Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations; those in bold refer to tables

14–15 rabbit 267 growth relationship 15 rat 269 abscess see intranasal abscess; jaw abscesses; apical orientation 7 retrobulbar abscess apicoectomy 212 alveolar bullae, exposure of 156, 161, 171, 174, 175 aradicular teeth 6 alveolar nerve block 106 assisted feeding 260, 261 ameloblasts 8 azithromycin 237–239 amelogenesis 8 18 benzathine penicillin G 239 amoxicillin 238 bilophodonty 26 ampicillin 238 bioactive ceramic material (BioGlass®) 230 anaesthesia 90–97 bone resorption 115, 116 accidents 96–97 brachygnathia superior, rabbit 118–121, 119, 120, 131, 137, 142 conductive anaesthesia 106 treatment 120–121 drugs used 92 brachyodont teeth 6, 10–11, 182–184 infiltration anaesthesia 105 14, 23 local anaesthesia 104–105, 105 buccal surface 7 monitoring 93 bulb protrusion 38–39 performance of 93–96 bupivacaine 104–105 perioperative control of 91–93 buprenorphine 102 postoperative care 97 burs 113–115 reversal 94 thermal damage prevention 114 sedation 91 use of 114, 191–193 stages 95 butorphanol 100–102 triple anaesthesia 93, 93 analgesia 97–104 calcium hydroxide therapy 226–227 metamizole 103–104 calcium requirements 16 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 103 deficiency effects 18, 123, 153 opioids 99–103 campylognathia 121 anatomical crown 6 caries 250–253 anelodont teeth 10 aetiology 252–253 anisognathy 14 COPYRIGHTEDbrachyodont MATERIAL cheek teeth 182–183 antibiotic therapy 236–239 herbivorous rodents 251–252 antibiotic impregnated polymethyl methacrylate (AIPMMA) lagomorphs 250–251 beads 227–230 omnivorous rodents 252 chinchilla 268 prophylaxis 253 guinea pig 268 treatment 251, 253 hamster 269 see also specific species mice 269 carprofen 103

Dentistry in Rabbits and Rodents, First Edition. Estella Böhmer. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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cefazolin 237–238 isolated views of the 59–60 9 isolated views of the maxilla 60–61, 62 cephalexin 239 normal radiographic anatomy 74–75 cephalosporins 238, 239 retrobulbar abscess 170, 233 cheek dilators 107–108, 109 therapy 235 cheek teeth 5, 6 stress reaction 165 examination 43–48 teething 13 extraction 195–211 tooth growth 16 aftercare 207–209 tooth trimming 115, 178, 187–188, 193 complications 209–211 chipmunk including jaw osteotomy 201–207 cheek tooth 184 indications 195, 196 intraoral radiography 81 intraoral extraction 197, 199–201 normal occlusion 34 problems with 196–198 chloramphenicol 238, 239 tooth socket management 197–199, 202–203 chlorhexidine 248–249, 253 lagomorphs 24–27 PeriChip® 249 aetiology 153–155 ciprofloxacin 238 pathogenesis 155–162 clindamycin 237–238 radiographic appearance 63, 65–66 clinical crown 6 retrograde growth 39 clinical examination rodents 28, 31–34 documentation of findings 47, 48 brachyodont teeth 6, 182–184 general examination 37–38 herbivorous rodents 162–182 history 35–37 teething 13 intraoral examination 41–48 see also molar teeth; premolar teeth; specific species incisors 42–43 chinchilla oral cavity and cheek teeth 43–48 analgesic dosages 101 restraining the patient 41–42 antibiotic therapy 268 palpation 39–40 caries 179 visual inspection 38–39 cheek teeth 31–32 collagen defect 163–164 extraction 204–207 composite bridge 256–257 cheek 165–175, 176–181 computed tomography (CT) 88–89 buccal spurs 169, 214 conductive anaesthesia 106 elongation 32, 117, 165, 166, 169, 178, 187 congenital malformations, incisors 118–121 intraalveolar rotation 116, 169, 171, 178 conjunctivitis 160 malocclusion 32, 46, 115–117, 135, 178–181, 186–187, coronal orientation 7 208, 214 crown 6 180–181 enamel folds 12 dietary recommendations 262 loss 40, 183 hypersalivation 36 cryotherapy 212 incisor malocclusion 36, 135, 168 cytotoxic therapy 212 jaw abscesses 170–171 mandibular abscess 219 dacryocystitis, rabbit 37, 39, 132, 160 maxillary abscess 220 deciduous dentition 12–13 malocclusion reference lines 75–79 degu mandibular osteolysis 178 analgesic dosages 101 nasolacrimal duct compression 166, 172–173, 177–178 cheek teeth 33 normal occlusion reference lines 74, 75 extraction 204–207 242, 243, 245–246 cheek tooth pathology 166–170, 172, 181–182 prognosis 263 dental spurs 168 radiographic examination 52, 53 malocclusion 129, 169, 181, 182, 220 intraoral radiography 85–86 step mouth 166, 182

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degu (cont’d ) cheek teeth 195–211 tooth bridge formation 169 aftercare 207–209 tooth resorption 182 complications 209–211 dietary recommendations 262 extraoral extraction 197 incisor malocclusion 127 including jaw osteotomy 201–207 mandibular abscess 219 indications 195, 196 normal occlusion 33, 79 intraoral extraction 197, 199–201 -like lesions 129, 182 problems with 196–198 prognosis 263 tooth socket management 197–199, 202–203 radiographic examination 59–60 incisors 121, 135–141, 144–149 intraoral radiography 85 iatrogenic fractures 141, 144, 147–148 normal radiographic anatomy 79 jaw abscess treatment 221–226 retrobulbar abscess 233, 235 aftercare 208–209 demineralization 153, 154 peg teeth 144–145, 147 dental cementum 9 periodontal disease 247, 250 dental formula 13, 13 eye removal 233–236, 237 dental spurs chinchilla 169, 214 fentanyl 102 degu 168 fluoride 253 rabbit 22, 23, 110 follow-ups 262 dental unit 112–113 forceps 115–116, 193 8–9 formaldehyde, halting tooth growth 16 hypoplasia 19, 22, 40, 244 dentinogenesis 9 gentamicin 238 dentoalveolar syndesmosis 10 gerbil desmodontium 9–10 cheek teeth 33, 34 dietary recommendations 261–262 periodontal disease 250 diphyodonty 12 giant cell granuloma 258 documentation 47, 48 gingival hyperplasia 186 gingival hypertrophy 259 elodont teeth 6, 10 242 elodontoma 128, 129, 258 aetiology 243–244 enamel 7–8 gnawing, rodents 28, 30 changes 17–20 lack of provision for 124 hypomineralization 18 guinea pig hypoplasia 18–20, 22, 40, 244 analgesic dosages 100 lagomorphs 24, 27 antibiotic therapy 268 ridges 12, 12, 26 apicoectomy 212 lophs 33, 34 caries 251, 252 endoscopic examination 44–45, 111 cheek teeth 31 enrofloxacin 238, 239 extraction 200, 204–207 epiphora, chinchilla 177 cheek tooth pathology 162–176 erythromycin 238 aetiology 162–165 euthanasia 63, 139, 178, 241, 262, 263 elongation 166, 167 evolution of teeth 5 excessive mineralization 165–166 examination see clinical examination malocclusion 11, 31, 46, 59, 140, 187, 194–195 exophthalmos 50, 52 retrograde growth 39 critical anaesthetic situations 96 splitting 173–174, 175 retrobulbar abscess 39, 170, 230–232 tooth bridge formation 28, 168–169, 175 stress reaction 41 computed tomography (CT) 88 exposure keratitis 39 dietary recommendations 261–262 extraction hypersalivation 38, 42

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incisors hypomineralization 18 fracture 123, 220 hypothermia 93 malocclusion 42, 124, 125, 133–134, 140 hypovitaminosis C 162–164, 245 splitting 124, 125, 134, 151 hypsodont teeth 10 jaw fracture 209 Hystricomorpha 14, 15, 27 lockjaw 255 classification 28 malocclusion reference lines 71–74 mandibular abscess 2, 58, 60, 108, 152, 175, 217, 218–219 incisal orientation 7 delayed wound healing 152 incisors 5 maxillary abscess 220 congenital malformations 118–121 nasolacrimal duct 173, 175 eruption 17 irrigation 172–173 examination 42–43 normal occlusion 32, 61, 62 extraction 121, 135–141, 144–149 reference lines 70, 71 fracture 121–122, 123, 220 osteoarthritis of the 254 iatrogenic 141, 144, 147–148 osteodystrophy 50 treatment 122 periodontal disease 2, 243, 244, 245–246 growth 16–17, 16 prognosis 263 infections 125–126, 136–138 radiographic examination 52 malocclusion 118–142 intraoral radiography 83, 85–86 acquired, non-trauma-related 122–127 isolated views of the mandible 59–60 aetiology 119 isolated views of the maxilla 60–61 primary malocclusion 118–129 laterolateral skull view 53 prognosis 264 normal radiographic anatomy 69–71 secondary malocclusion 129–142 oblique views 56–57 trauma-related 121–122, 123 positioning 54 treatment 120–121, 122, 126–127, 135–142 retrobulbar abscess 173, 175, 205, 233, 235–237 mobility 137, 138 therapy 235 peg teeth 21, 23, 24 teething 13 pseudo-odontoma 127–129 tooth growth 16 rodents 29–31 tooth trimming 187–188, 193, 194–195 pigmentation 30 sharpening 14 hamster teething 12–13 analgesic dosages 101 trimming 136, 142–144 antibiotic therapy 269 pulp cavity exposure 142–144 cheek teeth 33 see also specific species crown loss 183 infection pathology 182–184 incisors 125–126, 136–138 maxillary abscess 183 nasolacrimal duct 38, 39, 50 normal occlusion 34, 81 temporomandibular joint 107, 108 normal radiographic anatomy 80, 81 see also jaw abscesses; retrobulbar abscess periodontal disease 250 infiltration anaesthesia 105 tooth growth 16 infraorbital nerve block 106 hand files 116–117 instruments history taking 35–37 dental treatment 112–117 honey, wound management 239–240 intraoral examination 107–112 hydroxyapatite crystals 8 intermediary plexus 10 hypersalivation 36 intranasal abscess 49, 50, 131, 133, 160, 162, 225 chinchilla 36 intraoral examination 41–48 guinea pig 38, 42 incisors 42–43 rabbit 38, 158 instruments 107–112 13, 17 oral cavity and cheek teeth 43–48

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intraoral examination (cont’d ) prognosis 262–263 restraining the patient 41–42 temporomandibular joint 21, 22 see also clinical examination tooth trimming 189–192 intraoral radiography see radiographic examination technique 191–192 intrathoracic abscess, rabbit 38 see also rabbit intrauterine diphyodonty 13 lamina dura, loss of 117, 243, 244 intravenous drug administration 94, 94, 96–97 laryngeal mask 96 intubation 93 lidocaine 104, 105 isognathy 14 lincomycin 238 lingual surface 7 jaw abscesses 63 local anaesthesia 104–105, 105 abscess surgery 149–152 lockjaw 255 local wound treatment 239–240 lophodont teeth 11 radical excision 221–226 lophs 33, 34 wound healing complications 240 luxators 145–146 aetiology 213–214 use of 200–201 aftercare following tooth extraction 208–209 antibiotic therapy 236–239 malocclusion 4 antibiotic impregnated beads 227–230 cheek teeth 153–184 calcium hydroxide therapy 226–227 brachyodont teeth 182–184 clinical symptoms 215–216 herbivorous rodents 162–182 debridement 224, 226 lagomorphs 153–162 diagnosis 37–38, 214 enamel/dentin hypoplasia relationship 19 differential diagnosis 214–215 incisors 118–142, 264 formation 159–161, 170 aetiology 119 lower jaw 216–219 primary malocclusion 118–129 palpation 40 secondary malocclusion 129–142 periodontal disease relationship 244 trauma-related 121–122 prognosis 240–241, 264 treatment 120–121, 122, 126–127, radiographic examination 49 135–142 therapeutic issues 221 intraoral findings 45–46 upper jaw 220 prognosis 262–266 wound marsupialization 226 staging 265–266 see also specific species symptoms 154 jaw angle injury 184–185 early symptoms 1 jaw fractures 121–122, 254–256 tooth growth and abrasion relationship 15 iatrogenic 209, 255–256 see also specific species 255 mandibular abscess 216–219 maxillary fracture 254–255, 256, 257 see also jaw abscesses; specific species jaw muscles 15 mandibular fractures 255 jaw neoplasia 258–259 marsupialization of abscess wound 226 jaw relationship 14 masseter muscle 14, 15 masticatory muscles 14, 15 lagomorphs 21–27 maxillary abscess 220 caries 250–251 see also jaw abscesses; specific species cheek teeth 24–27 maxillary fracture 254–255, 256, 257 malocclusion aetiology 153–155 maxillary nerve 99 pathogenesis 155–162 mental nerve block 106 classification 22 metabolic bone disorder 153–154 enamel 24, 27 indicators of 155 incisors 23–24 metamizole 103–104 periodontal disease 242–249 metronidazole 238

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mice odontoma 127–129, 131, 182, 258 analgesic dosages 101 opioid analgesics 99–103 antibiotic therapy 269 oral cavity cheek teeth 33 cleaning 45 pathology 182–184 examination 43–48 incisor malocclusion 125, 126, 129 orientation terms 7, 7 odontoma 129 osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint 254 molar teeth osteodystrophy 49, 50 growth 17 osteolysis, chinchilla 178 hypsodont 10 258 lagomorphs 26 osteosarcoma 258 lophodont 11 osteosclerosis 166 rodents 28, 31–34 osteotomy 149–152, 201–207 teething 12, 13 postoperative care 202–203 see also cheek teeth otoscopic examination 44 monophyodonty 13 mouth gags 107, 109 pain 97 risks of 43, 107 signs of 97, 98 mouth mirror 111 see also analgesia Myomorpha 14, 15, 27 palpation 39–40 classification 27 parathyroid hormone 153 peg teeth 21, 23, 24 naloxone 102–103 extraction 144–145, 147 nasal discharge 38 penicillins 237–239 nasolacrimal canal 207, 208 periodontal diseases 242 dilation 163 aetiology/pathogenesis 242–246, 249–250 narrowing 160 diagnosis 246–247 nasolacrimal duct 166 herbivorous rodents 242–249 infection 38, 38, 39, 50 lagomorphs 242–249 irrigation 39, 131–132, 172–173 omnivorous rodents 249–250 obstruction 130, 131–133 treatment 247–249, 250 opening 162 periodontal ligament 9–10 neoplasia of the jaw 258–259 periodontal probe use 110–111 nerve block 106 periodontitis 133, 242 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 103 periodontium 9 normal occlusion plaque formation 242–244 chinchilla, reference lines 74, 75 polyodontia 13, 13 chipmunk 34 polyodontia falsa 23 degu 33, 79 polyodontia vera 23 guinea pig 32, 61, 62 postoperative care 97, 260 reference lines 70, 71 anaesthesia aftercare 97 hamster 34, 81 extraction 207–208 rabbit 10, 21, 25, 26, 56 jaw abscess treatment 208–209 reference lines 65, 66–67 osteotomy 202–203 rat 11, 80 power drill 113 see also malocclusion premolar teeth, lagomorphs 26 see also cheek teeth occlusal orientation 7 procaine penicillin G 239 occlusal surface discoloration 45 prognosis 262–266 occlusion see malocclusion; normal occlusion jaw abscess 240–241 odontoblasts 8, 9 staging 265–266 odontological terms 8 pseudo-odontoma 127–129

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pterygoid muscle 14 polyodontia 13 pulp 6, 9, 10 prognosis 262–263 removal 144, 146 radiographic examination 51, 52 dorsoventral skull view 54, 55 rabbit intraoral radiography 82–84, 85 analgesic dosages 100 laterolateral skull view 53 antibiotic therapy 267 maxillary cheek teeth 67 assisted feeding 261 normal radiographic anatomy 64–66 brachygnathia superior 118–121, 119, 120, 131, 137, 142 oblique views 51, 55–56, 57 treatment 120–121 restraint 41–42, 44 caries 251 retrobulbar abscess 39, 110, 161, 230–232, 234–235, 241 cheek teeth 24–27 pathogenesis 230–233 extraction 197–204, 208–209 therapy 233–235 cheek tooth pathology 153–162 step mouth 161–162, 163 aetiology 153–155 stress reaction 41, 42, 92 curvature 158–160 symphysiolysis 256, 257 elongation 44, 52, 56, 68, 69, 154–160, 160, 185 teething 12–13, 12 malocclusion 22, 40, 45, 51, 130, 133, 141, 157 temporomandibular dysplasia 255 pathogenesis 155–162 tongue lesions 158, 159, 185 retrograde displacement 52, 156–159 tooth growth 16 splitting/fracture 3, 51, 157, 158, 203 tooth trimming 189–192 critical anaesthetic situations 96 incorrect 112 dacryocystitis 37, 39, 132, 160 technique 191–192 demineralization 154 radicular teeth 11 dental spurs 22, 23, 110 radiographic examination 49 dietary recommendations 261–262 indications 49–50 end-stage malocclusion 40, 163 cheek tooth pathology 170, 172 giant cell granuloma 258 interpretation of radiographs 61–63 hairy mucosal fold 6, 24 intraoral radiography 81–87 hypersalivation 38, 158 exposure values 84–85 incisors 6, 23–24 film processing 86–87 extraction 121, 135–141 film-focal distance 84–85 malocclusion 21, 43, 129–133, 136–138, 141 intraoral films 81–82 intranasal abscess 50, 131, 133, 160, 162, 225 positioning 82–84 intrathoracic abscess 38 requirements for 87 intubation 93 X-ray technique 85–86 malocclusion reference lines 67–69 positioning 51 mandibular abscess 2–3, 56, 109, 138–139, 158, 210, 214, 216–218 projections 51–61 antibiotic impregnated bead therapy 228–229 dorsoventral and ventrodorsal skull view 54–55 formation 159–161 isolated views of the mandible 59–60, 61 rostral abscess 150 isolated views of the maxilla 60–61, 62 surgical excision 222–223 laterolateral skull view 53–54 maxillary abscess 130, 163, 198, 206, 215, 220 oblique views 55–57 maxillary fracture 256, 257 rostrocaudal view 57–58, 59 maxillary nerve 99 reference lines 64, 64 molar 23 chinchilla 74, 75–79 nasolacrimal duct infection 38 guinea pig 70, 71–74 normal occlusion 10, 21, 25, 26, 56 rabbit 66–69 reference lines 65, 66–67 techniques 51 odontoma 131 rat osteotomy 202–204 analgesic dosages 100 periodontal disease 3, 133, 244, 247, 248 antibiotic therapy 269

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caries 252–253 stress reaction 41, 42, 90, 165 cheek teeth 6, 33 sugar, wound management 239–240 pathology 182–184 symphysiolysis 256–258 incisor malocclusion 11, 124 intraoral radiography 82 teeth mandibular abscess 127 abrasion 14–15, 16 maxillary abscess 184 anatomy 5–6 normal occlusion 11, 80 classification of 10–12 normal radiographic anatomy 80 eruption 17 periodontal disease 11, 249–250 evolution of 5 teething 13 growth 15, 16–17, 16 tooth growth 16 abrasion relationship 15, 16 recurrence prevention 261–262 halting 16 reference lines see radiographic examination stimulation 16–17 reserve crown 6 nomenclature 6–7 restraining the patient 41–42 structure 7–10 intraoral examination 44 dental cementum 9 retrobulbar abscess 230–236 dentin 8–9 pathogenesis 230–233 desmodontium 9–10 therapy 233–236 enamel 7–8 see also specific species pulp 10 rhinitis, unilateral 38, 130, 146, 160, 220, 221 see also cheek teeth; incisors rodents 27–34 teething 12–13, 12 caries 251–253 temporomandibular joint 14, 107 cheek teeth 28, 31–34 disorders 254, 255 classification 22, 27, 28 hyperextension 169–170 gnawing 28, 29, 30 infection 107, 108 incisors 29–31 lagomorphs 21, 22 pigmentation 30 radiographic view 57–58 masseter muscle types 14 rodents 28 mastication 28–29 tetracyclines 237 periodontal disease 242–250 thimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 238–239 prognosis 262–263 Tomes’ fibres 8, 9 teething 13 tongue tooth trimming 192–195 lesions 158, 159, 185 see also specific species ulceration 45 root 6 management during intraoral examination 109 tongue spatula 109, 110 Sciuromorpha 14, 15, 27 tooth bridge formation 28, 168–169, 175 classification 27 tooth extraction see extraction sedation 91 tooth resorption 76, 115, 116, 165 drugs used 92 tooth trimming 112–116 selenium requirement 164 cheek teeth 184–195 self-cleaning of the dentition 242, 253 lagomorphs 189–192 Sharpey’s fibres 9, 10 proper trimming 187–188 slobbers see hypersalivation rodents 192–195 squirrels 184 iatrogenic fractures 142 cheek teeth 34 incisors 136, 142–144 step mouth pulp cavity exposure 142–144 degu 166, 182 subtle versus radical trimming 185–187 rabbit 161–162, 163 see also specific species streptomycin 239 trilophodonty 32, 34

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triple anaesthesia 93, 93, 95 vitamin D deficiency 123 tumor palpation 40 vitamin E deficiency 164 tympanic bulla, radiographic view 57–58 wound management 239–240 vascular access 94, 94, 96–97 marsupialization 226 vasoconstrictors 105 wound healing complications 240 vitamin A deficiency 164 vitamin C deficiency 162–164, 245 X-rays see radiographic examination supplementation 245, 249

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