްޗަރ އެންޑް

ޕްރޮޓެކްޝަން އެންވަޔަރަމެންޓް މައުލޫމާތުތައް ބޭނުންވާ ހުއްދައަށް ތިމާވެށީގެ ބޭނުންވާ އި ހިންގުމަށްޓަކަ މަޝްރޫޢު ބޭނުމަކީ

ް ނ ު ރ ާ ކ ު ރ ސަ މިމަޝްރޫއަކީ . ނިމިގެންދާނެއެވެ މަޝްރޫއު ތެރޭގައި އަހަރު އެއް ލަފާކުރެވިފައިވާގޮތުން . ހުށަހެޅުމެވެ އޭޖެންސީއަށް

ފ. ރުފިޔާއެވެ މިލިޔަން 33 ގަކީ އަ ޢުގެ މަޝްރޫ އަދި . ެ ވ ެ ކ ެ އ ޫ ރ ޝް މަ ހިންގާ ފަންޑުކޮށްގެން

ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ްނުށަދ ްށަމުރުކ ާވިއަފިހެޖަމަހ ްއަސަމ ެގުކަތްތަކ ިއަގޭރެތ ުރަދނަބ ްށޮކްނުފ ، ްށަނުކެދ ްށޮކުޑޮބ ިދައ ާޅުފ ްއެރެނ

ްނުދެހ ެވެއެނެމިހ . ިމ ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ްނުށަދ 278 ެގުރަޓީމ ުރޭބ ްއެޓްށޮތ ، 90 ެގުރަޓީމ ްއެޓްނަމްޓެވިރ ައ ިދ 280 ެގުރަޓީމ

ުމަގްއެއ ްއެޓްށޮތ ްނުހެޖ ެއެނެމިހ ެވ . ެގީމ ްނުރުތިއ ުމަގްއެއ ިއާޓްށޮތ ްނެގެވްނިއ ެރާވުދ ްއ ިއާމުދެހ ، ާދުމ ްށަމުލޭބ ެނާރުކްނުނޭބ

ފ. ހިމެނެއެވެ ޖެހުންވެސް ބޮކި ި އ ަ ގ ު ދ ް އ ަ ހ ަ ރ ސަ ބަނދަރު އަދި ބައްތި ނެރު ނިޒާމަކާއި ފެންހިންދާ އަދި ރޭމްޕެއް

ގޮތުގެ ކަނޑައެޅިފައިވާ މަސައްކަތްކުރުމަށް ގަވާއިދުތަކުގައި ގާނޫނުތަކާއި ހިރާއްޖޭގެ ދިވެ މަސައްކަތަކީ ކުރާ ށުން ދަ އުގެ މިމަޝްރޫ

ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ : ގަވައިދުތަކަކީ ގާނޫނުތަކާއި މުހިންމުވާ އެންމެ މިމަޝްރުއުއަށް އެގޮތުން . މަސައްކަތްތަކެކެވެ ކުރެވިގެންދާނެ ދަށުން

ިށެވާމިތ ަރ ެތާކްއ ްށޮކިރ ޭހެބާމުޓްއެހެމެދ ުނޫނާޤ ، ްށަޓްށެވާމިތ ާރުކުރަސައ ުރަވްނިމ ާރުކްނާޔަބ ުޓޯޕިރ ާޔިލ ުދިއާވަގ ، ެގޭޖްއާރ

ްނުހީމ ޭޅުއ ްނުށަރްށަރ ިއާލަގ ، ިއާޔްއެވ ، ިރިކައ ޭހެބާމުގެނ ުނޫނާޤ ، ެގުމުރުކްތާރާމިއ ީލަމައ ިއަގުމުރުކްތަކްއަސަމ ޭހެޖްނެޅުގްނެގ

ަސ ލ ާ މ ަ ތ ީ ަގްނިމ ޑނ ު ަތ ުކ ެގ ުދިއާވަގ ، ްސަގްއުރ ާމުޑނެކ ިއ ، ިއާމުރުފުއ ، ްނެގެނޮކ ިއާމުގެނ ްނުށަރްއެއ ްށަށަރްއެނައ ޭހެބާމުއިދްނެގ

ުދިއާވަގ ، ިދައ ެގޭޖްއާރިހެވިދ ީރާދިއ ްއަތާރިއާދ ީޒަކުރަމާލ ްނުލޫޞުއ ެގުމުގްނިހ ެވެނޫނާގ .

ިއާއުޢޫރްޝަމިމ ިރުހްނުޅުގ ޭހެބިއާމަކ ެގުކަތްތާރަފ ަގޭރެތ ިއ ުޑނަގިއަމ ިއަގްއެތޮގ ީނެނެމިހ ޫރްޝަމ ެގުޢ ުރާޔިދެއ ، ީރްޓްސިނިމ

ްފޮއ ްޓްނަމަރަޔަވްނިއ ، ްލަނަޝެނ ރަޓްސާޒިޑ ްޓްނަމްޖޭނެމ ީޓިރޯތޮއ ، ށ. ޫދޭފ ްނުތިޔްއަރ ، ުރަދނަބ ްށޮކުމްއާއ ާރުކްނުނޭބ

ްއަތްތާރަފ ( ްނިރެވްސަމ ، ްނިރެވިރާފަޔިވ ިދައ ުޓޯބ ާރުކުރުތަދ ްއަތްތާރަފ )، ށ. ޭފ ޫދ ުށަރ ްލިސްނުއަކ ިދައ ށ. ުޅޮތައ

މ . ެ ވ ެ އ ް ލ ސި ކައުން

Prepared by: CDE Consulting vii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

ެގުއޫރްޝަމ ުކެއާންނުރަޑްލޯހްކޭޓްސ ިވްއޭބ ްނުކަތްނުވުލަދްއަބ ުނުވެލްށޮކަގަހާފ ުޑނަގިއަމ ެގުކަތްއަތްނަކ ިއަގޭރެތ ، ެގުށަރ

ވިޔަފާރިވެރިންނަށް ންނަށާއި މަސްވެރި ދަތިވެ ބަނދަރަށްވަނުމަށް ބޯޓުފަހަރަށް ް ނ ު ބ ަ ބ ސަ ހާލަތުގެ ހުރި މިހާރު ބަނދަރު

ބަނދަރު އަދި ނެރު މުގައި ސު މޫ ގަދަ ތެރޭގައި ދަތިތަކުގެ މައިގަނޑު ދިމާވާ ބޭނުންކުރުމުގައި ބަނދަރު . ހިމެނެއެވެ ގެއްލުންވުން

ްނަރުކްނުނޭބ ްނުވިތަދ ، ުރަދނަބ ްނުވަލިތ ިދައ ެގިއަގާޖ ްނަކިތަދ ެވެއެނެމިހ . ްނުމަކްނެހެއ ، ެގުށަރ ަރ ްނުތިޔްއ ީނެދެއ ީވ

. ނިންމައިދިނުމަށެވެ ހަދާ ބަނދަރު އަވަހަކަށް އެންމެ

މިހާރުގެ . ޖައްސާލުމަށެވެ ތެރެއަށް އެ ކައިރިއަށް ރަށާ ބަނދަރު ލަފާދެނީ ބަލައިލުމަށްފަހު ބަދަލުތަކަށް ގެނެވިދާނެ މަޝްރޫއަށް މި

ބަދަލުކުރުމުން ޑިޒައިން ޖައްސާގޮތަށް އެތެރެއަށް ބަނދަރު . ހެދުމަށެވެ ތޮށި ބޭރު ފުންމިނުގައި މީޓަރުގެ 3 ޑިޒައިންގައިވަނީ

ޚަރަދުވެސް ހޭދަވާ ގެންދިއުމަށް ކުރިއަށް މަޝްރޫއު ބަދަލުކުރުމުން މިގޮތަށް . ކުޑަވެގެންދާނެއެވެ އަސަރު ކުރާނެ ފަރަށް

ބ. ނެއެވެ ދާ ކުޑަވެގެން

މާހައުލަށް އަދި ދިރުންތައް ފަޅުގެ ފަރާއި އި ތެރޭގަ އަސަރުތަކުގެ ނޭދެވޭ ކޮށްފާނެ މަރުހަލާގައި ހިންގުމުގެ މަސައްކަތް

ިއާމުވްނުލްއެގ ެގުޑނަކ، ުނޮލ ުޑނަގ ިއާމުވުތަޔްއަޢަތ ، ެރެތުޅަފ ެވުބނަލިކ ، ުރަދނަބ ަސ ރ ަ ހ ަ އ ް ދ ު ގ ަ އ ި ވ ާ ިހެގާހަގްސަގ ްނުހެޖްނަގަނ

ކުޑަކުރުމުގެ އަސަރުތައް މިފަދަ . ވެ ހިމެނެއެ ގެއްލުންތައް ދިމާވެދާނެ ފުރާނައަށް އަދި ް ށ ަ ތ ަ ޙ ް އ ސި ހައުލުގައި މާ މަސައްކަތުގެ އަދި

ްނުތޮގ ެނާދިވެރުކ ެގުކަތްއަތްނަކ ިއަގޭރެތ ްޑްނަބ ްލޯވ ްނުހެޖ ، ްނުސޫމ ުޅަގނަރ ިއަގުކަތުތުގަވ ްތަކްއަސަމ ްނުއިދްނެގްށައިރުކ

. . ހިމެނެއެވެ ފޯރުކޮށްދިނުން އީ .ޕީ .ޕީ ށް ފަރާތްތަކަ މަސައްކަތްކުރާ އަދި

ުރަދނަބ ީގްއަރަތ ްނުމުރުކ ަށަރ ްށ ިތެޑޮބ ިއަފ ްއަތާދ ެވެއެނާދްނެގިބިލ . ްށަށަރ ާރައ ްށަމުބޭފ ެވަހޭސަފ ، ްށަހަމ ްށަމުއިދ

ެވަހޭސަފ ، ިއަގުށަރ ާދްއަފުއ ިތެކަތ ްށަމުކްއިވ ެވެއެނާދްނެގެވަހޭސަފ . ްނުމަކްނެހެއ ީވ ެމްނެއ ްށަކަހަވައ ެގުރަދނަބ

ގެ މެއިޓެނަންސް ބަލަހައްޓާ ގަވައިދުން ދުމަށްފަހުވެސް ހެ ބަނދަރު އަދި . މުހިއްމެވެ ވަރަށް ނިންމުން މަސައްކަތްތަށް

. މުހިއްމެވެ ވަރަށް ގެންދިއުން ރިއަށް ކު މަސައްކަތްތައް

ިމ ޫރްޝަމ ުޢ ެގ ަސ ބ ަ ބ ު ނ ް ްށަށަރ ިދައ ިޅުމ ށ ްސެވްށަޅޮތައ ްށަރަވ ިތެޑޮބ ްއެކަތަހޭސަފ ެވެއެނާދްނެގިބިލ . ްނުމަކްނެހެއ ،

ޯޕިރިމ ުޓ ިއަގ ާފަލ ަތޮގާވިއަފީދ ްށ ، ޭވެދޭނ ްއަތުރަސައ ްށަމުރުކަޑުކ ޭނާދިވެރުކ ްއަތްއަތްނަކ ިދައ ްޓްނަމްޖޭނެމ ިއާއ

ގްނިރަޓިނޮމ ިއަގްނޭލްޕ ާވިއަފާނަމިހ ްށަކަތްނަކ ،ްނެގިއަލަބ ްއަތްއަތްނަކެއ ުހަފްށަމުރުކ ުޢޫރްޝަމިމ ްށައިރުކ ްށަމުއިދްނެގ

. . ލަފާދެމެވެ

Prepared by: CDE Consulting viii EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

1 INTRODUCTION

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is prepared for the redevelopment of the harbour at Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll. Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure commissioned this EIA. The EIA report was prepared by CDE Consulting, Male’, Maldives. This report was prepared during July 2020.

1.1 Purpose and Objectives of the EIA

Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure is requesting for environmental clearance for redevelopment of the existing harbor at Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll. This report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (04/93) and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2012. The proposed redevelopment project will require a Decision Note from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to operate.

The purpose of the EIA is to ensure the environmental and socio-economic impacts and risks of the redevelopment project are identified, avoided, minimized, reduced or mitigated. This EIA report has been prepared as a tool to evaluate the potential environmental and socio- economic impacts of the proposed harbour redevelopment project in Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll. The EIA contains location specific actions to ensure that harbour is managed and operated in a sustainable manner. The EIA will be approved by EPA within 5 days after submission to the agency. A Decision Statement (DS) will be issued by EPA to MNPI the proponent. Construction will only begin once the DS is issued.

1.2 Terms of Reference

This EIA report is developed based on Terms of Reference (TOR) number 203- ECA/471/2020/120 issued by the EPA of Government of the Maldives on 18 March 2020. A scoping meeting was not held for this project due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

1.3 Objectives of the EIA

The objective of the EIA is to assess the environmental and socio-economic impacts associated with the redevelopment of the harbour and to identify measures to address and mitigate the negative impacts. The specific objectives are as follows:

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 2 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

o Describe the rationale of the Project o Describe the layout of the harbour o Describe coastal structure construction methodology o Describe dredging methodology o Identify the relevant environmental laws, regulations, policies, guidelines and procedures applicable to the project; o Conduct stakeholder consultations and engagement, organise disclosure of information; o Conduct baseline assessment of the project and describe the existing condition of the site including climate, hazard vulnerability, marine water quality, ground water quality, marine biodiversity, coastal conditions and identification of vegetation and existing infrastructure at the site. o Identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts due to project implementation; Minimize potential negative environmental and social impacts as a result of either individual project or cumulative effects; Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes; o Prepare the environmental and social mitigation plans to address the adverse impacts; describe the implementation and institutional arrangements for managing environmental and social impacts; Ensure that environmental and related social issues are thoroughly evaluated, and necessary interventions are incorporated in the planning, decision-making, and implementation of project activities; o Provide information on the consideration of alternatives to avoid and minimize the environmental impacts. o Provide a monitoring framework to monitor the significant impacts during construction and operation stage.

1.1 Structure of the EIA

o Chapter 2 provides a detailed description of the project. o Chapter 3 provides the legal and regulatory considerations and principles. o Chapter 4 presents the stakeholder views and concerns o Chapter 5 presents the site baseline environmental and social conditions. o Chapter 6 identifies all the potential impacts of the project o Chapter 7 assesses alternatives for the proposed project and presents design alternatives Chapter 8 presents the Mitigation Measures o Chapter 9 identifies the critical issues that require monitoring

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 3 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

1.4 Assessment Methodology

This EIA is broadly guided by the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations 2012 and the subsequent 05 amendments to the regulation. The process followed in the preparation of this EIA report consists of seven parts. These are: (1) Review of applicable laws and regulations; (2) Key stakeholder consultations; (3) Literature review; (4) Scoping meetings; (5) Field surveys; (6) Analysis of results; (7) Public hearing (if any)

1 Literature Review - A literature review was conducted to acquire background information on the site and its environment as well as to identify possible environmental impacts of similar developments in island settings. In this context, the EIA Regulations 2012, best practices from similar development activities, scientific studies undertaken in similar settings around Maldives and previous documents/historical publications was considered.

2 Laws and regulations were reviewed for this assessment: Identify relevant national laws, regulations and guidelines that are relevant to the scope and components of the project.

3 Stakeholder Consultation - In order to conduct a broad based and inclusive study, the proponent and the consultant have from the onset ensured the impact assessment is participatory. As such, discussions have been held with key stakeholders in the projects area with the assistance and coordination of the proponent.

The approach for stakeholder consultations was to have open and honest conversations with key stakeholders on issues that matter to them and those that are of material value for the project. The external primary stakeholders were segmented into two groups, of which the first group comprise of regulators, the second group comprise of service providers. The key stakeholders comprise the following:

The external secondary stakeholders comprise of the local community of Feydhoo, fishermen, wholesale and retail traders, ferry and cargo boat operators and Maldives Marine Research Institute. With all stakeholders, interviews were undertaken with the relevant person representing the portfolio of responsibilities.

4 The scoping meeting for this EIA was not held by the EPA due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Comments for the ToR was acquired via email and EPA issued the TOR 203-

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 4 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

ECA/471/2020/122 for this EIA on 18 March 2020. The assessment specifically adheres to the TOR issued by the EPA. The approved ToR is attached in Appendix A1.

5 Field survey - surveys were undertaken at the project site from 26th – 27th July 2020. Field assessments mainly covered bathymetry, marine assessment, beach assessment, aerial imagery and assessment of current at the project site. Detailed survey methodology is attached in Appendix A2

6 Impact analysis - Assessments of the impacts are conducted using the four criteria of (1) Magnitude which refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact, (2) Reversibility: Refers to the degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. ease of reversing the conditions), (3) Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects, (4) Distribution: Refers to the spatial scale of the area impacted (e.g. a small portion of a reef or an entire lagoon)

Estimates for negative impacts represent a ‘worst case scenario’ based on the assumption that the project will undergo full-scale development with no consideration for its environmental and social consequences, i.e. significance is assessed prior to implementation of mitigation measures. Values are attributed by the EIA team on the basis of direct observation of surveyed sites, professional judgment and pre-existing experience in development projects of similar nature.

7 Reporting – The EIA is report is prepared and presented as per the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations 2012 and the subsequent 05 amendments to the regulation.

1.5 Study Team

The team members of this EIA are:

1. Dr. Ahmed Shaig (Coastal assessment and Report reviewing)

2. Ms.Mariyam Hana Saeed (Lead EIA Consultant)

3. Ms. Fathimath Yamna Mohamed (Legal framework, Impacts evaluation)

4. Mr. Mamdhooh Saeed (Climate data assessment)

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 5 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

5. Ms. Maasa Ali (Geographic Information Systems, Report writing)

6. Mr. Ali Moosa (Bathymetry, aerial photography)

7. Mr. Mohamed Ali (Marine Assessment and currents assessment)

1.6 Desk Review

The following projects were reviewed for the preparation of this report;

1. EIA for the proposed harbour maintenance project in Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll, 2013 2. EIA for the redevelopment of harbour and placement of shore protection measures in Felidhoo, Vaavu Atoll, 2019 3. EIA for the development of harbour in Omadhoo, Thaa Atoll, 2019

1.7 Limitation of the study

Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. The amount of data and information about the project site is also limited which makes it challenging to predict impacts and recommend appropriate mitigation measures accurately. Hence, it is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and mandatory monitoring of processes and outcomes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.

Additionally, the EIA was undertaken during COVID 19, which made it challenging to travel to the project site and conduct stakeholder and public meetings as usual. Meetings with the public were held virtually via phone conferences which limited accessibility to a large group of people within the community.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 6 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Project Title

The project is titled ‘Proposed Redevelopment of Harbour at Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll’.

2.2 Proponent

The proponent of the project is the Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure.

Contact details for the proponent are:

Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Infrastructure Ameenee Magu Male’ Phone: 3004300

2.3 Project Justification

The proposed harbour expansion project has been initiated by MNPI in March 2020 in the efforts to provide easier and safer accessibility for vessels approaching the island as well as more space for vessel monitoring.

2.3.1 History

Feydhoo harbour was initially constructed in 2006. The harbour was developed at the surf point on the island. Maintenance dredging has been carried out three times since harbour development through government projects.

2.3.2 Challenges with the existing harbour

The key issue with the existing harbour is the strong wave action in the entrance channel and inside the harbour which make it very dangerous for vessels to enter the harbour and remain docked there. Wave action is the strongest during the north eastern monsoon. At present, when vessels are unable to enter the harbour the cargo and passengers are transferred to small vessels such as dinghies to enter the harbour. This presents challenging and unsafe conditions which

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 7 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll comprise the health and safety of residents. One fishing vessel has been destroyed during the north east monsoon during this year as well. The challenging conditions also have economic implications for the residents as fisherman are unable to go fishing during rough weather. Boats from resorts and other islands which purchase local produce from the island are also unable to approach the island during rough weather.

The size of the existing basin is also not adequate for the growing fleet of vessels in the island. There are 10 fishing vessels, 5 launches, 2 cargo boats and 5 dinghies. There are difficulties with accommodating the Atoll Ferries and other island ferries at the harbour due to inadequate space. Challenges are also faced when unloading and loading heavy goods and machineries due to the small size of the basin. Space limitations in the harbour and entrance channel also make it challenging for vessels to turn.

Shallowing of the entrance channel and harbour due to sediment inflow has also caused challenges in using the harbour. Larger cargo boats are sometimes required to unload outside of the harbour due to this.

The proposed harbour development project is expected alleviate the multitude of challenges faced by the residents of Feydhoo by redeveloping the harbour. The project is expected to provide the following benefits:

1. Facilitate easy access to harbour during both monsoons 2. Increase the size of the harbour basin 3. Facilitate loading and unloading facilities for goods during both monsoons 4. Develop protection measures to ensure the sustainability of the harbour

2.4 Project Cost and Financing

The project is financed by the Government of Maldives and it is worth MVR 33 Million.

2.5 Project Location

Feydhoo is located on the northern part of Shaviyani atoll. It is a moderately large island with a land area of 86 Ha. Key details of the project location is presented in Table 2.1 below.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 8 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Location of the project is shown in Figure 2.1 and an aerial image of the project site is provided in Figure 2.2 below. The project site is located on the eastern side of the island at the existing harbour.

Table 2.1Key details about the project location

Island Name Feydhoo

Location 6°21'40.645"N and 73°3'3.54"E

Island length 1.2 km Island width at widest point 0.91 km Distance to nearest Airport About 35 km to Funadhoo Domestic Airport

Distance to nearest inhabited island About 7 km to Billehfahi

Distance to nearest resort About 8 km to JW Mariott Maldives Resort & Spa

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 9 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 2.1 Project location

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 1 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 2.2 Aerial Image of Project Site

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 2 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2.6 Project Scope

The project includes the following components.

Preliminary Works

1. Mobilization 2. Worker’s camp and worksite setup 3. Land clearance

Dredging

1. Dredge a new entrance channel for the new basin 2. Dredge the new harbour basin 3. Maintenance dredging existing basin

Dredge Waste Disposal

1. Land reclamation 2. Sand stockpiling

Breakwater and revetment Construction

1. Construct outer breakwater and channel breakwater 2. Construct revetment along the reclaimed area

Quay wall Construction

1. Installing prefabricated concrete L-blocks transported from Thilafushi 2. In-situ casting and capping beam

Installation of harbour facilities

1. Construction of a pavement and loading area adjacent to the quay wall 2. Installation of streetlights and navigation beacons 3. Placement of mooring buoys 4. Constructing ramp for landing crafts

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 1 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Demobilization

1. Finishing work 2. Clearing waste 3. Demobilizing equipment and workers 4. Dismantling temporary facilities

2.7 Project Design

The project involves expanding the existing harbour in Feydhoo by dredging a new harbour basin. The project also involves dredging a new entrance channel to the proposed new basin, reclaiming a land area, constructing a quay wall and placing coastal protection measures such as revetment and breakwater.

Dredging includes entrance channel dredging and maintenance dredging of existing basin to make it deeper for safe docking an access of vessels and new basin dredging to expand the harbour to cater for the growing vessel fleet. Specification for basin dredging is presented in table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Dredging and Reclamation specifications

Description Specification Dredging Area (sqm) Depth (m) Est Volume (cbm) Maintenance dredging of existing basin 6,140 -3.5 3,000 New basin dredging and channel dredging 8,000 -3.5 17,000

Reclamation Area (sqm) Elevation (m) Est Volume (cbm) Land reclamation 1,900 1.5 3,500 Stockpiling 700 4.5 3,150 Beach Replenishment A 8,000 1.8 11,200 Beach Replenishment B 2,000 1.5 2,500 15,500 20,350

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 2 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

The table summarizing the requirements for breakwater, revetments, and quay wall is presented in table 2.3. Site plan of the proposed harbour development is provided in Figure 2.3 below. Detailed site plan is provided in Appendix B1.

Table 2.3 Breakwater, Revetments, and Quay wall

Description Details Harbour breakwater Length 278 m Elevation +1.6 m Material Armour rock Revetment Length 90 m Elevation +1.6 m Material Using rock boulder Quay wall Length 280 m Material Concrete L-blocks

The design criteria for dredging are as follows:

- Entrance channel shall be dredged to a minimum depth of -3.5 meters below Mean Sea Level (MSL).

- Layout shall ensure minimum sediment accumulation at the entrance channel and basin to allow for a maintenance-dredging period of not less than 5 years.

- The channel should allow two-way traffic for light crafts used in the Maldives for passenger and cargo; a width of 30 m has been specified as currently exists on site.

- Channel profile should be sloped on the sides at least with a range from 1:2 to 1:3.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 3 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 2.3 Site plan of the proposed harbour redevelopment

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 4 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 2.4 Site plan of sand disposal sites

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 5 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2.8 Project Management

2.8.1 Contracting

The contractor for the project is MTCC. The contractor will be hired according to Maldives government regulations and protocols.

2.8.2 Target Dates and Project Duration

The detailed engineering designs and contracting activities for the project will begin as soon as the EIA DS is issued. It is anticipated that the construction works will be completed by November 2021. Work Schedule will be attached in Appendix B2.

2.8.3 Tasks Completed

The contractor has designed the concept designs of the project. No physical activities have been carried out.

2.8.4 Workforce

Approximately 40 workers will be utilized for the project. This includes 22-25 foreign migrant workers, supervisors, laborers and consultants. Manning, including accommodation food and safety is the responsibility of the contractor.

2.8.5 Work Hours

The workforce will be working daily except for Fridays. Working hours will from 800hrs to 1700hrs with one break for lunch and for tea in the evening.

2.8.6 Labour Accommodation Camps

Typically, an accommodation area will be created at the temporary work site. If the site allocated by the Council does not have enough space after construction of site office and workshop, then accommodation space will be rented from the island at rented homes in the island.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 6 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2.8.7 Access to Site

During construction access to the harbour will only be provided for the workers. Alternative access routes for vessels approaching and leaving the island will be provided in coordination with the Island Council. Typically, the harbour will not be closed off completely and the vessels will be able to use a section of the harbour throughout the construction phase.

2.8.8 Health and Safety

Potential risks to health and safety due to the project include risks to the workforce as well as risks to the community. Construction work for projects have resulted in injuries and fatal accidents. Some of the most common causes of workplace accidents include the mishandling/ improper storage of machinery/materials and working without protective equipment and safety measures.

At the time of preparation of this report there is an ongoing global pandemic of novel Corona Virus (COVID-19). In response to this the Health Protection Agency (HPA) has declared a health emergency in the Maldives. It is possible that the pandemic may still be ongoing at the time of project implementation. Therefore, all HPA guidelines must be followed and all the necessary precautions must be taken to prevent the spread of the virus amongst the workforce and island community.

Measures that will be taken to ensure health and safety of employees include the following:

- Employees for the project will be provided with adequate personal protective equipment and proper training. - All machinery and equipment for the project will be maintained and stored properly. - All materials for the project will be stored properly to prevent spillage or contamination. - Waste generated from the project shall be stored, handled and disposed safely. - Life jackets shall also be provided for all employees when carrying out work over water. - HPA guidelines shall be followed and precautions shall be taken to reduce the risk of contracting and spreading COVID-19. - A supervisor shall be appointed to check whether health and safety measures are followed.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 7 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Measures that will be taken to ensure safety of the community include the following:

- The area will be demarcated using fences to ensure access is restricted to the public. - Boards displaying the details (in English and Dhivehi) of the project will be erected at the project site with contact numbers of the focal point of the contractor and proponent.

2.8.9 Environmental Monitoring during Construction Activities

A supervisor will be appointed within the construction team to oversee the construction process. The supervisor will be responsible for ensuring all the measures are taken and adhered to prevent any environmental impacts such as sedimentation control, spillages, storage of equipment, machineries, oil.

An emergency management response plan will be developed and implemented to mitigate any impacts. The response plan will include strategies and actions that will be taken to minimise the impacts.

2.8.10 Land clearing

Approximately a vegetated area of 0.5 Ha to the south, west and north of the harbour fall in the direct footprint of the proposed project site. The southern area contains mainly of coastal vegetation such as Dhigga (Hibiscus tiliaceus), Magoo (Scaevola taccada), Kuredhi (Pemphis acidula), Kaani (Cordia subcordata), Hirundhu (Thespesia populnea) and Boashi (Heliotropium foertherianum). Significant vegetation in the site include Ruh (Cocos nucifera). A total of 30 coconut palms of various sizes fall within direct footprint. The southern side of the harbour will need to be cleared as the harbour will be expanded to the south and the northern side of the harbour will be cleared to be used as a storage site. The west of the harbour basin may also need clearance to carry out project work.

The land area will be cleared by the use of an excavator. Land clearing zones are defined in the impacts chapter.

2.8.11 Procurement

Materials required for construction will be imported or outsourced by the contractor from local and foreign parties who are capable of providing the required on a needed basis. The main

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 8 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll equipment used for this activity will be excavators, barges, tug, loaders and trucks. All rock boulders and geotextile will be imported from India while all other construction material is likely to be bought from Maldives.

2.8.12 Temporary Project Site

The Island Council has identified a vacant area to the north of the habour which can be utilised as a temporary project site by the contractor. The proposed site is shown in Figure 2.5 below. Temporary facilities such as workers accommodation, site office, and workshop may be set up by the contractor depending the availability of the land area. Generally, contractor requires an area of 600sqm at minimum, which is available at the proposed site identified by the council. Temporary site facilities will be mainly built with pre-fabricated containers. Staff facilities as specified in the contract complying the health & safety requirements will be arranged accordingly. Key temporary services that will be provided on site include; - Power supply for civil use will be provided by extension of the island power supply connection. - Drainage and sewerage will be connected to an underground tank at a safe distance and depth from living quarters. - Fax, telephone lines and an electronic data transfer line will be provided to the site offices.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 9 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Figure 2.5 Temporary storage area

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 10 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2.8.12.1 Equipment Mobilisation

List of equipment and machineries and facilities that will be used and installed for the project is provided below.

• Excavators • Wheel loader • Dump truck • Welding genset • General Site Equipment’s and tools

The preliminary list of equipment that will be used during construction work is listed in Table 2.4 below.

Table 2.4 List of equipment that will be used

Equipment Capacity Use Excavators 35 ton Excavate or move large objects.

Dump trucks 20 ton Transport brut matter such as sand, rock, gravels.

Wheel loaders 12.25 ton Transfer material from stockpiles to trucks.

Barge 1500 ton Mount excavator on barge for dredging,

Crawler crane 35 ton CarryLifting heavy heavy items. items and materials.

Batching Plant 25 ton/hr To combine various ingredients to form concrete.

Welding genset 9 KW Welding using alternate current.

2.8.12.2 Material Mobilisation

The list of main materials that are expected to be used during construction work is listed below.

• Armour rock • Precast concrete L blocks • Accessories • Cement • Geotextile

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 11 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

• Aggregate • Sand

2.8.13 Material Storage

Materials and equipment for the project will be stored at the vacant site at the harbour. Proposed location as identified by the Island Council is shown in Figure 2.3 above.

2.8.14 Water Supply

Water for the construction stage will be provided by the water facilities available in the island including groundwater, rainwater, and bottled mineral water. For construction, mostly groundwater will be used.

2.8.15 Power and Fuel Supply

Power for the construction stage will be sourced from the generator sets that are taken to the site. Alternatively, power can be sourced from the island electricity grid which is operated by FENAKA. Power requirement is moderately low at the site.

2.8.16 Sewage Management

Sewage during construction will be managed via the existing sewage management system (via septic tanks) in the island. The amount of sewage output is expected to be small due to the small workforce.

2.8.17 Waste Management

The disposal of all waste or other materials removed from the site will be in accordance with the requirements of the Environment Agency. In general, a principal aim during construction will be to reduce the amount of waste generated and exported from the proposed development site. This approach complies with the waste hierarchy whereby the intention is first to minimize, then to treat at source or compact and, finally, to dispose of off-site as necessary. To minimize and reduce waste generation, such as: • Agreements with material suppliers to reduce the amount of packaging or to participate in a packaging take-back scheme;

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 12 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

• Implementation of a ‘just-in-time’ material delivery system to avoid materials being stockpiled, which increases the risk of their damage and disposal as waste; • Attention to material quantity requirements to avoid over-ordering and generation of waste materials; • Material after demolishing the existing quaywall or breakwater will be reused for the project as core material or during backfilling. Any material that cannot be used will loaded on to the contractor’s barge and will be taken to Thilafushi for disposal. • Any major vegetation removed will be replanted in the island at the location specified by the Island Council. Small vegetation such as bushes and shrubs will be burnt.

Burning of wastes or unwanted materials will not be permitted on-site. All hazardous materials including chemicals, cleaning agents, solvents and solvent containing products will be properly sealed in containers at the end of each day prior to storage in appropriately protected and bonded storage areas.

These materials if unused or any waste produced from these materials will be loaded on to the contractor’s barge and will be taken to Thilafushi for disposal.

2.8.18 Labour Camp Closure

Any temporary accommodation set up by the contractor will be dismantled and the materials will be taken back by the contractor.

2.9 Work Sequence and Methodology

2.9.1 Marine Works

Construction of Temporary Sand Beds

Temporary sand beds will be constructed to allow for excavator movement during dredging and reclamation. A temporary sand bed measuring approximately 12 m x 50 m will be constructed at an elevation of +1.0 m MSL as a landing area for material and equipment unloading at the proposed breakwater construction areas. The sand dredged will be used to lay the sand bed for harbor redevelopment activities and for the sand bed.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 13 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Demolition of existing entrance channel and breakwater

The existing breakwater and the entrance channel will be removed using an excavator and recovered material will be used as core material for the proposed breakwater or backfilling behind the new quay wall.

Work Method

Dredging is likely to begin from the southern end of the basin.

The excavator will dredge and move forward over a sand bed made out of the dredged materials. Excess material on the sand bed will be loaded by another excavator or Loader to dump trucks and taken to the reclamation or replenishment area where it will be spread and levelled by loader. Initial focus will be on stockpiling material for backfilling. Shaping the reclamation area will be undertaken backfilling is completed.

Maintenance dredging will be undertaken with an excavator mounted on a sand barge and sand will be unloaded directly to reclamation site.

Reclamation and replenishment will be undertaken by placing the material using trucks and spreading them using a loader.

Justifications

Dredging is required as part of improving usability of the existing harbour basin and entrance channel and providing adequate space for vessel movements and docking. Only the necessary areas (as in the design specifications) will be dredged.

A new basin is dredged to expand the harbour for the growing fleet of vessels in the island and increasing demand at the harbour.

The dredging technology proposed is an excavator mounted on sand bed due to the small scale of the project.

The proposed harbour has been determined by MNPHI based on the Ministry’s internal design requirements.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 14 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Replenishment has been determined as an option for dredge waste disposal due to lack of space on the island for reclamation and sand stockpiling. The proposed replenishment areas determine based on areas undergoing erosion, and areas that cannot exacerbate sediment infilling it the dredged basin.

Construction of Breakwater

This component involves constructing breakwater to create a calm basin and protect the new entrance channel from intense wave activity.

The breakwater will be constructed by placing armour rock at an elevation of 1.8 m.

For the breakwater construction, rock boulders are transported to harbour site by tug and barge. Rock will be unloaded to a temporarily reclaimed section.

A setting-out survey will be conducted to mark the location of breakwater by means of GI pipes or iron bars. A temporary sand bed will be constructed parallel to the breakwater unit and connected to the reclaimed area. Bed formation will begin from the end closer to the island towards the far end. Rock boulders will be carried to the breakwater location by dump trucks which will be loaded by excavators. Initially rock boulders will be laid along the breakwater line to make a bed over which dump trucks can move. The demolition waste from existing breakwater will be used within the core. A geotextile layer might be placed between the demolished material and the armour rock.

Once the far end is reached, breakwater profiling will begin from the far end by following a metal profile template made during the setting out survey. The template will be fixed at the far end so that operators can follow it while profiling. Site supervisor will randomly check the progressing work by using a level meter to ensure that deign profile is met. Dump trucks will supply rock boulders as needed during construction. The excavator will continue profiling until the complete length of the breakwater is reached.

Justifications

The breakwater is required to reduce effect of waves as to provide safe berthing for vessels in the new basin area.

The proposed use the armour rock material is due to durability and Government policy to standardise breakwater construction material.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 15 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Excavators have been preferred as they will be mobilized for dredging activity.

The orientation of the breakwaters has been proposed by MNPI engineers based on waves conditions at site.

2.10 Construction of Revetment

An area of approximately 1,900 m2 will be reclaimed to a height of +1.5 m on the south west end of the proposed harbour.

A revetment of 90 m at an elevation of +1.6 m will be constructed along the south western side of the harbour.

Dump trucks will be used to transport the dredged material to the site and placed as required. Excavation will then be carried out at the location proposed for the toe of the revetment while maintaining the required slope. Once the excavation is completed and the slope has been prepared, a geotextile layer will be placed with the help of divers. Armour rock will then be transported to the construction site using dump trucks and installed using excavators on top of the geotextile layer. Special attention will be given to maintaining the correct slope and the interlocking of armours. Throughout the construction processes, spot levels will be checked using the level instrument and alignment will be checked using total station.

Justifications

Land area is reclaimed to provide protection around the proposed quay wall and revetment and ensure stability.

The revetment is required to reduce effect of waves on the reclaimed area and to ensure durability of the infrastructure.

2.10.1 Quay wall construction

This component involves the construction of a 280 m long quay wall and backfilling. The proposed quay wall will be constructed along the length of the basin from the current jetty end to the proposed reclaimed area using prefabricated concrete L-blocks. The quay wall will make it easier and safer to mount and dismount from moored vessels.

The setting out of quay wall line will be done by total station and the demarcation of the outer line of quay wall will be done by using a long arm excavator. Divers will be used to maintain

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 16 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll the required level and will be used to verify the suitability of preparation of the seabed to place the concrete blocks. A concrete platform located 8 m to 10 m from the quay wall will be prepared for the positioning of an excavator.

Once sea bed preparation and the stable platform are constructed, placing of the precast blocks will commence with the assistance of experienced divers, and 2 to 3 skilled welders and fitters. Each quay wall unit, with an approximate weight of 10 Tons, will be lifted with an excavator and placed on the set out line. Divers will check that the bottom surface of the quay wall is properly resting on the levelled surface which will be excavated to the required depth. Once the quay wall is placed, the diver will make sure that the required level is maintained. If the level is low the diver shall place some additional filling material to get the required level, and if the level is high then the diver shall remove a small layer using a level bar. The rest of the blocks will be placed using the same process.

Anchoring and non-anchoring quay walls shall be placed by excavators and with the help of divers and it shall be ensured that the blocks are properly interconnected. After 6 to 8 quay wall blocks are placed on the set-out line, anchor rods will be fixed. The connection between two blocks will be covered by a geo-textile layer that is approximately 1 m wide. The toe of the quay wall will then be backfilled by dredge material to provide a more stable position for the quay wall. This process will be continued along the quay wall line. At the corner, a special type of block will be used to construct the angle required for the harbour. Once the quay wall line is completed, at least 50 m of backfilling will be carried out, leaving sufficient height to fix the steel formwork for capping beam. Mooring rings will be placed at 5m intervals.

Justifications

A quay wall is required to allow large boats such as cargo boats to dock at the harbor and for easier loading and unloading of goods from the boats. A quay wall is also required for easier accessibility to the boats.

2.11 Installation of Harbour Facilities

2.11.1 Streetlights

A total of 14 two arm streetlights will be installed along the quay wall line.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 17 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

2.11.2 Navigation Lights

Two navigation beacons will be installed at the harbor entrance.

2.11.3 Pavement

A 5 m wide pavement will be laid around the harbour.

2.11.4 Mooring Buoys

Mooring buoys will be tied to a concrete block by 4m long nylon rope and epoxy coated hook in the harbour basin including concrete works. A total of 10 mooring buoys will be placed.

2.11.5 Ramp

One ramp for landing crafts will be constructed measuring 11 m by 11 m.

2.12 Demobilization

Demobilization and site clearance will be the final activity of the construction program. This activity will commence upon completion of all construction activities and is expected to take 10 days. All debris on site will be cleared before demobilization.

2.13 Harbour operation

MNPI and Feydhoo Island Council will be responsible for maintenance work during harbor operation.

2.14 Summary of Project Inputs and Outputs

The types of materials that will go into the development and how these resources will be obtained are shown in Table 2.7. Project outputs during construction stage are shown in Table 2.8. The type of resources and product that will be involved during operation stage are shown in Table 2.9 and outputs during operation stage is shown in Table 2.10.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 18 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Table 2.5 Major project inputs during construction stage

Input Type Details

Proposed harbour in the Land Existing harbour on the north eastern side of island the island. Aggregate

River Sand Precast concrete L-blocks Armour rock Steel Sand Cement Imported by contractor Materials Streetlight

Paint Geotextiles Mooring buoy Paving block Rebar Navigation light Steel gratings

Excavators Dump trucks Wheel loaders Machinery & Barges Contractor’s own equipment Crawler crane (if required) Welding genset Concrete mixer

Truck Loader Forklift Contractor’s own Vehicles Crane

Concrete mixer Lorry Pick up

Workforce Local workers 10 including 3 supervisors on site.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 19 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Foreign workers 20-25. Contractor’s employees Accommodation Arranged by contractor in existing rental properties in the island or at project site Food Arranged by contractor Lavatories Existing accommodation Resources Electricity From FENAKA electricity grid Water Electricity Existing water supply system in the island

Table 2.6 Major project outputs during construction stage

Waste stream Details

Dredged waste sand Large quantities. Stockpiled and possibly reused for other projects and construction

Demolition waste ~1500 cbm - used as core material for breakwater; rest transported to Thilafushi

Green Waste ~ 500 cbm – all medium to mature trees, particularly coconut palms, are to be transplanted. All bush trees to the cutdown and burnt

Labour force Food waste in moderate quantities. Disposed at waste disposal site in the island. Sewage. Disposed through existing sewerage network Machinery and vehicle GHG emission in insignificant quantities Noise will be intermittent and significant

Table 2.7 Major project inputs during operation stage

Input Type Details Electricity for harbour lights From FENAKA electricity grid in the island Resources Water Water supply system in the island Fishing vessels Ferry boats

Vessel traffic Dinghies Anticipated to grow in the future Speed boats Cargo boats

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 20 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Table 2.8 Major outputs during operation stage

Products and waste Details materials GHG emission From operation of vessels.

General waste from vessels Disposed at the island waste disposal site by the contractor.

Noise Intermittent and insignificant.

Hazardous waste Barrelled and sent to Thilafushi by the contractor.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 21 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

3 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION

3.1 Key Stakeholders

Stakeholder consultations are a pivotal component of the EIA to understand and capture the concerns from the stakeholders of the project. Prior to the start of the consultations, stakeholders who would be directly or indirectly impacted were identified according to the nature of the impacts, and the ability to influence the project. Stakeholder consultations were conducted between 13th July 2020 and 27th July 2020. Due to restrictions in travelling to the project site due to COVID 19, virtual consultations were held using Google Meet with all the stakeholders. Stakeholders consulted for the project include the following:

1. Island Council of Feydhoo 2. Sh. Atoll Council 3. Maldives Marine Research Institute 4. Ministry of Environment 5. National Disaster Management Authority 6. Fishermen in Feydhoo 7. Wholesale and retail traders in Feydhoo 8. Boat operators in Feydhoo

3.2 Summary of Findings

The consultations revealed that the current state of the harbour at Feydhoo poses great risks to the health and safety and has financial and economic implications for residents of the island. Shallowing of the harbour and strong wave action create very dangerous conditions for vessels that travel to and from the island. These conditions have resulted in many accidents which have caused physical as well as psychosocial damage. Economic activities are also hindered due to difficulties for fisherman and vessels that approach the island to purchase local produce such as thatch.

Therefore, the recommendation is to expedite this project and implement in the earliest time frame. The Island council and key stakeholders within the community were reluctant to share any ideas or recommendation as they fear it would delay the project. And they would like the project to implemented in the shortest possible time frame. Ministry of Environment recommended to keep demolished materials for use as shore protection measures.

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The issues and recommendations highlighted by the stakeholders have been grouped into their representative category and summarized in the Table 3.1 below. The list of attendees at the stakeholder consultation meeting was not received at the time of report submission.

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Table 3.1 Summary of findings from stakeholder consultations

Sh.Feydhoo Island Council History of the Harbour - The existing harbour was developed in the year 2006. The habour was developed at the surf Date: 22.7.2020 point on the island. - Since 2006, the harbour has been dredged 3 times through government projects due to sediment Time: 1100hrs deposition making the harbour shallow. Participants: Challenges in using the harbour 1. Mohamed Musthafa Ismail- - The outer breakwater and inner breakwater of the harbour cannot be used as it is made out of President armour rock. 2. Mohamed Samir- Vice President - The harbour is too small to accommodate all the vessels in the island and the jetty cannot be 3. Mohamed Shukuree- Council used if there are other vessels docked. Member - It is difficult for vessels to turn inside the harbour basin due to space limitations. 4. Saudhulla Ibrahim- - Wave action inside the harbour basin is the worst during the northeast monsoon. Zimmaadhaaru Veriyaa View on harbor redevelopment design & Recommendations - Discussions were held with the public. However, people are hesitant to share their ideas on the project in case the project gets delayed or does not go ahead due to the changes they propose. - It was suggested to place a revetment at the proposed entrance channel. - Vehicles and machinery for the project can be kept at a space on the southern side of the harbour.

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Sh. Feydhoo Island Community Concerns of Traders - The vessels cannot enter the harbour so cargo has to be transferred to small Dingies to be Date: 27.7.2020 transferred to the island. There is no particular space at the harbour for the cargo to be stored at

Time: 1430hrs the harbour. - Entrance channel is difficult to be used due to shallowing and strong wave action. During high Participants: 19 participants including 5 tide (shallowing) during the north eastern monsoon the cargo boats have to lighten their load in traders, 5 fishermen, 3 women, 3 youth and order to enter the harbour. There are weekly trips by cargo boats to Male’. 3 participants from the island NGO. - It is very difficult for larger boats to turn in the harbour. The entrance channel is also too narrow.

- The harbour lacks enough space for all vessels. - Atoll ferry and Kulhudhufushi ferry arrive on the same days and there are difficulties with A full list of participants was requested accommodating both ferries. from the Island Council. However, it was - Residents of the island should be able to disembark from vessels to the jetty rather than using not received at the time of report Dingies and other vessels. submission. Concerns of Fisherman

- Fisherman are unable to leave for fishing on some days due to shallowing of the harbour basin and strong wave action in the harbour. - Strong wave action has resulted in one fishing boat being destroyed this season.

- Swell waves reach 300-400 ft inwards into the island. However, the dense vegetation on the

island mitigates it to some extent. - Stormy weather causes the sand to enter the harbour under the sheet pile. - There is erosion on all sides of the island due to swell waves.

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Concerns of Women - It is difficult for boats which purchase thatch and local produce to approach the island due to the difficulties in accessing the harbour. - In 2016 one boat from Sh.Noomaraa was damaged on the rocks due to high wave action. The boat had to be repaired at the island. - Last year one large boat from Dhidhoo which came to buy thatch was very damaged due to high wave action in the harbour.

Consultations with the community regarding the design - MNPHI shared the designs with the Island Council and the Island Council held a meeting with the public to discuss the harbour designs with the public. They proposed amendments to the design to the MNPHI and the amendments were rejected. - People are satisfied with the current design and are hesitant to share their ideas on the project due to fears of the project getting delayed or not going ahead.

Shaviyani Atoll Council Existing condition - The harbour in Feydhoo is difficult to port. Date: 13.07.2020 View on harbor development - The current harbour design is good and will prevent sediment inflow into the harbour. Time: 1400hrs To Clarify - There is a bend in the harbour in the current design – what are the implications on this on the Participants: waves and currents in the harbour? 1. Mohamed Arif, President

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- Why is the entrance channel so wide? 2. Abdulla Nahid, Vice President

3. Ahmed Faiz, Member

4. Saudullla Usman, Member

5. Hamdhoon Naseem, Assistant Director

6. Mohamed Waheed, Research Officer Ministry of Environment Recommendation

Date: 14.07.2020 - Assess the changes in shoreline to see how sediments will travel around the island once the harbour is redeveloped. Time: 1000hrs - The demolished breakwater can be used for shore protection. - Ensure that there are plans to keep the harbour usable during construction. Participants:

Clarifications 1. Ahmed Anwar, Assistant - Will the wider entrance channel in the new design cause additional waves to enter the harbour? Director - How the excess sand from the project will be dealt with. 2. Mahid Abdul Rahman

Maldives Marine Research Institute Recommendation

Date: 21.7.2020 - Conduct marine assessment a minimum of 3 locations in the island to get a good representative of the island. A Full benthic assessment and fish composition should be included.

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Time: 1100hrs - Check if there are any bait fishery grounds in the vicinity of the project site. - Check for any turtle sightings in the island. Participants:

1. Nizam Ibrahim, Senior Research Officer 2. Aminath Angeela, Assistant Marine Biologist

National Disaster Management Generic Comments shared by NDMA is attached Appendix C1. Authority

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3.3 Consultation with Island Community

The consultation with the island community was also held as part of the stakeholder consultations. In order to practice social distancing, no physical meetings were held regarding this project. All meetings were held virtually via Google Meet. Hence, community members were also consulted during the meetings held with other stakeholders in the island. The Island Council invited resident members to the meetings and consultation was held accordingly. The key concerns and recommendations highlighted by the community is provided in Table 4.1 above.

The concerns were mainly related to the challenges faced in using the existing harbour. This was a common concern for all residents in the community. The recommendations were mostly to expedite the implementation of the project. They were reluctant to share any recommendation in the fear that this may delay the project. A total of 19 residents participated in this meeting including traders, boat operators, fishermen and other residents in the island.

During the meeting, it was made clear that the members of the community do not wish to extend further comments regarding the project or concept design as they do not want to delay the project. The meeting held was also relatively short as those attended did not want to share any comments. Their only recommendation was to expedite the projects and get it implemented in the shortest time frame. Hence, no further attempts were made to consult more people.

3.4 Materiality Issues

The materiality issues identified by stakeholders are listed in the table below.

Table 3.2 Materiality issues

Aspect Issues and concerns Wave action in the harbour basin and entrance channel is very strong, especially during the northeast monsoon. At times of Inaccessibility to the strong wave action, it is very difficult and dangerous for vessels island to enter harbour basin. Thus, cargo and passengers sometimes have to be shifted onto smaller vessels such as dinghies to approach the island.

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Sediment inflow into the basin and entrance channel result in Shallowing of the shallowing and added difficulties when accessing the island. harbour basin and Cargo and passengers sometimes have to be shifted onto smaller entrance channel vessels such as dinghies to approach the island. The risk of vessel accidents is extremely high with the current state of the harbour, especially during rough sea conditions. Dangerous accidents have occurred including a fishing boat being Health and safety destroyed during this northeast monsoon. Vessels from other islands have also been damaged while trying to access Sh.Feydhoo. The existing size of the harbour basin is too small to accommodate the growing fleet of vessels in the island. It is difficult to Inadequate size of the accommodate the ferries and cargo boats. Traders also highlighted existing basin difficulties faced due to lack of space for unloading cargo at the harbour. Restrictions in going fishing due to rough conditions in the harbour basin and entrance channel. Fisherman are unable to make Impact on fisheries good use of a good fishing season due to challenges in using the sector existing harbour. While the island’s main source of income is from the fisheries sector, there is a significant loss in income earned due to this. Lost opportunities for The island has potential to boost the economy by increasing economic growth and investments such as growing the fleet of fishing vessels and development of public increasing the supply of thatch bundles. However, these activities services are put off due to the condition of the existing harbour and challenges in accessing the island. There have been cases of vessels that approached the island to purchase local produce getting damaged due to the condition of the harbour.

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4 ALTERNATIVES

4.1 No Project Option

The no project assumes that the proposed upgrading will not be undertaken. It assumes that the basin will not be enlarged, the shore protection structures will not be enhanced and the quaywall will not be redeveloped.

The avoidance of this project will save a substantial amount of investment using Government finance during the economic downturn faced during the COVID-19 crisis. The funds could be made available for more pressing needs elsewhere to efficiently use the limited resources. Avoidance will also avoid substantial marine impacts during construction.

The project has been initiated due to an urgent need identified by the inhabitants and agreed by the Government and the parliament. If the harbour is not redeveloped the community will continue the face setbacks of the existing harbour in the island, including challenges in accessing the island and docking vessels in the harbour during NE monsoon, congested conditions within the basin and risks of accidents and safety during rough conditions of NE monsoon. This may lead to reduced economic benefits to the island due to the difficulties faced by fisherman in mooring and supply boats in their turnaround time. The project is also a promise made by politicians. Not proceeding with the project may have political consequences for parliament members and the Government.

The redevelopment of the harbor in Feydhoo will bring substantial positive benefits to the community including enhanced accessibility to the island for ferries, fishing and cargo boats. It will also fulfil a long term wish of the island community and open opportunities to increase economic benefits and income diversification. Therefore, the drawbacks of the ‘No Project’ alternative outweighs the significant positive impacts of a harbor.

Therefore, it is recommended to go ahead with the proposed project within the limits of the budget and implement it within the shortest timeframe.

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4.2 Alternative Harbour Design

An alternative design for the harbour has been proposed for the following reasons;

1. Location for the proposed breakwater is at a depth of about -3 m, beyond the wave breaking zone at -1.5 m. This requires the structure to be higher and have a gentler slope. The depth and design profile required to make the structure stable will involve a substantial amount of rock (and cost) which can be avoided by shifting the breakwater to shallower waters. 2. The proposed island side channel breakwater and revetment duplicates the rock required, while it could be achieved using a single revetment. There is also limited space for dredge waste disposal. 3. If the southern reclamation area could be converted to a beach, it could be used a boat beaching area. Beach boats are visible in the area on the existing beach.

The alternative solution to the above issues is to shift the area proposed for basin extension more landward and on to less than -2.0 m of water depth. The reclamation area has been redesigned to form a beach and reduce the rock volume for the structures.

The main rationale for this alternative is to reduce the cost of the project. Secondly, shifting the harbour to shallower water will avoid working and placing rocks on the reef slope. Finally, the moving the entrance channel land ward will reduce the intensity of swells as more energy is lost at shallower water.

4.2.1 Design considerations

Basin positioning

The basin position has been determined by the depth contour at the breakwater.

Entrance Channel

The channel orientation remains the same but has been shifted further landward to reduce the effects of swells during NE monsoon.

Basin width Basin width has been retained as originally designed.

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Figure 4.1 Site plan of the alternative design for harbour

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Quaywall

The Quaywall length has not changed.

Outer breakwater

The length of outer breakwater and the channel protection arm is about 10 m longer than original design. Length of structures required for the south side reclamation has been reduced.

Reclamation area

Reclamation area has been increased by 600 sq m to allow for more sand stockpiling and to create a small beach to minimize sediment from moving into basin and channel.

4.2.1 Specifications of the Alternative Design

The specification for the alternative design including revised channel basin and reclamation area is presented in Table 4.1. The table summarizing the revised requirements for entrance channel and coastal protection measures are presented in Table 4.2. The alternative site plan is presented in Figure 4.1 above.

Table 4.1 Dredging and Reclamation specifications

Description Specification Dredging Area (sqm) Depth (m) Est Volume (cbm) Maintenance dredging of existing basin 6,140 -3.5 3,000 Revised basin and channel area 9,000 -3.5 20,500 23,500 Reclamation Area (sqm) Elevation (m) Est Volume (cbm) Reclamation on southern side 2,300 1.5 5,000 Stockpiling 800 4.5 3,600 Beach Replenishment A 8,200 1.8 11,600 Beach Replenishment B 2,400 1.5 3,800 15,500 24,000

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Table 4.2 Specifications for revised coastal protection measures

Description Details Harbour breakwater Length 287 m Elevation +1.6 m Material Armour rock Revetment Length 107 m Elevation +1.6 m Material Using rock boulder Quay wall Length 280 m Material Concrete L-blocks Additional channel breakwater Length 20 m Elevation +1.6 m Material Using rock boulder

4.2.2 Evaluation of the Alternative Design

The environmental impacts from both options are similar. The main difference is on the reduction of stress on the reef slope due to direct construction on it in the alternative option. There is 1,000 cbm more dredge waste from the alternative option. Relatively more space is taken from the existing beach to construct the basin compared with the proposed option.

The main benefit of this option is the reduced cost due to avoidance of deeper water and relatively reduced wave energy at the entrance channel due to shallower water.

Both options are suitable for construction. The Proponents has advised that they would like to reserve the final decision after the contractors have submitted the cost proposals for the alternative solutions.

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4.3 Alternative Dredging Methods

The possible alternate methods and locations for acquiring suitable fill material for reclamation are provided in Table 4.3 below.

Table 4.3: Summary of dredging options

Options Advantages Disadvantages Excavator on Most common method practiced by Smothering of corals and increased temporary sand contractors for small scale projects siltation due to extra dredging for the bed creation of the temporary sand beds Does not require specialised skill Excessive impacts on marine life Very cost-effective Cutter suction Dredging works can be completed Requires highly skilled operators dredger within a short time frame Not suitable for small scale dredging works

Very high cost

Higher environmental impacts for process water over flow. Excavator on Environmentally friendly; less siltation Difficult to operate in limited space. barge (Preferred as unnecessary dredging is avoided option) Extra cost associated with additional equipment such as a tug to haul the barge

Cannot operate if lagoon is too shallow

Cannot operate due to wave activity in the area

Based on the above assessment, though the use of a cutter suction dredger minimises the time taken for the dredging work, due to the small scale of the project it is not financially feasible. It is therefore recommended that excavators mounted on a barge be used for the dredging works.

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4.4 Alternative Sedimentation Control Measures

Table 4.4 below indicates the alternative technologies for the sediment containment.

Table 4.4 Summary of sediment containment measures

Type of Advantages Disadvantages Measure Bund Wall Environmentally friendly High impact on marine environment. (Preferred option) Durable Cheaper option

Cost effective Silt screen Durable Large quantities not locally available

Easy to handle Costly.

Environmentally friendly

For this project, bund walls are preferred due to the small area covered and the small size of the project and the financial feasibility of the option.

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4.5 Alternative Dredge Waste Disposal

It is proposed to use the dredged sand from the harbor basin for reclamation, beach replenishment and stockpiling. The options for storing sand on the island is very limited due to lack of space. The alternatives available for dredge waste disposal are mainly for replenishment. The increase and reduction in the dredge waste can be managed by reducing or increasing the replenishment areas.

Another alternative is to transport the sand out of the island for another site which has an approved project that requires excess sand from outside. No specific site has been identified at the time of this EIA. This option will also require consent from the Island Council and approval from EPA.

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5 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK

The following are the pertinent laws and regulations, relevant environmental and social policies and standards that are applicable for the proposed harbor redevelopment project, and the appropriate authority jurisdictions that will specifically apply to the project.

5.1 Harbour Design

It should be noted that there are no specific laws, regulations or guidelines on harbour design in the Maldives.

5.1.1 Strategic Action Plan Policy 2: Strengthen maritime infrastructure and services to enhance socio-economic growth

Providing harbour and jetty services in all administrative islands of Maldives is included under policy 2 of the Strategic Action Plan 2019-2023. The lead implementing agency for this policy is Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation and the other implementing agencies include Ministry of Housing, National Planning and Infrastructure and Local Councils.

5.1.2 Sustainable Development Goal 9: Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialisation and Foster Innovation

Target 9.1 of the SDG goal 9 includes developing quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure. One of the key themes under Sustainable Development Goal 9 includes development through sustainable infrastructure that is based on sustainable and environmentally sound technology. The lead agency responsible for communication of key themes under SDG goal 9 is the Ministry of Housing, National Planning and Infrastructure (Communication Strategy Action Plan 2019-2023).

5.2 Environmental Assessment

The main national laws and regulations regarding environmental assessment and the responsible agencies are detailed below.

5.2.1 Environmental Protection and Preservation Act

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The Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (4/93) enacted on 19 March 1993 is the framework law related to environment protection in the Maldives. It aims at improving the legal and administrative co-ordination of the initiatives in the field of environment with the objective of integrating environmental considerations into the country’s overall economic and social development. The authority responsible for the Environment Act is the Ministry of Environment. Articles 2, 5, and 6 of the law are relevant for this environmental assessment of.

Article 2 states that the concerned government authorities shall provide the necessary guidelines and advise on environmental protection in accordance with the prevailing conditions and needs of the country. All concerned parties shall take due considerations of the guidelines provided by the government authorities.

According to Article 5 (a) of the Act, an Environmental Impact Assessment study shall be submitted to the Ministry of Environment before implementing any development project that may have a potential impact on the environment. As per Article 5 (b), The Ministry of Environment shall formulate the guidelines for EIA and shall determine the projects that need environmental assessment.

As per Article 6, the Ministry of Environment has the authority to terminate any project that has any undesirable impact on the environment. A project so terminated shall not receive any compensation.

5.2.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation

The EIA process is regulated by the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation (2012) issued on 8 May 2012 and the subsequent 05 amendments to the regulation. The EIA process for projects entails screening, scoping, assessment, evaluation, and monitoring.

The first step in environmental assessment process involves screening of the project to be classified as one that requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or not. The project proponent sends in a screening form to EPA regarding the necessity of performing an EIA.

Based on the screening decision, the EPA in consultation with the Ministry of Environment and other key stakeholders decides the scope of the EIA which is discussed with the proponent and the EIA consultants in a “scoping meeting”. The EPA issues its scoping conditions for EIA

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The consultants then undertake the environmental and social assessment starting with baseline studies, impact prediction and finally reporting the findings with impact mitigation and monitoring programme. The project proponent must submit 03 hard copy paper environmental impact assessment reports along with an electronic copy, in accordance with the TOR conditions. If the contents of the EIA report do not satisfy the TOR conditions, EPA may ask the proponent to provide corrected or additional information. In this case, the proponent is granted a maximum of 30 days during which to correct and/or supplement, then submit the revised report.

Having received the EIA report, EPA appoints experts to review the received EIA. Once the EIA report is reviewed by EPA an EIA Decision Note is given to the proponent who should implement the Decision Note accordingly. As a condition of approval, appropriate environmental monitoring may be required and the proponent shall have to report monitoring data at required intervals to the EPA.

The EIA Regulation 2012 has undergone number of amendments in 2013, 2015 and 2016. These amendments included revision of EIA review period and associated costs, qualification required for monitoring the Environmental Management Plan, revision to the list of projects that requires EIAs, projects that can be undertaken by simply applying mitigation measures defined by EPA such as for dredging of harbors, clearance of vegetation within allocated plots for households and for roads, transferring EIA decision making to Minister of Tourism for tourism related activities; categorization of EIA consultants, point system for consultants to assess performance and license suspension, a code of conduct for consultants, and increment to the fine for non-compliance of regulation and violations.

5.2.3 Decentralization Act

The Decentralization Act establishes the local councils as the highest political authority in the locality and who shall have executive powers to be exercised in accordance with the Act. The Act establishes Atoll Councils, Island Councils and City Councils.

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According to Articles 24 (e) and 42 (e) of the Decentralization Act, provision of water, sewerage, electricity, and other utility services in their jurisdictions according to the laws of the Maldives is the responsibility of the City Councils and Island Councils respectively.

According to Article 23 (h), (i) and Article 41 (g), Island Councils and City Councils are responsible for release of land for development according to the provisions of the Land Act, the Land Use Plan of the island, and any guidelines issued by the Ministry responsible for land.

5.2.4 Environmental Liability Regulation

The Environmental Liability Regulation (Regulation 2011/R-9) is aimed at maintaining equal standards for reprimanding and enforcing environmental liabilities, fines for those who violate the rules and regulations and give guidance to those who are involved in the implementation process of the regulations pursuant to Environmental Protection and Preservation Act of Maldives (4/93). One of the key objectives of the environmental liability regulation is also to practice polluter-pay-principles in the Maldives.

5.3 Land Acquisition

The laws and regulations relevant to land acquisition are:

o Land Act o Land Use Planning Regulation o General Laws Act

5.3.1 Land Act

The Land Act (1/2002) governs the allocation of land for different purposes and uses and other issues regarding the issuing of land, and the sale, transfer and lease of Maldivian land. The Act states that: All transactions concerning the issuing, receiving, owning, selling, lease, utilizing and using Maldivian land shall be conducted in compliance with this Act.

Policies concerning Maldivian land shall be decided by the President of the Maldives on the advice of the discussions in the Cabinet of Ministers. Under the Land Act several regulations have been formulated and include:

o Issuing state dwellings regulation

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o Regulation governing the transfer of Land as a gift or by will o Lease of buildings and dwellings regulation o Mortgaging land, building and flats regulation o Registration of state dwelling and building regulation o Regulation on the inheritance of fixed assets on state dwellings o Transfer or transfer by will regulations (2004) o Privatization of state business land regulations (2006).

5.3.2 Land Use Planning Regulation

The Land Use Planning Regulations and Guidelines (2005) include land use instruments such as inclusionary zoning and quotas. Land Use Plans (LUP) are prepared in consultation with the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, which does have allocations for residential areas as well as for different infrastructure and social needs.

5.3.3 General Laws Act

The General Laws Act 4/68, Paragraph 7 stipulates that public property such as trees, coconut palms, farm land, households and such owned by public or private individuals, if required to be obtained by the Government, the property can be obtained by the High Court of the Maldives. The above shall be done only after the individual is fairly compensated for the property or by financial compensation proposed by the property holder. If the public property to be attained is a land plot or a household, the property holder shall be given adequate time for clearance of the area.

If a private property belonging to one individual creates nuisance to another, for issues in Male’ the matter shall be resolved by the Ministry of Home Affairs and Housing or Ministry of Atolls and Development for issues arising in the islands.

5.3.4 Biodiversity Conservation

According to the Convention on Biodiversity, the components of biodiversity include ecosystems and habitats, species and communities, and genes and genomes, all of which have social, economic, cultural and scientific importance. Maldives is a party to the following international conventions:

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o Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) o Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2002) o Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (2013) o International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC)

The national laws, regulations, and policies relevant to conservation of biological diversity are summarized below.

5.3.5 Regulation on the Cutting Down and Export of Trees and Coconut Palms

The Regulation on Cutting Down, Uprooting, Digging Out and Export of Trees and Palms from One Island to Another specifies that the cutting down, uprooting, digging out and export of trees and palms from one island to another can only be done if it is absolutely necessary and there is no other alternative. It further states that for every tree or palm removed in the Maldives two more should be planted and grown in the island.

The regulation prohibits the removal of the following tree types:

o The coastal vegetation growing around the islands extending to about 15 meters into the island; o All the trees and palms growing in mangrove and wetlands spreading to 15 meters of land area; o All the trees that are in a Government designated protected areas; o Trees that are being protected by the Government in order to protect species of animal/organisms that live in such trees; and o Trees/palms those are abnormal in structure.

5.3.6 Regulation for the Protection and Conservation of the Natural Life and Character of Old Plants and Trees in Maldives

Old plants and trees on islands are protected as a solution is required for the changes that are occurring to the natural form and character of islands; the negative impacts of the extinction of such plants on the environment and living species needs to be reduced; the impact on the island habitat; and for the protection and conservation of the natural environments of the islands needs to be reduced. With consideration to its age, present quantities, its significance, the plants to be protected are determined by Ministry of Environment.

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5.3.7 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

The Government has formulated a second NBSAP to address biodiversity issues and developed an implementation plan with achievable targets. The vision for biodiversity conservation is: “a nation of people that co-exist with nature and has taken the right steps to fully appreciate, conserve, sustainably use, and equitably access and share benefits of biodiversity and ecosystem services.”

5.3.8 Protected Areas Regulation

The Protected Areas Regulation will be enforced by an agency of the Ministry of Environment. A list of protected areas should be decided and published by the Ministry. The latest list of Protected Areas of Maldives was published by EPA on 1st July 2019 and consisted of 61 areas.

5.3.9 Environmentally Sensitive Areas List

Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA) 2014 are islands with unique features, reef systems, mangroves, wetlands, sea grass beds or places that are vital to the long-term maintenance of biological diversity, beach sediments, soil, water and other natural resources and features especially as they relate to human health, safety, and welfare, both on an island and in an atoll context. These features are highly valued, both for their scenic beauty and for the habitats they provide for the flora and fauna. The compilation of the list was initiated in 2009 with the assistance of the local Island Offices and other stakeholders. The list has been produced to identify environmentally and economically significant areas to offer protection, safeguard and enhance the conservation of the biological diversity of the country.

Commencing from 1st January 2011, under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act: 4/93, the sites listed had been identified as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs). This ESA list helps in safeguarding, minimizing and mitigating the environmental impacts from different development projects, by monitoring the development in the area with the involvement of all stakeholders. The areas identified in the ESA are not protected areas. A site/habitat being identified as an ESA does not indicate that sustainable development cannot take place. It encourages development to take place, taking into consideration the conservation of the sensitive area, there by mitigating the negative impacts. There are 274 ESAs.

5.3.10 Protected Species

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A total of 103 bird species have been declared protected under the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act (EPPA 4/93). In addition, numerous marine species have also been declared protected in the Maldives.

5.3.11 Rah Fehi Programme

A nationwide tree planting programme, “Rah Fehi” was inaugurated as a part of President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih’s 100 day pledges. The program focuses on planting trees on inhabited islands that are grown in nurseries and increase public awareness on the importance of greenery. The programme was inaugurated by planting 250 trees in Phase 2 of Hulhumale and it has been planned to plant more than 4,000 trees in inhabited islands through this initiative.

5.4 Physical Cultural Resources

Cultural heritage encompasses properties and sites of archaeological, historical, cultural, artistic, and religious significance. It also refers to unique environmental features and cultural knowledge, as well as intangible forms of culture embodying traditional lifestyles that should be preserved for current and future generations.

5.4.1 Maldives Heritage Act

The Heritage Act ensures the documentation, preservation and protection of cultural heritage. This Act will also ascertain the procedures and jurisdictions of the state and individuals, as well as stipulate that acts resulting in the loss of items or sites of historical significance as criminal acts. The purpose of the Heritage Act is to safeguard the perpetuation of items and sites of historical significance to future generations.

5.4.2 Cultural and Historical Places and Objects

The Law on Cultural and Historical Places and Objects of the Maldives (27/79) prohibits destroying or damaging any historical and cultural places, sites, objects and artefacts belonging to the sovereign area of the Maldives. The historical and cultural objects are those that were used by or feature the life of locals or foreign ancestors who had resided in the Maldives. The historical and cultural places refer to religious monuments, idols or place of worship or residences used by locals or foreign ancestors who had resided in the Maldives.

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The Law No: 27/79 was ratified on July 22, 1979. The law does not clearly define cultural and historical property and has no rules regarding trade and export of heritage items. Cultural and historical objects or buildings as stated in this Law are objects and places that were used by the inhabitants of Maldives or foreigners who lived in Maldives and which may help to gather information of a certain period. Cultural and historical buildings as stated in this Law are buildings that were constructed or raised by the inhabitants of Maldives or foreigners who stayed in Maldives, to live or pray, or as a monument for some person, or a memorial for any other such purpose, which may help to gather information of a certain period. Carrying out research work on cultural or historical objects and buildings with the prior permission of the appropriate authorities of the Government and without impairing its originality, is exempted from this Law.

5.5 Labour and Working Conditions

The Maldives is a party to major conventions on fundamental labour rights. Maldives is a member state of the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the Government of the Maldives has ratified 8 core conventions on the ILO’s fundamental labour rights. On 4 January 2013, the Government of the Maldives ratified the 8 core conventions on the ILO’s fundamental labour rights: the Forced Labour Convention, 1930 (No. 29), the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105), the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), the Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949 (No. 98), the Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. 100), the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182).

The national laws and policy instruments relevant to labour and working Conditions include:

o Employment Act o Immigration Act o Anti-Human Trafficking Act o Pensions Act o Human Rights Act o Regulation on Employment of foreign workers in the Maldives o Work Visa Regulation

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5.5.1 Employment Act

The legal framework to govern the rights and responsibilities of workers in the Maldives is included in the Employment Act (2/2008) that was ratified and signed into law in May 2008. To date, four amendments have been brought to the Employment Act (2/2008). The amendments were made through the following Acts: 14/2008; 12/2010; 3/2014; 14/2015. Of these amendments, the third and fourth Amendments are directly relevant to foreign migrant workers in the Maldives.

The Amendment 3/2014 passed by Parliament on 03 December 2013 requires an Employment approval for foreign migrant worker to be issued prior to arrival in the Maldives. The Amendment also made a deposit mandatory for all foreign migrant workers to be paid by the Employer. A deposit (to the sum of return airfare) to be made to Department of Immigration and Emigration (DoIE) at the time of work visa.

The Amendment 14/2015 on Ramazan allowance for Muslim workers makes it optional for Employers of Muslim foreign migrant workers to pay them a Ramazan allowance.

The Amendment 22/2016 in on wages for foreign migrant workers. The Amendment specifies that the wages and other sums to which the worker is entitled shall be paid through a bank registered in the Maldives to an account in the name of the foreign migrant worker (art. 53 a). A bank account for every foreign migrant worker Maldives to be opened in the Maldives and wages paid directly through the bank account.

5.5.2 Immigration Act

The Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007) lays down the rules for entry, departure and deportation of foreign nationals. Article 15 of the Act provides for work visa: the permit to remain in the Maldives for the duration of a work permit granted to a foreign national visiting the Maldives for the purpose of working, where a work permit has been obtained by that foreign national consistent with the regulations of the concerned Government authority.

5.5.3 Regulation on Employment of Foreign Workers in Maldives

Employment of foreign migrant workers is regulated by the Regulation on Employment of foreign workers in the Maldives (2011/R-22) that was published on official gazette on 26 May

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2011. This regulation is issued under Article 63 of Employment Act (2/2008) and Articles 32, 33 and 35 of the Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007).

The Regulation on Employment of foreign workers in the Maldives (2011/R-22) requires Employers to apply for a foreign worker quota; pay a security deposit for the foreign migrant worker; ensure that work permits are issued before a foreign migrant worker can commence work; apply for a work permit card within 15 days of arrival of the foreign migrant worker to the Maldives; apply for a work visa within 30 days of arrival of the foreign migrant worker to the Maldives; pay a work visa fee of Maldivian Rufiya (MVR) 250 per month; receive the foreign migrant worker at port of entry to the Maldives; register the foreign migrant worker at the registry maintained by the applicable island council or city council.

Employers must apply for a Work Permit Card for the foreign migrant workers within 15 days of their arrival to the Maldives. Application for Work Permit Card should be attached with a medical certificate, original of the passport, a photograph and employment contract. Foreign workers in the Maldives shall carry their Work Permit Cards at all times.

Employers must apply for Work Visa for Foreign Workers who have a Work Permit to work in the Maldives. Employers should pay a fee of MVR 250 per month for every foreign worker employed to the relevant government authority.

Employers or Recruitment Agencies acting on behalf of the employers must receive all unskilled foreign workers entering the Maldives with a Work Permit at their arrival port.

5.5.4 Work Visa Regulation

The Maldives Immigration (MI) has issued a Work Visa Regulation (2010/R-7) under the Maldives Immigration Act (1/2007). The Work Visa Regulation (2010/R-7) gazetted on 12 October 2010 requires foreign migrant workers who enter the Maldives for the purpose of work to have a valid work visa. The conditions for entry of work visa holders as specified in the regulation includes the following: a passport with minimum six months validity; security deposit paid to MI 48 hours before arrival; truthful answers to questions posed by Immigration Officers; not prohibited from entry to the Maldives under article 4 of the regulation; specification of the purpose of entry; an Employment approval from the concerned authority with a copy transmitted to MI; and being over 18 years of age.

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Documents and payments necessary for a work visa include: completed visa application form (IM25); passport standard photograph; original of the Employment contract or contract copy attested by a court or law firm; original of the Employment approval; passport with 6 months validity; MVR 250 for monthly visa fee; original of the medical report; MVR 50 for annual visa card fee; Employer’s National Identity Card or Registration Certificate of Company; and medical insurance documentation.

The regulation discusses the procedures to be followed for obtaining a work visa, keeping a deposit with MI for foreign migrant workers, penalties related to work visa.

First Amendment refers to Maldives Inland Revenue Authority (MIRA) as the Government authority for collection of all penalties.

5.5.5 Human Rights Act

In 2005, the Human Rights Commission Act was passed. The Act (6/2006) was subsequently amended in 2006 to ensure compliance with the Paris Principles on the status and functioning of national institutions for protection and promotion of human rights. The amended Human Rights Commission Act provides the HRCM independence and autonomy as a statutory body.

5.5.6 Pensions Act

Article 12 of the Maldives Pensions Act (8/2009) introduced the Maldives Retirement Pension Scheme. It is mandatory for the private and public sectors as well as the self-employed to participate in the contributory Maldives Retirement Pension Scheme. The annual contribution each employee and employer have to make to the employees retirement savings account is set at seven per cent of pensionable wage for a total of 14 per cent.

5.5.7 Anti- Human Trafficking Act

The Anti-Human Trafficking Act (12/2013) passed by the parliament on 03 December 2013 and ratified on 08 December 2013 makes trafficking in persons a criminal offence in the Maldives. The purposes of the Act are to: prevent trafficking of persons through and across the Maldives; establish the crimes of trafficking in persons and prescribe punishments; provide for prosecution of perpetrators of trafficking in persons; provide protection and assistance to

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 50 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll victims of human trafficking; promote and protect the human rights of trafficked victims; and engage with local and international NGOs working against human trafficking.

The Act defines the crimes of trafficking, exploitation, and debt bondage. According to this Act, forced labour and fraudulent recruitment are considered human trafficking. The Act specifies the penalties for perpetrators of trafficking. The penalty for trafficking offence is a jail imprisonment up to 10 years that can be extended to 15 years if children are involved.

5.6 Occupational Health and Safety

5.6.1 Regulation on the Safety Standards for Construction Work

The Regulation on the Safety Standards for Construction Work is a recent regulation aimed at improving working conditions. If the contractor’s work exceeds MVR 1,500,000 a health and safety plan and an emergency response plan should be prepared and followed for the safety of employees as well as the public. A site safety supervisor with more than five years of experience should also be appointed for the project. Responsibilities of the site safety supervisor include carrying out daily site inspections to ensure the proper measures are being taken to ensure safety. Personal protective equipment must also be provided for workers and they must be trained in the use of equipment. The contractor should ensure that workers are using personal protective equipment at all times when on site.

It is of utmost importance that this regulation is followed during the streetscaping project to ensure the safety of the workers as well as the public. Pedestrians should be provided with deteours, excavated pits must be properly closed off and appropriate signs must be placed, construction waste should be disposed of appropriately and construction equipment and material should be used and stored responsibly.

5.6.2 Sustainable Development Goal 8: Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All

One of the aims of SDG goal 8 includes eradicating forced labour, slavery and human trafficking. The living conditions and migration status of the expatriate labour force of Maldives needs to addressed under this goal. Additional aims of this goal include encouraging entrepreneurship and job creation and ensuring full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men by 2030. The lead agency of Maldives that is responsible for the

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 51 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll communication of key themes under this goal is the Ministry of Economic Development (Communication Strategy and Action Plan 2019-2023).

5.7 Dredging and Mining

5.7.1 Regulation on Dredging and Land Reclamation

A dredging and land reclamation permit needs to be obtained from EPA prior to commencement of work. The process includes the submission of project information to EPA along with a scaled before and after map. Once the dredging and reclamation permit is obtained an EIA will need to be prepared. Areas where dredging is restricted include 500m from the ocean side reef edge. 50m from any island vegetation line and in any environmentally sensitive area. Sand that is obtained from dredging can be used for reclamation, construction work, shore protection, levelling of land within the island and work that has been permitted in the EIA.

5.7.2 Coral and Sand Mining Regulation

Coral mining from house reef and atoll rim has been banned through a directive from President’s Office dated 26 September 1990.

Regulation on sand mining covers sand mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased; sand mining from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands; and aggregate mining from uninhabited islands that have been leased and from the coastal zone of other uninhabited islands.

Sand should not be mined from any part of the existing Island, beach or the newly reclaimed island beach. Sand should also not be mined from within 100 ft. of the shoreline. Please see regulation on dredging and reclamation for further controls.

5.8 Resource Efficiency

The following are the laws and regulations that promote use of renewable natural resources in a sustainable manner.

5.8.1 Maldives Energy Policy and Strategy

Maldives Energy Policy and Strategy (2016) consists of 5 key policy statements:

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o Strengthen the institutional and regulatory framework for the energy sector o Promote energy conservation and efficiency o Increase the share of renewable energy in the national energy mix o Improve the reliability and sustainability of electricity service and maintain universal access to electricity o Increase national energy security

5.9 Waste Management

Maldives is a party to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal (1989).

The main instruments relevant to waste management in the Maldives are:

o Environment Protection and Preservation Act o Waste Management Policy o Waste Management Regulation.

5.9.1 Environment Protection and Preservation Act

Articles 7 and 8 of the Environmental Protection and Preservation Act are relevant to waste management. According to Article 7 any type of waste, oil, poisonous gases or any substances that may have harmful effects on the environment shall not be disposed within the territory of the Maldives.

In cases where the disposal of the substances becomes absolutely necessary, they shall be disposed only within the areas designated for the purpose by the government. If such waste is to be incinerated, appropriate precaution should be taken to avoid any harm to the health of the population.

Article 8 of the EPPA (4/93) states that Hazardous/ Toxic or Nuclear Wastes that is harmful to human health and the environment shall not be disposed anywhere within the territory of the country.

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5.9.2 Waste Management Policy

The aim of the waste management policy is to formulate and implement guidelines and means for solid waste management in order to maintain a healthy environment. The key elements of the policy include:

o Ensure safe disposal of solid waste and encourage recycling and reduction of waste generated; o Develop guidelines on waste management and disposal and advocate to enforce such guidelines through inter-sectoral collaboration; o Ensure safe disposal of chemical, hazardous and industrial waste.

5.9.3 Waste Management Regulation

Waste Management Regulation (WMR) was published on August 2013 and is effective from February 2014. It has been implemented by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The aim of WMR is to implement the national waste policy which contains specific provisions to: (a) Implement measures to minimize impacts on human health, (b) Formulate and implement waste management standards, (c) Implement an integrated framework for sustainable waste management, (d) Encourage waste minimization, reuse and recycling (e) Implement Polluter- Pays Principle ( f) Introduce extended Producer Responsibility.

WMR contains four main sections: (i) Waste management standards: Defines standards for waste collection, transfer, treatment, storage, waste site management, landfills and managing hazardous waste. (ii) Waste management Permits: Defines approval procedures for waste sites, (iii) Waste transfer: Standards and permits required for waste transport on land and sea, including transboundary movements, (iv) Reporting requirements: Defines reporting and monitoring requirements and procedures, (v) Enforcement: Defines procedures to implement WMR and penalties for non-compliance.

If any hazardous waste including electronic waste is to be disposed in the Maldives, it should be handled by waste sites specifically approved to manage hazardous and Special Category waste. Transportation and handling shall also conform to the standards specified in WMR. If the waste is to be exported for reuse or disposal in another country, an application needs to be submitted to WMR clauses and international conventions. Thus, all the subprojects will need

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 54 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll to comply with the WMR in disposing construction and decommissioning related wastes as applicable.

5.10 Pollution Control

Maldives is a party to the following international conventions and agreements.

o Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (1985) o Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987) o United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (2002) o Washington Declaration on Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities o United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 o International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil (1982) o Male’ Declaration on Control and Prevention of Air Pollution and Its Likely Transboundary Effects for South Asia (1998)

5.11 Climate Change

Maldives is a party to the:

o Paris Agreement on Climate Change (2016) o United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) o Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1997)

The legislative and policy instruments that are relevant for climate change in the Maldives include:

o Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework o Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution o Second National Communication of Maldives to UNFCCC

5.11.1 Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework

The Maldives Climate Change Policy Framework published in 2015 outlines strategic policies that the Government can use to respond to climate change effects over the years 2015-2025. The framework outlines objectives and strategies for each of the 5 policy goals which include:

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o Sustainable financing: Ensure and integrate sustainable financing into climate change adaptation opportunities and low emission development measures o Low emission development: Strengthen a low emission development future and ensure energy security for the Maldives o Adaptation and opportunities: Strengthen adaptation actions and opportunities and build climate-resilient infrastructure and communities to address current and future vulnerabilities o Capacity building and leading advocacy at climate negotiation: Inculcate national, regional and international climate change advocacy role in leading international negotiations and awareness in cross-sectorial areas in favour of the most vulnerable and small island developing states o Fostering sustainable development: Foster sustainable development while ensuring security, economic sustainability and sovereignty from the negative consequences of the changing climate

Some of the objectives of the third policy goal, ‘Adaptation and opportunities’ include protecting critical infrastructure such as international; airports, inhabited islands and tourist resorts from sea-related hazards and predicted climate change impacts.

5.11.2 Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution

Maldives aims to achieve low emission development future and ensure energy security. In the Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), the government has committed for the following Unconditional Reduction:

In accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20, Maldives communicates that it intends to reduce unconditionally 10% of its Greenhouse Gases (below BAU) for the year 2030.

The Government has also communicated the following Conditional Reduction: “The 10% reduction expressed above could be increased up to 24% in a conditional manner, in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by availability of financial resources, technology transfer and capacity building.”

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5.11.3 Second National Communication to UNFCCC

According to the Second National Communication of Maldives to UNFCCC, the total GHG emission in 2011 was 1225.598 Gg CO2e, of which 1152.869 GgCO2e is from energy sector while 72.729 GgCO2e is from the waste sector.

5.12 Community Health and Safety

The legislative and policy instruments of the Maldives relevant to community health and safety in the context of this project include

5.12.1 Public Health Protection Act

The purpose of the public health protection act is to establish policies for protection of public health, identify persons responsible for protection of public health, define how public health protection policies will be implemented. The objectives of the Act also include: establishing policies to respond to public health emergencies; classify situations which may be harmful to health and establish methods to act in such a situation; establish roles and responsibilities of island, atoll, and city councils in protection of public health. Chapter 5 of the Public Health Protection Act covers identifying health hazards, eliminating risk, reporting health hazards, and orders on things to be done or not done in relation to a building.

5.12.2 Regulation on Controlling Mosquito Breeding

The Regulation on controlling mosquito breeding was published in the year 2007 to minimise the risks to public safety from diseases spread by mosquitos. Maintenance of community areas such as roads, parks, sports areas and cemeteries to prevent mosquito breeding is the responsibility of the Island Council or City Council.

Construction sites should be maintained in a way that stagnant water does not accumulate, holes and trenches that are dug should be covered in a way that there is no room for mosquito breeding, if any water needs to be stored at construction sites they should be properly covered so ensure that mosquitos cannot breed. The contractor / owner of the plots should responsibility ensure that construction sites are maintained in a way that does not allow for mosquito breeding.

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5.12.3 Substances Prohibited to be Brought into Maldives

The objective of Act (4/75) is to deal with substances that are prohibited to be imported unless for government purposes, or only to be imported with special permission, or materials which are completely prohibited from being imported into the country. Chemical substances are under import, use and manufacture control unless accompanied with a special permission from the Ministry of Defence and National Security. These include hazardous chemicals and chemical based toxins that do not fall under the category of explosives but may be used as substances for chemical weapons.

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Table 5.1 Summary of laws and regulations that are relevant for this project

Law/Regulation/ Policy Compliance Key Stakeholders

Environment Protection and This EIA is submitted to fulfil the requirement of Article 5 of the EPPA Ministry of Environment Preservation Act on EIA EPA Environment Impact Assessment This EIA is submitted to EPA and conforms to the ToR issued by EPA Ministry of Environment Regulations EPA Decentralization Act The Island Council of Sh.Feydhoo and Sh Atoll Council is the local Local Councils authority responsible for Feydhoo. A copy of this EIA will need to be submitted to Sh. Atoll Council. Environmental Liability Regulation The proponent will ensure that environmental and social monitoring is Ministry of Environment undertaken during the construction and operation stages of the project EPA Regulation on Dredging and Land A dredging and reclamation permit have to be issued by EPA before EPA Reclamation any dredging work commences. Coral and Sand Mining Regulation Dredging will only be carried out in areas specified in the EIA and EPA approved by EPA.

General Laws Act Measures must be taken to prevent damage to private property during Ministry of National Planning, Housing and the project work. Infrastructure

Male’ City Council

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Law/Regulation/ Policy Compliance Key Stakeholders

Regulation on Cutting Down and Export For any trees that are uprooted, two trees have to be planted at the Ministry of Environment of Trees and Coconut Palms island. Vegetation that needs to be cleared for this project include 30 coconut palms and coastal vegetation. EPA Regulation on the Protection of the Any old tree within the vicinity of the project must be taken into Ministry of Environment Natural Life and Character of Old Trees consideration. The most significant vegetation at the project site was and Plants in Maldives 30 Coconut palms (Ruh). EPA Protected Areas Regulation There are no protected areas declared in the vicinity of the project site EPA

Maldives Heritage Act There are no sites, monuments or objects of heritage significance in the Ministry of Arts, Cutlure and Heritage project site Department of Heritage Law on Cultural and Historical Places There are no sites, monuments or objects of heritage significance in the Ministry of Arts, Cutlure and Heritage and Objects in Maldives project site Department of Heritage Employment Act The employment conditions and work hours for employees will be in Ministry of Economic Development accordance with the provisions of the Employment Act. Labour Relations Authority

Immigration Act All foreign migrant workers employed by the project will have the Maldives Immigration required passports and visas. Pensions Act All Maldivian workers who will work in the project will be registered Pension Office with MPAO for retirement pension.

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Law/Regulation/ Policy Compliance Key Stakeholders

Work Visa Regulation All workers for the project will have a valid work visa. Maldives Immigration

Labour Relations Authority Anti-Human Trafficking Act This act will be complied with when recruiting workers. Maldives Immigration

Labour Relations Authority Regulation on the Safety Standards for The project site will be monitored at all times to ensure the safety of Ministry of National Planning, Housing and Construction Work both the workers and public. Infrastructure

Health Protection Agency Waste Management Regulation Waste from the project site such as the dredged sand will be reused for Ministry of Environment other projects where possible.

Maldives Intended Nationally LED lights will be used during at the harbor. Ministry of Environment Determined Contribution

Public Health Protection Act Project work will be planned and carried out responsibly to ensure Health Protection Agency public safety.

Regulation on Controlling Mosquito The project site including construction materials and equipment will Health Protection Agency Breeding be maintained to prevent the accumulation of stagnant water to prevent mosquito breeding.

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6 BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Existing Harbor Condition

The existing harbour at Feydhoo is located on the north eastern side of the island measuring 100m by 67m. The entrance channel is located towards the south eastern side of the harbour and it measures approximately 28m in width. The harbour was initially constructed in 2006 and maintenance dredging has been carried out three times since then, through government projects. The outer breakwater and quay wall of the island is intact.

The entrance channel and the harbour basin are exposed to strong wave action, especially during the northeast monsoon. Wave action in the entrance channel of the harbour is shown in Figure 6.1 and 6.2. Conditions of the harbour have caused many accidents, the most recent of which destroyed a fishing vessel during stormy weather in 2020.

Figure 6.1 Strong wave action at the entrance channel

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Figure 6.2 Strong wave action at the entrance channel

6.2 Climate

The climate in Maldives is warm and humid, typical of the tropics. Data from Hdh. Hanimaadhoo, which is closer to the project site, has been used to describe the parameters for climate and weather.

The mean daily temperatures vary between 24.2°C and 32.5°C and relative humidity varies from 73 percent to 85 percent. The annual average rainfall is approximately 1790 mm. As Maldives lies on the equator, Maldives receives plenty of sunshine throughout the year. Significant variation is observed in the climate between the northern and the southern atolls. The annual average rainfall in the southern atolls is higher than the northern atolls. In addition, greater extremes of temperature are also recorded in the southern atolls.

6.2.1 Monsoons

The climate of Maldives is characterised by the monsoons of the Indian Ocean. Monsoon wind reversal significantly affects weather patterns. Two monsoon seasons are observed in Maldives: The Northeast (Iruvai) and the Southwest (Hulhangu) monsoon. The parameters that best distinguish the two monsoons are wind and rainfall patterns. The southwest monsoon is the rainy season while the northeast monsoon is the dry season. The southwest monsoon occurs from May to September and the northeast monsoon is from December to February. The

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 63 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll transition period of southwest monsoon occurs between March and April while that of northeast monsoon occurs from October to November.

6.2.2 Winds

The winds that occur across Maldives are mostly determined by the monsoon seasons. The two monsoons are considered mild given that Maldives is located close to the equator. As a result, strong winds and gales are infrequent although storms and squall lines can occur, usually in the period May to July. During stormy conditions gusts of up to 111km/hr have been recorded at Male’.

Wind direction and speeds show considerable uniformity in the past twenty-plus monsoon seasons in the Maldives (Naseer, 2003). Wind analysis indicates that the monsoon is considerably stronger in central and northern region of Maldives compared to the south (Naseer, 2003). Table 6.1 summarises the wind conditions in central Maldives throughout a year.

Table 6.1Summary of General Wind Conditions from National Meteorological Centre

Season Month Wind December Predominantly from NW-NE.

NE – Monsoon January High Speeds from W February From all directions. Mainly W. March Transition Period 1 High Speeds from W. April May Mainly from W. June SW - Monsoon July High Speeds from W. August September Mainly from W. Transition Period 2 October High Speeds from W

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Figure 6.3 shows the monthly predominant directions through the years 1992 to 2016 in Hanimaadhoo. According to this the dominant wind direction is West and West North West. This is where the proposed new entrance channel will be dredged. Westerly winds dominate during the months April to November. From December the strongest and most frequent winds approach from the north-east.

Figure 6.3Wind Frequencies recorded at Hdh. Hanimaadhoo between 1992 – 2018

6.2.3 Rainfall

The average annual rainfall at Hanimaadhoo is 1,734mm. This is more than 200mm lower than the annual mean rainfall at Hulhule’. The months of January, February, March and April receives the least rainfall and they are the dry months of the year. July, the wettest month of the year. Figure 6.4 below shows the variation in total monthly rainfall recorded at Hanimaadhoo from 1992 to 2019.

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Total monthly rainfall (1992 - 2019)

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000 Rainfall (mm) Rainfall 2000

1000

0

April May June July March January August February October November December September

Figure 6.4 Variation in rainfall at Hanidmaadhoo every month from 1992-2019 (Source: MET, 2020)

6.2.4 Temperature

Daily temperatures of Hanimaadhoo vary little throughout the year with a mean annual temperature of 28.5°C. The annual mean maximum temperature recorded for Hanimaadhoo during the period 1992-2019 was 31.1°C and the annual mean minimum temperature for the same period was 25.4°C. The highest recorded temperature for Hanimaadhoo was 35°C on 30th of April 2016. The lowest recorded temperature for Hanimaadhoo was 18.2°C on 23rd of December 2002. Figure 6.5 below shows the annual temperature ranges from 1992 to 2019 at Hanimaadhoo.

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Annual temperature ranges in Hanimaadhoo (1992 - 2019)

35 36 34.5 34.4 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.3 34.3 33.8 33.8 34 33.8 33.8 33.9 33.9 33.9 33.8 35 33.6 33.7 33.5 33.1 33 33.2 33.2 33.1 34 32.7 32.9 32.8 33 32 31 29.0 29.0 28.9 30 28.7 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.6 28.8 28.7 28.4 28.5 28.5 28.6 28.5 28.5 28.4 28.4 28.3 28.3 28.4 28.3 28.5 28.6 28.5 29 28.2 28.0 28.3 28 27 26 25 24 22.4 23 22 22.1 21.4 21.5 21.4 21.2 21 22 20.7 20.9 20.9 20.7 20.8 20.5 20.3 20.3 20.6 20.5 20.4 20 20 20 20.2 20.2 21 19.7 19.9 19.4 20 19 18.2 18 17

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Min temp Mean temp Max temp

Figure 6.5 Mean temperature by year in Hanimaadhooe’- 1992-2019 (Source:MET, 2020)

There has been an increase in the maximum yearly temperature observed at Hanimaadhoo since the year 2011, however the period is too short to generalise a long-term trend. The hottest month of 2019 in Hanimaadhoo was April (Figure 6.6) while the hottest nakaiy is Hei which is 18th October to 31st October.

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Monthly temperatures in Hanimaadhoo 2019

36 34.5 33.8 34 33.6 33.7 34 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.1 32.2 32.4 32.3 32 30.1 30.2 29.3 29.0 28.7 28.7 30 28.3 28.6 28.2 28.3 27.5 27.9 28 26 23.6 24 23 23.4 23 24 22.7 22.4 22.6 22.4 22.7 22.6 22 20.8 20 18

April May June July March January August February October September November December

Maximum Mean Minimum

Figure 6.6 Monthly temperatures in Hanimaadhoo - 2019 (Source:MET, 2020)

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6.3 Hydrology

6.3.1 Tidal Pattern

Tides in the Maldives are mixed and semi-diurnal/diurnal. Water levels at the site vary mainly in response to tides, storm surge or tsunamis. Tidal variations are referred to the standard station at Hulhulé Island. Typical spring and neap tidal ranges are approximately 1.0 m and 0.3 m respectively (MEC, 2004). Maximum spring tidal range in Hulhulé is approximately 1.1 m. There is also a 0.2 m seasonal fluctuation in regional mean sea level, with an increase of about 0.1 m during February to April and a decrease of 0.1 m during September to November. Table 6.2 summarizes the tidal elevations reported at Hulhulé, which is representative of tidal conditions at the project site. Tidal measurements at Hanimadhoo have been shown in Figure 6.7. The maximum tidal variation observed for this period is 1.04m.

Table 6.2 Tidal elevations reported at Hulhule'

Tide Level Referred to Mean Sea level Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) +0.66 Mean Higher High Water (MHHW) +0.39 Mean Lower High Water (MLHW) +0.24 Mean Sea Level (MSL) 0.00 Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) -0.12 Mean Lower Low Water (MHLW) -0.32 Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT) -0.81

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Tide chart for Hanimaadhoo (19 July - 1 August) 90

70

50

30

10

-10 4:27 5:11 5:53 6:33 7:12 7:50 8:29 9:09 9:53 0:15 1:18 2:27 3:34 18:31 19:00 19:30 20:01 20:35 21:11 21:51 22:34 23:22 10:48 12:10 14:28 16:46 17:42 19-Jul 20-Jul 21-Jul 22-Jul 23-Jul 24-Jul 25-Jul 26-Jul 27-Jul 28-Jul 29-Jul 30-Jul 31-Jul 1-Aug -30

Figure 6.7 Tide Measurements at Hanimaadhoo - 19 July 2020 – 1 August 2020 (Source:MET, 2020)

6.3.2 Wave Conditions

There are two major types of waves reaching the coasts of Feydhoo Island: long distance swells waves and monsoonal wind waves. The long-distance swell waves approach mainly from a S- SW direction and is dominant throughout the year (Young, 1999). These waves come with a wave period of 14-20 seconds with a maximum height of 3.0 m in Open Ocean. During the NE monsoon winds generated within the atoll can create wind waves with a wave period of 2-5 seconds and with wave heights at 0.5 m.

The local monsoon predominantly generates wind waves, which are typically strongest during April-July in the southwest monsoon period. Estimated wave conditions for Feydhoo is shown in Figure 6.8 below. Based on the Disaster Risk Assessment of 11 islands report (UNDP, 2006), it shows that the Feydhoo region is generally exposed to strong wave activity during both seasons. During northeast monsoon, waves approaching from the NE generate monsoonal wind waves, the project site which is located at the eastern side of the island is directly exposed to the Indian ocean swells. Similarly, during the southwest monsoon, wind waves approach from the west at high intensity.

Site specific wave analysis requires measurement of waves over the two seasons. The period of assessment provided in the EIA ToR does not facilitate such an assessment. Hence, the general conditions based on secondary information has been summarized above.

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Figure 6.8 Estimated waves at Feydhoo

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6.3.3 Swell Waves and Storm Surges

Waves studies around Maldives have identified the presence of swell waves approaching predominantly from a southwest to a southerly direction Kench et. al (2006), Young (1999), DHI (1999), Binnie Black & Veatch (2000) and Naseer (2003). Maldives experiences occasional flooding caused by long distance swell waves that are generated by South Indian Ocean storms (Goda, 1988).

6.3.4 Currents

In general, currents which affect the seas around the islands reef system can be the result of one or more tidal currents, wind-induced currents and wave-induced currents. It is presumed that generally current flow through the country is defined by the two-monsoon season winds.

Westward flowing currents are dominant from January to March with the change in current flow pattern taking place in April and December (Kench et. al, 2006). In April the westward currents become weak while the eastward currents start to take over. In December the eastward currents are weak with the westward currents becoming more prominent. Hence, currents within this site are very likely to be heavily influenced by the monsoons. However, these measurements will be affected by the tidal cycle as well.

Currents measurements were undertaken on the island during field visits (SW monsoon) in the evening. Generally, long-term studies are required to establish the prevailing site-specific current patterns. However, due to time limitations of the present study, a snapshot assessment was under using drogue technique. Measured current flow at the sites is provided in Figure 6.9 below. Dominant direction is to the east at an average of 0.23 m/s.

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Figure 6.9 Currents measured at project location

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6.4 Risk of Natural Hazards

Information included in this section has been sourced from the 2006 UNDP report, “Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives”. According to the report, Maldives has a moderate disaster risk scenario.

Tsunami risk

Maldives has been subject to an earthquake-generated tsunami reaching heights of 4.0 m on land in 2004 (UNDP, 2006). Historical wave data from Indian Ocean countries show that tsunamis have occurred in more than 1 occasion, most notable has been the 1883 tsunami resulting from the volcanic explosion of Karakatoa (Choi et al., 2003). The estimated return period for the type of tsunami that occurred on the 26th of December 2004 is 219 years.

The threat of tsunamis is more for islands along the east of Maldives than for those islands along the northern and southern fringes of Maldives. Islands along the western fringe of Maldives have a relatively low tsunami hazard. Sh. Feydhoo is geographically located at a moderate risk tsunami hazard zone. The range of probable maximum wave height for this zone is 80-250 cm.

Earthquake hazard

Earthquake hazard risk is low across the Maldives except for Gnaviyani, Gaaf Alif, Gaaf Dhaal Atolls and Addu City. Sh. Feydhoo is in the lowest risk seismic hazard zone 1.

Swell Waves and Storm Surges

In addition to swell waves, islands of the Maldives are also exposed to storm surges associated with localised storms and cyclonic events. The eastern islands of Maldives are more vulnerable to higher storm surge hazards compared to the western islands. Sh. Feydhoo falls into storm surge hazard zone 5 which has a predicted storm surge height of 1.32m, average tide height of 0.98m and storm tide height of 2.30m.

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Cyclone Wind Hazard

The Disaster Risk Profile of Maldives reports 11 cyclonic events over the Maldives in the last 128 years and only one event over the central Maldives. All of these events were of category 1 cyclones. There have been no cyclonic events since 1993.

The northern atolls have a greater risk of cyclonic winds when compared to southern atolls. The project site is located in the Cyclonic Wind Hazard Zone 5 with the highest probable wind speeds across the country (180 km/hr). These wind speeds can cause high damage.

Risk Index for Multiple Hazards

Feydhoo is not included in the list of top 20 islands with multi hazard physical vulnerability risk.

Flooding

It was noted during stakeholder consultations that swell waves sometimes travel 300-400 ft inwards. However, the dense vegetation on the island mitigates the effects to some extent.

6.5 Water Quality Assessment

6.5.1 Ground Water Quality

The primary objective of the marine water quality assessment was to determine the baseline conditions of the ground water around the project site.

The water samples were submitted to the Male’ Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) for analysis on the 23rd of July 2020. MWSC was unable to test for TPH and the letter has been attached in Appendix D. Temperature measurements were taken at the laboratory and not on site. The results are shown in the table below.

All the parameters analysed were within the acceptable range. Ground water has a much wider range of acceptable pH levels (6.5 – 8.5) compared to seawater. Groundwater with pH values higher than this is called hard water and does not pose a health risk. Acidic water can increase solubility of metals which could have serious health implications. Salinity of all samples were also within acceptable range. Groundwater however can have more dissolved minerals than sea water which could lead to higher salinity. Groundwater salinity can also be affected by

Prepared by: CDE Consulting 75 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll saltwater intrusion and thus the measured salinity can vary depending on proximity from shoreline. Several other factors like depth of groundwater table, tidal levels at time of sampling and even weather conditions like precipitation intensity before sampling can affect salinity levels of groundwater.

Table 6.3 Ground water quality results assessed at MWSC

Results Parameter GW1 (Masjid GW2 (Masjid GW3 Eman) Thauba) Physical appearance Clear with Clear with Pale yellow particles particles with particles Temperature (°C) 25 24.2 24.9 Salinity (%) 0.23 0.16 1.09 pH 7.95 7.88 7.36 Turbidity (NTU) 0.128 0.452 0.354 6.5.2 Marine Water Quality

The primary objective of the marine water quality assessment was to determine the baseline conditions of the ground water around the project site.

The water samples were submitted to the Male’ Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) for analysis on the 23rd of July 2020. The results are shown in the table below.

All the parameters analysed were within the optimum recommended range. pH of all samples were within recommended range. Seawater pH levels lower than 7.4 can stress corals by decreasing the calcification process. Salinity of all samples were within acceptable range. The average salinity of seawater is 35 ppt. The optimal range recommended by EPA is 32 to 42 ppt.

Table 6.4 Marine water quality results assessed at MWSC

Results Reference Optimal Parameter SW1 (Inside the SW2 (Inside range lagoon) the harbour) Physical appearance Clear with Clear with particles particles

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Temperature 24.7 24.7 18°C to GBRMPA, 32°C 2009 Salinity (%) 34.02 33.58 34.02 33.58 pH 8.03 8.11 8.03 8.11 Turbidity (NTU) 1.12 2.32 1.12 2.32

6.6 Bathymetry

A detailed bathymetric survey of the study site was undertaken during the field visit on July 2020. Survey results have been summarized in bathy charts Appendix D. The depth figures presented are in meters below sea level (MSL). The results show that much of the channel and current basin is currently at a depth of -3 MSL. However, there are areas within the basin which have a depth of -2 MSL and -4 MSL. The entrance channel is shallower, majority of the channel has a depth of -2 MSL.

Survey results have been summarized in bathy charts included in Appendix D.

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6.7 Beach

Historical changes and Long-term erosion

The island coastal environment has been modified with a harbour basin, a quay wall, a breakwater, a reef entrance and land reclamation (see Figure 2.3). These modifications appear to have altered the hydrodynamics and geomorphologic behaviour of the island, in particular the sediment movement routes and patterns. However, the extent of this subsequent shoreline change appears to be minimal on the vegetation line. Shifts in vegetation line are an indicator of major long-term erosion or accretion. Most of the changes appear to be on the sediment volumes that shift seasonally around the island. The presence of the reclaimed area has also added more material to the sediment budget. Despite the presence of the harbour, much of the island continues to have a well-functioning beach system. The circular movement of sediments are causing the harbour basin to be sediment over a short period of time.

Feydhoo generally regarded as a stable island with periodic erosion hotspots on the northern and south-western end. However there has been some substantial erosion over the years in the north Eastern side of the island which is exposed to strong NE monsoon wave activity. Evaluation of historical shoreline data confirms this observation and information locals also suggest that most sections of the shoreline have been relatively stable for long periods, when compared with similar islands.

Historical changes to the beach line can be analysed by comparing historical aerial photographs or satellite images. Analysis of historical aerial photographs from 1969 against satellite image data from 2004, 2006, GPS surveys of 2013, satellite images of 2014, 2016, 2019 and GPS Surveys of 2020 (see Figure 6.10), shows a fairly stable system in most parts of the island, both in the medium- to long-term. It also shows significant erosion on the NE side where the beach has retreated 50 m over the last 40 years. The changes to shoreline wave evident from vegetation cover and shore profiles as well. The scale of this activity appears to have ceased by the early 2000s. Changes have also been limited in the area since the harbour construction.

There is observed shoreline retreat on the western side, and locals tie it with the channel excavations (Figure 6.11 to 6.13). The images also support this view. During the last 2-3 years, there is evidence of erosional pressure on the eastern side, south of the harbour.

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Figure 6.10 Long term erosion and accretion trends in Feydhoo

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Figure 6.11 Beach Erosion at western side of the island

Figure 6.12 Beach Erosionat western side of the island

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Figure 6.13 Beach Erosion at western side of the island

Beach Profiles

Beach profiles provide invaluable information about the sediment volume, beach slope and changes to volume and slope over time. In addition, the slope, height and width are good indicators of wave and wind conditions, and erosion dominant areas. In general, gentler slopes and wider widths indicate an accreting area with generally lower wave energy and erosion at the time of the survey. Steeper slopes indicate stronger wave energy particularly if the beach material is composed of coarser material. Steeper slopes are also associated with severe erosion, in other areas.

Beach profiles were undertaken at five different locations in Feydhoo. The results indicated mostly steeper slopes indicative of strong wave energy and erosion.

Beach profiles for the island are presented in Appendix D.

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6.8 Marine Environment

The aim of this assessment is to establish the baseline condition at the proposed project location. Marine assessments were carried out on 26th July 2020. The assessment was carried out with the following objectives in mind:

1. To determine the general status of the reef associated with the island 2. To assess the conditions of the marine environment which will be directly impacted by the project 3. To determine the fish species abundance and composition of the reef system

6.8.1 Photo Quadrat Survey and Fish Census

Transect 1

This transect was deployed at 6 meter depth along the eastern reef of Feydhoo. The benthic material was rocky pavement and it accounted for 78.75% of the transect. Rubble and sand constituted just over 10% of the benthic cover. Live coral accounted for 8.23%±2.80 of the transect.

The most abundant fish family observed on this site were Pomacentridae. The main diet of Pomacentridae consists of algae, zooplankton and benthic invertebrates. There were 32 fish species of 12 fish families observed here.

90 78.75 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

Peecentage cover (%) 8.23 10 4.83 5.55 0 Live Coral Pavement Sand Rubble

Figure 6.14 Benthic substrate composition at Transect 1

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Transect 2

This transect was deployed at 8 meter depth on the south western reef of Feydhoo. The benthic material was mainly rocky pavement which accounted for 74.57% of the transect. Sand and rubble constituted less than 2% of the surveyed area. Live coral cover here was high at 20.84%±4.03 presence.

The most abundant fish family observed on this site were Pomacentridae and Acanthuridae. The main diet of Pomacentridae consists of algae, zooplankton and benthic invertebrates while Acanthuridae feeds on filamentous algae, benthic algae and some species even go for zooplankton. There were 43 fish species of 14 fish families observed here.

80 74.57 70 60 50 40 30 20.84 20 Percentage cover (%) 10 1.18 1.09 0 Live Coral Coralline algae Pavement Rubble

Figure 6.15 Benthic substrate composition along transect 2

Transect 3

This transect was deployed at 4.5 meter depth on the western reef of Feydhoo. Benthic material here composed of rocky pavement which accounted for 72.4% of the transect. Coral cover presence was higher than transect 2, accounting for 24.18%±3.43 of the surveyed area.

Balistidae were the most abundant fish family observed along this transect while Labridae had the greatest diversity here with six fish species observed. Balistidae feed on algae, zooplankton, invertebrates, small benthic crustaceans as well as small fish. There were 33 fish species of 12 fish families recorded along this transect.

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80 72.4 70 60 50 40 30 24.18 20 Percentage cover(%) 10 1.83 0.4 0 Live Coral Pavement Coralline algae Rubble

Figure 6.16 Benthic substrate composition along transect 3

Transect 4

Transect four was deployed at 4 meter depth on the north eastern reef of Feydhoo. This area was almost entirely rocky pavement substrate which accounted for 94.39% of the transect. Live coral cover here was very low at 1.88%±0.65 of the surveyed area.

Eight different species of Labridae family were recorded along this transect while Acanthuridae and Chaetodontidae families both had seven species recorded here. Labridae mainly feed on benthic invertebrates and zoo plankton. A total of 37 fish species belonging to 12 fish families were observed here.

100 94.39

80

60

40

20

Percentage cover (%) 1.88 0.74 0 Live Coral Pavement Coralline algae

Figure 6.17 Benthic substrate composition along transect 4

6.8.2 Manta tow

Manta tow was attempted on the eastern side of the island. However, the area was too deep for observation from surface. General status along the eastern side of the island reef was noted

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|84 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll instead. The depth varied from around 8 meters to 10 meters. Benthic material was sandy bottom with rocky pavement and dead coral. Live corals were present in scattered colonies.

6.8.3 Visual snorkelling

Visual snorkelling survey was carried out on the harbor entrance to assess the benthic substrate of the area. The area was mostly sand and rocks, with increasing amount of rubble and rocky pavement heading towards the reef edge where large boulder corals and rocky pavement dominate the substrate.

6.9 Environmentally Protected Areas and Environmentally Sensitive Areas

The mangrove at Feydhoo has been declared as an Environmentally sensitive area. There are no Environmentally Protected Areas within 5 km radius of project site. The closest Environmentally Protected Areas include the mangrove area of Neykurendhoo within the same atoll which is 20km from the project site and Farukolhu in Shaviyani Atoll which is 32 km from the project site.

6.10 Terrestrial Environment

6.10.1 General Characteristics

The island of Feydhoo is a large sized inhabited island (~91ha.) with a well-established vegetation system. The settlement is located in the centre of the island. Dense vegetation extends around the settlement area. Approximately 64 Ha of the island consists of vegetated area. The northern side of the island has a mangrove area which has been declared as an environmentally sensitive site.

Project Site

The key area studied during this assessment was the shoreline vegetation along the proposed project site, along the existing harbour area. The total size of this area is ~1ha and approximately an area of 0.5 Ha is vegetated. The most dominant species observed in this area are Dhigga (Hibiscus tiliaceus). Other species include Magoo (Scaevola taccada), Kuredhi (Pemphis acidula) and Kaani (Cordia subcordata). There was also one medium sized Hirundhu (Thespesia populnea) and two medium sized Boashi (Heliotropium foertherianum).

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Significant vegetation in the site include Ruh (Cocos nucifera). There were 30 coconut palms within direct footprint.

Figure shows the vegetated area at the project site.

Figure 6.18 Vegetated area at the project site

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Figure 6.19 Vegetation to the west of the harbour basin

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Figure 6.20 Vegetation to the south of the harbour basin

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Figure 6.21 Vegetation to the north of the harbour basin

Temporary Storage Site

The area to the north of the harbour can be used as a temporary storage site. This area meets the area requirements of the contractor. There are 7 coconut palms in this area.

Vegetation Types:

An inventory of the flora found within the proposed assessment area is presented in the Table below.

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Table 6.5 Flora inventory of Proposed project site(s)

# Scientific Name English Name Dhivehi Name Distribution (ACFOR) 1 Cocos nucifera Coconut palm Dhivehi ruh A 2 Hibiscus tiliaceus Sea Hibiscus Dhigga A 3 Scaevolla taccada Sea Lettuce Magoo C 9 Thespesia populnea Tulip tree Hirundhu R 10 Cordia subcordata Corida Kaani O 11 Tournefortia argentea Tree heliotrope Boashi O 14 Pemphis acidula Pemphis Kuredhi C

NOTE: ACFOR: A: Abundant; C: Common; F: Frequent; O: Occasional; R: Rare

6.10.2 Vegetation Clearance

Approximately a vegetated area of 0.45 Ha to the south of the harbour fall in the direct footprint of the project. Vegetation is also present around the existing harbour basin which may need to be removed. The area for vegetation clearance is shown in Figure 6.22 below.

Vegetation around the existing harbour consists mainly of coconut palms (Ruh). There are 13 coconut palms to the southern side of the harbour, 10 coconut palms to the west of the harbour and 7 coconut palms in the northern area of the harbour. Other types of vegetation in the project area include ~15-20 Sea Hibiscus (Dhiggaa), ~10-15 Pemphis (Kuredhi), ~5-10 Plum (Magoo)and ~5-10 Cordia (Kaani).

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Figure 6.22 Area for vegetation removal

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6.10.3 Land Survey Approval for Location Clearance

The application for Land Survey Approval was not submitted during the time of preparation of the EIA report. The Island Council was in communication with the proponent and contractor regarding the details of the clearance and a way forward.

6.10.4 Replantation of Trees

Area for Replantation

The Island Council has identified the cleared road to the south of the harbour as indicated in Figure 6.23 for replantation. For each plant removed, two new plants will be planted.

In addition to this area, cleared vegetation will also be replanted around the harbour during landscaping.

Source of Plants and Schedule of Implementation

Replantation of trees and landscaping will begin towards the end of the harbour redevelopment project. New plants will be sourced from the island itself, using shoot or stem cuttings of existing plants in the island.

Cleared Vegetation

The trees removed from the project site will be replanted around the harbour as much as possible by the Island Council.

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Figure 6.23 Area for vegetation relocation

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6.11 Socioeconomic Environment

6.11.1 Population Characteristics

According to Census 2014, the total population of Feydhoo in 2014 was 741 of which 20 were foreigners. This includes 406 females and 335 males. The total resident population of Feydhoo in 2019 was 1,295 of which 668 were males and 627 were females. According to the Island Council the total registered population of the island is currently ~1,300.

Figure 6.24 below shows the resident population by locality in Shaviyani Atoll. While there are 14 islands in Shaviyani Atoll, Feydhoo has the seventh highest resident population in the Atoll.

Resident Population by Locality in Shaviyani Atoll 2,500 2,104 2,000 1,884

1,500 1,366 1,094 1,111 1,000 741 802 660 597 515 484 491 439 500 348

-

Feevah Maroshi Goidhoo Feydhoo Bilehffahi Lhaimagu Noomaraa Narudhoo Komandoo FunadhooMilandhoo Kaditheemu Foakaidhoo Maaugoodhoo

Figure 6.24 Resident population by locality in Shaviyani Atoll (Source: Census 2014)

Population Pyramid

There were a total of 47 people above the age of 65 in the island recorded in 2014. Elderly people face a bigger risk of injury when getting on and off vessels with jetty in the existing condition. Figure 6.25 below shows the population pyramid of Feydhoo as recorded in Census 2014.

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Population Pyramid of Sh.Feydhoo 75+ 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 Female Male

Figure 6.25 Population Pyramid of Sh.Feydhoo

Population Projection

It is projected that the total resident population of Sh. Feydhoo will have an incremental growth over the next years. Projected resident population for Feydhoo for 2054 is 923. Figure 6.26 below shows the projected mid-year resident population growth curve, taken from the Maldives Population Projections 2014-2054. According to the population projections, the population of Feydhoo will remain quite steady although there is a slight decrease between the years from 2050 year till 2054. This further strengthens the fact that a harbor is necessary for the future of the island.

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Projected Resident Population of Sh.Feydhoo (2014-2054) 1,000 900 800 700 600 500 400 Population 300 200 100 0

2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 2026 2028 2030 2032 2034 2036 2038 2040 2042 2044 2046 2048 2050 2052 2054 Year

Figure 6.26 Projected Resident Population of Sh. Feydhoo

Sex Ratio

According to data from Census 2014, Feydhoo has a sex ratio of 84. This is lower than the national sex ratio of Maldives which is 107.6 males per 100 females.

6.11.2 Households

According to Census 2014, there are a total of 180 Houses, Flats or Apartments in Feydhoo. During stakeholder consultation, the Island Council stated that there are 420 households at present.

6.11.1 Transport Services

Inventory of vessels in the island

The inventory of vessels in the island is provided in the table below.

Table 6.6 Inventory of vessels in the island

Type of vessel Size Number of vessels Fishing vessel ~30 ft 10

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Cargo boats ~90-95 ft 2 Launch ~24 ft 3 Launch ~20 ft 2 Dinghies - 5

Accessibility to the island

The nearest airport is located in Funadhoo in the same atoll which is approximately 35 km from Feydhoo.

Private speed boat launch ferries are operated every week directly from Male’ to Feydhoo. In addition, MTCC ferry boats operate within the atoll providing accessibility to the islands with the atoll.

Land transportation

Bicycles and motorbikes are mostly used within the island. There are also 4 large pickups, 3 small pickups and electric buggies that are used for land transport.

6.11.2 Business and Employment

According to data from Census 2014 there are a total of 474 people employed in Feydhoo. As seen in Figure 6.27, the main employment sector in Feydhoo is the manufacturing sector with a total of 79 people, mostly females. The sector with the highest employment of males is the fisheries sector with a total of 24 people.

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Main Employment Sectors in Sh.Feydhoo 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Trade Fishing Health Education Construction Manufacturing

Public administration Tourism & food servcice

Female Male

Figure 6.27 Main Employment Sectors in Sh. Feydhoo

According to the island council of Feydhoo the main employment sectors on the island are currently fishing and tourism. Approximately 90% of youth are employed in the tourism sector. Due to resort closure during COVID-19 those employed in the tourism sector are involved in fisheries. Women are mostly involved in thatch weaving and forestry activities, processing and curing fish and in agricultural work (Kandoofaa).

Vegetables, ‘Kandoo’, chillies and ‘Kopee faiy’ are supplied to HDh.Kulhudhufushi weekly via the ferry. Banana, coconut, young coconut and ‘Kandoo’ are supplied to Male’ about 3 times a month. Boats from resorts also visit the island twice a month to purchase local produce. However, during the COVID-19 situation this has greatly lessened.

Conditions of the harbour hinder economic activities on the island by making it difficult for fisheries and for boats which purchase local produce to approach the island. In the year 2019, a boat from Ha.Dhidhdhoo which approached to buy thatch was damaged and in 2016 a boat which came from Sh. Noomaraa was severely damaged as well.

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Redevelopment of the harbour will enable boats to access Feydhoo more easily, making it easier to export local produce and access supplies . Traders on the island will also benefit from space expansion of the harbour.

Fisheries Sector

According to data from Statistical Yearbook 2019 published by National Bureau of Statistics, there was a 115% increase in the number of fishermen in Shaviyani atoll from 2016 (592) to 2017(1274). The number of vessels registered in Shaviyani atoll saw a 75% increase in the same period as well 2016 (20), 2017 (35). However, in 2018 there was a 42% decline in the number of vessels registered.

A similar trend is observed in the quantity of fish catch from 2016 to 2018. 3100 mts of fish were caught in Shaviyani atoll in 2016 and 3200 mts in 2017, a 3% increase. However, in 2018 there was a 14% decrease in the quantity of fish caught at 2800 mts. The number of fishing trips however did not decline from 2017 to 2018.

In 2017, there were on average 22 mechanized masdhoni engaged per month in fishing with a total of 2,444 trips. In 2018, on average 31 mechanized masdhoni were engaged in fishing every month and accounted for 2,697 trips by mechanized masdhoni. Though the data in the statistical yearbook shows decline in the amount of fish caught in 2018 in Shaviyani atoll, there was a 5.5% increase in the total fish catch of the entire country.

Fishing is the main employment sector of Feydhoo with ~30 people employed in this sector. Currently, the number of people going fishing is higher due to the slowdown of the tourism sector during COVID-19. The main type of fisheries in Feydhoo is reef and spearfish fishing. During stakeholder consultations the fishermen of Feydhoo pointed out that the current state of the harbor prevents fishermen from going fishing during rough conditions. Resorts close to Feydhoo, JW Mariott and Sirrufenfushi are supplied with fish from the island.

Redevelopment of the harbor to accommodate the needs of the community can increase opportunities and incur growth of the population in many different sectors. Figure 6.28 below shows the number of fishermen by atoll in 2016 and 2017.

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Number of Fishermen by atoll, 2016 - 2017 2,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

0 HA HDh Sh N R B Lh K AA ADh V M F Dh Th L GA GDh Gn S

2016 2017

Figure 6.28 Number of fishermen by atoll between 2016 and 2017

Income and expenditure

The average monthly per earner income is MVR 7,656 in Shaviyani Atoll. The mean average monthly household income is approximately MVR 19,000 (see figure 6.29). Shaviyani Atoll has an average monthly expenditure by locality of MVR 18,522 (HIES, 2016).

Figure 6.29 Average Monthly Household Income by Locality, Source: HIES, 2016

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6.11.3 Expatriate Worker Employment

It is estimated that there are approximately 177,585 expatriate workers in the Maldives as of March 2020. Majority of workers are Bangladeshi workers (63%) followed by Indian workers (16%) (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020). As seen in Figure 6.30 below, an overwhelming majority of expatriate workers are male.

Top 5 nationalities for expatriate employment in Maldives 120000

100000

80000

60000

40000 Number of workers 20000

0 Bangladesh India Sri Lanka Nepal China

Male Female

Figure 6.30 Top 5 Nationalities for Expatriate Employment in Maldives (NBS, 2020)

The highest share of foreign migrant worker employment in the Maldives is in the construction industry. It is estimated that more than 40% of expatriates in Maldives are employed in this industry (National Bureau of Statistics, 2020). Much of the expatriate population of Maldives also includes undocumented workers who do not have a valid work visa. Immigration records estimates that the number of undocumented expatriate worker population is ~62,000. However, the Ministry of Economic Development estimates that this number will be much higher, exceeding 100,000 (Sun Online, 2020). Forty-three thousand undocumented workers were registered at the Ministry of Economic Development under the program held to register workers which was halted temporarily due to COVID-19 (Sun Online, 2020).

The expatriate worker population of Maldives is a highly vulnerable population with many cases where workers have been trafficked and are denied basic human rights. The undocumented expatriate worker population is especially vulnerable as they do not have a valid work visa and therefore, do not have any legally liable employers. COVID-19 has highlighted the appalling conditions in which expatriate workers have been living in, with numerous

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|101 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll workers congested in small spaces (Gossman, 2020). Protests have also taken place due to poor living conditions and expatriate workers being denied their salaries. Occupational health and safety aspects are also neglected when it comes to expatriate worker employment with many working without the proper training and personal protective equipment needed for safe work. Fatal accidents involving expatriate workers and the public have occurred due to inadequate training and lack of safety measures at the workplace.

It is essential that measures be taken to protect the rights of this vulnerable population. The proponent for this project (MHNPI), the contractor (MTCC) and all sub-contractors shall take full responsibility for safeguarding the rights of all workers employed for this project.

6.11.4 Public Services

Banking

There is no ATM in the island and residents either visit nearby islands Milandhoo or Funadhoo to withdraw cash. Sometimes bank arranges cash in the island, however most of the times the required cash flow is not available.

6.11.5 Healthcare

Feydhoo island has a health centre with primary health care facilities, and a doctor. The residents of the island visit the Regional Hospital in Hdh. Kulhudhuffushi to seek medical care. There are transfer vessels arranged to carry residents from Feydhoo to Kulhudhuffushi.

6.11.6 Utilities

Electricity

Electricity for the island is provided using diesel powered generator sets. The powerhouse is operated by FENAKA. There are a total of 2 generator sets in Feydhoo with a total capacity of 360 kW. The total daily peak load for the island is140 kW and an average of 61,295.05 kWh is used monthly (ME, 2018). The construction activities and harbor operation are expected to increase the energy consumption in the island.

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Water

The main types of water used for cooking and drinking by number of households according to Census 2014 are shown in the tables below. According to the Island Council of Feydhoo, the groundwater quality of the island is deteriorating. Most households use mineral water for drinking and most households have one water tank of 2,500 litre capacity.

Table 6.7 Type of water used for cooking and Drinking

Use Rain water Well Water Desalinated Mineral Total (Ground water) water water Cooking 176 - - - 176 Drinking 172 - - 9 181

Sewerage System

A sewerage system has not been developed on the island. At present, sewage is drained to the ground using septic tanks.

6.11.7 Waste Management

There is a waste management centre in the island. Waste is mostly burnt, however medical waste is dealt with by medical staff. The waste management centre is managed by island council and waste from households are collected on a daily basis.

6.11.8 Land use planning

Land Use Plan of the island is currently in the draft stage and is awaiting approval from Maldives Land and Survey Authority. According to the draft Land Use Plan, the harbour area will have warehouses as well as shops.

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7 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION

7.1 Introduction

Potential adverse and beneficial impacts of construction and operation stage of the proposed development of the harbour are identified and evaluated in this section. Significant impacts are identified and evaluated in two stages. The first stage identifies the environmental and socio- economic components that may be impacted from key project activities. The second stage determines the significance of impacts of each component. The following sections provide details of the evaluation of impacts.

Nature of potential impacts is defined here as No Impact, Adverse Impact or Beneficial Impact. Table 6.1 below provides the nature of potential impacts from the proposed project on environmental and socio-economic aspects by the project components. Where impacts are not applicable to different components, this is indicated as ‘0’. Some aspects may be affected both adversely (indicated as [-]) and beneficially (indicated as [+]) from the project.

7.2 Impact Identification and Evaluation

Environmental and socio-economic aspects that may be impacted by the project during construction and operation stage is identified in Table 7.1 and Table 7.2 respectively. These are further evaluated to identify significant impacts. Assessments of the impacts are conducted using the four criteria of Magnitude, Reversibility, Duration and Distribution as described below. Evaluation of significant impacts during construction and operation stage is provided in Table 7.3 and Table 7.4 respectively. Figure 7.1 below shows the impact footprint area.

Magnitude: Refers to the quantum of change that will be experienced as a consequence of the impact.

Reversibility: Refers to the degree of reversibility of an impact (i.e. ease of reversing the conditions).

Duration: Refers to the temporal scale (i.e. duration, frequency) of the impact. It does not take into account the duration of the impact’s effects.

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Estimates for negative impacts represent a ‘worst case scenario’ based on the assumption that the project will undergo full-scale development with no consideration for its environmental and social consequences, i.e. significance is assessed prior to implementation of mitigation measures. Values are attributed by the EIA team on the basis of direct observation of surveyed sites, professional judgment and pre-existing experience in development projects of similar nature.

7.3 Evaluation of Cumulative Impacts

While direct primary impacts are relatively easy to identify and evaluate, special consideration needs to be given to evaluate cumulative impacts. While it is relatively simple to identify and evaluate direct primary impacts, the complex nature of natural systems makes it difficult to accurately predict synergistic and interactive impacts of a particular development project. On the other hand, it is relatively simple to identify potential additive impacts. The following sources of cumulative impacts were considered in evaluating the potential impacts of the proposed project.

- Time crowding: overall impacts of many similar concurrent developments.

- Space crowding: high density of impacts on a single environmental medium.

- Indirect impacts: secondary and tertiary impacts resulting from an activity.

Triggers and thresholds: ecological systems can undergo fundamental changes beyond certain thresholds. Standards and guidelines have been developed based on anticipated threshold levels, for instance, in determining water quality. Such standards have been considered, where available.

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Figure 7.1 Affected areas of the project

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Table 7.1Impacts during construction stage

Activity during harbour construction

iciency

Labour& working conditions GHG Coastal Processes Resource eff Pollution Noise Vibration Biodiversity Community Health & Safety Vulnerable groups Heritage Land Hire ~40 workers - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Procurement of construction material 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Transport of construction material 0 - 0 - - - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Transport of construction equipment 0 - 0 - - - - - 0 - 0 0 0 Storage of construction material 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 - - 0 0 0 Storage of construction equipment 0 0 0 0 - - 0 0 - - 0 0 0 Site preparation - - 0 - - - 0 - - - 0 0 0 Accommodation for workers -/+ - 0 - - - 0 0 -/+ 0 0 0 0 Constructing sand bed ------0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Demolition of existing breakwater - - 0 - - - - - 0 - 0 0 0 Dredging harbour basin and entrance channel ------0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Land reclamation ------0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Installing breakwater using rock armour - - -/+ - - - - - 0 - 0 0 0

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Activity during harbour construction

iciency

Labour& working conditions GHG Coastal Processes Resource eff Pollution Noise Vibration Biodiversity Community Health & Safety Vulnerable groups Heritage Land Installing revetment - - -/+ - - - - - 0 - 0 0 0 Installing quay wall using prefabricated L------/+ - - - 0 0 0 0 blocks Installation of street lights - 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Installation of navigation lights - - 0 - - - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Installation of drainage system - 0 0 0 - - 0 - 0 - 0 0 0 Demobilisation -/+ - 0 - -/+ - - - 0 0 0 0 0

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Table 7.2Impacts during operations stage

Activity during harbour operation

Labour& working conditions GHG Resource efficiency Pollution Biodiversity Accessibility Social cohesion Flood mitigation Vulnerable groups Heritage Land Vessel docking, mooring 0 - - - - + + 0 0 0 0 Passengers embarking and disembarking 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 Loading and unloading good and supplies - 0 0 - 0 + + 0 0 0 0 Navigation beacons 0 - - 0 - + + 0 0 0 0 Street lights 0 - - 0 0 + + 0 + 0 0 Mooring buoys 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0 Drainage system 0 0 0 0 0 + + + + 0 + Ramp for landing craft 0 0 0 0 0 + + 0 0 0 0

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Table 7.3 Evaluation of impacts during construction stage

Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Impacts during recruitment Feeling of dissatisfaction Negative Easily Short National level Significant include hiring workers without amongst workers which reversible term work permit, using recruitment could hinder work and also fees, hiring without an challenges for contractor employment contract and a to manager workers. health screen Lack of adequate and proper This could lead to poor Negative Easily Short Project site Significant Labour & Working living conditions, withholding health and fatigue which reversible term office in the Conditions personal documentation. Lack could impact work island of access to clean water, performance and delay the sanitation, ventilation project. Inadequate wage, delayed Dissatisfaction amongst Negative Easily Short Project Significant payments and lack of workers could result in reversible term mechanism to express work delays complains due to language barrier

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Occupational health and Injuries could compromise Major Possibly Long Project site Significant safety impacts include failure the work schedule. Negative Irreversible term to provide PPE, working long hours or in harsh conditions. Risk of injuries, accidents or fatalities during construction stage activities Emissions during transport Contribution to the Minor Reversible in Short National level Insignificant include emissions from vehicles national GHG emission. Negative the long term term and vessels used for importing and transporting materials and equipment used for construction Emissions due to electricity Contribution to the Minor Reversible in Short National level Insignificant GHG Emission consumption in the national GHG emission. Negative the long term term accommodation and project site office Emissions during the Contribution to the Minor Reversible in Short Project site Insignificant operation of machinery during national GHG emission. Negative the long term term dredging, reclamation, laying armour rock for breakwater and

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts revetment and installing quay wall and demobilisation

Noise pollution due to High noise levels could Negative Easily Short Project site Insignificant operation of vehicles, heavy stress marine habitats and reversible term machineries during site species. Increased noise preparation, dredging, levels could also impact Ambient Noise level breakwater construction. the workers and their However these will not be productivity operated continuously for a long period of tine Electricity consumed at the Contribution to the Minor Reversible Short Island level Moderately accommodation and island’s national GHG emission. Negative term significant electricity grid which increase the power load. Resource Efficiency Water used by workers and for Increased sales of bottled Minor Reversible Short Island level Moderately construction activities will be water from shops. Negative term significant sourced from the water supply and positive facilities available in the island

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts (bottled water), thus increasing sales at shops.

Sewage generated from the - Minor Reversible Short Island level Insignificant worker accommodation site will Negative term be disposed through the island sewage management system thus increasing the demand for sewage disposal Groundwater contamination Vegetation and soil of the Major Reversible in Long Island level Moderately due to spillage of construction island can be adversely Negative the long term term significant as materials at storage site, or due impacted. Ground water with cost this would to sewage disposal as there is no used for non-potable uses implications impact the sewerage system in the island. can be affected. quality of Pollution groundwater even further. Soil contamination due to Vegetation in the island Minor Reversible in Long Project site Moderately spillage of materials used for can be negatively negative the long term term insignificant construction and during impacted. installation of drainage tanks.

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Air pollution due to emissions Negative impacts on Negative Reversible in Short Project site Significant and fumes from machinery and health due to exposure to the long term term dust generated during dust, increase in medical construction activities such as expenses and reduction in dredging and reclamation productivity of workers. Marine water Contamination Indirect impact on Negative Reversible Short Project site Significant - increased turbidity and physiological fitness of term High sedimentation during dredging marine organisms and and reclamation can harm the community composition bottom dwelling holothuroids, of the marine ecosystem. fish species and corals. Construction of shore protection measures is also likely to temporary increase turbidity. Furthermore, accidental spillage of waste, fuel during the construction of the pavement will result in contamination of marine water.

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Marine biodiversity: The Indirect impact on marine Negative Reversible Short Project site Significant benthic organisms and habitat of biodiversity includes term marine organisms in the direct stress on the marine foot print of the reclamation site ecosystem caused by and coastal infrastructure. sediment plumes, and Survey showed there the project turbidity generated by site has minimal live coral these works. cover. Cumulative adverse Increased turbidity and impact on marine Biodiversity sedimentation: ecosystem – on going, periodic warming of seas, Degradation of marine water and stressors to reefs are during dredging will harm the exposed. bottom dwelling Holothuroids, other fish species and corals Impact on marine biodiversity Indirect impact on marine Negative Reversible in Short Project site Significant increased turbidity and biodiversity includes the medium to term sedimentation during dredging stress on the marine long term and reclamation can harm the ecosystem caused by bottom dwelling holothuroids, sediment plumes, and

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts fish species and corals. turbidity generated by Construction of shore protection these works. measures is also likely to temporary increase turbidity. Loss of terrestrial flora, - Negative Reversible Short Island Moderately Dominant vegetation include term Significant Sea Hibiscus and Coconut Palms which will need to removed.

Changes to hydrodynamics: Permanent change to Negative Reversible Short Island Moderately The construction of the harbour island sediment movement with term significant extension will alter the current patterns; potential long- maintenance flow patterns and wave term erosion. activities and propagation patterns in the area. erosion Coastal Processes The changes may resulted in mitigation concentrated pressure on south side of the harbour on unprotected beach.

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Changes to sediment transport: The harbour has been in place long enough for medium term adjustment of sediment transport process. The extended area will add cumulative impacts.

The new replenishment will increase the sediment budget on the island and allow for more stable beach in the short-term

The newly added sand is likely to contain rubble which may alter the sand composition on the beach after replenishment. Business opportunities to the Increased income for shop Positive Reversible Short Regional Moderately island during the project period, owners. term level significant Community increased sales at shops and restaurants

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Restricted access to the island Risk of accidents and Negative Reversible Short Project site Moderately from harbour as the harbour delays in supply of goods term significant as will be closed off in sections and cargo to the island. the access during construction work will be provided at some sections Loss of visual amenity during - Negative Reversible Short Project site Insignificant operation of construction term equipment and construction work can become an eyesore for the community The project maybe carried Easier for construction Positive Reversible Long Project site Insignificant during south west monsoon activities and reduce any term Natural Hazard which can increase the risk of work delays. Risk and Safety swell tides and compromising the construction schedule and activities.

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Table 7.4 Evaluation of impacts during operation phase

Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Impacts during recruitment of Feeling of Negative Easily Short National level Significant workers for harbour maintenance dissatisfaction reversible term include hiring workers without amongst workers work permit, using recruitment which could hinder fees, hiring without an employment work and also contract and a health screen challenges for Island Council to manager Labour & workers. Working Inadequate wage, delayed This could lead to poor Negative Easily Short Project site Significant Conditions during payments and lack of mechanism to health and fatigue reversible term Harbour express complains due to language which could impact Maintenance barrier work performance. Occupational health and safety Dissatisfaction Major Possibly Long Project site Significant impacts include failure to provide amongst workers Negative Irreversible term PPE, working long hours or in could result in work harsh conditions. Risk of injuries, delays. accidents or fatalities during harbour maintenance.

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Emissions from vessel including Contribution to the Negative Irreversible Long Island level Significant fishing boats, speed boats and national GHG term cargo boats using the harbour. It is emission. anticipated there will be an increase in the number of vessels following harbour development including. GHG Emission There will also be an increased demand in fuel due to increased traffic. Emissions during the operation Contribution to the Minor Reversible in Long Island level Insignificant of machinery during harbour national GHG Negative the long term term maintenance work such as emission. maintenance dredging work Electricity consumed by the street Contribution to the Minor Reversible Long Island level Insignificant lights on the harbour and national GHG Negative term Resource navigation lights will be sourced emission and slight Efficiency from the island grid increase in demand for diesel.

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Groundwater recharge due to the Improved quality of Positive Reversible Long Island level Moderately drainage system which will drain groundwater which is term significant as the run off water around the used for bathing in the drainage pits harbour to the island aquifer. island. are only established at the harbour area. Marine water contamination due Indirect impact on Negative Reversible Long Island level Significant to accidental spillage of waste, fuel, physiological fitness term Pollution and solid waste from vessels during of marine organisms operation of the harbour and community composition of the marine ecosystem. Air pollution due to emissions and Health impacts for Negative Irreversible Short Island level Moderately fumes from vessels including speed people on the boats, term insignificant boats and cargo boats using the increased medical harbour and from machinery used expense. for harbour maintenance work

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Impact on marine fauna and Stress on marine Negative Reversible Long Project site Significant marine habitat due to increased habitats which could term Biodiversity vessel movement and increased impact their noise levels at the harbour which ecosystem. could stress the marine habitats Increased social cohesion due to Positive outlook Major Reversible Long Island level Significant harbour development which fulfils towards policy makers Positive term a long-term wish and which brings and increased significant benefits to the island cohesion. community as a whole. Easy accessibility to the island for Enhanced economic Major Reversible Long Island level Significant ferries and cargo boats. Supplies and income earning Positive term Community can be readily supplied in and out sources to the island. of Feydhoo directly following harbour redevelopment without any delays. Easy accessibility to the island for Enhanced economic Major Reversible Long Island level Significant fishing vessels and ability for and income earning Positive term fishermen to make the best use of sources to the island optimal fishing seasons and create

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts the best value by supplying/selling fish and fish related products.

Enhanced accessibility for Major Reversible Long Island level Significant vulnerable groups such as people Positive term with special needs and people with critical health condition will significantly improve following harbour development. Increased economic benefits with Contributes to an Major Reversible Long Island level Significant the easy accessibility to the island overall development positive term for fishing vessels which could of the island. optimise fisheries sector by generating maximum value. Easy accessibility to the island for supply boats can increase the profits from selling local produce such as thatch bundles and other local produces. Increased accessibility can also boost investment in other sectors

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts such as public services or future projects. Incentive for developing and improving restaurants, cafés and shops following easy accessibility to the island. Sources of income may increase Contributes to an Major Reversible Long Island level Significant as harbour development may overall development positive term increase the chances of visitors of the island. from other islands to Feydhoo, which could also raise the demand for guesthouses. Opportunities for women to earn Contributes to an Major Reversible Long Island level Significant income by exporting Thatch overall development positive term bundles to resorts, agricultural of the island and products and Fish products to feeling of Male’ with the easier accessibility empowerment. for supply boats to the island following harbour redevelopment. Increased crime with easier This could be Negative Reversible Long Atoll level Significant accessibility to the island which hindrance to the term

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts could enhance the supply of development. Risk of narcotics resulting in drug abuse exposure to school and and increase in the level of youngsters in the consequent crimes. island. Risk of flooding may increase as Damage to private and Negative Reversible Long Island level Significant harbour development may raise the public properties term Natural Hazard elevation of the harbour side creating financial Risk and Safety compared to the rest of the island implications. which could result in flooding Changes to hydrodynamics: same Permanent change to Negative Reversible Short Island Moderately as construction stage. island sediment with term significant movement patterns; maintenance Changes to the coastal potential long-term activities and hydrodynamics: Changes to erosion. erosion hydrodynamics will lead to erosion Coastal Processes mitigation on the south side of the harbour due to wave refractions.

Beach composition is likely to change to much coarser material for the medium-term

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Indirect/cumulative Impact area Direct Impacts Magnitude Reversibility Duration Distribution Significance impacts Reduced accidents due to Reduced medical Positive Reversible if Long Island level Significant adequate harbour infrastructure and expenses and the harbour is term Health and Safety easy access to boats. psychosocial impacts. not maintained regularly

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8 SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS

8.1 Impacts on Natural Environment during Construction Phase

8.1.1 Increased Noise Levels

Potential sources of impact

During the mobilisation of equipment and operation of machinery, it is anticipated that moderate levels of noise will be generated. The following activities are expected to generate noise pollution.

a. Mobilisation b. Dredging c. Construction of revetment d. Construction of quay wall

The project site is located away from the residential zone and is buffered by vegetation as well. The impacts of increased noise levels is not anticipated to be significant as there are no sensitive receptors within close proximity and the duration of activities generating high noise levels will be short term. Added noise will increase the decibel level over 80 dB(A) at times during dredging and construction of quay wall and revetment.

Construction activities is not anticipated to be undertaken during the night, therefore there will be minimal impact on the community due to this.

8.1.2 Ground Water Pollution

The quality of ground water on the island is deteriorating with continued use. The influx of workers to the island for the construction will further increase the use of septic tanks, however this would not have a significant impact.

Significant impact on the ground water quality could be due to the potential contamination from accidental spillage of construction material such as oil and other chemicals. Irresponsible restorage and handling of such chemicals can have a permanent impact on the ground water lens and remediation will be costly.

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8.1.3 Marine Water Contamination

Construction activities will involve significant impacts on the marine water quality. The most significant will be the turbidity and sedimentation impacts during dredging and reclamation. Turbidity higher than certain threshold levels for longer periods of time will have significant impacts on marine life.

Suspended sediments are carried by water and/or accumulate in a loose unconsolidated form on the reef bottom. While large particles settle on the bottom of the water body, sediment particles less than 0.063 mm in size (mostly clay and silt) will remain suspended in the water column. Suspended sediment will be easily dispersed thereby causing sedimentation on the reef.

The prefabrication onshore would reduce any possibility of spilling of cement and concrete into the water column during construction of overwater structures. However, there would be some degree of disturbance to the water column due to equipment mobilization and placement of prefabricated structures. Sediment dispersal will occur at a moderate scale. The marine environment is likely to be moderately affected.

The possibility of marine water contamination from irresponsible disposal of waste such as plastic bottles, food waste is also high.

8.1.4 Impact on Terrestrial Biodiversity

It is not anticipated that the proposed design will have a significant impact on the terrestrial biodiversity of the island. Main impacts will be for the removal of vegetation at the project footprint.

Terrestrial biodiversity in the project footprint will need to be removed. Majority of the trees fall within direct footprint of the project are Dhigga, Hirundhu, Magoo, Kaani, Boashi and Kuredhi. There were 29 coconut palm trees (Ruh) in the area which will also need to be removed.

Given the island has a well-established vegetation system, removal of these vegetation will not have a significant impact. In addition, the Island Council is planning on replanting the palm trees around the harbour area once it is developed.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|128 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

8.1.5 Impact on Marine Biodiversity

Construction stage of the project is expected to have direct and indirect adverse impacts on the flora and fauna of the marine environment.

The benthic organisms and biological structures in the footprint of the dredging and reclamation will be impacted. According to the field survey, benthic material along the marine transects was mostly rocky pavement. Benthic material along transect 1 on the eastern side of Feydhoo was 78.75% rocky pavement and 8.23% live coral. The harbour entrance was mostly sand, rocks and rocky pavement.

Apart from the live corals, lagoon bottom is a habitat for certain organisms such as worms, molluscs, amphipod etc. which are important food sources for bottom feeders such as certain species of fishes. Lagoon bottom at the proposed project sites will be affected. However, it has been found elsewhere that lagoon bottom dwelling organisms re-establish within few months after such disturbances.

Degradation of the water quality due to spillage of substance used in construction and construction waste, and sedimentation due to disturbance of bottom sediments and generation of sediment plumes would degrade the habitat of marine organisms. In particular, significant increases in the level of suspended and bedded sediment within the water column for a prolonged period will alter the habitat and adversely affect the living organisms at the site.

A moderately significant amount of siltation and sedimentation of the lagoon waters is anticipated. Similarly, increased turbidity of the lagoon water is expected. These factors will cause adverse impacts such as smothering of corals and reduced light penetration to the coral and benthic communities. Under normal circumstances, corals have a self-cleansing mechanism and can withstand a certain rate of sedimentation. However, if the sedimentation exceeds the rate at which corals can self-clean then it may lead to serious detrimental impacts such as coral mortality and alteration of habitat and species composition within the lagoon. It is unlikely that sedimentation and turbidity can reach beyond threshold under proper mitigation measures and supervision.

8.1.6 Waste Management

As with any major construction project, the generation of waste due to the harbor redevelopment project is inevitable. The main type of solid waste that is expected to be generated during this

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|129 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll project is construction and demolition waste. Construction waste will include excess sand from dredging of the harbor basin. Demolition waste will include remains from the destruction of existing structures such as the rock boulder breakwater. Additional types of waste that will be generated include general refuse from the worker accommodation site, this will include food waste, plastic bottles and aluminium cans. Hazardous or chemical waste use for this project is expected to be minimal. Waste from the project site shall be reused where possible. Dredged sand shall be used for reclamation and demolished material shall be used for backfilling.

Environmental and social impacts are expected to arise from the handling, storage, transport and disposal of waste which cannot be reused. Impacts arising from waste are detailed below.

Waste Handling

Improper handling of waste can have health and safety impacts for project staff as well as the public. Handling of unsanitary waste or hazardous waste without the use of proper protective equipment also has the potential to pose a health risk to the community.

Waste storage

Improper storage of waste can cause impacts on health and safety as well as impact the quality of groundwater, marine water and air. In the absence of proper safety precautions, it can promote mosquito breeding and lead to pest infestations. This can cause the spread of diseases within the community such as dengue. Improper waste storage can also lead to accidents such as fires if the waste is flammable. Storing waste materials in open areas without any protection or cover could also pose as a risk to the community.

Additionally, storing waste on permeable surfaces such as soil has the potential of impacting the groundwater lens through contamination. Such cases have occurred in past projects with spillage of substances such as oil and asphalt. Spillage of waste into marine water can contaminate the marine environment and cause harm to marine life as well. Since majority of the project activities will occur over water, there is potential of contaminating the marine water.

Waste Disposal

Feydhoo does not have an adequate waste management system in place and waste is openly burnt at present. General refuse from the project will be disposed at the waste site on the island. Waste

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|130 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll which cannot be managed on the island will be taken to Thilafushi by the contractor including any construction and demolition waste that cannot be reused. Open burning of waste at the island and at Thilafushi can release harmful pollutants into the air and posing a health risk to the human health. As the system at Thilafushi is already overburdened and without adequate infrastructure and systems for waste management, the impacts of open burning are significant. Plans are currently in place to improve waste management practices at Thilafushi through the ‘Greater Male’ Waste to Energy Project’ which is expected to be completed in 2023.

8.2 Impacts on Socioeconomic Environment during Construction Phase

8.2.1 Labour Recruitment

Impacts during labour recruitment include having undocumented foreign migrant workers during the project. Additionally, lack of an employment contract outlining the details of the work and entitled salary for the workers is a serious issue. Such activities will deprive the workers from their rights. In the worst-case scenario such as work-related accidents or other grievances the employer will be held responsible by the respective authority and this will incur financial implications on the employer as well as the worker. Undocumented foreign migrant workers without health screens or medical insurance also puts the employer at risk if a worker passes away. In such cases it becomes challenging to inform his family and carry out the necessary arrangements.

Inadequate wage or delayed payments can dispirit the workers, and this can have negative implications on the project timeline. The impact of this will be multifold as both the contractor and proponent will be bearing the negative impacts.

8.2.2 Health and Safety

Lack of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for workers and safety measures at the project site can also put the worker’s at risk, especially given the project site is a rough area with high intensity waves crashing into the harbor basin. Accidents related to equipment use can lead to injury, and fatalities. Materials used in construction, in addition to the equipment and machinery, also involve risks to health and safety. There have already been multiples accidents where workers have lost their lives for not practicing health and safety measures. Hence, it will be vital to ensure proper supervision and adequate PPEs are provided to all the workers throughout the project. Furthermore, poor living conditions with inadequate ventilation and lack of clean water can put the worker’s health and safety at risk. Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|131 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

8.2.3 Impact on Accessing the Island

During construction, there will be restrictions in using the harbour and accessing the harbour. The project is anticipated to take approximately one year and during the course of the project, it may be difficult to use the harbour. However, harbour development will be carried out in sections where only some areas of the harbour are closed off at a time.

The restriction and challenges in accessing the island can have impacts on other areas including the fisheries and manufacturing sector in the island and for delivering goods and supplies to and from the island.

8.2.4 Impact on Visual Amenity

Since work will be carried in the existing harbour, the project will be an eyesore for the community in the island. This impact cannot be entirely avoided, and it is not anticipated to create any negative impacts to the community as this project is a highly anticipated and desired project by the community.

8.2.5 Increased Demand on Resources

During construction stage, all utilities including water, electricity and sewage management will be sourced from the established facilities in the island. It is anticipated that this project will have a moderate impact on the demand for these resources as approximately 40 workers will be working on this project. Hence, there will be moderate increase in demand for electricity generation and sewage management.

8.2.6 Positive Impact on Businesses in the Island

During construction stage, it is anticipated that the existing businesses in the island will be positively impacted. These businesses include shops and cafes which the construction workers or supervisors will use during the course of the project.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|132 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

8.3 Impacts on Natural Environment during Operation Phase

8.3.1 Increased GHG emission

Redevelopment of the harbour is anticipated to increase the accessibility to the island which can increase the number of vessel operation. As the vessels are mostly powered by diesel, there will be an increased GHG emission as a result of this project. In addition, the use of lights at the harbour can add to this emission. However, this will be insignificant relative to the national GHG emission levels as this project will only contribute a tiny fraction to the total amount of GHG emissions of the country.

Maldives is member of the UNFCCC and is committed to reduce GHG emissions by 30% by 2030 and minor increases in GHG emissions can be considered a setback to this target.

8.3.2 Impact on marine biodiversity

The operation of vessels is around the harbour is anticipated to cause increased noise levels which can stress the marine environment and impact fish species. There is also the risk of littering the ocean by people on the vessels which can contaminate the marine environment and subsequently fish species. The impact is even more if plastic bags or plastic bottles are thrown to the ocean and this is a common practice amongst the passengers and crew members in a vessel. The microplastics in the plastic is confirmed to significant threat to marine biodiversity. A wide range of marine organisms are known to ingest microplastics including mussels, worms, fish and even plankton. Research also shows that the toxins in ingested microplastics are actually transferred into the animals that ingest them. This is serious concern and can cause a significant impact the food chain and liveability of marine organisms and threaten the sustainability of this ecosystem.

8.3.3 Waste Management

The main type of waste expected to be generated during harbor operation includes oil spillage from vessels and litter which is disposed into the harbor. Spillage of oil and litter into marine water can contaminate the harbour basin and will become an eyesore as well. The impact will be even more significant if there is insufficient water circulation around the basin.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|133 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Improper disposal of waste around the harbor can cause groundwater contamination. Littering of solid waste around the harbour has also the potential of blocking the drainage around the quay way which can prevent drainage of water and cause flooding around the harbour.

It is anticipated that the waste generated during operation stage would be disposed via existing waste disposal system which is burning which can pollute the air and pose health risks to the community.

8.3.4 Impact on Hydrodynamics and Erosion

The existing harbour has been present on the island since 2003 and the medium-term hydrodynamics, wave behaviour and sediment transport have adjusted to its presence. The proposed extension works will have both direct and cumulative impacts on the coastal system.

The extended arm of the breakwater and new revetments will affect wave propagation. The channels arms are designed to control waves at the entrance. The ends of the breakwater will cause refraction and concentrate waves energy at the corresponding point on the shoreline. Hence, the beach area immediately south of the reclamation site will have increased erosional pressures. The impacts of wave refraction will be higher in the proposed design as the waves refract off at deeper water compared to the alternative option.

The waves reaching the breakwater and the revetment are expected to reflect off these structures creating standing waves. The overall impacts from reflection will be reduced due the use of irregular armour rocks and their placement in the slope.

The hydrodynamic changes are also expected to be focussed on the southern end. The breakwater ends and the channel breakwater are expected to have the strongest flows. The presence of the harbour will block flow along the reef flat in the area or within its foot print. The harbour basin may experience limited flow during SW monsoon neap tides due to the enclosed nature.

The replenishment activities are will help increase the island sediment budget and there by reduce visible erosion of vegetated land in the short term. This is a beneficial impact. The replenished material is expected to contain rubble due to the substrate composition at the dredging sites. This will change the composition of the beach to a much coarser environment. This will be suitable for beach retention in the long-term but it will reduce the recreational value of those beach areas.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|134 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

The replenished beach on the east side will move sediments towards the harbour basin seasonally. Both the original design and the alternative has measures to contain this flow but the design needs to ensure that sand does not seep through the rock breakwaters and groynes.

8.3.5 Impact on Risks from Natural Disasters

It has been reported during several stakeholder consultations regarding harbour development that often times, following harbour development, the island floods more. This is because usually when a harbour is developed the elevation of the harbour area is higher than the rest of the island which prevents the drainage of storm water effectively. As a result, the island floods and impacts personal and public properties which in turn has financial implications at national level to provide compensation for the affected. According to the Island Council, the dense vegetation on the island mitigates the impact of flooding to some extent. There is still the possibility that island may face flooding if the elevation of the harbour area is not in level with the rest of the island, however given the presence of dense vegetation the impacts would be relatively less compared to other islands.

8.4 Impacts on Socioeconomic Environment during Operation Phase

8.4.1 Labour Recruitment and Working Conditions

Impacts cause by any maintenance work undertaken during operational stage will be similar to those described in Section 7.1.1

8.4.2 Health and Safety

The risks faced by the community in using the existing harbor can be greatly reduced following this project. During rough conditions, vessels are unable to approach the harbor. In such cases, cargo and passengers are transferred onto smaller vessels such as Dinghies, This poses the risk of physical injury due to the vessels capsizing. There have been several accidents where larger vessels have also been severely damaged while trying to access the island.

Following the redevelopment of the project, it is anticipated that the harbor will provide a safe basin for vessels and for people to embark and disembark. This can significantly ease the concerns of the community and reduce further risks to their health and safety.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|135 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

8.4.3 Increased Social Cohesion

Redevelopment of the harbour is anticipated to increase the social cohesion of the island community as the island has needed this project for a long time. Current conditions of the harbour make it extremely challenging for residents. Implementation of the project would be positively received by the community and their trust towards policy makers and will also be upheld.

8.4.4 Enhanced Accessibility to the Island

The harbor at Feydhoo is in very poor condition with exposure to strong waves and due to shallowing of the basin and entrance channel.

Accessibility to the island is very challenging at present. During rough season, cargo boats and passengers are sometimes required to use small vessels such as Dinghies disembark/ unload. Accessibility is also restricted due to the narrow entrance channel which makes it challenging to maneuver larger vessels. The size of the harbor basin is also insufficient for the vessels in the island. Shallowing of the basin and entrance channel has also become an issue for the vessels over time.

Redevelopment of the harbor is hoped to remedy this issue by dredging the entrance channel and harbor, expanding the harbor basin and by widening the entrance channel for safer passage and use of the harbor.

The enhanced accessibility to the island can have other multiple benefits to the island as well, such as boosting fisheries, agriculture and manufacturing sector, which are some of the main income generating sources in the island. This can positively impact the economy and overall development of the community. The areas that will be positively impacted in the island due to ease in accessibility is described below.

Boost in Economy of the island

Easy access to the island and ability to use the harbour can positively impact the fisheries, agriculture and manufacturing sectors of the island. The current condition of the harbour hinders economic activities by restricting fisheries and supply boats from approaching the island during rough weather. Boost in business in these sectors can also provide incentives for the youngsters in

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|136 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll the island to join the business. In addition, there will be incentives for further investments such growing the fishing fleet, fish processing area or developing an ice plant.

Majority of the women in Feydhoo are involved in preparing thatch bundles, coir rope making and in agricultural work. Increased accessibility to the island can enable more resort supply boats to access the island to buy local produce which can boost the manufacturing business and thereby boost the overall income of households. The women play a huge role in this business and the sustainability of this business can continue to empower women in the society and encourage young girls in joining this business.

There will also be increased incentive for investments in other sectors such as local tourism with ease in accessibility to the island. There will also be the possibility of further investment in cafes and restaurants which can further contribute to the development of the island.

Easy Accessibility for the Vulnerable Groups

The redevelopment of the harbor with a ramp can tremendously ease the accessibility of vulnerable groups in the island such as people with critical health conditions, elderly and people with special needs.

Increased Crime

There may however be potential negative impacts of easy accessibility to the island. One of the impacts is that it could contribute to the supply of narcotics to the island resulting in drug abuse and increase in the level of consequent crimes. This could also be a hindrance to the overall development of the island and there will be an increased risk of exposure of youngsters to this issue which can compromise their future as well.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|137 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

9 IMPACT MITIGATION

This chapter provides the mitigation measures for the significant impacts identified above. Mitigation measures will be recommended for significant adverse impacts to minimize such impacts. Mitigation measures will also be recommended for significant positive impacts to enhance these impacts. Table 8.1 and Table 8.2 below provides the mitigation measures for construction and operation stage respectively.

9.1 Mitigation Measures for Significant Impacts during Construction Stage

Table 9.1 Mitigation measures for impacts during construction stage

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Impacts during recruitment Conduct a health screen prior to recruitment and ensure a valid MTCC Prior to recruitment Built in the work permit visa is present. Contractor operations Prepare a contract both in English and the language spoken by costs/fees the worker and explain the terms and conditions of the contract clearly to the worker. Lack of adequate and Safe drinking water shall be made available in sufficient MTCC Throughout the Built in the proper living conditions quantity at work site. project construction Contractor operations Adequate sleeping arrangements shall be provided for workers costs/fees with adequate toilet and shower facilities.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|138 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Minimum 03 meals shall be provided to construction staff per day or appropriate meal break time shall be provided.

Provide a locker to store personal documents such as passports, work visa and contract. Occupational health and All workers should be provided with health and safety MTCC Throughout the Built in the safety impacts information appropriate to the work that they undertake. project construction Contractor operations All workers should be briefed about the condition of the costs/fees existing harbour area to ensure people are aware of the rough conditions. Ensure all workers assigned for marine works know how to swim.

Buoys, first aid kit and life jackets must be readily accessible at all times.

All workers should be provided with safety gear and personal protective equipment at all times. This includes safety hats, boots, masks and gloves.

Earmuffs shall be provided to workers if workers are to be exposed to high noise levels for extended periods of time.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|139 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Protective gloves and glasses shall be provided to workers handling any construction related chemicals.

Special precaution must be undertaken to ensure workers are safe from risk of electrocution. No open electrical wiring or cables shall be kept on site.

Working hours of all construction workers shall not exceed the maximum work hours as stipulated in the Employment Act of the Maldives. Inadequate wage Supervisor should be able to communicate with workforce with MTCC Throughout the Built in the ease and should be available to address any complaints. project construction Contractor Translators should be present if necessary. operations costs/fees Payment plans need to be prepared and conditions for payments need to be clearly addressed to workforce Emissions during Transport materials in bulk. MTCC Throughout the Built in the transportation of material project construction Contractor and operation of heavy Plan out transportation of materials and equipment in the most operations machinery efficient way with least number of trips. costs/fees

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|140 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Plan out construction activities efficiently, reducing the number of hours vehicles are in use.

Heavy machinery, equipment and vehicles shall be in good condition and maintained regularly to ensure efficiency.

Heavy machinery and equipment shall be fitted with air pollution control devices. Water consumption from Usage reduction protocols need to be established for workers MTCC Throughout the Built in the island grid to follow, ensuring minimal impact on island’s resource usage project construction Contractor operations Where possible, contractor must supply water to the project site costs/fees for workers to use, so there is less dependency on the rainwater in the island which the community uses. Air pollution from dust and Take account of wind speed and direction when operating MTCC Throughout the Built in the emissions from heavy machinery for dredging to minimize aerial dust pollution project construction Contractor machinery use operations Machinery needs to be equipped with air pollution control costs/fees devices Ground water Inspect septic tanks regularly to for build-up of sediment and MTCC Throughout the Built in the contamination clean if required. Ensure tanks have close fitting lids. project construction Contractor

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|141 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Ensure that all materials used throughout the project are stored operations appropriately, on non-permeable surfaces to prevent spillage costs/fees and contamination of groundwater. Impact on marine Install a bund wall from the edge of the proposed reclamation MTCC Throughout the Built in the biodiversity area to cover the entire project footprint. project construction Contractor operations Carry out dredging work during low tide and calm sea costs/fees conditions.

Dredging and reclamation works must be carried out after checking the coral reef condition at NOAA Coral Reef Watch. Dredging and reclamation work will not be completed if corals are reported to be in stressed condition. Impact on terrestrial Assign a supervisor to monitor any impacts on the tree due to MTCC and Island Throughout the MVR 150,000 biodiversity project activities. Council of Feydhoo project construction and operation phase Remove only the trees that fall in the direct footprint of the project.

Replant as many trees of the removed trees as possible.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|142 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Waste Management Prepare a Waste Management Plan for the project. MTCC During construction MVR 150,000 phase Assigning a site manager to be responsible for waste management at the project site. This will include proper waste handling, storage and regular disposal.

Training of site personnel in proper waste management and chemical waste handling procedures.

Maintain records of the waste generated and how it is handled.

Proper storage and site practices to reduce the potential for damage or contamination of construction materials.

Diverting waste to other projects that may require them as raw materials. Changes to coastal Define the unprotected areas on the south sides of the harbor as MTCC Throughout the Built in the hydrodynamics and flow potential erosion prone zones and use a 30 m buffer to allow project construction Contractor velocity erosion. operations costs/fees

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|143 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Ensure the revetment design allows for scour protection on the Additional MVR flank 250,000 – 500,000 for Monitor changes from baseline data and if erosion beyond 30 extending the m is observed, extend the revetment. revetment.

Undertake replenishment when the beach is eroded and not Additional when the beach has formed seasonally. If the beach has formed 500,000 for (during peak NE monsoon) it is recommended to remove the removing and beach material, replenish with dredge waste and place back the placing the beach beach sand. This is to ensure that the recreational value of the material back beach is retained. Business opportunities to Source any locally available materials from project island. MTCC Throughout the Built in the the island during the project construction Contractor project period operations costs/fees

Restricted access to vessels Ensure an alternative site is provided for harbor activities MTCC Throughout the Built in the during harbor development during dredging and reclamation of main site. project construction Contractor

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|144 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Prioritize to develop the quay wall around the existing harbour operations at first, so this area can be utilized to dock and access the island costs/fees by boats, dinghies.

Coordinate and engage with Island Council on the best alternative to use the harbour during the construction stage

9.2 Mitigation Measures for Significant Impacts during Operation Stage

Table 9.2 Mitigation measures for impacts during operation stage

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost GHG emission from sourcing Use LED lights and automate its operation in MTCC and MNPHI During project MVR 2,000 per LED electricity from local power conjunction with sun cycle to minimize construction or street light. grid for harbour electricity consumption from power grid or install solar operation input sources powered lights around the harbour and for navigation beacons

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|145 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Groundwater recharge due to Install trash bins alongside drainage systems Island Council of During project MVR 150,000 the drainage system to ensure waste does not affect storm water Feydhoo operation draining to aquifer

Allocate staff to periodically clean up drains to remove any residual build up GHG emissions from vessels Advocate servicing the vessels regularly. Island Council of During project NA Feydhoo operation Advocate and raise awareness to install external filters in old vessels which emit soot and black smoke. Increased social cohesion Monitor the condition of the harbour and MNPHI During project Built in the Contractor identify any issues or grievances within the construction operations costs/fees community and address it.

Easy accessibility for fishing Ensure the depth of the harbour basin is MNPHI During project Built in the Contractor and cargo boats and ferries maintained at the required level and conduct construction operations costs/fees maintenance dredging when required.

Easy accessibility to The ramp installed must be easily accessible MNPHI During project Built in the Contractor vulnerable groups and it should maintained periodically. construction operations costs/fees

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|146 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost Develop staircases at the harbour for easier accessibility, especially at points where small vessels such as dinghies can dock. Increased crime Monitor the crime rates and incidences in the Island Council of During project NA island. Feydhoo operation

Establish a Police desk in the island to monitor the and inspect suspicious activities at the harbour and to minimize crime in the island Health and Safety Conduct regular maintenance activities of MNPHI During project Built in the Contractor the harbour to maintain the optimum depth operation operations costs/fees for vessel docking and movement, maintain the condition of the navigation beacons, breakwater, quay wall and lights at the harbour.

Install safety instruction signs at the harbour. Natural hazard risk and safety Conduct regular maintenance activities for Island Council of During project Built in the Contractor storm water drainage system installed at the Feydhoo operation operations costs/fees

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|147 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Impact Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Timing Estimated Cost harbour to ensure water drains effectively MNPHI and quickly following a flood.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|148 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

The main objectives of the environmental management plan are to:

− Produce a framework for managing anticipated impacts, including practicable and achievable performance requirements and systems for monitoring, reporting and implementing corrective actions. − Provide evidence of compliance to legislation, policies, guidelines and requirements of relevant authorities.

10.1 Environmental Management System

The environmental management framework for the proposed project is based on the standards and policies set out by the Environmental Protection Agency of the Maldives.

- Environmental Management Planning: The EMP specifies environmental management measures. - Monitoring and corrective action: The implementation of EMP measures will be monitored. Any inconsistencies between the EMP and its on-site implementation will be identified and addressed through corrective actions - Auditing, reviews and improvement: The EMP will be reviewed. Improvements to the EMP will be made as necessary to achieve desired environmental outcomes.

The environmental management strategy is demonstrated in the following figure.

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|149 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

10.2 Management Structure and Responsibilities

Commitment to environmental regulations, policies and guidelines

Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Implementation of EMP

Improvements to Corrective and EMP preventative actions Monitoring EMP

Review of EMP

Figure 10.1 Environmental Management Strategy flow diagram

The following parties are involved in the EMP of this project:

- Project proponent - Project contractor - Shaviyani Atoll Council - Sh.Feydhoo Council - Environmental consultant - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|150 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

The roles and responsibilities of the parties involved are as follows.

10.2.1 Project proponent

- Execution of all project activities - Preparation of EMP - Monitoring of the project activities - Submission of annual environmental monitoring reports as required by the EPA

10.2.2 Project contractor

- Execution of all construction activities for the project - Monitoring of all construction activities

10.2.3 Sh.Feydhoo Island Council

- Managing harbor operations - Maintenance of harbor

10.2.4 Environmental consultant

- Preparation of EMP for the proponent - Monitoring of performance of project activities according to the EMP - Auditing the EMP to ensure desired outcomes are achieved - Making amendments to the EMP according to the results of the audits - Preparation of environmental monitoring report as required by the EPA

10.2.5 Environmental Protection Agency

- Review environmental monitoring report - Intervention in the event of a breach in environmental permit conditions

10.3 Non-Conformances and Corrective Action

All non-conformances to the environmental permit conditions, observed during monitoring will be documented. Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page|151 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Necessary corrective actions and preventative actions will be identified

Corrective actions will be implemented, with systematic follow-ups to ensure effectiveness of these measures.

10.4 Reporting

Reporting shall be undertaken to provide evidence of the ongoing implementation of the EMP and will cover any training activities, site conditions and operations, monitoring data, details of non- conformances, incidents, complaints and follow up action, results of audits and reviews. Reporting shall be undertaken by the project proponent and the Environmental Consultant.

The environmental reporting process is summarized in the figure below. All non-compliances and complaints during the execution of the project are to be reported to the EPA. The environmental management plan for execution of the project is provided below.

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Environmental Protection Agency Project contractor/ proponent Environmental consultant

• Issues raised from periodic review • Training of personnel • Training of personnel of project • Environmental monitoring • Environmental monitoring • Recording of complaints • Recording of incidents audits • Recording of complaints and • Review of EMP follow up actions • Review of EMP

Preparation of draft environmental report

Submission of report Annual environmental monitoring report finalized

Figure 10.2 Environmental Management Plan for construction and operation phase

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Table.10.1 Environmental & Social management plan for construction and operation phase

Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Hiring labour Establish a system to effectively and accurately respond to any queries by the workers MTCC Prior to commencement of during recruitment process. construction activities. Labour Relations Authority Maintain an individual file for each employee which comprises of a copy of their work visa, passport, contract, job application form, acceptance form. Maldives Immigration

Appoint a focal point to communicate with the workers in their spoken language to effectively communicate with them on the requirements and conditions of work.

Provide clear information about the accommodation and food arrangements.

Training of staff A training session must be conducted prior to each construction activity in a language MTCC Prior to commencement of and contractors that is understood by the workers. construction activities. Health Protection Agency Workers will also be made aware of general environmental issues as well as compliance with environmental laws and regulations.

Workers must be briefed about the local context of the project location.

Attendance sheets for trainings must be kept and maintained.

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Ensuring Construction activities would be carried out under the supervision of a suitably MTCC During construction phase Occupational experienced person. Ideally a local person must be appointed as a supervisor. Health and Health Protection Agency Safety Workers will be provided with PPE including, helmet, gloves, ear mufflers, high visibility clothing, shoes. Workers shall be enforced to wear the PPE and supervisors must be appointed to monitor this.

Construction site will be clearly marked and fenced off.

Fire extinguishers will be available at key locations.

All workers will be trained to use fire extinguishers.

First aid kits shall be available at the project site.

Oxygen, acetylene or LPG bottles will not be left freestanding. All welding and

cutting will be done in accordance to high safety regulations by experienced

personnel. Resource Use Arrange an awareness program for staff regarding energy and water saving measures. MTCC Once prior to construction phase Maintain attendance records of the awareness program.

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Managing Establish a schedule to conduct routine checks on all machinery and equipment to MTCC Continuous during impacts on air ensure that they are maintained and functioning efficiently. construction phase quality and HPA GHG emissions Provide workers with an efficient method of transport such as bicycles. ME

Establish water and energy saving measures by incentivizing workers for sustainable practices such as turning lights off when not in use, maintaining AC temperature at EPA 25 Degree Celsius where AC is installed. Control of All construction materials handled carefully & transported in sealed containers. MTCC Continuous during groundwater construction phase contamination All waste material that is generated during construction handled & transported EPA carefully.

All paints, lubricants, and other chemicals used on site stored in a secure and bunded location.

Septic tanks must kept enclosed and regularly inspected for any leaks.

Properly tune and maintain all machinery.

Carry out construction activities under the supervision of a suitably experienced person.

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Regular visual inspection of surrounding environment for any spills and records must be maintained with photographic evidence. Control of Carry out all dredging and reclamation activities during calm weather conditions. MTCC During construction phase Marine Water and operation phase Contamination Train all workers to handle all construction materials responsibly, in a way that will Island Council prevent spillage.

Assess the site and install silt screens to reduce sedimentation turbidity.

All raw materials must be stored at a distance from coastal areas to prevent accidental spillage.

Place dustbins and no littering signs in the harbor area to prevent littering in the harbor.

Make arrangements to clean the harbor area weekly to clear any rubbish that may have fallen in the harbor. Managing Ensure that construction work is only carried out in the day time during set hours. Contractor Continuous during impacts due to construction phase noise pollution Seal off the construction site as much as possible.

Provide workers with muffle gear to prevent exposure to excessive noise in areas where noise is inevitable.

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Conduct routine checks and maintenance of all machinery and equipment. Managing Establish a stakeholder engagement plan to inform about the schedule of construction MTCC Continuous during Accidents activities. construction phase during Island Council of Feydhoo construction Ensure that all machinery, equipment and materials are stored safely in an area that is inaccessible for unauthorized people. Waste Designate an area to store construction waste until it can be taken to the waste disposal MTCC Continuous during management site on the island. construction phase and Island Council operation phase Segregate waste into recyclables and non-recyclables. Transport the recyclable plastic materials to plastic recycling centers where possible.

Re-use construction waste where possible.

Assign a party responsible for emptying the dustbins near the harbor area. Storm water Establish a Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for maintaining the storm water Island Council of Feydhoo During Operation phase management drainage system to ensure it is functioning effectively. EPA

ME

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Managing Trees should be dug at least 3-foot-wide of the trunk. Island Council of Feydhoo During construction phase terrestrial biodiversity The root system should be watered to keep it wet and cemented before digging. MNPHI

The roots should be kept wet during transportation. EPA

Holes should be dug on the receiving site prior to receiving the trees. MTCC

Establish a stakeholder engagement plan to determine the type of trees that needs to be planted in the newly reclaimed area and how to source these plants.

Ensure that two trees are planted for every tree removed, in the island where the tree was removed from.

Develop a schedule to maintain the trees planted.

Maintain a log of how the removed trees were dealt with and an inventory of new plants planted. Managing Assess the site and install silt screens to reduce sedimentation turbidity. EPA During Construction Phase Marine Biodiversity Conduct dredging during calm weather MTCC

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Activity Management measures Stakeholders Responsible Timing Dredging and reclamation works must be carried out after checking the coral reef condition at NOAA Coral Reef Watch. Dredging and reclamation work will not be completed if corals are reported to be in stressed condition.

All dredging works should be completed within the defined timeframe including removal of bunds and temporary sand beds. Contingency measures for damaged equipment should be in place to avoid delays due to mechanical failure of equipment

Excavator movement should stick to predefined routes for travel along the reef.

All staff involved in dredging and reclamation works must be briefed on the sensitivity of the reef and the mitigation measures proposed in the EIA report. Grievances Provide all the key stakeholders with the contact details of key staff from the MTCC Continuous throughout contractor side to communicate grievances. construction phase MNPHI Assign a person from the contractor side to oversee all grievances that are received and deal with them in a timely manner.

Establish a grievance mechanism to capture any concerns and issues raised by the community. Establish a focal point at the contractor and proponent. Provide the contact details of the focal points to the Island Council.

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11 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN

11.1 Introduction

This chapter will outline the monitoring plan for the proposed project. Environmental monitoring is essential because, although with proper mitigation measures, the overall environmental damage can be significantly minimized, an unforeseen impact may still occur. Furthermore, some of the impacts predicted may turn out to be far greater than predicted, making mitigation measures ineffective. Therefore, in order to avoid or reduce the chances of such events, regular and frequent environmental monitoring is vital.

11.2 Objectives of the Monitoring Plan

The main objectives of the monitoring plan are:

1) To identify whether the predicted impacts are accurate and mitigation measures taken are effective

2) To identify any unforeseen impacts so that appropriate mitigation measures can be taken at the earliest

3) To eliminate or reduce environmental costs

11.3 Before Construction

The monitoring assessments prescribed in Table 11.1 are required before construction, if the construction activities begin 12 months after this EIA.

11.4 Construction Phase Monitoring Plan

Table 11.2 below summarizes the key aspects of the construction phase monitoring plan. The table indicates the methodology, frequency and estimated cost for each monitoring attribute that will be required for the proposed project.

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11.5 Operating Phase Monitoring Plan

Operational phase monitoring program will be carried out for a period of 1 year from the date of commencement of habour operations. Table 11.3 provides the schedule for operational phase monitoring.

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Table 11.1 Monitoring Schedule for Pre-Construction Stage (if required)

Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. attribute samples standards Total Cost (MVR)* Erosion and To get the baseline Aerial image of the Drone Entire island Once prior to the NA Coastal condition of the island photography commencement Changes island of construction activities Beach Profiles Surveying using Once prior to the NA level, staff, Beach profile commencement 20,000 compass & D- locations: P1 to P5 of construction per GPS activities survey Long shore currents Once prior to the NA commencement Drogue Method of construction activities Beach line (at high tide Once prior to the NA and low tide) D-GPS tracks commencement Entire island along the beach of construction activities

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. attribute samples standards Total Cost (MVR)* Terrestrial To identify the Number and type of Observation and Harbour area Once prior to the NA Included Flora and number and type of trees photographic commencement in Fauna vegetation that needs evidence of construction contractor to be cleared for the Number of species, type activities fees project of species and their abundance Bathymetry To get the baseline Depth of the harbor Sonarmite and Area that has been Once prior to the NA 5,000 condition of the basin and entrance D-GPS planned for harbour commencement harbor basin and channel basin and entrance of construction entrance channel channel activities Marine Water To get the baseline Physical appearance, Laboratory Two marine water Once prior to the Maldives EPA 658 Quality quality of marine Temperature, Salinity, Analysis at samples from the commencement standards water at project pH, Turbidity MWSC dredging and of construction footprint reclamation activities location

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. attribute samples standards Total Cost (MVR)* Coral Reef Visual Proposed dredge Once prior to the NA 6,700 Health snorkeling sites commencement Percent of live coral of construction To get the baseline Line transect Transect sites cover, and fish species activities condition of the coral survey; T1,T2, T3 and T4 abundance and reef composition Fish census

Manta Tow Ground Water To identify the Physical appearance, Laboratory Three groundwater Once prior to Maldives EPA 2,235 Quality quality of Salinity, Temperature, Analysis at samples from commencement standards groundwater in the Total Petroleum MWSC houses near the of construction island Hydrocarbon, harbor area activities Turbidity, pH

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Table 11.2 Monitoring Schedule for Construction Stage

Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute samples standards Cost (MVR)* Erosion and Coastal To assess if there are Aerial image of the island Drone Entire island NA Changes any changes to the photography island during harbor Beach Profiles Surveying NA Beach profile One month after 20,000 construction using level, locations: P1 to completion of staff, compass P5 construction & D-GPS Beach line (at high tide and D-GPS tracks NA Entire island low tide) along the beach Bathymetry To assess changes to Depth of the harbor basin Sonarmite and Harbour basin One month after NA 1,200 the harbor basin and and entrance channel D-GPS and entrance completion of entrance channel channel construction Marine Water To determine the Turbidity and Total Laboratory Two marine Weekly during Maldives 4,600 (7 Quality impact on marine Suspended Solids Analysis at water samples dredging and EPA times over water during MWSC excavation standards period of dredging and 100 days) reclamation Physical appearance, Laboratory Two marine Monthly during Maldives 1,770 Temperature, Salinity, pH, Analysis at water samples dredging and EPA nitrates MWSC excavation standards

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute samples standards Cost (MVR)* Oil spills Visual All areas where Daily for the NA Included in observation oil is handled duration of the contractor project fees Coral Reef Health To determine the Line transect Transect sites One month after NA 6,700 impact of dredging survey; T1,T2,T3 & T4 completion of and reclamation Percent of live coral cover, construction activities on the and fish species abundance Fish census coral reef and composition Manta tow survey Groundwater To determine the Physical appearance, Three 2,235 quality impact of project on Salinity, Temperature, Laboratory groundwater One month after groundwater quality Total Petroleum Analysis at samples from completion of NA Hydrocarbon, Turbidity, MWSC houses near the construction pH harbor area To quantify labour Number of labour Logs from Project site Once during Labour and Included in force contractor construction safety contractor Labour force phase related laws fees and

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute samples standards Cost (MVR)* To determine the Adequate living space Site visits, regulations quality of worker’s photographs and ILO accommodation Ventilation and focused guidelines interviews Separate space for cooking

Fire extinguishers To check if relevant Valid work permit visa Records and laws on foreign photographs migrant workers are Valid passport adhered to Valid contract with terms and conditions

Job description, provision of breaks and leaves To ensure List of PPEs provided Records of occupational health number of and safety accidents and injuries or fatalities and photographs

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations and Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute samples standards Cost (MVR)* To ensure adequate Pay slip with date stamp Logs, wage is paid photographs and focused interviews To ensure waste Waste type and quantity Observation, Project site NA Included in Waste management generated during logs and Once during contractor construction phase photographic construction fees is disposed evidence phase Method of disposal appropriately Grievances To identify an Complaints Records from Feydhoo Quarterly during NA Included in grievances and Island Council construction contractor issues the Issues logged stage. fees community will have with the harbour during construction phase

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Table 11.3 Monitoring Schedule for Operation Stage

Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute and samples standards Cost (MVR)* Erosion and Coastal To assess if there Beach Profiles One year after NA 15,000 Surveying using Changes are any changes to Beach profile harbor level, staff, the shoreline locations: P1 development compass & D- following harbor to P5 GPS development Beach line (at high tide and NA low tide) D-GPS tracks Entire island along the beach

Marine water To determine the Physical appearance, Laboratory Two marine Monthly during Maldives 658 quality impact on marine Temperature, Salinity, pH, Analysis at water samples first 3 months of EPA water quality during Turbidity MWSC from the harbor operation standards harbor operation harbour

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute and samples standards Cost (MVR)* Coral Reef Health To determine the Line transect Transect sites One year after NA 6,700 impact of dredging survey; T1,T2 , T3 & harbor and reclamation Percent of live coral cover, T4 development activities on the and fish species abundance Fish census coral reef and composition Manta tow survey Condition of the To ensure the Cleaned drainage tanks Records of Entire harbor Bi-annually NA Included in harbor condition of the regular area during the first contractor harbor including the Working lights maintenance two years of fees pavement, ramp, work including harbor operation Functioning ramp drainage tanks and schedule of

lights are Intact breakwater activities, maintained. activities undertaken and person responsible.

Photographs of the harbor

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Monitoring Objective Indicator Methodology Locations Frequency Applicable Est. Total attribute and samples standards Cost (MVR)* Health and Safety To quantify any Number of accidents Records from the Habour area, Quarterly for the NA Included in accidents during the Island Council Feydhoo first year after contractor use of the harbour Type of accidents and health project fees facilities on the completion and Fatalities island annually for the

Injuries following five Photographic years. evidence

Log sheets Grievances To identify any Complaints Records from Feydhoo Quarterly for the NA Included in grievances and Island Council first year after contractor issues the Issues logged project fees community will completion and have with the annually for the harbour during following five operation phase years.

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11.6 Monitoring report

A detailed environmental monitoring report is required to be compiled and submitted to EPA yearly based on the data collected for monitoring the parameters included in the monitoring plan given in the EIA. This report can form subsections in the Monitoring Report to be submitted under the original EIA. This report may be submitted to the relevant Government agencies in order to demonstrate compliance. The report will include details of the site, strategy of data collection and analysis, quality control measures, sampling frequency and monitoring analysis and details of methodologies and protocols followed. In addition to this more frequent reporting of environmental monitoring will be communicated among the environmental consultant, project proponent, the contractors and supervisors to ensure possible negative impacts are mitigated appropriately during and after the project.

11.7 Cost of monitoring

Estimated environmental monitoring cost of pre-construction stage (if required) is approximately MVR 70,000 – 80,000.

Estimated monthly environmental monitoring cost for Construction Phase is approximately MVR 70,000 – 90,000.

The estimated annual environmental monitoring cost during operation is MVR 65,000 – 75,000.

Professional consultants will be hired to undertake the monitoring and the necessary equipment for monitoring will be procured.

11.8 Commitment to monitoring

The proponent is fully committed to undertake the monitoring programme given in this chapter (see page iv).

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12 POTENTIAL DATA GAPS AND ASSESSMENT LIMITATION

12.1 Gaps in Information

The environment of Maldives is generally poorly understood. This may be due to the lack of detailed studies in the Maldives. Much of the literature on coral islands are derived from studies done in the Pacific which unfortunately has very different climatic and geologic settings.

Detailed environmental analysis for an EIA is often required to be undertaken in a relatively short period of time. Given the seasonal climatic variations in Maldives and the differences in local geomorphologic and climate settings in individual islands, such a short time frame is often too little to assess selected aspects of the environment. This problem is compounded by the absence of long-term studies in other parts of Maldives. Hence, most EIA’s end up being based on an environmental snapshot of specific point in time. However, experienced EIA specialists can deliver a close match to reality based on a number of similar assessments. In this regard, the following gaps could be identified in information.

- Absence of long-term site specific or even regional data (at least 2 years). Most critical data include current, wave and terrestrial modification history. - Absence of historical and long term records on reef and lagoon environment. - Lack of detailed data on geology and soil. - Lack of detailed data on flooding.

These gaps are seriously considered in the assessment and care has been taken to address the issue in designing mitigation measures and the monitoring programme.

12.2 Uncertainties in Impact Prediction

Environmental impact prediction involves a certain degree of uncertainty as the natural and anthropogenic impacts can vary from place to place due to even slight differences in ecological, geomorphological or social conditions in a particular place. As noted earlier, there is also no long term data and information regarding the particular site under consideration, which makes it difficult to predict impacts. It is important to consider that there will be uncertainties and voluntary monitoring of natural processes as described in the monitoring programme is absolutely essential.

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Project information and planning and background data were not fully prepared or decided during the conduction of this study. However, available documents in connection with data provided particularly the concept plan, experiences of the proponent in other islands, particularly in the numerous harbours developed by MNPI, were used as the basis for preparation of this document. Therefore, it will be possible to analyse, implement mitigation and suggest monitoring measures to the most relevant negative impacts.

Table 12.1 Limitations of the Study

Issue/Item Required Information Current Status / action Natural Hazard Detailed modelling of future erosion. Data not available at local level; Risks broad level studies undertaken for Maldives was used. Environmental Historical and long-term records on Baseline snapshots of the site baseline data reef and lagoon environment. taken to design mitigation Detailed data on geology and soil. measures. Estimated based on Long-term site specific or even other similar studies in Maldives. regional data (at least 2 years). Most Primary data collection will be critical data include current, wave time consuming; Secondary and sediment movement history. sources will be used.

Socio-economic data of Feydhoo island. Wave Modelling Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; data. no facilities in Maldives to undertake high level modelling. Current Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; Modelling data. no facilities in Maldives to undertake high level modelling. Sediment plume Long to Medium-term site-specific Not enough time to collect data; dispersal data. no facilities in Maldives to modelling undertake high level modelling.

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13 CONCLUSION

This EIA has been prepared for the redevelopment of a harbour in Feydhoo, Shaviyani atoll. The project is proposed to increase the usability of the existing harbour and to enhance accessibility of the island. At present the harbour is very difficult to use during rough weather conditions due to strong wave action within the basin and entrance channel. Shallowing of the harbour as well as space limitations in the basin also make it challenging for the community.

The proposed project involves redeveloping the existing harbour on the eastern side of the island by extending the basin and dredging a new entrance channel, maintenance dredging in the existing basin. The breakwater will be reconstructed using armour rock and the Quaywall will be reconstructed using concrete L-blocks. Dredge waste is to be used for beach replenishment and the rest is to be stockpiled on the island for reuse. Support facilities for the harbour include installing drainage pits around the quay wall, constructing a pavement, installing mooring hooks, harbour lights, navigation lights and a ramp.

The main concerns of stakeholders were with regards to the existing condition of the harbour. Main concerns included rough conditions within the harbour basin and entrance channel, space limitations within the harbour and shallowing of the harbour. A There have also been cases where vessels have been severely damaged when trying to access the island during rough weather conditions. The existing conditions of the harbour also hinders economic activities on the island by restricting fisheries and by making it difficult for vessels which purchase local produce to access the island. Hence, the recommendation is to expedite the project.

Alternatives were evaluated for various components of the project including an alternative harbour design. Since the proposed breakwater is at a depth of about -3 m, beyond the wave breaking zone, it is recommended to go ahead with the alternative design by shifting the basin landward. This alternative is less costly and will also put less stress on the reef slope. Both proposed and alternative option is suitable for construction. The Proponents has advised that they would like to reserve the final decision after the contractors have submitted the cost proposals for the alternative solutions.

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The main impacts due to the construction phase of the project include impacts on the marine environment due to turbidity and sedimentation effects from dredging and reclamation. Terrestrial biodiversity will also be impacted as vegetation that falls within the project site will need to be cleared. The project also has health and safety impacts because of the rough conditions of the harbour. Mitigation measures include the placement of bund walls, carrying out work during calm weather and providing PPE for workers. It is recommended to replant as much of the removed vegetation as possible and to replant two trees for every tree that is removed.

Operation of the harbour is expected to benefit the community by improving accessibility to the island. Social cohesion will be increased and key employment sectors in the island; fisheries and manufacturing sector will flourish. Therefore, it is recommended to complete the project in the earliest timeframe, monitor and maintain the harbour to sustain the standard of the harbour.

It is recommended to go ahead with the project and adopt the alternative design and undertake mitigation measures and monitoring schedule to mitigate the issues identified in the EIA.

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14 REFERENCES

CDE Consulting, (2013). EIA for the Proposed Harbour Maintenance Project in Feydhoo,

Shaviyani Atoll

CDE Consulting, (2019). EIA for the Proposed Harbour Development Project in Omadhoo,

Thaa Atoll

CDE Consulting, (2019). EIA for the Proposed Harbour Re-development and Placement of

Shore Protection Measures at Felidhoo, Vaavu Atoll

Cooper, T.F, Ridd, P.V., Ulstrup, K.E., Humphrey, C., Slivkoff, M. and Fabricius, K.E. (2008). Temporal dynamics in coral bioindicators for water quality on coastal coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Marine and Freshwater Research, 59 (8), 703–716.

DAS (2017), EIA for the establishment of an integrated water management system in

Foakaidhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

Environmental Protection Agency, (2019). EIA Data Collection Guideline.

Goda,Y, (1998). Causes of High Waves at Maldives in April 1987- Asian Development Bank.

Gossman, P. (2020). Migrant Workers in Maldives at Added Risk from COVID-19. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/27/migrant-workers-maldives-added-risk- COVID-19#

Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority (GBRMPA) (2009). Water quality guidelines for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville.Australia.

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Kench, P., Brander, R., Parnell, K.E., and Mclean, R.F. (2006). Wave Energy Gradients Across

a Maldivian Atoll: Implications for Island Geomorphology, Geomorphology, 81, PP.1-17.

Maldives Meteorological Service, (2020). Climate Data for Hanimaadhoo.

Ministry of Environment, (2018), Island Electricity Databook

National Bureau of Statistics (2020). International Labour Day 2020. http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/international-labour-day-2020/

National Bureau of Statistics, (n.d). Census 2014 dataset.

National Bureau of Statistics, (n.d). HIES 2016 dataset.

Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level. (2018). MALE-B, HULULE. Retrieved from PSMSL.org: https://www.psmsl.org/data/obtaining/stations/1753.php

Sun Online (2020). https://sun.mv/139928.

United Nations Development Programme, (2006). Developing a Disaster Risk Profile for Maldives.

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APPENDIX A1 – Approved Terms of Reference (ToR)

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APPENDIX A2 – Survey Methodology and Survey Location Map

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The Study Area

Based on the results of the initial scoping of potential environmental impacts and the identification of sensitive aspects of the environment the following geographical areas likely to be affected at the various stages of the project:

• During construction stage impacts will occur primarily within a 150 m radius of the project site which is the existing harbour in Feydhoo on the eastern side of the island. The most direct physical impact will be on-site in the area of the actual physical interventions; particularly on the areas proposed for dredging, existing basin, proposed new entrance channel and new basin. • During operation, impacts will be on the marine environment around the harbour and will be mainly on the community in the form of socioeconomic impacts.

Study area of the project is the existing harbor, proposed areas for dredging, vegetation removal areas. Survey location map is provided below. 73°2'22"E 73°2'24"E 73°2'26"E 73°2'28"E 73°2'30"E 73°2'32"E 73°2'34"E 73°2'36"E 73°2'38"E 73°2'40"E 73°2'42"E 73°2'44"E 73°2'46"E 73°2'48"E 73°2'50"E 73°2'52"E 73°2'54"E 73°2'56"E 73°2'58"E 73°3'0"E 73°3'2"E 73°3'4"E 73°3'6"E 73°3'8"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'12"E 73°3'14"E 73°3'16"E 73°3'18"E 73°3'20"E

Beach Profiles Marine Transects Currents 6°22'4"N

Name X_START Y_START X_END Y_END Name X Y Name X Y Legend P1 284713.546 703666.931 284758.393 703662.539 T1 284799.739284 703184.372905 C1 284748.172123 703175.658328 P2 284687.890 703559.429 284731.108 703548.826

6°22'2"N T2 283703.927462 702796.477383 C2 283791.932378 702801.404116

P3 284612.667 703279.359 284580.144 703296.118 6°22'2"N T3 283641.413189 703828.118397 C3 283594.572389 703805.979892 P4 284549.999 703194.499 284519.366 703219.575 T4 284776.463017 704077.063068 C4 284689.79419 704152.110908 C4 Marine Transects P5 284480.859 703122.609 284450.226 703147.685 6°22'0"N 6°22'0"N Groundwater T4 Water Samples Marine Water Samples

6°21'58"N Marine Water Name X Y Name X Y 6°21'58"N GW1 284134.98712 703230.45843 SW1 284633.661557 703338.011779 GW3 284587.29323 703382.72645 SW3 283779.201203 703892.182679 GW2 284162.90072 703483.92977 Currents 6°21'56"N 6°21'56"N Manta Tow 6°21'54"N 6°21'54"N Manta Tow Beach Profiles SW3 Name X_START Y_START X_END Y_END

6°21'52"N Manta Tow 284878.332 703896.042 284097.253 702749.114 6°21'52"N Bathymetry T3 C3 6°21'50"N 6°21'50"N 6°21'48"N 6°21'48"N 6°21'46"N 6°21'46"N P1 6°21'44"N 6°21'44"N 6°21'42"N P2 6°21'42"N 6°21'40"N GW2 6°21'40"N 6°21'38"N 6°21'38"N

GW3 6°21'36"N 6°21'36"N

SW1 6°21'34"N 6°21'34"N P3 6°21'32"N 6°21'32"N GW1

P4 Meters 6°21'30"N

C1 T1 6°21'30"N 0 2550 100 150 200 250

P5 Manta Tow 6°21'28"N 6°21'28"N 6°21'26"N 6°21'26"N 6°21'24"N 6°21'24"N 6°21'22"N 6°21'22"N

6°21'20"N Feydhoo Island 6°21'20"N Harbour Redevelopment EIA 6°21'18"N

6°21'18"N Survey Locations C2 T2 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator 6°21'16"N

(UTM6°21'16"N Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge Map version: 8/27/2020 6°21'14"N 6°21'14"N 73°2'22"E 73°2'24"E 73°2'26"E 73°2'28"E 73°2'30"E 73°2'32"E 73°2'34"E 73°2'36"E 73°2'38"E 73°2'40"E 73°2'42"E 73°2'44"E 73°2'46"E 73°2'48"E 73°2'50"E 73°2'52"E 73°2'54"E 73°2'56"E 73°2'58"E 73°3'0"E 73°3'2"E 73°3'4"E 73°3'6"E 73°3'8"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'12"E 73°3'14"E 73°3'16"E 73°3'18"E 73°3'20"E Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives

Field Assessment

Field assessments were undertaken for this report from 26th July 2020 to 27th July 2020. Field visits mainly covered marine assessments, bathymetry, currents, terrestrial assessment and marine and ground water quality assessment. Field assessments were conducted during south west monsoon. Additionally, stakeholder and public consultations were carried out specifically for this EIA.

Bathymetry was carried out on the 26th and 27th July 2020 at the existing harbor basin and at the proposed new basin and entrance channel. Bathymetry survey was conducted using Sonarmite Echo Sounder.

Lagoon currents were measures using drogue method on 27th July 2020. Tide data has been taken from Male’ International Airport Tide Gauge and wave patterns have been estimated using secondary studies and visual field assessments.

The aim of this assessment is to establish the baseline condition at the proposed project location. Marine assessments were carried out on 26th July 2020. The main objectives of this assessment were:

1. to determine the general status of the reef associated with the island 2. to assess the condition of the marine environment which will be directly impacted by the project 3. to determine the fish species abundance and composition of the reef system

1. Fish census Fish and invertebrates species assemblages and abundance was surveyed using 50 m line transects, whereby the monitor swam along transect and recorded the number and the different species of fish and invertebrates observed within 2.5 m either side of the transect line. A category-based methodology was adopted to estimate fish abundance and the mean number of fish per category and observation was extracted to estimate species and family abundance. The categories used to estimate abundance is displayed in table 1-1.

Table 1.1: Fish abundance categories

Category Number of fish 1 1 2 2 - 4 3 5 - 16 4 17 - 64 5 65 - 256

2. Photo Quadrat survey The composition of the substrate was assessed by taking high-resolution images every 5 m (pictures covering 0.5 m2 of the seabed) along the same transect line used for the fish surveys. These were later analysed using CPCe. CPCe, or Coral Point Count with excel extension, developed by the National Coral Reef Institute, is software designed to determine coral community coverage and diversity using transect photographs. Underwater photographic frames are overlaid by a matrix of randomly generated points, and the fauna/flora of species or substrate type lying beneath each point is identified. 25 random points per picture were analysed to characterize the substrate composition (sample size: 275 points per transect).

3. Visual Snorkelling Survey

Visual snorkeling surveys were carried out at select locations of the lagoon. General status of these sites were recorded, special attention was given to types of corals and fishes present at these sites and the environmental conditions that could affect growth such as suspended solids, depth, and other threats to coral life.

4. Manta tow

Manta tows assess the seabed cover, fish abundance and general status of the reef. The monitor is towed across the reef edge by a vessel allowing for a great area to be covered in a relatively short amount of time. The monitor is carried for a set amount of time at a designated speed to ensure each manta tow covers the same distance. After each tow, the monitor records the percentage of seabed cover by type as well as fish families and abundance. Vegetation assessments were carried out to quantify and record any vegetation that would be directly affected or needs to be removed due to the project works. Vegetation was assessed at proposed harbor expansion area and the proposed area for temporary storage site.

The main methodology used for vegetation assessment was remote sensing, visual observation and through consultations with the island council and local community of Feydhoo. A high resolution aerial image taken from a drone and observation was used to classify the vegetation at the affected area.

Ground Water

Groundwater were collected and tested for the assessment. Groundwater samples were collected from 3 locations; from the proposed temporary storage site and from 2 control sites. Due to travel restrictions placed initially due to Covid-19, the Island Council assisted in sample collection and transfer. The groundwater samples were collected in 300ml of PET bottles. The samples were collected on 22nd July 2020. The samples were tested for pH, salinity, temperature and turbidity. The test for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon was unavailable from MWSC at the time of sample submission. Parameters were analysed at the Malé Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) Water Quality Assurance Laboratory.

Marine Water

Marine water were collected and tested for the assessment. Marine water samples were collected from 2 locations; from the existing basin and a control site. Due to travel restrictions placed initially due to Covid-19, the Island Council assisted in sample collection and transfer. The groundwater samples were collected in 300ml of PET bottles. The samples were collected on on 22nd July 2020. The samples were tested for pH, salinity, temperature and turbidity. Parameters were analysed at the Malé Water and Sewerage Company (MWSC) Water Quality Assurance Laboratory and National Health Laboratory.

Consultation with the following stakeholders were conducted via virtual meetings on Google Meet. No physical meetings were held in light of Covid-19. Prior to each meeting, the project brief including the description of the project, work schedule were shared with the stakeholders via email.

Stakeholder consultations were held with the following for this EIA;

1. Island Council of Feydhoo

2. Shaviyani Atoll Council

3. Ministry of Environment

4. Maldives Marine Research Institute

5. Ferry and Cargo boat operators

6. National Disaster Management Authority

Consultations with fisherman, wholesale and retail traders and boat operators were carried out in the same meeting as the public consultation.

In order to practice social distancing, no physical meetings were held with the community regarding this project during the field visit. The Island Council invited resident members to the stakeholder meetings and consultation was held accordingly on Google Meet. Women, traders fisherman and members from the island NGO participated in the meeting.

EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX A3 – CVs of Consultants

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 182 Ahmed Shaig Phone: (+960) 77 88 758 [email protected]

Personal Details Date of Birth: 19/02/1976 Nationality: Maldivian Gender: Male Marital Status: Married Permanent Address: Maldives Present Address: M. Muleege, Orchid Magu, Male’, Maldives.

Education PhD, Environmental Science, 2009 James Cook University, Townsville, Australia

Research degree on ‘Settlement Planning for Natural Hazard Resilience in Small Island States: The Population and Development Consolidation Approach’

BSc Land and Spatial Information Studies/Information Science. (double major), 1999-2001 University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Diploma in project planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, 1995 ILO training Centre, Turin, Italy

Employment History

Director, Environmental Services 2008 to present CDE Consulting Supervisor: Dr. Simad Saeed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 7777445 Head of environmental wing

Assistant Under-secretary, Spatial Planning 2002-2004 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 Head of Spatial Planning Unit. Relevant Tasks include: ♦ Oversee environment related projects and application of environmental guidelines for planned projects. ♦ Plan, implement and oversee the development of a National GIS; ♦ Aid/facilitate/oversee urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects; Provide assistance in project planning (includes urban and regional planning, natural resources planning)

Project Manager, National Digital Mapping Project 2005 (8 months) Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Hon. Hamdun Hameed Republic of Maldives Phone: +(960) 332-3919 ♦ Project involved aerial photography and satellite imagery of entire Maldives, ground surveying of key settlements, digital conversion of data and setting up a Mapping Unit.

Assistant Planning Officer/Planning Officer 1994-1999 Ministry of Planning and National Development Supervisor: Mr. Mohamed Hunaif Republic of Maldives Phone +(960) 331-3040 Relevant tasks involved: ♦ Assisting in the National GIS Development Programme (Junior GIS developer) ♦ Facilitate urban planning, housing, land use planning, natural resource planning and environment related projects.

Ahmed Shaig page 1

Clarification

I, the undersigned, certify that to the best of my knowledge and belief, this CV correctly describes myself, my qualifications and my experience. I understand that any willful misstatement described herein may lead to my disqualification or dismissal, if engaged.

Signature Date: 15 July 2013

Ahmed Shaig page 7

Membership of Professional Bodies . Member of Building Code Committee, Maldives . Member of Commission on Sustainable development . Member of the Technical Committee for Developing Spatial Plans for conducting tourism related activities in Ari Atoll. . Member of Climate Advisory Council to the President of Maldives 2009- to present. . Registered EIA Consultant in Maldives Environment Protection Agency roster.

Major Publications

SHAIG, A. (2001) "An Overview of Web Based Geographic Information Systems". In Proceedings: Thirteenth Annual Colloquium of the Spatial Information Research Centre. P.A. Whigham (ed). 2 - 5 Dec, Dunedin, New Zealand. University of Otago, pp.255-264.

SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Coastal Infrastructure of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.

SHAIG, A. (2006). Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment of the Land and Beaches of Maldives. Technical Paper submitted to Maldives National Adaptation Plan of Action for Climate Change. Ministry of Environment, Energy and Water, Male', Maldives.

SHAIG, A. (2007) Land Study of Maldives, 2006. Ministry of Planning and National Development, Male’ Maldives.

SHAIG, A. and Aslam, M (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Natural Hazard Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives

SHAIG, A. (2007) Detailed Island Risk Assessment Maldives Volume I to Volume IV – Environmental Vulnerability Assessment (Final Draft). UNDP, Male’ Maldives.

Academic Achievements

2001 Critchlow Associates Prize in Surveying, New Zealand. Prize awarded annually by University council for the highest standard of Achievement in Spatial Information Studies in University of Otago. 1994 Certificate for best results in General Certificate of Examinations, Advanced Level. Science Education Centre, Male’, Maldives

References

Hamdun Hameed David King, Dr. Member of Parliament Associate Proffessor Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: (+960) 3323414 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected] Simad Saeed, Dr Managing Director, Peter Valentine CDE Consulting Head of School, TESAG Department Male’, Maldives James Cook University Tel: +960 777 7445 Townsville, QLD,Australia, 4811 Email: [email protected] Tel: (+61) 747 81 4441 ,Fax: (+61) 747 81 5581 Email: [email protected]

Ahmed Shaig page 6

. January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll . January 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Hankede Island, Addu Atoll June 2013: Local Environment consultant to the WCCM project, HIDRIA and Aquatica, Spain.

Ahmed Shaig page 5

. March 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control for Herathera Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . March 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for power plant upgrading project in Palm Beach Island in Lhaviyani Atoll. . April 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . April 2010: Prepared an EIA addendum for resort development in Gaakoshibee Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . May 2010: Consultant to undertake island environmental scoping studies in 30 islands in North Maldives to determine islands with resort development potential for GMR Group of India. . May 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for harbour development project in Madidhoo Island, Shaviyani Atoll. . June 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for deep piling project in Olhuveli Island Resort and Spa, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for the development of an aquaculture site in Kanduoigiri, Kaafu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant for Shangri-La at Viligilli Maldives, Addu Atoll. . July 2010: Environmental planning consultant to the Addu Land Use Planning project (including defining development controls) in Addu Atoll Maldives for South Province Office. . August 2010: Environmental Consultant for the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation Project to declare Baa Atoll as a UNESCO Biosphere reserve. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for Seagrass removal and beach replenishment project in Herathera Island, Addu Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the EIA for resort redevelopment in Vilamendhoo Island Resort, Ari Atoll. . September 2010: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for Gulhifalhu land reclamation project in Gulhifalhu, Male’ Atoll, for Capital Investment and Finance Limited, UK. . September 2010: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sewerage system development project in Miladhoo, Noonu Atoll. . October 2010: Consultant to undertake the coastal adaptation survey of 40 islands in Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Environment. . November 2010: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Maamigili Island, Raa Atoll . January 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Hithadhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . March 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . April 2011: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Maradhoo-Feydhoo Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . May 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Six Senses Laamu, Laamu Atoll . January 2012: Lead author in the preparation of EIA for sewerage and water system development project in Fuvahmulah Island, Addu City for Bi-water International Private Limited. . February 2012: Coastal erosion mitigation assessment and planning for Fushivelavaru Island . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Conrad Rangali Island for Champa and Crown Resorts . March 2012: EIA for the proposed resort redevelopment project in Gasfinolhu Island Resort, Champa and Crown Resorts . May 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Gasfinolhu Island, Male’ Atoll . June 2012: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Nakachchaa Huraa Island, Male’ Atoll . April 2012: Member of the consultant team that prepared the Tourism Opinion and Profile Survey 2011, Ministry of Tourism. . October 2012: Environmental consultant to the preparation of 4th Tourism Master plan for Ministry of Tourism, Maldives. . November 2013: Environmental consultant for advising on land reclamation, resort development and development control measures in Dhiffushi Island Reef, Male’ Atoll.

Ahmed Shaig page 4 . April-July 2004: Participated in the preparation of the Environmental aspects of the 8 bid proposals for resort Development for various proponents. . November 2005: Participated in the preparation of EIA for L.Gan Resettlement Project for Ministry of Housing. . December 2005: Participated in the surveying and preparation of EIA for Gn Fuvahmulaku Tourist Hotel Development . November 2005: Developed a GIS for strategic planning to select islands for tourism development for Ministry of Tourism. . January 2006: Local consultant for the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Maldives Regional Development Plan, for AGRIFOR Consult Consortium, Belgium. . June 2006: Developed the Baa Atoll Resource Management GIS for Ministry of Environment and Energy. . August 2006: Consultant to the Integrated Climate Change System (ICCS) project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Islands and Beaches to climate change . September 2006: Consultant to the ICCS project – Assessment of vulnerability of Maldives Infrastructure to climate change . November 2006: Consultant to the preparation of National Adaptation Programme of Action in Maldives for Ministry of Environment. . December 2006: Environmental Consultant to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected nine Safe Islands in Maldives. . April 2007: Prepared the Coastal Erosion Assessment and Management Report for Ga.Meradhoo Island. . May 2007: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Randheli Resort Development Project, I&T Management group. . June 2007: Participated in the preparation of Millennium Development Goals, Maldives Country Report. . October 2007: Natural Hazard Assessment consultant to the UNDP Project: Disaster Risk Assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . November 2007: Prepared the EIA for proposed coastal protection, beach replenishment and access improvement of Elaa, Thaa Atoll, for Mr Abbas Mohamed, H. Merry Rose. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for sand sourcing and beach replenishment project of Viligilli Island, Addu Atoll, for Shangri-La at Viligilli.. . April 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for N. Maafaru Airport Development Project for Noonu Hotels Pvt Ltd. . May 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for resort development in Huvandhumaavattaru, Noonu Atoll . June 2009: Prepared a status of the environment report Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . July 2009: Prepared the Environmental EIA for harbour development in Fiyoari, Gaafu Dhaalu Atoll. . July 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for Jetty and arrival lounge development project in Gan, Addu Atoll, for Island Aviation Services Private Limited. . July 2009: Team Leader for the socio-economic risk assessment of Selected Safe Islands in Maldives. . August 2009: Coastal erosion data synthesis for selected islands of Maldives, for World Bank Maldives Environmental Management Project. . September 2009: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Reethibeach Island Resort, Baa Atoll. . September 2009: Participated in the preparation of EIA for agricultural island development in Felivaru, Noonu Atoll, for Fantasy Private Limited. . September 2009: Consultant to review the safer islands programme and cost benefit study of mitigation measures in three islands in the Maldives for UNDP. . October 2009: Consultant to the Maldives Environmental Management Project for waste management technical assistance for World Bank. . December 2009: Environmental consultant for advising on resort development and development control measures in Randheli Island, Noonu Atoll. . January 2010: Prepared the beach management plan and development control measures for Shangri-La Island Resort, Addu Atoll. . January 2010: Consultant to the Atoll Ecosystem Conservation project conservation component defining conservation areas and development controls. . February 2010: Prepared the environmental audit of Thunbafushi Island, Kaafu Atoll, for Champa Brothers Private Limited.

Ahmed Shaig page 3 Experience in Consultancy

. September 2002: Member of the team appointed for environmental surveying and carrying capacity assessment of islands for tourism development in the southern atolls of Maldives for Ministry of Tourism Maldives. . October 2002: Developed the Census GIS for United National Population Fund . December 2002: Developed the Maldives Protected Areas Systems GIS for Maldives Home Affairs Housing and Environment. . February 2003: Participated in the preparation of Royal Island and Spa Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report for Royal Island and Spa. . April 2003: Member of the team selected for developing town plans for urban centres in Northern and Southern Regional Development Zones, looking specifically into environmental control measures, for Ministry of Planning and National Development. . April 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for Coastal Modifications on Rihiveli, South Malé Atoll, Maldives. . April 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed coastal improvements to address coastal erosion concerns on Royal Island Spa Resort, Baa Atoll, Maldives. . May 2003: Participated in the bathymetry survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Deepening of Existing Entrance Channel to Service Jetty, Soneva Gili Resort and Spa, North Malé Atoll, Maldives . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for development of an access channel into the natural inner lagoon (Vilu) of Mayafushi resort, North Ari Atoll. . May 2003: Participated in the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessment for Landaa Giraavaru Pvt. Ltd. for the development of a Four Season’s Tourist Resort on the island of Landaa Giraavaru in Baa Atoll, Maldives. . June 2003: Participated in survey and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for the Development of a Mooring Area and Associated Beach Replenishment in, Boduhithi Club, North Malé Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying and preparation of Initial Environmental Examination for Short- term and Long-term Shore Protection Measures at Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Conducted shoreline and vegetation line of Alimatha Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in the surveying for Initial Environmental Examination for Short-term and Long- term Shore Protection Measures at Dhiggiri Tourist Resort, Vaavu Atoll, Maldives. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Fun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Sun Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . July 2003: Participated in conducting and preparation of Holiday Island Resort Annual Environmental Monitoring Report. . August 2003: Developed the Initial Environmental Examination for the construction of Sun Decks along the southern beach of Kudarah Island Resort. . September 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Fonaddoo Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the development of fisheries complex, Fonaddoo, Maldives. . October 2003: Participated in surveying and preparation of Kuda Rah Erosion Study and recommendations for shore protection and erosion prevention . November 2003: Conducted vegetation and shoreline survey of Dhonveli Beach and Spa and Four Seasons Report for the Boundary Delineation between the two islands. . December 2003: Contributed to the Landuse Planning Guidelines of Maldives (environmental aspects) for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . December 2003: Contributed to the Development of a Building Code of Maldives for Ministry of Housing and Urban Development. . January 2004: Co-author to the Environmental Guidelines for the Development of Resort Islands in Maldives, Ministry of Tourism. . February 2004: Developed the Baa Atoll Spatial Development Plan for Ministry of Planning and National Development.

Ahmed Shaig page 2 MARIYAM HANA SAEED

PRESENT ADDRESS CONTACTS NATIONALITY

G.Quest, 8A, Alikilegefaanu Magu +960 797 0022 [email protected] Maldivian Malé, Maldives

EDUCATION

2017 - 2018 Masters in Sustainable Energy and Entrepreneurship University of Nottingham, United Kingdom

Dissertation: Analysis of Decentralised Energy Systems to create value through innovative business models at community level.

2012 - 2014 Bachelor of Environments University of Melbourne, Australia

Major in Environmental Geographies, Politics and Culture

2008 - 2010 Higher Secondary Education, Edexcel A’ Level Centre for Higher Secondary Education, Male’ Maldives

2005 - 2007 Secondary Education, GCE O’ Level Aminiya School, Male’ Maldives

LANGUAGES Reading Speaking Writing

English Excellent Excellent Excellent

Dhivehi Excellent Excellent Excellent

TRAININGS & CONFERENCES

É Endorsement Workshop on Maldives Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) | 10 Sep 2015 É Workshop on Maldives Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Implementation Plan | 30 Jan 2017 É Conference of the Parties (COP21) | 2015, Paris, France

PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

É VESHI NGO | Volunteer and Consultant on Renewable Energy É University of Melbourne Alumni Association | Member É Maldives Australia Alumni | Member É Registered EIA Consultant | Environmental Protection Agency of the Maldives

Page 1 of 15 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND VOLUNTEER WORK

É Guest speaker for radio program ‘Climate Change’ on Voice of Maldives | May 2016 É Guest speaker for radio on Environment Day | June 2016 É Guest Lecturer on ‘Climate Change’ for Year 2 Political Science Students | Maldives National University, April 2017 É Guest Lecturer on ‘Climate Change’ and ‘Politics of Climate Change’ for Year 1 Political Science Students | Maldives National University, May 2017

ACHIEVEMENTS

É Recipient of Chevening Awards Scholarship 2017 É Recipient of Australia Awards Scholarship 2012 É Achieved fourth place in National Top Ten in Higher Secondary Education É Achieved first place in National Top Ten in Secondary Education

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

March 2015 to Present

Senior Consultant, Sustainable Development | CDE Consulting, Malé, Maldives

Specialised Work Areas | Waste management, Renewable energy and Water

Led and managed projects for clients including Cheval Blanc Randheli, Conrad Maldives, Shangri-La’s Villingili, Clubmed Finolhu Villas, UNDP, Ooredoo, Damac, Ministry of the Environment and Energy, Ministry of Tourism, China State Construction Engineering Cooporation Limited (CSCEC) to name a few.

Responsibilities

É Leading and managing projects

É Sustainable development planning and policy development

É Environmental and Social Impact assessments

É Development of environmental management systems and performance auditing including waste and energy audits

É Capacity building and training in the areas of renewable energy and sustainable waste management.

February 2011 to January 2012

Administrative Assistant | The President’s Ofce, Malé, Maldives

Responsibilities

É Monitored the policies under governance section in the Policy Offce

É Led administrative work to organise the 17th SAARC Summit in November 2011 and worked in coordination with other government bodies, private agencies and key decision makers.

Page 2 of 15 EXPERIENCE

Waste Management

EIA/EMP for Waste Management Centre at Select Sites at Laamu Atoll

Year . 2017 Location . Laamu Atoll’ Client . UNDP LECReD Position . Project Manager and Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Site visit, stakeholder consultations, impact assessment and management plan report writing and compilation for all islands in Laamu Atoll.

Food Waste Audit

Year . 2019 Location . Paradise Island Resort Client . Paradise Island Resort Position . Project Manager and Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Site visit and conducting an audit of the food waste generated in the guest and staff kitchen. Analysing results and presentation.

Food Waste Audit

Year . 2019 Location . Holiday Inn Kandooma Client . Holiday Inn Kandooma Position . Project Manager and Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Site visit and conducting an audit of the food waste generated in the guest and staff kitchen. Analysing results and presentation.

Environmental Management Plan for Island Waste Management Centre

Year . 2019 Location . B.Dhonfanu Client . Ministry of Environment Position . Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Reviewing of fnal report.

Environmental Management Plan for Island Waste Management Centre

Year . 2019 Location . B.Hithaadhoo Client . Ministry of Environment Position . Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Reviewing of fnal report.

Page 3 of 15 Energy

Finolhu Villas energy audit 2015

Year . 2015 Location . Kaafu Atoll Client . Finolhu Villas Position . Consultant for Energy Activities Performed Conducted an onsite comprehensive energy audit of the resort, quantifed energy consumption and production patterns, data analysis and report writing.

Feasibility study for solar panel installation in F.Nilandhoo

Year . 2015 Location . Faafu Atoll Client . F.Nilandhoo Position . Consultant for Energy Activities Performed Conducted baseline surveys of potential buildings for solar panel installation, gathered baseline information about the existing power generation capacity, demand and expenditure for fuel and powerhouse maintenance, data analysis and contributed to report writing.

Understanding the risks to and vulnerability of energy sector to climate change in tourist resorts of the Maldives

Year . 2015 - 2016 Location . Maldives Client . Tourism Adaptation Platform / UNDP Position . Consultant for Energy Activities Performed Undertook baseline studies on dependency of the Maldives to fuel and its vulnerability; designed methodology and energy audit questionnaire; conducted a comprehensive energy audit in Vila- mendhoo Resort & Spa, Kurumba Maldives, Bandos Island Resort,The Sun Siyam Irufushi Maldives, Embudu Village; data analysis and presentation of audit fndings. Conducted workshops with engineers in each of the 5 resorts on climate change awareness and vulnerability of tourist resorts to climate change. Conducted a workshop to present the fndings of the project to stakeholders.

Power Plant Registration Environment Checklist for MWSC Power Plant

Year . 2017 Location . Male’ Client . Maldives Water and Sewerage Company Limited Position . Project Manager and Sustainable Development Consultant Activities Performed Overall project management ensuring timely delivery of project components, visiting the site for assessment for to check if fuel handling and fre safety measures are in check.

Water

Desalination plant registration at Conrad Maldives Rangali Island

Year . 2015 Location . Alifu Dhaal Atoll Client . Conrad Maldives Rangali Island Position . Consultant for Water Activities Performed Undertook baseline studies and facilitated the registration process.

Page 4 of 15 Desalination plant registration at Kudarah Island Resort

Year . 2016 Location . Alifu Dhaal Atoll Client . Kudarah Island Resort Position . Consultant for Water Activities Performed Undertook baseline studies and facilitated the registration process.

Desalination plant registration at Mirihi Island Resort

Year . 2015 Location . Alifu Dhaal Atoll Client . Mirihi Island Resort Position . Consultant for Water Activities Performed Undertook baseline studies and facilitated the registration process.

Terminal Evaluation for the project titled increasing climate resilience through an integrated water resource management programme in Ha.Ihavandhoo, Adh.Mahibadhoo Gdh.Gadhdhoo

Year . 2015 Location . Ha. Ihavandhoo, Adh. Mahibadhoo and Gdh.Gadhdhoo Client . UNDP Position . National consultant Activities Performed Reviewed project documents, conducted stakeholder consultations, logistics management, de- signed survey methodology and questionnaire for consultations in coordination with the interna- tional consultant, visited the three islands and conducted council meetings and public consulta- tions with focused groups. Contributed to report writing and presented preliminary fndings to stakeholders.

EIA for the proposed water supply system at Vilufushi, Thaa Atoll

Year . 2016 Location . Th. Vilufushi Client . Ministry of Environment and Energy Position . Team Leader Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations, Socio-economic impact assessment and report writing.

EIA for the proposed water supply system at Eydhafushi, Baa Atoll

Year . 2016 Location . B. Eydhafushi Client . Ministry of Environment and Energy Position . Project Manager Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations, Socio-economic impact assessment and report writing.

EIA for the proposed water supply system at Guraidhoo, Kaaufu Atoll

Year . 2016 Location . K.Guraidhoo Client . State Electric Company Limited (STELCO) Position . Project Manager Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations, Socio-economic impact assessment and report writing.

Page 5 of 15 Desalination Plant Registration at Mirihi Island Resort

Year . 2019 Location . Mirihi Island Resort Client . Mirihi Island Resort Position . Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Field visit, data analysis and application form compilation.

Desalination Plant Registration at Sun Aqua Iru Veli.

Year . 2019 Location . Sun Aqua Iru Veli Client . Ocean Islands Private Limited Position . Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Field visit, data analysis and application form compilation.

Desalination Plant Registration at Ithaafushi Maldives

Year . 2019 Location . Ithaafushi Maldives Client . Ithaafushi Investments Private Limited Position . Sustainability Consultant Activities Performed Data analysis and application form compilation.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

EIA for the proposed development of a tertiary hospital

Year . 2015 Location . Hulhumalé Client . Tree top Health Pvt Ltd Position . Team leader Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations, socioeconomic impact assessment and contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed redevelopment of Nasandhura Palace Hotel

Year . 2015 Location . Malé Client . NPH Investments Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations, conducted baseline surveys and contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed construction of a 9-storey building at the compound of ADK Hospital

Year . 2015 Location . Malé Client . ADK Hospital Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Contributed to report writing.

Page 7 of 15 EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort development project at Ithaafushi Reef

Year . 2015 Location . South Malé Atoll Client . Sumaiyya Holdings Pvt Ltd Position . Team Leader Activities Performed Designed stakeholder consultations, socioeconomic assessment and contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort development project at Bodukaashihuraa

Year . 2015 Location . Adh. Atoll Client . Millennium Capital Management Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Undertook baseline surveys, Stakeholder consultations, and contributed to report writing.

EIA for the channel dredging and beach replenishment activities at Canareef Resort Maldives

Year . 2015 Location . Addu City Client . Canareef Resort Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed resort development project at Kudadhoo Island

Year . 2015 Location . Lhaviyani Atoll Client . Champalars Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed land reclamation and resort development project at Madivaru Island

Year . 2015 Location . Kaafu Atoll Client . Shuaz Investments Pvt Ltd Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Undertook baseline surveys, Stakeholder consultations, and contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed Hulhule’ – Male’ bridge project

Year . 2015 Location . Malé Client . Ministry of Housing and Environment Position . Consultant for Water and Energy Activities Performed Contributed to report writing.

EIA for the proposed test drilling for Hulhule’ - Male’ bridge construction project

Year . 2015 Location . Malé Client . Ministry of Housing and Environment Position . Consultant Activities Performed Stakeholder consultations and contributed to report writing.

Page 8 of 15 Research and Market Studies

Maldives Visitor Survey 2015

Year . 2015 Location . Hulhule Client . Ministry of Tourism Position . Team leader and Enumerator Activities Performed Supervised survey enumerators and conducted the survey.

Maldives Democracy Survey 2015

Year . 2015 Location . Maldives Client . International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) and Transparency Maldives Position . Team leader and Enumerator Activities Performed Supervised survey enumerators and conducted the survey.

Maldives Visitor Survey, September 2016

Year . 2016 Location . Hulhumalé Phase II Client . Ministry of Tourism Position . Project Manager Activities Performed Overall project management including training the enumerators, ensuring the timely delivery of survey and data entry.

Technical Analysis of Market to Develop Energy Effciency Labels and Standards Program in the Maldives

Year . 2017 Location . Male’ Client . Ministry of Environment and Energy Position . Project Manager and Sustainable Development Consultant Activities Performed Overall project management ensuring timely delivery of project components, meeting with client on a timely basis, facilitating retailer survey, sorting and managing data, presenting preliminary fndings to the client, writing fnal draft report and working on the contents of the fnal presentation.

REFEREES

Dr. Simad Saeed Professor Mark Gillott Dr.Ahmed Shaig CDE Consulting, Malé, Maldives University of Nottingham CDE Consulting, Malé, Maldives E. [email protected] E. [email protected] E. [email protected] M . + 960 7777 445 M . +44 115 846 7677 M . + 960 7788 758

Mariyam Hana Saeed Date 1 July 2019

Page 15 of 15 Fathimath Yamna Mohamed

Permanent address: M. Niyandhurumaage Contact no.: +960 9995153

Present address: M.Uniya, Fareedhee magu, Male’ E-mail: [email protected] ______

Education:

v Double degree in Environmental Science/ Economics at Queensland University of Technology

QUT Student Prize 2018 Dean’s list of academic excellence Member of College of Excellence QUT Science and Engineering Dean’s Scholars program QUT International Merit Scholarship QUT Natural Resource Society QUT Leadership and Development program

v London GCE A’ Level (2013) Biology: A Mathematics with Statistics: A Chemistry: B

v Cambridge (2013) Certificate of Proficiency in English (CPE): B

v HSC Examinations (2013) Islam: B Dhivehi: B

v London GCE O’ Level (2010) English as a second language: A* English language: A Biology: A* Chemistry: A* Physics: A* Economics: A* Mathematics: A

v SSC examinations (2010) Islam: B Dhivehi: B

v IELTS (2013) Score of 8.5 out of 9.0

v Certificate two in Information Technology (2011) Merit level

Trainings and Workshops: v International Organisation for Migration training program (Male’, Maldives) Counter trafficking, legal aspects, victim identification and investigation techniques v Labour inspection training (Male’ Maldives) v Workshop on safe roads by Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment (Male’, Maldives)

Employment:

CDE consulting, Male’, Maldives February 2019- present, Sustainability Consultant

Ø EIA for the Proposed Development of a 9 Storey Building at ADK Hospital (2017) Ø EIA for Harbour Development, R.Maakurathu (2018) Ø Environmental Monitoring Report, Bolidhuffaru (2018) Ø First Addendum to the EIA for the Proposed Development of the 9-Storey Building at ADK Hospital, Male’ Ø Environmental Monitoring Report, CSCEC 7000 Housing Units (2019) Ø Rent Survey (2019) Ø Environment Management Plan, Dhigali (2019) Ø Environment Management Plan, Sirrufenfushi (2019) Ø EIA for Resort Development, Ga.Odegalla (2019) Ø First Addendum to the EIA for the Proposed Extension of Male’ East Coast (2019) Ø EIA for Road Development in Hulhumeedhoo, Addu City (2019) Ø Maldives Visitor Survey (2019)

CDE consulting, Male’, Maldives January 2017, Intern Ø Assisted with writing Environment Impact Assessments Ø Data entry

Labour Relations Authority (LRA), Male’, Maldives September 2013 to October 2014, Assistant Labour Relations Officer Ø Inspection of work places to check whether they are in compliance with the Employment Act. Ø Planning and carrying out awareness programs. Ø Write reports and recommendation letters after inspection. Ø Follow-up of inspections. Ø Investigations into cases submitted by employees and employers. Ø Carrying out mediation processes. Ø Managing the inspection database. Ø Other on hand administrative work.

National Bureau of Statistics, Male’, Maldives September 2014, Enumerator Ø Enumerator for Census 2014

Ministry of Youth and Sports, Male’, Maldives 2011, enumerator Ø Surveying experience

Leadership Academy, Male’, Maldives November 2011, volunteer Ø Volunteer at a life skills camp for children aged 4 to 12

Ministry of Health and Gender, Male’, Maldives January 2011, intern Ø Creating and updating a database for setting up disability allowances Ø Workshop on safe roads by Ministry of Housing, Transport and Environment (Male’, Maldives)

Curriculum Vitae Personal Information

Name: Mamdhooh Saeed

Permanent Address: Finifenmaage, G.Dh.Vaadhoo, Maldives

Current Address: Unimaa Villa, Orchid Magu, 20256, Male’, Maldives

Date of birth: 21-02-1992 Gender : Male

Mobile No: +960 771 7790

Passport No: E0486167 Email: [email protected]

Objective

To be able to work in an environment where in my capabilities and skills are to be best utilized and will offer career advancement and where I can use my experience.

Qualifications and Education

2006 – 2008 General Certificate in Education Ordinary Level & Secondary School Certificate Dharumavantha School, Male’, Maldives 2009 –2010 General Certificate in Education Advanced Level & Higher Secondary School Certificate CHSE, Male’, Maldives 2010-2011 General Certificate in Education Advanced Level & Higher Secondary School Certificate Villa International High School, Male’, Maldives

2015-2019 Bachelor of Science in Environmental Science Mahidol University International College, Nakon Pathom, Thailand

Activities and Interests Activities: • Participated in “Kayaking for Chao Phraya” ▪ Was 1 of 6 participants who kayaked the whole 400 km stretch of the river ▪ Was involved in collecting trash from the river, a total of more than 2 tons were collected by all the participants • Participated in Scout during Primary and Secondary School years: ▪ Attended Jamborees in Malaysia, Pakistan and even Hulhumale’ ▪ Jamborees offered opportunity to interact with scouts from all over the world ▪ Main focus of SAFF friendship jamboree in Pakistan was to foster friendship between the SAARC countries through their youth

Interests: • Playing football, basketball, swimming, free diving • Travelling and learning about places and cultures

Skills • Experience and knowledge in data management, fluent in Microsoft word, excel and power point.

Personal statement

I describe myself as a well organized, motivated, flexible, caring and hardworking person. I am confident of my communication skills and ability to work as a team member, yet I realise my own limitations and do not hesitate to ask for help if needed.

PROFILE

M A A S A A L I As a member of the data analytics team in CDE, I store, maintain and manage multiple data sets on a spatial system for internal use and provide mobile mapping solutions, to enable access of data internally and externally. As such I work with economic, social as well as environmental data, analyse data and provide solutions for CONSULTANT - data visualisation. INFORMATION SYSTEMS, GIS, DATA ANALYTICS, TECHNOLOGY EXPERIENCE

DEVELOPING GIS MAPS FOR 6TH NATIONAL REPORT TO CBD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT | APRIL 2019 - PRESENT

Enhancing existing GIS layers on Biodiversity Collect and analyse biodiversity data and demarcate to produce comprehensive GIS maps with boundaries.

MANAGING GIS CDE CONSULTING | MARCH 2018 - PRESENT

Digitise, create, maintain, display and update GIS database, coverages and linkages to other GIS databases Produce accurate maps and other representations of data for internal use Web mapping and mobile mapping Record and document details of map updates, additions or deletions

EDUCATION

BACHELOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY | 2015 - 2017 AREAS OF EXPERTISE: SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, HUMAN ECOLOGY

SKILLS

GIS workflow Detail oriented Quantitative Data Analysis Familiar with AutoCAD Qualitative Data Analysis Spatial data and algorithms Metadata creation and Proficient in ESRI ArcGIS 10x editing with Network Analyst, Cartography Spatial Analyst Able to apply expertise in multiple domains

CONTACT AWARDS

+960 999 5123 AUSTRALIA AWARDS RECIPIENT 2015 [email protected] VOLUNTEER WORK

VESHI NGO | 2013 - PRESENT ALI MOOSA DIDI 4th floor, MA. Rose Villa • Dhevina Magu • Male' • Maldives • 00 960 791-2001• [email protected]

A highly motivated individual with a hardworking attitude and over ten years of experience in the surveying industry of the Maldives.

Personal

Name: Ali Moosa Didi Date of Birth: 18th June 1985 Gender: Male Marital Status: Single NID No: A-154179

Education

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (JAN 1997) Madharasthul Islamiya School Male’, Rep of Maldives

Employment

SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Conducting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also include the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.

HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICER (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) Ryco Investment Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assisted the Office Manager in handling all the human resources related duties of the Office, including Payroll processing.

ASSISTANT SURVEYOR (FULL TIME) (January 2010 – PRESENT) CDE Pvt Ltd Male', Rep of Maldives Assiting field based surveying activities; including shoreline mapping exercises, vegetation assessments, topographic surveys and hydrographic surveys. Work duties also included the consequent data processing and mapping activities of all the surveys conducted at the office.

俀A Skills

 Competent in using Surveying Equipment and Accessories  Intermediate in Microsoft Applications  Intermediate in ArcGIS application

俀A

Work Experience

• Travelled to all 20 atolls of the Maldives • Over 100+ islands in the Maldives; including 20+ Resorts, 50+ Inhabited islands and 30+ Uninhabited islands and their associated reef systems Some of the EIA’s that I have worked on as a member of the team, or contributed to the field surveying work (Past 5 years only); • Tourism Development Projects: . Adh. Bodukaashihuraa Resort Development EIA . B. Dhigufaruvinagandu Resort Development EIA . K. Madivaru Resort Development EIA . Lh. Fushifaru Resort Development EIA . N. Thanburudhuffushi Picnic Island Development EIA . K. Gasfinolhu Addendum EIA (Palm transplanting) . K. Taj Vivanta Resort Shore Protection EIA . Lh. Maabinhuraa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Maagaa Resort Development EIA . Aa. Madivaru Finolhu Resort Development EIA . Olhuveli Lagoon Reclamation EIA . Dh. Aluvifushi Resort Development EIA . Lh. Huruvalhi Resort Development EIA • Agricultural Development Projects: . Sh. Madidhoo Agricultural Development EIA . Lh. Maduvarri Agricultural Development EIA . N. Minaavaru Agricultural Development EIA • Airport Development Projects: . R. Ifuru Airport Development EIA . N. Maafaru Airport Development EIA • Major public/ private sector Projects: . Tree Top Hospital Development EIA . Nasandhura Palace Hotel Redevelopment EIA . Thilafushi Harbor Development EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge, Borehole Drilling EIA . Male-Hulhule Bridge EIA . Addu and Fuvahmulah ESIA for Wetland Project

References

Simad Saeed, PhD Ahmed Shaig, PhD Managing Director Director CDE Pvt Ltd CDE Pvt Ltd 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, 4th Floor, Orchidmaage, Ameeruahmed Magu, Male’Maldives Male’Maldives [email protected] [email protected] Tel: +960 331 2514 Tel: +960 331 2514 Fax: +960 331 5926 Fax: +960 331 5926

EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX B1 – Detailed Site Plan

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 183 73°3'5"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'15"E 6°21'40"N 6°21'40"N

Revetment

-3 0 Legend -1

-4 New Structures

-10

-2 1 -21 Existing Structures Maintenance Dredging -8 -4 Area: 6,100 sq m -23 -18 Stockpile Quaywall Reclamation 1 -12 6°21'35"N 6°21'35"N Maintenance Dredging -14 -20

-24 -5 Dregding

Outer Breakwater -22 -28 -9 -17 Contour1m -13 Proposed Harbour Basin -19 -25 Ramp Area: 8000 sq m -15

-30

Proposed Reclamation -3 Area: 1,900 sq m

-29

-4 Revetment -31 -4 1 µ

-26 -4 6°21'30"N 6°21'30"N

Channel Breakwater Channel Breakwater

-7

-16

Reef Entrance -35 Meters -11 0 15 30 60

-4 Sh. Feydhoo Harbour

-35 Redevelopment Project

-34 Site Plan -30 -33 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; -6 -27 VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge -32 Map version: 30/08/2020 Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives 73°3'5"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'15"E 73°2'35"E 73°2'40"E 73°2'45"E 73°2'50"E 73°2'55"E 73°3'0"E 73°3'5"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'15"E 73°3'20"E

Dredging

6°21'55"N Dredge 6°21'55"N Depth (m Est Volume Feature Area (sq m) MSL) (cbm) Alternative Site Main Basin and Channel 8000 -3.5 17,000.00 Maintenance dregding 6100 -3.5 3,122.00 Total 20,122.00 Dredge Waste Disposal Elevation Est Volume Feature Area (sq m) (MSL) (cbm) 6°21'50"N

6°21'50"N Reclamation Area 1,900.00 1.5 3,500.00 Beach Replenishment A 8,000.00 1.8 11,200.00 Beach Replenishment B 2,000.00 1.5 2,500.00 Stock pile 700.00 4.5 3,150.00 Subtotal 14,700.00 Alternative Site 7,000.00 1.8 10,000.00 6°21'45"N 6°21'45"N Legend

New Structures

Replenishment Area A Stockpile 6°21'40"N 6°21'40"N Reclamation

Altenrative Dredge Dispasal

New Beach Replenishment Basin maintenance

6°21'35"N dregding 6°21'35"N Maintenance Dredging

Dregding Sand Stockpile

Basin dregding 6°21'30"N 6°21'30"N µ

Replenishment Area B 6°21'25"N 6°21'25"N

Meters

0 50 100 200 6°21'20"N

6°21'20"N Sh. Feydhoo Harbour Redevelopment Project Dredge Waste Disposal Plan

PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N); HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; VERTICAL DATUM: Hulhule Tide Gauge Map version: 30/08/2020 6°21'15"N 6°21'15"N Surveyed and Prepared by: CDE Consulting, Maldives 73°2'35"E 73°2'40"E 73°2'45"E 73°2'50"E 73°2'55"E 73°3'0"E 73°3'5"E 73°3'10"E 73°3'15"E 73°3'20"E EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX B2 – Work Schedule

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 184 DESIGN AND BUILD OF HARBOR UPGRADE SH. FEYDHOO CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE apr TOTAL PROJECT DURATION 480.00 days

Sno. Description Duration/ Month 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month 7 Month 8 Month 9 Month 10 Month 11 Month 12 Month 13 Month 14 Month 15 Month 16 Days 0 HARBOUR WORK Team 1 1 Preliminary works 21.00 2 Site Setup 21.00 3 Survey and Setting out 5.00 4 Dredging & Reclamation 150.00 5 Breakwater Construction 120.00 6 Revetment Construction 30.00 7 Construction of Quay wall 175.00 8 Sundries 190.00 9 Paving and light installation 85.00 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX C1 – Comments from NDMA

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 185

EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX D – Baseline Environment

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 186 Appendix D Baseline Environment

1 Bathymetry

Attached below.

2 Beach Profiles

Attached below. .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 284400 284500 284600 284700 284800 284900 Legend

Contours Bathymetry -3 -5

-3 > -40 -2 -6

-4 -22 -40 - -35

-3 -35 - -30 -3 -5 -17 -22 -30 - -25 -4

-3

.000000 -23 .000000 -20 -25 - -20 -15 -18

-4 -16 -26 -21 -20 - -15 703400 703400

-2 -27 -15 - -10

-2 -2 -10 - -9

-14

-4 -9 - -8 0 -28 -24 -26 -8 - -7 -27

-29 -7 - -6

-6 - -5

-30 -25

1 -30 -5 - -4

1 1 -30

1 -4 - -3 .000000 .000000 -3 -30

1 -3 -3 - -2 -13 703300 703300 -4 -2 - -1

-1 - 0 -30 -1

-4 -31 0 - 1

-4 1 - 2 -8

1

-4

-4

1 -4

-4

1

-4 .000000 .000000

703200 703200 Project

-35 Sh. Feydhoo 1

0 Harbour Redevelopment

-35 Client

-5 -10 MNPHI

-35

-3 -4 Map Title Bathymetry -2

.000000 -4 .000000 Scale and Projection: -5 -34 -5 -32 PROJECTION: Transverse Mercator (UTM Zone 43 N);

703100 703100 HORIZONTAL DATUM: WGS84; -33 VERTICAL DATUM: Hdh. Hanimaadhoo Tide Gauge

-7 -12 VERTICAL UNITS: Metres -11 -3 Meters

-7 -9 0 510 20 30 40 50 -19 µ Map No: Revision FYD-BATHY-001 01 Map version: 8/18/2020; Prepared by: AM CDE Consulting 4th Floor, Orchidmaage Ameer Ahmed Magu Male' Maldives

.000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 .000000 (+960) 3312514; [email protected] 284400 284500 284600 284700 284800 284900

3 Marine Environment

Photo Quadrat Survey and Fish Census

Figure 3.2 Benthic substrate composition along transect 1.

Table 3.1 Summary of fish census along Transect 1.

Family Species Common Name Abundance Acanthuridae Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 2 Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 2 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Sufflamen bursa Boomerang Triggerfish 2 Black Pyramid Chaetodontidae Hemitaurichthys zoster Butterflyfish 5 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 2 Heniochus pleurotaenia Phantom Bannerfish 2 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 2 Sargocentron Holocentridae caudimaculatum White-tail Squirrelfish 2 Labridae Thalassoma lunare Moon Wrasse 2 Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 2 Monacanthidae Amanses scopus Broom Filefish 2 Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle Goatfish 2 Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 5 Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot Humbug 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Pomacentrus philippinus Philipine Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Dascyllus aruanus Humbug Damsel 2 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Scaridae Scarus ghobban Blue-barred Parrotfish 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 2 Leptoscarus vaigiensis Seagrass Parrotfish 2 Scarus tricolor Three-colour Parrotfish 2 Serranidae (Groupers) Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 2 Siganidae Siganus corallinus Coral Rabbitfish 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2

Figure 3.5: Selected images showing benthic substrate cover and reef view along transect 2

Table 3.2 Summary of fish census along Transect 2

Family Species Common Name Abundance Acanthuridae Zebrasoma scopas Brown Tang 2 Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus lineatus Lined Surgeonfish 2 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish 2 Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin Surgeonfish 2 Naso brevirostris Spotted Unicornfish 2 Acanthurus thompsoni Night Surgeonfish 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Sufflamen bursa Boomerang Triggerfish 2 Black Pyramid Chaetodontidae Hemitaurichthys zoster Butterflyfish 5 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 2 Heniochus pleurotaenia Phantom Bannerfish 2 Forcipiger flavissimus Long-nose Butterflyfish 2 Chelonidae Eretmochelys imbricata Hawks Bill Turtle 1 Sargocentron Holocentridae caudimaculatum White-tail Squirrelfish 2 Labridae Thalassoma lunare Moon Wrasse 2 Halichoeres hortulanus Checkerboard Wrasse 2 Monacanthidae Amanses scopus Broom Filefish 2 Mullidae Parupeneus cyclostomus Yellow-saddle Goatfish 2 Ostraciidae Ostracion meleagris Black Boxfish 2 Pomacanthidae Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 5 Dascyllus trimaculatus Three-spot Humbug 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Pomacentrus philippinus Philipine Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Dascyllus aruanus Humbug Damsel 2 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Chromis weberi Weber's Puller 2 Scaridae Scarus ghobban Blue-barred Parrotfish 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 2 Leptoscarus vaigiensis Seagrass Parrotfish 2 Scarus tricolor Three-colour Parrotfish 2 Scaridae quoyi Green-blotched Parrotfish 2 Serranidae (Groupers) Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 2 Cephalopholis nigripinnis Blackfin Rock Cod 2 Epinephelus spilotoceps Foursaddle Grouper 2 Cephalopholis Leopardus leopard rock cod 2 Variola louti Lunar-tailed Grouper 2 Siganidae Siganus corallinus Coral Rabbitfish 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2

Figure 3.8: Selected images showing benthic substrate cover and reef view along transect 3

Table 3.3 Summary of fish census along Transect 3

Family Species Common Name Abundance Acanthuridae Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Odonus niger Blue Triggerfish 5 Sufflamen bursa Boomerang Triggerfish 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon meyeri Meyer's Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon guttatissimus Spotted Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 2 Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri Forster's Hawkfish 2 Labridae Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 2 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 2 Cheilinus trilobatus Triple-tail Maori Wrasse 2 Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse 2 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 Thalassoma janseni Jansen's Wrasse 2 Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus long nose emperor 2 Palinuridae Panulirus versicolor Painted Spiny Lobster 1 Pomacanthus Pomacanthidae xanthometopon Blue-face Angelfish 2 Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 4 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Scaridae Hipposcarus harid Longnose Parrotfish 2 Green-blotched Scaridae quoyi Parrotfish 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 2 Scarus rubroviolaceus Ember Parrotfish 2 Serranidae (Groupers) Variola louti Lunar-tailed Grouper 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2

Figure 3.12: Selected images showing benthic substrate cover and reef view along transect 4

Table 3.4 Summary of Fish census along Transect 4

Family Species Common Name Abundance Acanthuridae Acanthurus leucosternon Powder-blue Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigricauda Eye-line Surgeonfish 2 Acanthurus nigrofuscus Dusky Surgeonfish 2 Ctenochaetus striatus Fine-lined Bristletooth 2 Naso lituratus Orange-spine Unicornfish 2 Naso brachycentron Humpback Unicornfish 2 Zebrasoma desjardinii Sailfin Surgeonfish 2 Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Striped Triggerfish 2 Melichthys indicus Indian Triggerfish 2 Sufflamen bursa Boomerang Triggerfish 2 Chaetodontidae Chaetodon trifasciatus Pinstriped Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon meyeri Meyer's Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon guttatissimus Spotted Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon auriga Threadfin Butterflyfish 2 Hemitaurichthys zoster Black Pyramid Butterflyfish 5 Chaetodon collare Head-band Butterflyfish 2 Chaetodon andamanensis Yellow Butterflyfish 2 Cirrhitidae Paracirrhites forsteri Forster's Hawkfish 2 Labridae Thalassoma amblycephalum Two-tone Wrasse 2 Thalassoma hardwicke Six-bar Wrasse 2 Cheilinus trilobatus Triple-tail Maori Wrasse 2 Hemigymnus fasciatus Banded Thicklip Wrasse 2 Gomphosus caeruleus Bird Wrasse 2 Thalassoma janseni Jansen's Wrasse 2 Bodianus axillaris Coral Hogfish 2 Labrichthys unilineatus Tube-mouth Wrasse 2 Lethrinidae Lethrinus olivaceus long nose emperor 2 Mullidae Parupeneus macronema Long-barbel Goatfish 2 Pomacanthidae Pomacanthus xanthometopon Blue-face Angelfish 2 Centropyge multispinis Many-spined angelfish 2 Pomacanthus imperator Emperor Angelfish 2 Pomacentridae Chromis dimidiata Two-tone Puller 4 Pomacentrus nagasakiensis Scribbled Damsel 2 Pomacentrus indicus Indian Damsel 2 Pomacentrus chrysurus White-tail Damsel 2 Plectroglyphidodon dickii Narrowbar Damsel 2 Scaridae Hipposcarus harid Longnose Parrotfish 2 Scaridae quoyi Green-blotched Parrotfish 2 Scarus sordidus Shabby Parrotfish 2 Scarus rubroviolaceus Ember Parrotfish 2 Scarus niger Dusky Parrotfish 3 Serranidae (Groupers) Variola louti Lunar-tailed Grouper 2 Cephalopholis argus Peacock Rock Cod 2 Aethaloperca rogaa Red-flushed grouper 2 Zanclidae Zanclus cornutus Moorish Idol 2

Visual Snorkelling

Figure 3.1 Benthic substrate of harbour entrance visual snorkelling survey 4 Groundwater Quality and Marine Water Quality

Original lab reports and letter stating the unavailability of TPH test is attached below.

Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500184801 Customer Information: Report date: 03/08/2020 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900190248 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 23/07/2020 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 23/07/2020 - 23/07/2020 Male K

Sample Description ~ Sh.Feydhoo harbour EIA Sh.Feydhoo Harbour EIA Sh.Feydhoo Harbour EIA GW1 Masjid Eman GW2 Masjid Thauba SW1 Falhuthere

Sample Type ~ Ground Water Ground Water Sea Water

Sample No 83213121 83213122 83213123

Sampled Date ~ 22/07/2020 03:12 22/07/2020 03:29 22/07/2020 03:53 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Clear with particles Clear with particles Clear with particles

pH * 7.95 7.88 8.03 Method 4500-H+ B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examintation of water and waste water, 21st edition) -

Salinity 0.23 0.16 34.02 Method 2520 B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examintation of water and waste water, 21st edition) ‰

Temperature 25.0 24.2 24.7 Electrometry °C

Turbidity * 0.128 0.452 1.12 HACH Nephelometric Method (adapted from HACH 2100N Turbidimeter User Manual) NTU

Keys: ‰ : Parts Per Thousand, °C : Degree Celcius, NTU : Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017

Page 1 of 2 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 Male' Water & Sewerage Company Pvt Ltd Water Quality Assurance Laboratory Quality Assurance Building, 1st Floor, Male' Hingun, Vilimale', Male' City, Maldives Tel: +9603323209, Fax: +9603324306, Email: [email protected]

WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT Report No: 500184801 Customer Information: Report date: 03/08/2020 CDE Pvt Ltd Test Requisition Form No: 900190248 H.Orchidmaage, 4th Floor Sample(s) Recieved Date: 23/07/2020 Ameeru Ahmed Magu Date of Analysis: 23/07/2020 - 23/07/2020 Male K

Sample Description ~ GW3 Sh.Feydhoo Harbour EIA SW3 Bandharuneru

Sample Type ~ Ground Water Sea Water

Sample No 83213124 83213125

Sampled Date ~ 22/07/2020 03:53 22/07/2020 03:53 TEST METHOD UNIT

PARAMETER ANALYSIS RESULT

Physical Appearance Pale yellow with particles Clear with particles

pH * 7.36 8.11 Method 4500-H+ B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examintation of water and waste water, 21st edition) -

Salinity 1.09 33.58 Method 2520 B. (adapted from Standard methods for the examintation of water and waste water, 21st edition) ‰

Temperature 24.9 24.7 Electrometry °C

Turbidity * 0.354 2.32 HACH Nephelometric Method (adapted from HACH 2100N Turbidimeter User Manual) NTU

Keys: ‰ : Parts Per Thousand, °C : Degree Celcius, NTU : Nephelometric Turbidity Unit

Checked by Approved by

Aminath Sofa Mohamed Eyman Laboratory Executive Manager, Quality

Notes: Sampling Authority: Sampling was not done by MWSC Laboratory This report shall not be reproduced except in full, without written approval of MWSC This test report is ONLY FOR THE SAMPLES TESTED. ~ Information provided by the customer *Parameters accredited by EIAC under ISO/IEC 17025:2017

************************* END OF REPORT *************************

Page 2 of 2 MWSC-A5-F-92 Rev 00 EIA for the proposed Harbour Redevelopment Project a Feydhoo, Shaviyani Atoll

APPENDIX E – EIA Sharing with Atoll Council

Prepared by: CDE Consulting Page| 187