DOCSLIB.ORG

Rocky Mountain National Park

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rocky Mountain National Park National Park Rocky Mountain Colorado National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Flood! / started to hear a sound like an airplane...there were loud booms...I saw trees crashing over and a wall of water coming down...there was a deafening roar.... Steven Cashman Flood of '82 In mountain environments, weather Human activities also sometimes Thompson Canyon Flood of patterns can change quickly, cause floods. Dams and levees 1976 showed the scouring force turning meandering streams into designed to tame a river or lake of a natural, flash flood. The Flood scouring walls of water or flash can fail. Generally, natural and of '82 or Lawn Lake Dam failure floods. Floods can be natural or unnatural floods are minor was a reminder of the limitations unnatural events, but both occurrences causing little of human engineering. Both flood demonstrate the same awesome damage, but all floods have the events unveiled the shattering force of water. capability to change human lives force of water, and the ability of and the natural landscape. people and nature to rebuild and Natural floods in the mountains recover. can be caused by snowmelt or In Rocky Mountain National Park spring runoff, rainfall mixed with and the surrounding area, two snowmelt, or intense rainfall from major floods have displayed this storms. powerful force of water. The Big BIG THOMPSON CANYON Water levels rose 9 feet above the During the flood, search and FLOOD normal riverbed, cutting away the rescue personnel tried to warn river bank and changing the and assist people in the canyon. The Big Thompson Canyon is river's main channel. Soil, rocks, Some rescue workers lost their located in the foothills east of the trees, homes, and businesses lives trying to save others. town of Estes Park. This canyon, were swept away. Once the water Rescue workers came from local like many in the foothills area, is reached the plains, the water areas and from far away to help characterized by narrow valleys slowed down and spread the people trapped in the canyon. bordered by steep, side slopes debris out for miles. Following the flood, searchers with soil that is highly susceptible continued working for weeks to to erosion. Intense rainfalls can Few flood controls and warning find survivors and to retrieve the oversaturate the soil and overflow systems were in place along the bodies of those who had river banks, creating a flash flood. river. Flood warnings were issued perished. too late for many people in the During the night of July 31,1976 canyon. Others ignored the severe thunderstorms developed warnings altogether. In the over the Big Thompson River confusion, some people tried basin. A large storm system driving up or down the canyon and stalled over the foothills for several were lost in the flood waters. By hours, dumping torrential rains in dawn, 145 people had lost their the upper section of the canyon. In lives in the canyon. Many survived one area of the canyon, 71/2 by climbing to higher ground or inches of rain fell in a 70-minute clinging to trees and rocks. period! Jf^ Printed with Soyoil Ink *M0 on Recycled Paper FLOOD OF '82 As the flood entered the flat valley, Luckily, the Lawn Lake Dam failed the water slowed down and early in the morning before many Lawn Lake is a natural lake quickly deposited the heaviest people were in the park. A trash located in the park's Mummy debris first. Initially, large collector working in Horseshoe range. In the early 1900's, a boulders, weighing up to 452 tons, Park notified emergency 26-foot high earthen dam was were dropped, while lighter personnel. The early notification added to the lake, nearly tripling materials were carried farther allowed emergency personnel to its size. This privately owned dam downstream. The flood waters issue advance warnings of the was one of five dams built prior to spread out and deposited debris pending flood danger. Flood the establishment of Rocky in a fan shape or alluvial fan over warnings were issued inside Mountain National Parkin 1915. 42 acres in size. Rocky Mountain National Park, and in the town of Estes Park and On July 15,1982, at 5:30 a.m., the The flood continued eastward the surrounding area. Lawn Lake Dam failed. On this down the Fall River drainage calm, clear Thursday morning, a towards a second dam. Four Emergency personnel closed 95-foot section of the dam feet of water swept over the roadways and evacuated people breached sending more than 200 17-foot high, concrete Cascade from the flood path. The water million gallons of water down the Dam, causing this dam to fail. level in Lake Estes was lowered Roaring River into the Fall River The new wave of water continued to handle the incoming water. drainage. A 30-foot high wall of on towards the town of Estes The Flood of '82, which traveled water scoured out trees, boulders, Park. Trees, mud, rocks, and six 12 1/2 miles in 3 1/2 hours, and sand from the steep feet of water covered downtown claimed three human lives in mountainside and carried them Estes Park and continued to head Rocky Mountain National Park down to Horseshoe Park. towards the Olympus Dam which and caused over $31 million forms Lake Estes. This dam held damages in the town of Estes and the flood was stopped. Park. RECOVERY The Flood of '82 destroyed some Following the dam failure, the areas while creating new life in remaining private dams inside Powerful flood waters scour out other areas of Rocky Mountain Rocky Mountain National Park channels and deposit the National Park. Visual scars along were removed. The town of Estes material they carry, changing the the alluvial fan and the scoured Park was declared a national landscape in an instant. Both the river remain. Fish and wildlife disaster area and the community Big Thompson Canyon Flood and slowly returned to Horseshoe rebuilt. The Flood of '82 challenged Park. Trees, killed during the nature's and people's ability to flood, provided a new haven for Both natural and unnatural floods recover. cavity nesting birds. Many trees, change the landscape and shrubs and grasses sprouted on people's lives. Floods can be In the Big Thompson Canyon, the alluvial fan, beginning a new destructive while at the same time, recovery started immediately. The cycle of growth. Flood debris creating new areas. Being able to canyon was declared a national created a new lake and wetland recover from these dramatic disaster area and human area, opening up opportunities for events is part of the natural cycle. intervention quickened the pace of waterfowl and returning beaver recovery. Flood warning systems populations. and signs were improved. Areas of the canyon were revegetated and the roadway rebuilt. People began to reoccupy and rebuild. Today, stories about lost loved ones and the courageous efforts of many people in the canyon^ continue tp be tolcU^__>^ "V* .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Appendix C Table 1, Camp Area Summary
    Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Appendix C Table 1, Camp Area Summary Designated Areas/Sites Individual Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 60 109 763 West Side 59 88 616 Total 119 197 1379 Group Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 10 10 120 West Side 11 11 132 Total 21 21 252 Accessible Camp Areas Campsites People East Side 1 1 12 West Side 0 0 0 Total 1 1 12 Wood Fire Camp Areas Campsites East Side 8 13 West Side 9 13 Total 17 26 Stock Areas/Sites Individual Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 3 3 18 24 West Side 3 3 18 24 Total 6 6 36 48 Group Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 2 2 24 32 West Side 2 2 24 32 Total 4 4 48 64 Llama only Camp Areas Campsites People Stock East Side 2 2 14 10 West Side1175 Total 3 3 21 15 Wood Fire Camp Areas Campsites East Side 8 13 West Side 9 13 Total 17 26 Rocky Mountain National Park C-1 Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Crosscountry Areas Areas Parties People East Side 9 16 112 West Side 14 32 224 Total 23 48 336 Summer Totals for Designated, Stock and Crosscountry Areas Camp Areas Campsites/Parties People East Side 80 136 1004 West Side 84 131 969 Total 164 267 1973 Bivouac Areas Areas People East Side 11 88 West Side 0 0 Total 11 88 Winter Areas Areas Parties People East Side 32 136 1632 West Side 23 71 852 Total 55 207 2484 Rocky Mountain National Park C-2 Backcountry/Wilderness Management Plan and Environmental Assessment Appendix C Appendix C Table 2, Designated Camp Area/Sites Number
    [Show full text]
  • Front Range Floods Teach Guide
    National Park Service Rocky Mountain U.S. Department of Interior Rocky Mountain National Park Front Range Floods Teacher Guide Table of Contents Rocky Mountain National Park.................................................................................................1 Teacher Guides..............................................................................................................................2 Rocky Mountain National Park Education Program Goals...................................................2 Schedule an Education Program with a Ranger.......................................................................2 Front Range Floods Introduction........................................................................................................................4 Precipitation Patterns Along The Front Range..............................................................5 Colorado Flood Events.....................................................................................................6 Flooding in Rocky Mountain National Park...............................................................12 History of Floodplain Management in the United States..........................................14 Front Range Floods Resources Glossary.............................................................................................................................20 References.........................................................................................................................22 Rocky Mountain National Park Rocky Mountain
    [Show full text]
  • 50 Years Celebrating Earth, Atmosphere, Astronomy, and Oceans: Stories of a Great Department
    University of Northern Colorado Scholarship & Creative Works @ Digital UNC Earth & Atmospheric Sciences Faculty Publications Earth & Atmospheric Sciences 2020 50 Years Celebrating Earth, Atmosphere, Astronomy, and Oceans: Stories of a Great Department William Henry Hoyt Follow this and additional works at: https://digscholarship.unco.edu/easfacpub 50 Years Celebrating Earth, Atmosphere, Astronomy, and Oceans: Stories of a great Department By William H. Hoyt, Ph. D. University of Northern Colorado Department of Earth Sciences (Earth & Atmospheric Sciences) 1970-2020 1 1956-1970s: THE FIRST YEARS, Tollefson the Magnificent The first tale I ever heard about how the Department of Earth Sciences started hearkens out of the mid-1950s. Oscar W. Tollefson, who had almost graduated from the Univ. of Colorado (Ph D in geology), found himself sitting next to Colorado State College (CSC) President Bill Ross on a commercial flight between Washington, D.C. and Denver. Tolley, as he was universally known in professional circles, was the loquacious sort and so of course he struck up a conversation with a guy who, it turns out, was an amateur rock , fossil, and mineral collector. Bill Ross came from a background in buildings and grounds and knew a lot about earth materials and weather! Though we don’t know exactly what was said in that four hours, we do know that Bill Ross recognized a rare enthusiasm for teaching and learning in the young Tolley. Ross also probably recognized that Tolley’s persuasiveness and persistence would go a long way at the growing College. The Earth Sciences academic program was founded at Colorado State College (CSC) in 1956 by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Geology of Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado
    A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK COLORADO For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 15 cents A Guide to the Geology of ROCKY MOUNTAIN NATIONAL PARK [ COLORADO ] By Carroll H. Wegemann Former Regional Geologist, National Park Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE . NEWTON B. DRURY, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1944 Table of Contents PAGE INTRODUCTION in BASIC FACTS ON GEOLOGY 1 THE OLDEST ROCKS OF THE PARK 2 THE FIRST MOUNTAINS 3 The Destruction of the First Mountains 3 NATURE OF PALEOZOIC DEPOSITS INDICATES PRESENCE OF SECOND MOUNTAINS 4 THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 4 Time and Form of the Mountain Folding 5 Erosion Followed by Regional Uplift 5 Evidences of Intermittent Uplift 8 THE GREAT ICE AGE 10 Continental Glaciers 11 Valley Glaciers 11 POINTS OF INTEREST ALONG PARK ROADS 15 ROAD LOGS 18 Thompson River Entrance to Deer Ridge Junction 18 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Pass via Fall River .... 20 Fall River Pass to Poudre Lakes 23 Trail Ridge Road between Fall River Pass and Deer Ridge Junction 24 Deer Ridge Junction to Fall River Entrance via Horseshoe Park 29 Bear Lake Road 29 ILLUSTRATIONS LONGS PEAK FROM BEAR LAKE Front and back covers CHASM FALLS Inside back cover FIGURE PAGE 1. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE iv 2. LONGS PEAK FROM THE EAST 3 3. PROFILE SECTION ACROSS THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 5 4. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN ON TRAIL RIDGE 6 5. ANCIENT EROSIONAL PLAIN FROM FLATTOP MOUNTAIN ... 7 6. VIEW NORTHWEST FROM LONGS PEAK 8 7.
    [Show full text]
  • The Flood Of'82
    A window of opportunity The flood of '82 was clearly tragic in terms of life and property loss. But the area of impact was quickly recognized as a place for learning, and Out of disaster scientists gathered to study the impacts of the comes knowledge — flood, especially the recovery of high altitude eco­ systems. The studies will continue for decades. In this instance both of the workings of nature and Here are some research findings: the failures of mankind's works. The lessons are sharp, but they do give guidance for the future. The Flood Plant succession Those lessons are now being applied across the 35 species of willows and grasses were found nation, to manage or remove other high mountain growing after the first full season. dams. of'82 Bird populations The number of bird species living in the area has increased since the flood. Dam break modeling WARNING: Predictive models helped to reconstruct the be­ Streambanks are lined with dangerously havior of water in such a flood. unstable boulders. For your safety stay on the paved trail. Sedimentation studies Revealed downstream movement of distinctive lobes of fine sediment. Art: Bill Border The Lawn Lake flood of July 15, 1982 is an On steep slopes the "wet brown cloud" tore Park filled, then the water crashed forward —over experience the people in the Estes Valley will re­ through the ground and scoured 50 feet or more Cascade Dam, through Aspenglen Campground member for a long time. It affected many people into the earth. On gentler slopes the water on the edge of Rocky Mountain National Park, that day, but months passed before the events dropped sand, gravel, boulders, and battered and down Fall River.
    [Show full text]
  • Relationship Between Sediment Supply and Sediment Transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA
    Relationship between sediment supply and sediment transport for the Roaring River, Colorado, USA J.C. BATHURST NERC Water Resource Systems Research Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK G.J.L, LEEKS & M.D. NEWSON Institute of Hydrology, Staylittle, Powys, UK ABSTRACT A 1-km long gorge, cut into a glacial moraine by a dambreak flood wave, has provided the setting for a study of the relationship between supply of sediment from the gorge cliffs and the sediment transport along the Roaring River. Measurements during two snowmelt seasons have indicated two major supply systems. The initial snowmelt flows, peaking at about 5 m s~1 in May-June, carry relatively large bed and suspended loads, composed of material supplied to the channel bed and margins by winter erosion processes. Rapid depletion of these supplies, though, means that the sediment loads of later flows are reduced by an order of magnitude. This trend may be reversed in July and August when heavy rainstorms can dramatically increase cliff erosion and thence sediment transport. Relatively high transport rates may then persist for several days. External supply of sediment can thus cause two orders of magnitude variation in sediment transport for a given flow discharge. A full understanding of the relationship between supply and transport is obtained only by considering events in chronological order. INTRCDUCTION Until recently, studies of fluvial sediment transport processes have concentrated on lowland rather than mountain rivers. However, development pressures throughout the world's mountain areas are increasingly altering the naturally sensitive balance between sediment supply and transport at the upper ends of river systems (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • 30Th Anniversary of the Lawn Lake Dam Failure: a Look Back at the State and Federal Response July 27, 2012 Mark E
    30th Anniversary of the Lawn Lake Dam Failure: A Look Back at the State and Federal Response July 27, 2012 Mark E. Baker, P.E. National Park Service, Denver, CO Bill McCormick, P.E., P.G., Colorado Division of Water Resources, Salida, CO ABSTRACT On July 15, 1982, deep in Rocky Mountain National Park, the 26-foot high Lawn Lake Dam failed. The resulting flood charged down a mountain carving deep ravines and depositing huge fields of rock. It also wiped out campsites, tragically killing 3 people. The flood inundated businesses in the town of Estes Park and caused $31 million in damages. This paper describes how the State of Colorado (State) and Federal agencies responded to the event. The many impacts of this dam failure are explored so that the dam safety community can be better prepared to handle the myriad of issues associated with dam failures efficiently. The paper reviews the State’s response including communications immediately following the failure and the details of conducting a dam failure investigation, including the forensic analysis to determine likely failure mechanisms. Changes to the State dam safety program as a result of the failure are described. The effects of the failure on the NPS dam safety program, including the decision to remove other dams within Rocky Mountain National Park are also explored. The role of FEMA in coordinating post- failure research studies conducted by Federal agencies, including the USGS, USBR, and the NPS are also discussed. Finally, the paper describes the types of legal investigations conducted and lawsuits filed following the failure.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Geologic Resources Division Denver, Colorado Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Geologic Resources Division Denver, Colorado U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC Table of Contents Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 1 Dedication and Acknowledgements............................................................................ 2 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Geologic Resource Evaluation Program ............................................................................................3 Geologic Setting .........................................................................................................................................................3 Geologic Issues............................................................................................................. 5 Alpine Environments...................................................................................................................................................5 Flooding......................................................................................................................................................................5 Hydrogeology .............................................................................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan
    • •-.- Nm 6 0 9 ~; L L.‘~j~ C..- Ii’ Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan N i L r Greenback Cutthroat Trout Recovery Plan Prepared by: Greenback Cuffhroat Trout Recovery Team for Region 6 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Denver, Colorado ~t4’?e/ DEPUTY R ional Director March 1998 Table of Contents DISCLAIMER 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PART I INTRODUcTION Historic DistribUtion 1 Type Specimens 1 Taxonomy 4 Current Distribution 7 Reasons for Decline 7 Habitat Requirements 9 Reproduction 10 Food and Feeding 11 Size and Growth 11 Disease and Parasites 12 Sensitivity to pH 12 HeavyMetals 13 Management Practices (Fish Culture, Stocking, Angling) 13 PART II RECOVERY 19 Objective 19 Stepdown Outline 21 Narrative Outline . 23 PART m IMPLEMENTATION . 38 LITERATURE CITED 42 PUBLIC REVIEW . 43 PART IV FIGURES, TABLES, AND APPENDICES 44 Figure 1. Mature South Platte drainage greenbacks 2 Figure 2. Historic distribution of greenback cutthroat trout 3 Figure 3. Comparison of selected parameters for various Colorado subspeciesof 0. clarki and rainbow trout 6 Table 1. Summary of Known Historic Greenback Cutthroat Trout Sites and Stability of Population. 1970-1997 45 Table 2. Summary of South Platte Greenback Cutthroat Trout Restoration Projects, 1970-1997 46 Table 3. Summary of Arkansas River Greenback Cutthroat Trout Restoration Projects, 1970-1997 49 Table 4. Summary of Greenback Historic Populations, Restoration Projects, Areas Open to Angling and Stable Populations. 1997 51 Table 5. Hybrid Populations of Greenback Cutthroat Trout. 1994 52 Table 6. South Platte Greenback Restoration Projects and Stocking Schedule 53 Table 7. Arkansas River Greenback Restoration Projects and Stocking Schedule 54 Table 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Big Thompson Flood
    , .. r . .. ~ ...... 1 . ,.' Twenty Years Later ' , < . , , . ~ ," ':L '~, ", ~ ' What ,~We Have . ":"' learned' Since the ".,!.,.. 'f . Big thompson flood .... '.. .. ~ .. , ' . .. <o?; f . .- , : -: ..... >, '. , . Proceedings of a Meeting . Held in Fort Collins, Colorado , . July 13-15, 1996. • > • '. TWENTY YEARS LA TER WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED SINCE THE BIG THOMPSON FLOOD Eve Gruntfest Editor Proceedings of a Meeting Held in Fort Collins, Colorado July 13-15, 1996 Special Publication No. 33 Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado The opinions contained in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the funding or sponsoring organiza­ tions. The use of trademarks or brand names.in these papers is not intended as an endorsement of any product. Published 1997. This volume is available from: The Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center Institute of Behavioral Science Campus Box 482 University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0482 tel: (303) 492-6819 fax: (303) 492-2151 e-mail: [email protected] WWW: http://www .colorado. edu/hazards ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents . .. iii Acknowledgments .............................. vii List of Abbreviations ............................ ix List of Participants . x INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ................... 1 PART 1: FEDERAL PERSPECTIVE Barriers and Opportunities in Mitigation Richard W. Krimm ............................ 15 The Bureau of Reclamation and Dam Safety Howard Gunnarson ........................... 21 Flood Warning/Preparedness Programs of the Corps of Engineers Kenneth Zwickl .............................. 26 PART II: DAM SAFETY Olympus Dam Early Warning System David B. Fisher . 31 Dams, Defects, and Time Wayne J. Graham ............................ 40 1996 Willamette and Columbia River Flood Cynthia A. Henriksen .......................... 50 PART III: HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF DISASTER Emergency Communications: A Survey of the Century's Progress and Implications for Future Planning Bascombe J.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resources Evaluation
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2004/004 THIS PAGE: Ypsilon Mountain, Rocky Mountain NP. ON THE COVER: Alpine Tundra looking west to the Never Summer Range, Rocky Mountain NP Photos by: NPS and Josh Heise Rocky Mountain National Park Geologic Resource Evaluation Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2004/004 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 September 2004 U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, D.C. The Natural Resource Publication series addresses natural resource topics that are of interest and applicability to a broad readership in the National Park Service and to others in the management of natural resources, including the scientific community, the public, and the NPS conservation and environmental constituencies. Manuscripts are peer-reviewed to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and is designed and published in a professional manner. Natural Resource Reports are the designated medium for disseminating high priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. Examples of the diverse array of reports published in this series include vital signs monitoring plans; "how to" resource management papers; proceedings of resource management workshops or conferences; annual reports of resource programs or divisions of the Natural Resource Program Center; resource action plans; fact sheets; and regularly-published newsletters.
    [Show full text]
  • Rocky Mountain National Park Park
    Inside this Issue Join the Celebration Find us on your favorite social media platform to join in on special events, • Important Info This year marks one hundred years since photos, videos, and more! • Staying Safe Rocky was established. See the special insert • Centennial Information to learn about 100 years of Wilderness, • Ranger-led Programs Wildlife, and Wonder, and the events @Rockynps #rmnp • Fun Things to Do: Hiking, planned to celebrate the centennial birthday. Camping & More! National Park Service Rocky U.S. Department of the Interior Mountain The official newspaper National of Rocky Mountain National Park Park Park News Spring 2015 March 22, 2015 - June 13, 2015 Enjoy Your Visit By Katy Sykes, Information Office Manager What pictures in your mind does the word "springtime" conjure up? Fields of flowers, baby animals, twittering birds? How about white mountains and snowfalls measured in feet? Springtime in Rocky Mountain National Park is all of these and more. Actually, springtime in Rocky can feel like any season of the year: sunny, snowy, rainy, windy, warm, and cold. Spring days can be gorgeous with crystal blue skies and bright sunshine that pours down over the mountains. But traditionally, some of the park’s biggest snowfalls occur in March and April. Snow into early June up on the mountaintops is not uncommon. Trail Ridge Road is scheduled to open for the season on May 22 this year, but its opening is always weather-dependent and it stays open as long as weather and road conditions permit. Spring snows are usually quite wet, which is great for forest fire prevention but not always great for activities like snowshoeing, Dream Lake in springtime NPS/John Marino backcountry skiing, and early season hiking.
    [Show full text]