B. Urwand: Der Pakt

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B. Urwand: Der Pakt Ben Urwand. Der Pakt: Hollywoods Geschäfte mit Hitler. Darmstadt: Theiss Verlag, 2017. 320 S. mit 23 s/ w Abb. gebunden, ISBN 978-3-8062-3371-1. Reviewed by Norman Domeier Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (December, 2017) Als 2013 Ben Urwands „The Collaboration. markt für ihre Filme nicht zu verlieren. Teilweise Hollywood’s Pact with Hitler“ in den USA er‐ unter direkter Beeinflussung von Nazi-Funktio‐ schien, sorgte das Buch für großes Aufsehen. Ur‐ nären wie dem deutschen Konsul in Los Angeles, wand attackierte nicht allein die Legende von Georg Gyssling, hätten sie „dafür Sorge getragen, Hollywood als Hort des Antifaschismus, sondern dass sie in ihren Filmen weder die Nazis angriffen griff auch einzelne Protagonisten wie Louis B. noch die Juden verteidigten“ (S. 232). Mayer von Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) als Mehr noch: In den Jahren vor der Machtüber‐ Nazi-Kollaborateure an. Die amerikanischen nahme der Nazis seien Hunderte Filme mit und Feuilletons glühten monatelang in Parteinahmen über Juden produziert worden, nach 1933 „ver‐ für und gegen den Autor und seine Thesen. hielten sie sich, als würden Juden überhaupt nicht Schlagabtausche zwischen ganz unterschiedli‐ existieren“. Als Erklärung nennt Urwand „eine chen Autoritäten wie dem Popkultur- und Gesell‐ ausgeprägte Ängstlichkeit – das Gefühl, dass es schaftskritiker Tom Carson und dem Historiker selbst in den USA besser sei, das eigene jüdische Richard J. Evans wurden ausgetragen. Die Groß‐ Erbe zu verbergen“. Erschreckenderweise, so Ur‐ nichte von Louis B. Mayer, Alicia Mayer, veröf‐ wand, sei diese Leerstelle sogar nach dem Kriegs‐ fentlichte im „Jewish Journal“ einen Artikel mit eintritt der USA bestehen geblieben. In den nach der Überschrift „Why Harvard should withdraw Dezember 1941 produzierten hunderten Filmen ‚The Collaboration’“. Kurzum: Endlich einmal wie‐ gegen den Nationalsozialismus fnden sich fast der erzeugte eine historische Studie einen Medi‐ keine „Bezugnahmen auf Juden“ (alle vorherigen enskandal, der zumindest in den USA die Ausma‐ Zitate S. 232), Versuche von Autoren und Textern, ße der Goldhagen-Debatte annahm. diese herzustellen, seien bewusst eliminiert wor‐ Im Impressum als „leicht gekürzte Ausgabe“ den. gekennzeichnet, liegt Urwands Arbeit nun in Im Zweiten Weltkrieg, so die zweite zentrale deutscher Übersetzung vor. Leider sind die Kür‐ These Urwands, habe Hollywood zwar komple‐ zungen an keiner Stelle quantifiziert oder erläu‐ mentär zur Kriegsmaschinerie der USA die Nazis tert. Urwand vertritt zwei zentrale Thesen: Die angegriffen, aber ebenso komplementär zur Poli‐ Bosse der wichtigsten Filmstudios in Hollywood tik von Roosevelt (und Churchill) „ohne sich spezi‐ hätten sich mit der Machtübernahme der Natio‐ ell für die Juden einzusetzen“. Die Studiochefs, so nalsozialisten 1933 auf ein mehr oder weniger Urwand, „gaben die erste Hälfte ihrer Überein‐ stillschweigendes Agreement mit den Nazis einge‐ lassen, um Deutschland als wichtigen Absatz‐ H-Net Reviews kunft mit Nazideutschland auf, während sie die NS-Deutschland zusammengetragen haben. Insbe‐ zweite Hälfte intakt ließen“ (S. 232). sondere Markus Spieker, Hollywood unterm Ha‐ Ein Pakt im Geheimen ist eine Verschwörung. kenkreuz. Der amerikanische Spielfilm im Dritten Tatsächlich ging es bei der Zusammenarbeit der Reich, Trier 1999; Thomas Doherty, Hollywood Hollywood-Studios mit den Nationalsozialisten and Hitler. 1933–1939, New York 2013. Bewusst eher um eine Vielzahl an, durchaus geheimen, Ar‐ oder unbewusst wird auf diese Weise auch die rangements und Absprachen, von denen heute größte inhaltliche Schwachstelle des Buches ka‐ nur noch wenige rekonstruierbar sind. Zwar einte schiert: Die Zusammenarbeit zwischen Hollywood alle großen amerikanischen Studios das Interesse, und staatlichen deutschen Autoritäten war viel äl‐ den deutschen Markt, ab 1939 auch die von den ter als das „Dritte Reich“ und sie war keineswegs Deutschen besetzten Gebiete, so lange wie mög‐ eine Einbahnstraße, sondern ein Geben und Neh‐ lich mit Filmen beliefern zu können. Für eine men. Gerade die Kontinuität ist bemerkenswert, wirkliche Verschwörung waren die Interessen der doch Urwand versucht sie auszublenden: 1933 Unternehmen und die beteiligten Persönlichkei‐ gab es keinen Bruch oder eine vollständige Neu‐ ten auf beiden Seiten allerdings zu verschieden. ausrichtung der Filmpolitik. Bereits eine Persona‐ lie macht dies deutlich. Nicht nur blieb der obers‐ Urwand baut seine These von der Zusammen‐ te Zensor der Weimarer Republik Dr. Ernst See‐ arbeit (im Englischen fndet der Begriff „Collabo‐ ger, seit 1924 Leiter der Ober-Filmprüfstelle in ration“ Verwendung) der großen Hollywood-Stu‐ Berlin, im Amt, vielmehr setzte er seine Karriere dios mit den Nazis stark auf der Grundannahme in Goebbels’ Propagandaministerium fort. Der im auf, dass diese den USA und der Welt hätten zei‐ Buch ausführlich beschriebene Umgang mit dem gen können, was in Deutschland wirklich vor sich Film „Im Westen nichts Neues“ 1932 gehört zur ging. Dadurch wäre es ihnen möglich gewesen, Geschichte der Weimarer Republik ebenso wie den Gang der Geschichte zu verändern. Ob es die‐ die „Kontingentverordnung“ von 1932 mit ihrem sen Willen vor 1941 im Hollywood-Milieu über‐ Paragraphen 15, durch den Filme in Deutschland haupt irgendwo gab, ist jedoch fraglich. Auch der verboten und Studios sanktioniert werden konn‐ im Buch prominent beschriebene Drehbuchautor ten, die „Bildstreifen in der Welt weiter vertrie‐ Ben Hecht etwa begann seine Aktivitäten zur Be‐ ben, die eine dem deutschen Ansehen abträgliche kanntmachung der massenhaften Ermordung der Tendenz oder Wirkung haben“ (S. 57). Juden durch die Nazis erst nach dem Kriegsein‐ tritt der USA. Deutschland war damit aber auf keinem ju‐ ristischen oder kulturpolitischen Sonderweg. Nur Leider ist sowohl der Text- als auch der Argu‐ oberflächlich verweist Urwand darauf, dass die mentationsfluss des Buches durchgehend zu asso‐ meisten Staaten auf der Welt damals ähnlich rigi‐ ziativ und durch Sprünge sowie abrupte Wendun‐ de Einfuhrregelungen für ausländische Filme be‐ gen gekennzeichnet. Verschiedene Situationsbe‐ saßen, sowohl aus ökonomischen Gründen, um schreibungen aus Hollywood, Episoden aus NS- die eigene Filmindustrie zu schützen, als auch zur Deutschland und ausführliche Filmbeschreibun‐ Abwehr von moralisch, religiös oder nationalpoli‐ gen wechseln einander ab, argumentativ oft we‐ tisch unerwünschten Filmszenen. Weshalb Ur‐ nig miteinander verzahnt. Überhaupt springt die wand gerade „Im Westen nichts Neues“ und die Studie völlig unbekümmert in medias res, ohne deutsche Kontingentverordnung von 1932 zum die Situation im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Fundament seiner Thesenbildung macht, muss Republik zu erwähnen und ohne andere For‐ sein Geheimnis bleiben. Ärgerlich ist auch, dass schungen gründlich einzuordnen, die bereits viele viele Belege nicht vollständig sind: Wo sich der zi‐ Fakten zur Zusammenarbeit von Hollywood und 2 H-Net Reviews tierte Nachlass des Medienmoguls William R. Gyssling und sein Einfluss auf die amerikanischen Hearst befindet, erfährt der Leser nicht. Filmstudios aber nicht. Bereits 1994 beschrieb der Trotz aller Schwächen liefert Urwand einige Filmkritiker Michael Althen seine Rolle im Maga‐ spannende Erkenntnisse. „Die“ Nazis steckten zin „Focus“. Michael Althen, Hitlers Leinwand‐ nicht einfach „Hollywood“ in die Tasche. Immer schergen. Das Dritte Reich und Hollywood: Die wieder zeigten sich NS-typische Kabale um die Zu‐ Geschichte einer widersprüchlichen Beziehung, lassung einzelner Filme wie bei „Männer um eine in: Focus-Magazin Nr. 16 (1994); http:// Frau“ („The Prizefighter and the Lady“, 1934) um www.focus.de/kultur/medien/filmgeschichte-hit‐ den amerikanischen Boxer Max Baer, der im Juni lers-leinwandschergen_aid_145868.html 1933 Max Schmeling besiegt hatte und seither auf (18.11.2017). seiner Sporthose einen Davidstern trug. Um die Durch die Zusammenschau auf von den Nazis Gegenläufigkeiten der NS-Polykratie zu nutzen, verhinderte, umgestaltete oder unterstützte Holly‐ beschäftigte etwa MGM in Deutschland einen Nef‐ wood-Filme kann Urwand seine beiden nicht völ‐ fen des Reichsaußenministers Konstantin von lig neuen Kernthesen erhärten. Nur muss die Zu‐ Neurath, der in Krisenfällen die Unterstützung sammenarbeit von Hollywood und Nationalsozia‐ des Auswärtigen Amtes gegen das Propagandami‐ lismus im gesamtgesellschaftlichen Kontext der nisterium zu gewinnen versuchte. Aufschluss‐ USA betrachtet werden. Auch die tägliche ameri‐ reich sind auch die ökonomischen Arrangements, kanische Presseberichterstattung über das „Dritte die es den Hollywood-Studios ermöglichten, ihre Reich“ – Urwand verweist hier unter anderem auf in Deutschland eingefahrenen Gewinne trotz Ab‐ die einschlägige Studie von Laurel Leff – ent‐ flussverboten in Fremdwährungen durch Drittge‐ sprach selbst nach dem Kriegseintritt 1941 dem schäfte zu realisieren, unter anderem durch die Muster: die Nazis angreifen, der Judenverfolgung Produktion und den Vertrieb von Wochenschauen jedoch möglichst wenig Beachtung schenken. / Newsreels aus Deutschland. Zum Austausch von Wochenschauen / Newsreels während des Zwei‐ ten Weltkrieges: Norman Domeier, Geheime Fo‐ tos. Die Kooperation von Associated Press und NS- Regime (1942–1945), in: Zeithistorische Forschun‐ gen / Studies in Contemporary History, Online- Ausgabe, 14 (2017), H. 2, URL: http:// www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de/2-2017/ id=5484 (18.11.2017), Druckausgabe: S. 199–230, hier S. 213. Im Hinblick auf die Filmproduktion bis 1941 kann Urwand mehrfach den langen
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