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SEMESTER - I PART – A UNIT – I 1. PREPOSITIONS

Preposition is a word or a group of words which brings out the correct relationship between a noun/pronoun or between a verb and a noun/pronoun or an adjective and a noun/pronoun.

Prepositions are important structural words. They have been called, ‗hooking words‘, since they are used to hook nouns, pronouns and word-groups on to preceding words and word- groups including sentences. The purpose of the hooking is to mark the relation of the noun, pronoun or word-group with another word or word-group. The most frequently used prepositions are: at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to and with.

The different important relations marked by prepositions are: Time - I‘ll see you at six in the evening. Position - Please put the book on the table. Direction - Do you walk to college? Association - She lives with her parents. Agency - The window must have been broken by a football. Instrumentality - Ramu finds it hard to write with a pen. Manner - Do you like to travel by bus?

The same prepositions may express different relations in different contexts:

1. She sat by the door. (Position) 2. Can you finish this work by Sunday? (Time) 3. You can go to England by air or by sea. (Manner) 4. Meet me at the station. (Place) 5. Don‘t throw the ball at me. (Direction) 6. He goes to college at 10‘o clock. (Time)

Here are a few examples of important uses of frequently used prepositions:

1. Above: higher than, over The birds were flying above the trees. 2. Across: From one side to the other. A new bridge is being built across the river. 3. After: later than, next, following in time or order Meet me after six o‘clock. 4. Along: from one end to the other end, in a line next to the length of They were walking along the road. Colourful trees grew along the road. 5. Among: surrounded by, from one person, one of She builds a house among the mountains. 6. At: used to show a point of time, used with something seen as a point in space, towards He asked me to meet him at 2‘o clock. 7. Behind: at the back of, supporting, inferior to She stood behind her husband.

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8. Below: lower than, lower than in amount, rank etc., The picture hung just below the window. Children below the age of 5 are not admitted here. 9. Between: used generally for two reference points to show position or connection or division She sat between her husband and her father. You can meet him between five and six o‘clock. She divided the cake between her two children. 10. By: near, beside, by way of, by means of, used to show the agent of the action When I saw her she was standing by the window. Due to urgent work she had to leave by the first train. Meghdoot was written by Kalidas. 11. For: used to show a receiver of something, on behalf of, in exchange of, in search of, towards, used for, in support of, during She cooked the rice for her son. She gave me Rs. 10,000 for my house. 12. From: used to show a starting point in time or in place or in order or position, sent, given, supplied, produced or provided by, based on, compared with, showing separation or distance They worked from morning to night. Many birds come from morning to night. She is different from her brother in character. He lives 45 miles from the village. 13. In: during a period of time, after a period of time, used before the names of towns, cities, countries etc, used to show a state or position. She answered all the questions in 30 minutes. The train will leave in three hours. 14. Into: to the inside of [shows motion or direction or change of condition] She asked me to come into the classroom. He wants to translate Gitanjali into Tamil. The rain changed into snow. 15. Of: belonging to, from, about, having The wood of this table is quite old. Nepal is to the north of India. 16. On: on top of [touching the surface] used to show a general position: used to show a position in time, about. Can you see the cat on the roof? We are informed that the monkey was on the roof. He gave a talk on Social work. 17. Over: above, [without touching], vertically above, about A picture hung over the door. Grass is growing over the airport. There was an iron box over the table. 18. Since: from a point of past time till now, during the period after I haven‘t seen her since last week. It is a long time since our last visit to Mumbai. 19. Through: in at one end and out at the other, by way of, by means of, as a result of They passed through a big tunnel. The burglar came in through the open stairs.

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20. To: in the direction of, as far as, until, and for the attention or possession of She pushed the book to me. I walked to the end of the corridor. He is busy from 8‘o clock to 4‘oclock. 21. Under: lower than, vertically below, less than There is a black spot under her left eye. He sat under the tree. 22. With: by means of, in the possession of, in the company of She writes with a fountain pen. I left my suitcase with the driver. She went to Australia with her husband and children. Omission of prepositions: Prepositions are omitted in some places. In such cases where prepositions are omitted, the word order in the sentence changes. Indirect object is placed before the direct object. ‗To‘ and ‗for‘ before indirect objects (I.O.) He gave a gift to his daughter. He gave his daughter a gift. (He gave to his daughter) x I brought a bat for my son. I brought my son a bat (‗for‘ is not used) Note: He gave it to his daughter. He gave his daughter it. (x) I brought it for my son. I brought my son it(x). Prepositions at the end of clauses and sentences It is quite common, especially in informal style, to find a preposition at the end of a clause or sentence. ‗wh‘ : Do you know what he has come for? Who are you afraid of? ―John is getting married‖. ―Who to?‖ What a lovely place we‘ve come to! Relative clause: You remember the boy I was going out with? There‘s the man I complained to you about. Passive clauses: He‘s already been operated on. I don‘t mind being laughed at. Infinitive : He is a boring teacher to listen to. Expressions: I need a paper to write on.

Note: Who are you traveling with? (or) With whom are you traveling?

EXERCISE I. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with suitable prepositions:

1. The apartment consists ______three bed-rooms, a kitchen and two bathrooms. 2. The accident took place because of my fault, so I had to pay ______the damage. 3. It is terrible that some people are dying ______hunger while others eat too much. 4. You know that you can depend ______me whenever you need help. 5. One ______India‘s priorities is growing more food. 6. There are countless opportunities ______qualified computer personnel. 7. Gold is a rare metal ______a beautiful yellow colour.

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8. 10 degrees is the limit ______which the nozzle controls the steam flow. 9. The earth‘s reserves of fossil fuels have been formed ______organic matter subjected ______enormous heat and pressure ______millions of years. But such reserves are finite. Because power demand is increasing very rapidly, fossil fuels will be exhausted ______a relatively short time. 10. The ore is then transported ______mills.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

I was very lonely and very bored. I lived _____myself _____an old house_____ the edge _____the village and rarely talked _____anyone. The villagers thought that I ought to have a pet _____company but the only pet they could find was a dog _____only one ear. When I saw it I shouted, ‗Get ______my house‘. The dog, to my surprise, responded _____doing exactly the opposite. It wagged its tail and went _____the house. I stared _____the funny dog _____a while and then said finally, ‗Ah well, you might as well stay, I suppose. Come and sit next _____me‘. The dog wagged its tail but walked _____ me, and went to sit _____the other side _____ the room. ‗Sit _____the chair‘, said I. The one-eared dog promptly sat _____it. I took the dog outside and pointed up the road. The dog immediately turned round and went _____ the road! ‗Why do you always do the opposite _____ what I tell you to do?‘ I asked. The dog just looked up _____me _____ its head _____ one side and its solitary ear sticking up _____ a radio aerial.

2. REFERENCE WORDS /PRONOUNS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Pronouns can be in one of three cases: Subject, Object, or Possessive. 1. a)Subject pronouns are used when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence. Example: ______did the job. I, you, he, she, it, we, and they all fit into the blank and are, therefore, subject pronouns. b) Subject pronouns are also used if they rename the subject. They follow to be verbs such as is, are, was, were, am, and will be.

Example: It is he. This is she speaking. It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.

NOTE: In spoken English, most people tend to follow to be verbs with object pronouns. Many English teachers support (or at least have given in to) this distinction between written and spoken English. Example: It could have been them.

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Better: It could have been they.

Example: It is just me at the door.

Better: It is just I at the door.

2. Object pronouns are used everywhere else (direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition). Object pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.

Example: Jane talked to him. Are you talking to me?

To decide whether to use the subject or object pronoun after the words than or as, mentally complete the sentence.

Example: Shanthi is as smart as she/her. If we mentally complete the sentence, we would say, "Shanthi is as smart as she is." Therefore, she is the correct answer.

Hari is taller than I/me. Mentally completing the sentence, we have, "Hari is taller than I am."

Dhanush would rather talk to her than I/me. We can mentally complete this sentence in two ways: "Dhanush would rather talk to her than to me." OR "Dhanush would rather talk to her than I would." As you can see, the meaning will change depending on the pronoun you choose.

Pronouns are divided into seven types, namely, personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns and pronouns of quantity. 1. Personal pronouns: These pronouns are subdivided into first, second and third persons. The first person refers to the speaker (e.g. I, we). The second person refers to the person spoken to (e.g. you). The third person refers to the person or thing spoken about (e.g. he, she, him, they). 2. Possessive pronouns: Possessive pronouns are used to show that something belongs to somebody. Possessive pronouns show ownership and never need apostrophes. Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs 3. Reflexive pronouns: a) Reflexive pronouns are used when the same person is the subject and the object of the verb. (e.g.) I saw myself in the mirror.

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The boys are washing themselves. b) When these pronouns are used to emphasise nouns or pronouns, they are called emphatic pronouns.

(e.g.) I saw the mirror myself.

Tom has done the work himself.

Reflexive pronouns - myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves, ourselves, yourself, yourselves- should be used only when they refer back to another word in the sentence.

Correct: I worked myself to the bone.

Incorrect: My brother and myself did it. The word myself does not refer back to another word.

Correct: My brother and I did it.

Incorrect: Please give it to John or myself.

Correct: Please give it to John or me. 4. Demonstrative pronouns: These pronouns are used to point out persons or things. (e.g. this, that, these, those). E.g. This is my pen. Those are my students. 5. Interrogative pronouns: These pronouns are used in asking questions. (e.g. what, which, who, whom, whose) E.g. What are you doing? Who is he? Which is your book? 6. Relative pronoun:

A relative pronoun acts as a pronoun and relates two parts of a sentence and hence functions as a conjunction also. The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, which and that.

E.g. This is the man who saved me.

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I met the man whom you had spoken about.

Did you see the letter which was received this morning?

Here is the book that you are looking for.

7. Pronouns of quantity:

These pronouns refer to amount or number (e.g. all, much, many, some, few, little, each, either, neither, two, five, etc.)

E.g. All are present.

He did not say much about it.

Some of the oranges are bad.

Each of you will get Rs.250/.

There are seven of them.

EXERCISE

Pick out the pronouns in the following sentences and mention what kind each is:

1. He hurt himself in an accident. 2. Neither of the boys is active. 3. Who are you? 4. Two of the boys who won prizes at the sports are my sons. 5. This is mine. 6. Each of them has earned Rs. 1,00,000/- 7. I don‘t want all; I want only some. 8. Mary typed the letter herself. 9. He is the greatest man that has ever lived. 10. That is Mr. Kapoor‘s car.

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3. WH - QUESTIONS

WH questions ask for information. They are different from Yes/No questions. There are 8 different WH question words:

Question Answer Example What Thing What is that? When Time When is the game? Who Person Who do you live with? Where Place Where do you live? Why Reason Why are you happy? How Directions/Feelings How are you? Whom Person Whom do you live with? Whose Belonging Whose book is that?

STRUCTURE WH questions in simple present use ―do‖ or ―be‖: WH Questions with "do" WH + DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB Examples:  Where do you work?  Where does she live?  When do you wake up? WH Questions with "be" WH + BE + SUBJECT Examples:  Where are you from?  Who is that man?  When is your class? Here are some example questions and answers:

Examples: 1. Are you from Canada? Where are you from? 2. Where are you from? I am from Japan. 3. What is your name? My name is Jacob. 4. What is on the table? A pencil is on the table. 5. When do you wake up? I wake up at 7:30 am. 6. Why are you angry? I am angry because I did not pass my exam. 7. Whose cat is this? It‘s my sister‘s cat. 8. Which bag is yours? The red one is mine.

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EXERCISE

Frame suitable questions for the statements given below: 1. I live in London. 2. I wake up at 5.30 am. 3. My sister goes to the college at 8.00 am. 4. She bought the book on Tuesday. 5. The party is on Sunday. 6. Pauline knows the answer to the question. 7. She teaches us English. 8. Sugar makes tea sweet. 9. He met me this morning. 10. She was late because the bus was late. 11. John Milton wrote Paradise lost. 12. She knows the answer to this question 13. The book cost Rs.50. 14. She has done 25 exercises this week. 15. My husband travels abroad twice in a month. 16. She sells good cakes. 17. The principal gave away the prizes. 18. My father reached home at 9 o‘clock. 19. He came here last week. 20. I kept it in the pocket. 21. I go to school by car. 22. He is three years old now. 23. The camera costs 55 Dollars. 24. I swim twice a week. 25. He is my brother Abishek.

4. TENSES – PRESENT TENSE Tense is a grammatical term. It serves as a marker/indicator of the form of a verb. Tense normally indicates the time of an action/state. A verb must show the time of action and the degree of its completeness. Kinds of tenses: Present tense Past tense Future tense Present Tense has four forms:  Simple Present  Present Continuous  Present Perfect  Present Perfect Continuous

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Present Tense: Let us go through the following sentences to understand different forms of the present tense. 1. I read a book.[simple present] 2. I am reading a book.[present continuous] 3. I have read a book.[present perfect] 4. I have been reading a book.[present perfect continuous] As we see the verbs in all the above sentences signify the present time and are said to be in different forms of the present tense. In the first sentence, there is a mention of the action, without any reference to continuity, completeness or incompleteness. Hence, it is termed as the present indefinite/simple present tense. The second sentence refers to an action, which is yet to be completed and is still going on. It is therefore, called the present continuous tense. In the third sentence, the form of verb makes it evident that the action is complete at the time of speaking. Hence, it is referred to as The Present Perfect Tense. The fourth sentence reflects that the said action is going on continuously and it is not yet finished at the moment of speaking. Hence it is called the Present Perfect Continuous tense. Uses of the Tenses: Simple Present is used to express ideas like these: I. Eternal /universal truths The sun rises in the east. II. Theories and principles Light travels faster than sound. III. Proverbs or sayings Appearances are deceptive. A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. IV. Natural or inherent qualities or characteristics. A mother loves her children. Sugar is sweet. IV. Professional activities A baker bakes bread. V. Normal activities /routine duties He goes for a walk in the morning.

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VI. Habitual activities. Mr. Jana always comes in time. VII. A future programme/ plan, a planned action or a series of action. He leaves for Delhi tomorrow, stays there for two days and gets back on the next day. VIII. Simple present is used in running commentaries/demonstrations/exclamations to describe an activity going on now. Vijayan heads the ball and puts it into the net. IX. With verbs expressing ownership/relationship The house belongs to me. She has two brothers. X. With verbs of perception [feel, hear, remember, suppose, understood] We see the poor suffering. XI. With verbs of cognition [knowing] [believe, forget, know, mean, remember, suppose, understood, He believes in himself. Present Continuous tense: Am/is/are + present participle [verb+ing] 1. Action going on now It indicates a temporary activity, i.e. action going on now, but not likely to continue or occur again. It refers to a particular occasion. It is raining now. She is living with her aunt. 2. Action going on presently. - used for an action that extends over a period of present time. He is writing a novel. 3. Future plan/programme It is used to express a definite plan/programme in near future. An adverbial of future time is always mentioned to avoid confusion time.viz tomorrow, next day, next week etc. I am leaving for Delhi tomorrow. She is going for a party next Sunday. 4. Change of present state/situation It is used to denote a change of present state/situation into another. Some of these classes are: become, go, get, grow, and turn.

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The problem is getting more and more complicated. She is giving a party next Sunday. Note: In questions about habitual/normal activities present progressive / continuous is not used with when: We don‘t say: When are they going to the office everyday? Present perfect Tense: Has/have+participle Has been /have been-‗be‘ form He has had a lot of opposition. I have had rice and fish for lunch. 1. Present Perfect expresses the completion of an action by the time of speaking or writing: I have written a book on English grammar. 2. Present Perfect is used to refer to an activity or experience which has occurred in the past: Mr. Banarji has been to England. 3. The Present Perfect in English does not [generally] take an adverb of past time. [Last week, last month, yesterday] However, Present Perfect is used with adverbs of prepositional phrases of time like these: So far, up till now, for, since, just, yet, already. I haven‘t received any reply so far. 4. Present Perfect can be used with adverbs of frequency like these: Always, ever, never, after I have always paid attention to music lessons. 5. Present Perfect, like simple present is used in an adverb clause of time when the main clause is in future time. I will get off when the bus stops/has stopped. They shall not go home until they finish /have finished the job. Present Perfect Continuous: Has been/have been+verb+ing 1. It indicates that an action began in the past and is still going on i.e. continuously up to the time of speaking or writing. The baby has been crying. When have you been crying? 2. It can be used with time phrases like these: For, since, long, how long, all the time, all day, and all week.

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Latha has been talking all the time

EXERCISE

I Fill in the blanks with the correct form of simple present tense verbs: 1.Where ______(do) you work? 2. The store ______(open) at 9 o clock. a. She ______(live) in New York. b. The Earth _____ (revolve) round the sun. c. She ____ (hate) flying. d. How often ______(you go) to cinema? e. She ______(not think) that is a good idea. 2. The Sun's rays ______(take) eight minutes to reach the Earth. 3. Courses ______(begin) the fifth of September. 5. When______(he arrive) home in the evenings? 6. They ______(not/live) in New York, they ______(live) in Boston 7. We usually______(take) the subway to work. 8. He ______(get up) early on Saturdays. 9. I ______(not/believe) in ghosts. 10. The cinema ______(close) at 7 pm. 11. They ______(not/think) that you should buy this dress. 12.We usually ______(take) a taxi to go to work. 13. How often ______(you go) to the swimming-pool? 14.Courses ______(begin) the third of September. 15.When ______(he arrive) home in the evenings? 16. They ______(not/live) in Washington, they ______(live) in New York. 17. We usually ______(take) a taxi to go to work. 18. He ______(get up) early on Mondays. 19. I ______(not/believe) in witches. 20. The Sun's rays ______(take) eight minutes to reach the Earth.

II Fill in the blanks with correct form of present continuous tense form of the verbs: 1. John______(read) a book now. 2. What______(you do) tonight?

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3. Jack and Peter______(work) late today. 4. Silvia ______(not listen) to music. 5. Maria______(sit) next to Paul. 6. How many other students______(you study) with? 7. The phone______(not ring). 8. The kids‘ ______(watch) TV. 9. I am _____ (sit) down, because I am tired. 10. I am not______(learn) German, because this is an English class.

III Fill in the blanks with correct form of present perfect tense form of the verbs: 1. You _____ (break) my watch. 2. Angela _____ (buy) a new flat. 3. We _____ (work) on a farm . 4. I have lost my wallet. 5. Jimmy ______(go) to South America. 6. We ______(not see) Sri Ram since Friday. 7. I ______(be) abroad two times. 8. Arun ______(never break) a leg. 9. I ______(never be) to Paris. 10. This building has been an office since 1998.

IV. Fill in the blanks with correct form of present perfect continuous tense form of the verbs: 1. She _____ (write) for two hours. 2. I _____ (live) here since 2001. 3. It _____ (rain) and my hair is still wet. 4. I‘ve been reading all afternoon. I‘ve just finished the book. 5. He ______(feel) unwell for some weeks now. 6. The children______(play) for several hours now and need to be called indoors.

7. She______(eat) some junk food or other for years and now suffers from various stomach problems. 8. They______(read) books in large numbers on the subject and so are very knowledgeable about it now. 9. I______(write) letters for the past two hours and my hands are beginning to ache.

10. He______(run) here and there for a job and has finally found one .

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5. WORD FORMATION USING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

An English word can be divided into three parts: a prefix, a stem, and a suffix. The ‗stem‘ is the root or main word. Pre-means 'before‘. A prefix, therefore, is what comes before the stem. ‗A suffix‘ is what is attached to the end of the stem. Consider, as an example, the word ‗demagnetize‘ (meaning 'to deprive of magnetism'). The prefix is de- meaning 'reduce' or 'reverse'.‘Magnet‘ is the stem or main word. ‗ize‘ is the suffix.

Suffixes change the word from one part of speech to another. For example, -ly added to the adjective quick gives the adverb quickly. Prefixes, on the other hand, usually change the meaning of the word. For example, un- changes a word to the negative. Unmagnetizable means 'not capable of being magnetized'. Let us now consider some prefixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words.

Part 1: prefixes

Prefixes: Negative & positive Size Location Time & order Number un- semi- inter- pre- mono- non- mini- super- ante- bi- in- micro- trans- fore- hex- dis- ex- post- oct- re- extra- multi- peri-

Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary:

1. Negative and positive prefixes: Prefix Meaning Examples Negative: un- Not Unmagnetized in- Not Incomplete im- Not Impossible il- Not Illegal ir- Not irregular, irrelevant non- not connected with non-programmable mis- bad, wrong Misdirect mal- bad, wrong Malfunction dis- Opposite feeling Disagree dis- Opposite action Disconnect anti- Against antiglare, antistatic de- reduce, reverse demagnetize, decode under- too little Underestimate Positive: re- do again Reorganize Over- too much Overload

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2. Prefixes of size: Prefix Meaning Examples semi- half, partly Semiconductor Equi- Equal Equidistant Mini- Small Minicomputer micro- Very small microcomputer, microscopic macro- Large, great macroeconomics mega- Large, great megabyte 3. Prefixes of location: Prefix Meaning Examples Inter- between, among Interface, interactive super- Over supersonic trans- Across transmit, transfer ex- Out exclude, extrinsic Extra- Beyond extraordinary sub- Under subschema, subtraction Infra- Below infra-red peri- Around peripheral, periscope

4. Prefixes of time and order: Prefix Meaning Examples Ante- Before antecedent pre- Before prefix, preceding, precedent prime- First primary, primitive Post- After postdated, post-natal Retro- Backward retrograde, retroactive

5. Prefixes of numbers: Prefix Meaning Examples semi- Half semicircle mono- One monochromatic bi- Two Binary tri- Three Triangle quad- Four quadruple penta- Five Pentagon hex- Six hexadecimal Sept(em)- Seven September oct- Eight Octal dec- Ten Decimal multi- Many multiplexor, multicoloured

6. Other prefixes: Prefix Meaning Examples pro- before, in advance, forward programme, progress, procreation Auto- Self Automatic co- together with co-ordinate, co-operate con- together with Connect

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Part 2: suffixes

We have already seen how prefixes can change the meaning of a word. Let us now consider some suffixes, their usual meanings, and how they change the meanings of English words:

Suffixes Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs -ance -ize -able -ly -ence -ate -ible -or -fy -less -er -en -ic

-ist -ify -ical -ish

-ive

Study these tables. Try and find additional examples using your dictionary:

1. Noun - forming suffixes: Suffix Meaning Examples -ance State Performance -ence quality of Independence a person who programmer, operator, biographer -er, -or a thing which compiler, accumulator, processor, calculator -ist, -yst a person who analyst, typist -ian pertaining to Electrician -tion, -ation the act of compilation -ness condition of readiness, cleanliness, happiness -ion action/state conversion -ing Activity multiplexing -ment state, action measurement, requirement -ity state, quality electricity -ism condition/state magnetism -dom domain/condition Freedom -ship condition/state relationship, partnership 2. Verb - forming suffixes: Suffix Meaning Examples -ize/-ise computerize -ate Automate, activate, calculate to make -ify Simplify -en harden, widen, lengthen, shorten

3. Adverb – forming suffix: Suffix Meaning Examples electronically, logically, comparably, slowly, quickly, -ly in the manner of automatically, carefully

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4. Adjective – forming suffixes: Suffix Meaning Examples -al Computational, logical -ar circular, rectangular, cellular, regular -ic having the quality of magnetic, automatic -ical Electrical -able Comparable -ble capable of being Divisible -ous like, full of dangerous, insiduous, miraculous -ful characterized by helpful, careful -less Without Careless, meaningless -ish Like Yellowish -ed computed, processed having the quality of -ive Interactive

EXERCISE

I Use the prefix 'un' to make opposites of these words. 1. able 2. happy 3. known 4. safe 5. common 6. selfish 7. lock 8. pleasant. II Use the prefix 'in' to make opposites for these words: 1. correct 3. capable 2. visible 4. human III Use the prefix 'dis' to make opposites for these words: 1. advantage 2. approval, 3. connect 4. honest 5. like 6. obey 7. loyal 8. trust IV Use the prefix 'im' to make opposites of these words. 1. patient 2. perfect 3. possible 4. polite 5. mortal 6. moral 7. mature 8. pure V Use the prefix 'il' to make opposites for these words: 1. logical 3. legal 2. legible 4. literate

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VI Find the opposites for the words in the first column from the second column. Ascend decrease Inside internal Useful descend Increase outside Normal careless External useless Careful abnormal

VII Fill in the blanks in the table given below with the appropriate form of the word by adding suitable suffixes and prefixes:

Verb Noun Adjective Derive Derivation Recover recoverable Converge convergent Pollute Pollution Excite Excitement Rely Reliable Value Valuable Solve Solvable Stabilize Stable Move Motion Treatment Treated Act Action Verify Penetrate Penetration Explode Explosive Comparison Comparable Corrode Corrosion Destroy Destruction Prefer Compete Competition Objection Objectionable Recognize Recognition Communicate Communication Inform Pleasure Analyse Significance Oxidize Oxidized Minimum Minimum Achieve

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6. WORD EXPANSION / (Etymology)

Etymology deals with the origin or derivation of words. When the meaning of a root is understood, it is easy to remember all the words built on this root. Once the root meaning of a single word is undersood,, the meaning of upto ten or twenty words is unraveled on which the root appears. In the etymological approach to vocabulary building a person:  learns about prefixes, roots & suffixes  will be able to work out unfamiliar words by recognizing their structure ,the building blocks from which they are constructed

 will be able to construct words correctly by learning to put these building blocks together in a proper way  will be able to derive verbs from nouns, nouns & verbs from adjectives, adjectives from nouns etc.

S.No Word Root Origin Meaning 1. abstract abstractus Latin abridgement or summary of a document 2. acceleration accelerationem Latin hastening 3. adapt adaptare Latin adjust to fit in new atmosphere 4. affirm affirmare French confirm, strengthen 5. agony agonie French mental suffering 6. Prior prior Latin former 7. invade invader French to assault, to attack 8. dialect dialektos Greek talk,conversation,speech 9. renaissance des lettres French re-birth,grow,renew 10. obsolete obsoletus Latin Grown old,worn out 11. Elite eslite French Pick out,choose 12. hazard hasarder French to play at gambling 13. precede praecedere Latin to go before 14. deploy deployer French Unroll unfold 15. Foray forrier French rider 16. forage fourrage French Fodder,pillaging looting 17. Frame frammian Old english To profit,be helpful 18. Work weorc Old english Deed,action 19. vouge voguer French To row,sway 20. reiterate reiteratus Latin To repeat 21 aviation aviation 22 robust robustus Latin Strong & hardy 23 prospective prospectif French Pertaining to a prospectus 24 theory theoria Latin conception 25 predict praedicatus Latin foretell, prophesy 26 decade décade French ten parts 27 crucial crucis Latin decisive, critical

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28 intelligence intelligentia Latin power of discerning; art, skill 29 autonomy autonomia Greek independence 30 domain dominium Latin lord, master, owner 31 attachment attachement French something that is attached to something else 32 File filer French string or wire on which documents are strung 33 Virus virus Latin venomous substance 34 consumption consumptionem Latin a using up 35 responsible responsible French answerable 36 diverse diversus Latin different in character or quality 37 know cnawan Old English perceive; acknowledge 38 deprive deprivare Latin release from 39 eschew eschiver French shy away from, avoid 40 disaster astron Greek calamity 41 manicure manus Latin treatment and care of the hands and fingernails 42 Project(n) projectum Latin something thrown forth 43 projectus Latin to plan Project(v) 44 heritage heriter French that which may be inherited 45 conserve conservare Latin to keep, preserve 46 tremendous tremendus Latin fearful, terrible 47 dismal dismal French bad days 48 sustain sustenir French hold up, endure 49 Prey praeda Latin to kill and devour 50 poach pocher French to thrust, poke

UNIT – II

7. DEFINITIONS - SINGLE SENTENCE DEFINITIONS/EXTENDED DEFINITIONS

The definition of an object should be clear and brief. It should move from the general to the particular. The object is first assigned to a general class or group. It is then set apart by means of some restrictive clause which gives specific details, making the object unique and different from the others in its class. A good definition must identify the object being defined, beyond any doubt. It must bear the following structure: (1) (2) A ______[object to be defined] is a ______[class to which (3) it belongs] which/that ______[specific details describing the object and stating its function.]

E.g. (1) (2) (3) 1) A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electrical energy. (1) (2) (3)

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2) A robot is an electronic machine which can perform some of the movements of a person or animal.

In case you describe an object, the adjectives must follow the order given below:

The Order of Adjectives in a Series

It would take a linguistic philosopher to explain why we say "little brown house" and not "brown little house" or why we say "red Italian sports car" and not "Italian red sports car." The order in which adjectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for people learning English as a second language. Most other languages dictate a similar order, but not necessarily the same order. It takes a lot of practice with a language before this order becomes instinctive, because the order often seems quite arbitrary (if not downright capricious). There is, however, a pattern. You will find many exceptions to the pattern in the table below, but it is definitely important to learn the pattern of adjective order if it is not part of what you naturally bring to the language.

The categories in the following table can be described as follows:

 Determiners - articles and other limiters.  Observation — post determiners and limiter adjectives (e.g. a real hero, a perfect idiot) and adjectives subject to subjective measure (e.g. beautiful, interesting)  Size and Shape — adjectives subject to objective measure (e.g. wealthy, large, round)  Age — adjectives denoting age (e.g. young, old, new, ancient)  Colour — adjectives denoting colour (e.g. red, black, pale)  Origin — denominal adjectives denoting source of noun (e.g. French, American, Canadian)  Material — denominal adjectives denoting what something is made of (e.g. woolen, metallic, wooden)  Qualifier — final limiter, often regarded as part of the noun (e.g. rocking chair, hunting cabin, passenger car, book cover)

THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES Determin Observ Mat Physical Description Origin Qualifier Noun er ation erial Size Shape Age Colour A Beautiful Old Italian touring Car anti An Expensive silver Mirror que long- Four Gorgeous stemm red silk Roses ed Her Short black Hair

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Sheepd Our Big Old English og wood Those Square hat Boxes en That Dilapidated Little hunting Cabin enormo You America Several basketball Players us ng n Some Delicious Thai Food

It would be folly, of course, to run more than two or three (at the most) adjectives together. Furthermore, when adjectives belong to the same class, they become what we call coordinated adjectives, and you will want to put a comma between them: the inexpensive, comfortable shoes. The rule for inserting the comma works this way: if you could have inserted a conjunction — and or but — between the two adjectives, use a comma. We could say these are "inexpensive but comfortable shoes," So we would use a comma between them (when the "but" isn't there). When you have three coordinated adjectives, separate them all with commas, but don't insert a comma between the last adjective and the noun (in spite of the temptation to do so because you often pause there):

A popular, respected, and good- looking student Big, round, old, black, Spanish, leather, riding boots. A big black machine [not a black big machine] A round glass table [not a glass round table]

SINGLE SENTENCE DEFINITIONS

Abacus - The Abacus is a counting frame and a calculating tool, used for performing arithmetic processes. Accelerator - An Accelerator is a device used for controlling the speed of the engine. Aerodrome - An Aerodrome is a small airport used mainly by private aircraft. Aeronautics - Aeronautics is the scientific study or practice of constructing and flying aircraft. Air brake - An Air Brake is a type of brake used on large vehicles, using compressed air. Air conditioner – An Air Conditioner is an air-conditioning machine that cools and dries the air in a room or a building. Aircraft - An Aircraft is a machine or structure that can fly in the air and carry goods or passengers. Airport - An Airport is a location where aircraft can take off and land. Air pump - An Air pump is a machine for removing or compressing air. Algorithm - An Algorithm is a set of rules or procedures that must be followed in solving a particular problem.

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Alloy - An Alloy is a mixture or metallic solid composed of two or more elements. Antenna - An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. Auditorium - An Auditorium is a place where meetings, symposiums and conferences are held. Barometer - A Barometer is a scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric (air) pressure. Biogas plant - A Biogas plant is the machinery for manufacturing gas from animal waste. Bridge - A Bridge is a structure built to provide a way across a river, road, railway, etc. Calculator - A Calculator is a device that performs arithmetic operations on numbers. Camera - A Camera is an instrument that is used for taking photographs. Carburetor - A Carburetor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal combustion engine. Catalyst - A Catalyst is a substance that makes a chemical reaction happen faster without changing itself. Chip - A Chip is a small piece of silicon, with electronic circuits used in a computer for storing information or performing complicated logical operations.

Circuit - A Circuit is a device that provides a path for electrical current to flow. Computer - A Computer is a machine which can accept and process data and give an output of the result. Computer program – A computer program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task with a computer. Computer virus - A computer virus is a hidden code within a computer program intended to cause errors and destroy stored information. Control Unit - A control unit is a circuitry that controls the operation of all units of a computer. Dam - A Dam is a barrier constructed across a waterway to control the flow or raise the level of water. Dual purpose bicycle – A Dual purpose bicycle is a bicycle that can be used for both transportation and power production. Electric fuse - An Electric fuse is an electrical device that can interrupt the flow of electrical current when it goes above a safe level. Electronics - Electronics is a branch of science and technology that deals with the behavior of electric current in electronic equipment. Expedition - An Expedition is a journey which is undertaken for the purpose of adventure. Fax machine - A Fax machine is a device for sending a copy of a document, an illustration, etc., by an electronic system using telephone lines. Floppy disc - A Floppy disk is a flexible removable magnetic disk for recording and storing data.

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Flow chart - A Flow chart is a chart which shows the sequence of steps in a programme for solving a problem on a computer. Hammer - A hammer is a tool which is used to hit nails on the wall. Laboratory - A Laboratory is a place for scientific experimentation or research. Microphone - A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts sound into an electrical signal. EXERCISES: Define the following in one sentence each: e.g. (i) Thermometer - A thermometer is an instrument used for measuring temperature. (ii) Transformer - A transformer is a piece of electrical equipment, which changes the voltage current.  A computer  A pilgrimage  Calculator programme  A printer  Engine  A computer  A robot  Flow chart virus  A solar cooker  Key board  A  A tour  Laboratory microprocessor  Air cooler  Microphone  A nuclear  An arithmetic unit  Petroleum reactor  An auditorium  Satellite  A picnic  An expedition  Sensor

WRITING EXTENDED DEFINITIONS: When we write academic essays or reports we will often need to define key words and concepts. We are most likely to write definitions when we introduce the word or concept. In our writing we will probably need to write both formal definitions and extended definitions.

A formal definition is a short, complete definition of a concrete word or concept. Here is an example of a formal definition:

Market capitalization is the value of a company calculated by multiplying the number of its issued shares by their market price. (Oxford Dictionary of Business English)

We normally write formal definitions like this:

Term Verb Class Details/Features

Market is the value of a calculated by multiplying the number of its capitalization company issued shares by their market price.

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Here is another way of writing a formal definition: Class Details/Features Verb Term

The value of calculated by multiplying the number of is called market a company its issued shares by their market price capitalization.

We often find that the concept we wish to define is so complex or abstract that it is impossible to define it satisfactorily in a simple sentence. In these cases, we need to write a detailed extended definition. There are a number of techniques that we can use when planning and drafting a paragraph of extended definition. These are some of the techniques we can use to support our definition: identify distinguishing characteristics give examples

Extended Definition

provide extra facts/information say what cannot be included in this definition

Sample Definitions:

A SLIDE PROJECTOR

A slide projector is an opto-mechanical device to view photographic slides. It has four main elements, namely, electric incandescent light bulb or other light source (usually fan-cooled), reflector and "condensing" lens to direct the light to the slide, holder for the slide and focusing lens.

A flat piece of heat-absorbing glass is placed in the light path between the condensing lens and the slide, to avoid damaging the latter. This glass transmits visible wavelengths but absorbs infrared. Light passes through the transparent slide and lens, and the resulting image is enlarged and projected onto a perpendicular flat screen so that the audience can view its reflection. Alternatively, the image may be projected onto a translucent "rear projection" screen, often used for continuous automatic display for close viewing. This form of projection also avoids the audience interrupting the light stream by casting their shadow on the projection or by bumping into the projector. Slide projectors were common in the 1950s to 1970s as a form of entertainment. In-home photographic slides and slide projectors have largely been replaced by low cost paper prints, digital cameras, DVD media, video display monitors and video projectors.

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ECG – EXTENDED DEFINITION

ECG (electrocardiogram) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. The heart is a muscular organ that beats in rhythm to pump the blood through the body. The signals that make the heart's muscle fibres contract come from the senatorial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In an ECG test, the electrical impulses made while the heart is beating are recorded and usually shown on a piece of paper. This is known as an electrocardiogram, and records any problems with the heart's rhythm, and the conduction of the heart beat through the heart which may be affected by underlying heart disease. The information obtained from an electrocardiogram can be used to discover different types of heart disease. It is useful for seeing how well the patient is responding to treatment.

LED TECHNOLOGY EXTENDED DEFINITION

Light emitting diode (LED) technology is used in many electronic devices used frequently in the average home. In an LED light, electrified energy causes the semiconductor contained inside the LED bulb to emit light. Nitride, which is used to produce blue or white light, is one of the most common semiconductors applied in LED modules. LED technology is used in newer television sets, where it is a replacement for the cathode ray tube (CRT) lighting which was common in the past. In LED televisions, clusters of LED diodes are arranged into panels that are triggered to light and color the picture on the screen. Televisions lit with LED technology are more energy efficient, slimmer in profile, lighter weight, and more environmentally friendly in disposal than the old CRT televisions, but they are also more expensive. In addition to its applications in business and architectural design, LED technology can also be used for fun and entertainment. LED bulbs power many flashy toys, including glowing ice cubes, flashing jewelry, multicolored LED hair clips and scintillating belt buckles. Decorations lit by LED are often used to lend a high-tech futuristic look to an event or party. 1. Laser Technology - Laser Technology is the technology which uses the power of radioactivity. It has many useful applications in various fields, especially in the field of medicine. Laser treatments help the patients get relieved of painful and invasive surgeries. 2. High Technology – High Technology is the technology that involves huge capital investment, sophisticated machinery makes use of conventional sources of energy and yields mass production. Unlike appropriate technology, this is expensive and not eco-friendly. Textile industry, shoe manufacturing firms, leather companies are some of the examples of high technology. 3. A Printer – A printer is an output device attached to a computer. It helps to take hard copies of the typed matter or any visuals available in the processor of the computer. The three different kinds and brands of printers are dot matrix printer, ink-jet printer and laser printer. While the first two printers are used with cartridges containing ink, the third one uses electrostatic technology and produces high quality text. The cost of the first two are cheaper when compared to the laser printer. But when time and efficiency are taken into account, laser printer becomes cheaper. It is operated by giving commands using the keyboard, mouse and CPU. Any number of copies can be taken. 4. Lithography – Lithography is a method of printing that is based on the principle of repulsion between grease and water. In this process, the surface to be printed is treated with grease. Then the greasy drawing is fixed on to the plate by applying an acidic solution. The surface is then dampened and rolled with ink. The ink adheres only to greasy areas and is repelled by the water. Paper is laid on the plate and it is pressed.

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5. Group Discussion - A group discussion is a situation in which a small number of persons meet face to face and involve themselves in free oral interaction, exchanging information on some important topic. It is also meant to arrive at a decision or reach a consensus or solve a problem. The number of participants should be at least five to ensure the diversity of views

EXERCISE

Collect details and write definitions of the following terms: Lubricant , Image Processing, Word Processor, Analog Channel Food Processor, Flow Chart, Fax Machine

8. IMPERATIVES

The imperative form is often used for experimental or handling instructions, and in hypotheses or calculations. An imperative is a command that begins with the main verb and generally does not have a subject ‗you‘.

 Concentrated sulphuric acid should be added. Add concentrated sulphuric acid.

 These machines should be operated carefully. Operate these machines carefully.

 Cylinders should be stored in an upright position Store the cylinders in an upright position.

 All cutting tools should be kept in good condition. Keep all cutting tools in good condition.

 Safety precautions should be observed at all times. Observe safety precautions at all times.

‗Let‘s‘ is used as an auxiliary in the imperative. E.g., Let‘s get the work done. ‗Do‘ can be used to make the imperative persuasive. e.g., Do sit down. Do complete this work.

EXERCISE

Using imperatives change the following: 1. The temperature should be increased till it reaches 150c. 2. These machines should be observed at all times. 3. No dirt should be left on them. 4. These instructions should be strictly adhered to. 5. You should avoid heating the metal beyond its critical temperature.

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9. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT (CONCORD)

‘Concord’ can be defined as the agreement of the verb with its subject in number and in person. Concord means a harmonious relationship between two grammatical items. Concord of Number: A singular subject takes a singular verb. A plural subject takes a plural verb.

1. The teacher writes on the blackboard. The teachers write on the blackboard. 2. The child plays on the lawn. The children play on the lawn. Concord of Person:

 First person (singular/plural) takes a plural verb. . I/we like this book.  Second person (singular/plural) takes a plural verb. . You/you all like this book.  If the subject is in the third person singular, the verb, in the present tense ends with an inflection ‗s‘ or ‗es‘ and in the case of 1st or 2ndor 3rd person plural, the verb requires no addition. . She likes ice-cream. . He plays the piano well. o They play football.

Number system of Nouns: Noun - singular Noun+s - plural

Number system of verbs: Verb+s - singular - for third person singular (simple present) only. Simple present form of the verb – I person singular and plural, II person singular and plural and III person plural When singular subjects are joined by „and‟, they take a plural verb. Mohan and Rohan have passed. He and his brother were absent.

If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular. The horse and carriage is ready. The poet and philosopher is coming for the function.

When the singular nouns refer to two different persons, (which is understood by the use of the article the before the second noun also), a plural verb is used. The poet and the philosopher are coming for the function.  If two or more singular subjects are connected by „neither…nor‟ „either… or‟ the verb must be singular.

Neither my brother nor my sister gets up early. Either my brother or my sister gets up early. Either Neela or Leela is in the room.

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 When two different persons follow ‗either‘ and ‗or‘ the verb should agree with the subject that immediately comes before it. Either you or I am mistaken. Neither I nor you are mistaken.  When ‗either‘ and ‗or‘ are followed by subjects, one in singular and the other in plural, the verb agrees with the number of the subject which immediately comes before it. Either the leader or the subordinates are responsible. Neither the subordinates nor the leader is resoponsible.cx

 If two nouns are joined by „with‟, „along with‟ or „as well as‟, the verb agrees with the first noun.

Rahul as well as his friends, has reached the target. Sixty students, along with a teacher have gone on a tour. A teacher, along with sixty students has gone on a tour.  A collective noun/ noun phrase takes a singular or plural verb according to the sense. If the idea of oneness is expressed, the verb must be singular.

A bunch of keys is lying on the floor. A team of speakers has been selected. The jury were divided in their opinion. The jury has elected its president.

 Either, neither, each, everyone, many a, must be followed by a verb in the singular.

Each of these boys has given his best performance in the test. Neither of the two applicants is suitable for the post. Many a man was injured.

 When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb must be singular. If a plural number applies to distances, heights, accounts of money or represents the single figure or quantity, it is treated as singular. Five miles is a long way to walk. Ten litres of petrol is required for a journey. Seven thousand rupees has been paid to him. Five kilograms of rice costs Rs. 100.  When the subject is „one of‟ followed by a plural noun it is considered singular and the verb agrees not with the plural noun but with one. One of my friends always stays in hotel. One of the teachers has a good grasp over his subject.

 But if „one of‟ is preceded by a singular he is/she is/he was etc. the noun that follows is in plural followed by „who‟ / ‟that‟ should take a plural verb.

He is one of those men who hate smoking. She is one of those players who have been selected for Olympics.

 Some sentences begin with the formal subject there. The real subject comes after the verb. The verb agrees with the real subject that follows.

There are many children in the park. There is a hundred rupee note in the hands of the child. There have been many such incidents in the past.

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‗Many a‘ and ‗more than one‟ are followed by a singular noun and takes the singular verb.

Many a book is interesting. More than one candidate was absent in the meeting.

But ‗many‘ and ‗more‘ used alone refer to numbers and so take the plural verb.

Many students were present at the function. More volunteers are needed.

‗A great many‟ also takes a plural verb.

A great many food items lie unused.

The expression ‗a number of‟ takes a plural verb.

A number of students are playing in the ground.

The expression ‗the number of‟ takes a singular verb.

The number of students good at sports is very few.

 When two or more nouns make a compound name (generally used together) of one thing, person or idea the compound name is considered singular. Age and experience brings wisdom to man. Bread and butter is a complete food.

 Class nouns such as food, clothing, crockery, cutlery, furniture, stationery and footwear are singular. The cutlery you bought yesterday is beautiful. Stationery has become costly these days.

 If the words „a pair of‟ are not used and only plural word is used it is considered plural.

A pair of shoes is placed in the corner. His shoes were good. Those trousers are good.

 a lot of, a great deal of, most of, some of, and plenty of are considered plural when they refer to number. They are considered singular when they refer to quantity or amount.

Most of the people in India are intelligent. There are a lot of opportunities for talented men. Some of the work is still to be done.

 nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something should be followed by a singular verb. Eg. (a) No problem is harder to solve than this one. (b) Something is better than nothing.

 None can take either a singular or plural verb depending on the noun which follows it. Eg. (a) None of the counterfeit money has been found. (b) None of the students have finished the exam yet.

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EXERCISE

I Choose the correct forms of the verb given in brackets.

1. I wish, I ______[was/were] a millionaire. 2. The milk in the bottles ______[is/are] fresh. 3. Half of his house ______[was/were] burnt. 4. A number of students‘ ______[is/are] absent today. 5. Lots of food ______[has been/have been] wasted. 6. The jury ______[has found/have found] him guilty. 7. The students‘ union ______[have called/has called] off for a rally. 8. India______(has/have) won the match by three goals to one. 9. Australia ______(has/have) lost the test match by three goals to one. 10. The white house ______(is/are) to review the bill. 11. Not all______(is/are) well now. 12. Some of the eggs______(is/are) rotten. 13. More than one man_____ (was/were) killed in the accident. 14. He or his friends _____ [has/have] stolen my watch. 15. The number of students‘ _____ [is/are] increasing. 16. A building consisting of seven floors ______[was/were] constructed. 17. Plucking flowers_____ [is/are] forbidden. 18. The teeth of a comb ______[do/does] not bite us. 19. Every tree and every plant ______[need/needs] water. 20. One of the students in the class ______[is/are] extraordinarily brilliant. 21. The crowd ______[is/are] furious. 22. Everyone ______[is/are] tired. 23. Each one of these books ______[is/are] expensive. 24. Many a brave man ______[has/have] fallen. 25. Bread and butter ______[is/are] his favorite food.

II Correct the following sentences using Subject -Verb agreement.

1) The book about the changes in airplanes during the two World Wars were quite interesting. 2) None of the tomatoes was salvaged from the overturned truck. 3) Each are confident that he or she knows all the facts. 4) The cost of the computers are dropping day-by-day. 5) A series of lectures were delivered last month.

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6) A team of civil engineers have just inspected the site. 7) The equipments from Delhi have not arrived yet. 8) Either Raja or Mani have taken my key. 9) I am now remembering what he said. 10) You are ready, isn‘t it? 11) One must do his duty. 12) Kumar is one of my good friend. 13) One of the students have a car. 14) Neither his father nor his mother are alive. 15) The difficulty of obtaining pure milk and ghee are great. 16) Iron as well as gold are found in India. 17) Bread and butter are wholesome food. 18) Not one of you have done their work properly. 19) Each of the boys were rewarded. 20) No news are good.

10. COMPOUND WORDS

NOUNS AND COMPOUND NOUNS

A noun is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing and the different kinds are Proper Noun, Common Noun, Collective Noun and an Abstract Noun. Two nouns or one noun and any other parts of speech combine together to form a Compound Noun. They are also called as Nominal Compounds.

Nominal Compounds or Compound Nouns are formed by combining or joining two main words. The combination can occur as:

Noun + Noun - steam-engine, hydrogen bomb, armchair, honey bee Adjective + Noun - mild steel, darkroom, five-rupee note, sweetheart Noun + Verb - milk shake, headache, rainfall, snakebite, madman Verb + Noun - run way, breakfast, flashlight, watchdog, cutthroat Gerund + Noun - rocking chair, dining room, swimming pool Noun + Gerund - glass painting, day-dreaming, rope-dancing Adverb + Noun - underemployment, overcoat, afternoon Adverb/preposition + Verb - outcome, outlet, off-shoot, offspring

Verb + Adverb/preposition - farewell, breakdown, send-off The combination can be between two parts of speech also: Noun + Adjective - seasick, snow-white, tax-free, watertight, sky blue Adjective + Adjective - red-hot Noun + Participle - fact-finding, heartbreaking, home-made, town-bred Adjective + Participle - high-sounding, easygoing, full-grown, ready-made Adverb + Participle - downtrodden, outspoken, never-ending, everlasting

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Nominal Compounds are useful in avoiding lengthy sentences, avoiding waste of time. They serve to promote easy readability, brevity and clarity in technical writing. For e.g.: An engine which runs on steam be easily written as a steam-engine. Examples for expanding the Compound Nouns: Watchdog - A dog which watches Rocking-chair - A chair that rocks Glass painting - A painting which is done on glass Runway - A way which is used for taking off/landing of the flights Dining-room - A room used for dining Flashlight - A light which flashes

Expanded Compound Nouns

1. Air supply – supply of air 2. Animal behaviour – the behaviour of an animal 3. Arithmetic unit – a unit in which arithmetic is performed 4. Ball pen – a pen with a tiny ball as its writing point 5. Battery car – a car which works on battery 6. Battery valve – a valve of a battery 7. Blast furnace – furnace of the type which works by blast of preheated air 8. Butterfly valve – a valve which is in the shape of a butterfly 9. Butt weld – weld of the type called ―butt‖ 10. Calculation speed – a speed with which calculations are done 11. Calculator memory – memory of a calculator 12. Cable television – television signals which is transmitted through cables 13. Carbon dioxide – dioxide of carbon 14. Cassette tape – a tape of a cassette 15. Coal gas – gas obtained from coal 16. Colour television – a television which displays pictures in colour 17. Communication satellite – a satellite used for communication 18. Computer technology – technology used in computers 19. Concrete structure – a structure of concrete 20. Condenser extractor pump – a pump for extracting from condenser 21. Control centre- a centre which controls 22. Control tower – a tower that controls 23. Cooling tower – a tower that cools 24. Copper wire – wire that made of copper 25. Cylinder head design- design of the head of a cylinder 26. Data input – input of data 27. Diesel engine- an engine that runs on diesel 28. Dish antenna- antenna in the shape of a dish 29. Disk drive – a drive of a disc 30. Energy source – source of energy 31. Fire fly – fly that emits flickering light 32. Friction losses – losses caused by friction 33. Gas jar – a jar containing gas 34. Gear mechanism – mechanism for operating the gear

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35. Grease gun – a gun used for ejecting grease 36. Heat transfer – transfer of heat 37. Heat treatment – treatment with heat 38. Hot water – water which is hot 39. Item code – the code number of an item 40. Jet engine- an engine propelled by jet 41. Keyboard – a board which is having keys for operation 42. Laser printer – a printer that uses laser technology 43. Letter press – method of printing using raised types 44. Log tables – tables in which ready arithmetic data are available 45. Lock nut – a nut that resists loosening under vibration 46. Machine language- the language which is used for operating a machine 47. Machine tools- tools for cutting or shaping materials 48. Mains electricity – electricity which comes from the mains 49. Mass production – production in mass 50. Media support – support by media 51. Mercury thermometer – a thermometer which has mercury 52. Metal tubes- tubes made of metal 53. Mild steel – Steel that is mild in nature 54. Nickel alloy- alloy containing nickel 55. Noise pollution – pollution caused by noise 56. Pedal power – power derived from a pedal device 57. Personal computer – a computer used for personal purposes 58. Picture tube – a tube of a television designed for the reproduction of pictures 59. Power cable – a cable conducting power 60. Power source – source of power 61. Radio waves- waves with electro-magnetic frequency 62. Research laboratory – a laboratory for research 63. Rice husk – husk from rice 64. Road engine – an engine that runs on the road 65. Roller mill – mill for rolling 66. Silver extraction – extraction of silver 67. Soil laboratory – a laboratory for testing soil 68. Solar cooker –a cooker using solar energy 69. Space travel – travel to space 70. Spark plug – plug that emits spark 71. Steel bar – a bar made of steel 72. Stop valve – a valve made to stop the passage 73. Temperature drop – drop in temperature 74. Turret lathe – a lathe having a turret 75. Underground cable – a cable that is laid underground 76. Video screen – the screen on which video is displayed 77. Water heater – a heater used to heat water 78. Water tube – a tube containing water

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EXERCISE Expand the following Compound Nouns: Air supply Condenser extractor pump

Battery car Control centre

Blast furnace Control tower

Butterfly valve Copper wire

Cable television Cylinder head

Calculation speed Data processing module

Car battery Design engineer

Color television Disc drive

Communication satellite Dish antenna

Computer aided learning Ferrous oxide-coated tape

Computer design Fire-tube boiler inspection door

Computer diagnosis Flood damage

Concrete structure

11. WORD ASSOCIATION (CONNOTATION)

Connotation is concerned with the association which a word or expression has. It is the term which linguists use to refer to the associations which words have for speakers of a language. For example, the word cowboy, as used in an expression like cowboy builders or cowboy plumbers, has associations of dishonesty and unreliability. The connotations which words have are often exploited in advertisements. For example, an advertisement for an Indian firm of builders took the slogan: You’ve tried the cowboys. Now try the Indians. It neatly suggests that Indians, as the traditional opponents of cowboys, embody as builders the opposite characteristics of honesty and reliability. Very often connotations may be quite personal. Someone who had a bad experience of dogs in childhood may think of a dog as being fierce and frightening, whereas for others dogs may represent loyalty and friendship. Connotations used in journalism may be quite short-lived. The phrase ‗The Iron Lady‘, for example, used to refer to Mrs. Thatcher when she was Prime Minister of Britain in the 1980s, (the image being of a strong, hard and unyielding woman), soon lost any strong associations for most people when she lost office. Sometimes connotations are not the same for all native speakers of the same language but may vary from one geographical area to the next. Black cats, for example, have associations with ‗good luck‘ in Britain but with ‗bad luck‘ in the USA.

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A connotation is frequently described as either positive or negative, with regards to its pleasing or displeasing emotional connection. For example, a stubborn person may be described as being either strong-willed or pig-headed; although these have the same literal meaning (stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration for the level of someone's will (a positive connotation), while pig-headed connotes frustration in dealing with someone (a negative connotation). The connotations of these words which describe people is given below.

1. Childlike, Youthful, Childish, Young Childish and childlike implies that someone is immature, but youthful infers that someone is lively and energetic.

2. Disabled, Crippled, Handicapped, Retarded Crippled, handicapped, and retarded have negative connotations and are no longer used because they are considered offensive.

3. Relaxed, Laid-back, Lackadaisical, Easy-going Lackadaisical means that someone is not interested and is lacking life.

4. Slim, Skinny, Slender, Thin Skinny implies that someone is too thin.

5. Cheap, Frugal, Miserly, Economical Cheap, frugal, and miserly infers that someone is not generous and is very stingy with their money.

6. Young, Immature, Juvenile, Youthful Immature and juvenile suggest that someone is childish.

7. Inquisitive, Interested, Curious, Convivial Inquisitive can mean that someone asks too many questions.

8. Confident, Secure, Proud, Egotistical Proud and egotistical mean that someone thinks very highly of themselves.

9. Lovely, Knockout, Beautiful, Stunning

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Although knockout can be taken as a compliment, it can also be considered sexist when referring to a woman.

10. Talkative, Conversational, Chatty, Nosy Talkative and chatty can mean that someone talks too much; and nosy that someone asks too many questions. Some of the examples of connotations are:

(1) Confident: positive-Bold, strong-willed negative- Arrogant (2) Strange: positive- Unique negative- Weird (3) Outgoing: positive- Friendly negative- Talkative (there's really no negative connotation for outgoing. I suppose being "talkative" is a bad thing for some :)) (4) Innocent: positive- Pure, child-like negative- Gullible (or naive, though gullible seems more of a bad thing) (5) Brave: positive- Fearless negative- Rash (as in, a rash decision. Or you could use risky) (6) Wet: positive- Moisten negative- Soaked (7) Carefree: positive- Relaxed, calm negative- unconcerned (in a way, it means carefree) (8) Clever: positive- Skilled, skillful negative- Scheming, cunning

EXERCISE

I Organize the following words from each list into a group of words with positive connotations and a list with negative connotations. Each word must be used in one of the two lists.

(1) tight, miserly, frugal, economical, careful, penurious, thrifty, budget-minded, prudent, penny-pinching

(2) dislike, resent, lament, hate, scorn, disapprove, decry, deplore, oppose, regret

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(3) odd, curious, off-the-wall, outlandish, weird, singular, bizarre, unusual, strange, extraordinary, remarkable,

(4) eerie, noteworthy

II Often two words mean roughly the same thing, except that one has an unfavorable, the other, a favorable, connotation. Thus, although you may like to think of yourself as an idealist, people who do not sympathize with your attitudes might call you a dreamer.

For the following pairs of terms, write short explanations of why you might like to be described by one term but not the other. Label each pair.

(1) self-confident/conceited (5) flexible/indecisive

(2) assertive/pushy (6) casual/sloppy

(3) firm/stubborn (7)mature/old (4) hard-working/workaholic

III. For each pair of words and a phrase, list the one that is positive in the ―Positive Connotation‖ category, the one that is negative in the ―Negative Connotation‖ category, and the phrase that is a more neutral, definition for both words in the "Denotation" column.

(1) gaze, look steadily, stare (2) fragrance, odor, a smell sensed by the olfactory nerve (3) brainwash, persuade, influence one way or another (4) delayed, not on time, tardy (5) somewhat interested, nosy, curious (6) lazily, without haste, leisurely (7) ask of someone, demand, request (8) gathering, a large group, mob (9) slim, skinny, less than average build (10) discuss with others, debate, argue (11) observe, watch, spy (12) a young age, youthful, immature (13) not having a care, irresponsible, carefree, (14) unique, not commonly found, strange (15) find, detect, snoop (16) inexpensive, fairly priced, or cheap (17) isolation, privacy, having an opportunity to (18) be alone (19) assertive, firmly confident, pushy (20) extravagance, generosity, giving much

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UNIT – III

12. TENSES - PAST TENSE

Tense is a grammatical term. It serves as a marker/indicator of the form of a verb. Tense normally indicates the time of an action/state. A verb must show the time of action and the degree of its completeness.

Simple Past Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

Examples:

 I saw a movie yesterday.  I didn't see a play yesterday.  Last year, I traveled to Japan.  Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.  Did you have dinner last night?  She washed her car.  He didn't wash his car. Simple past tense is sometimes called the "preterite tense". We can use several tenses and forms to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.

1. Simple Past is used for a past action when the time of an action is mentioned. In such a sentence an adverb of time is often used: e.g. Mrs. Rao left this place a month ago. 2. Simple Past indicates the completion of an action in the immediate or remote past. e.g. Ramani returned yesterday. 3. Simple Past is also used when the time of a past action is implied, not expressed. e.g. He bought this car in Delhi. 4. who/what used as a subject does not require an auxiliary ‗did‘: e.g. Who cleaned the floor? 5. Simple Past is often used in answer to question in the present perfect form: e.g. Have you heard the news? e.g. Yes. I have. I heard it just an hour ago. 6. Simple past is always followed by past continuous tense. e.g. When it was raining, I heard the noise.

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7. Simple past is used to refer to a past habit. e.g. Nirmala came late for dance classes. 8. Simple Past is also used in conditional sentences to indicate an improbable condition. e.g. If a ghost appeared, we would scream. Simple past here indicates future time, not past time.

EXERCISE

I Make the verbs into the simple past:

1. Last year I (go) _____ to England on holiday. 2. It (be) _____ fantastic. 3. I (visit) ______lots of interesting places. I (be) ____ with two friends of mine. 4. In the mornings we (walk) ______in the streets of London. 5. In the evenings we (go) _____ to pubs. 6. The weather (be) _____ strangely fine. 7. It (not / rain) ______a lot. 8. But we (see) ____ some beautiful rainbows. 9. Where (spend / you) ______your last holiday?

II Rewrite the sentences into simple past:

1. We move to a new house. → 2. They bring a sandwich. → 3. He doesn't do the homework. → 4. They sell cars. → 5. Does he visit his friends? →

III Write sentences in simple past:

1. Janet / the bus / miss → 2. She / her room / tidy → 3. Nancy / watch / not / television → 4. She / read / book →

IV Choose "Was―or "Were―:

1. The teacher ___ nice. 2. The students ____ very clever. 3. But one student ____ in trouble. 4. We ____ sorry for him. 5. He ____ nice though.

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Past Continuous tense was/were+verb+ing was/were+having-have form i. Past continuous is used to indicate that, an action was in progress for some time in the past. James was polishing furniture. The girls were singing and laughing. ii. It can be used in combination with simple past. In such sentences as/when/ while is usually used in the subordinate clause. While I was walking in the fields, I found a picture. When we were having lunch, some guests arrived. Make the positive or negative past continuous: 1) Raju ______(sleep) at three o'clock. 2) You ______(study) at three o'clock. 3) Mohan ______(read) at three o‘clock. 4) I ______(work) at three o‘clock. 5) They ______(eat) chocolate at three o‘clock. 6) John ______(play) tennis at three o‘clock. 7) We ______(watch) TV at three o‘clock. 8) He ______(use) the internet at three o‘clock. 9) You ______(cook) lunch at three o‘clock. 10) We ______(travel) to London at three o‘clock. 11) Mrs Banu______(not/walk) in the garden when the murder happened. 12) Mr Kumar ______(not/work) in his study when the murder happened. 13) Miss Rose______(not/talk) to Mr. White when the murder happened. 14) You ______(not/play) cards when the murder happened. 15) Dr Siva______(not/read) in his room when the murder happened. 16) Mr. and Mrs.Rajan ______(not/eat) in the dining room when the murder happened 17) Mr. Bharath______(not/drink) coffee in the library when the murder happened. 18) The maid ______(not/clean) the bedrooms when the murder happened. 19) I ______(not/listen) to music when the murder happened. 20) The dogs ______(not/play) outside when the murder happened.

Past Perfect tense had+past participle

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had+had had been-‗be‘ form I had had a lot of visitors last week. [had received] a. Past Perfect is used to report complete actions or events that happened before another point in the past. The chief guest had arrived before the arrival of the committee members. b. Past perfect is used to indicate that one action had completed before another started. Past perfect is used with the earlier action and simple past, with the later action. The bus left at 7 p.m. We went to the bus station at 7.15. p.m. A sentence like this uses one of the subordinating clauses. After, before, as soon as, till, until, when. c. When two past actions occur simultaneously or one action follows another immediately both the actions are put into the simple past form: I washed my hands with soap and water before I sat down to eat. They reached the hall just before the play began. d. Past Perfect is used in conditional clauses to indicate a non-fulfillment of a condition of the past. If he had gone to agree, he would have seen the Taj Mahal. e. Past Perfect +infinitive expresses an unfulfilled hope/intention etc. I had hoped to win a lottery. [but couldn‘t]

Make the positive or negative past perfect tense: 1) When I arrived at the cinema, the film ______(start). 2) She ______(live) in China before she went to Thailand. 3) After they ______(eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick. 4) If you ______(listen) to me, you would have got the job. 5) Julie didn‘t arrive until after I ______(leave). 6) When we ______(finish) dinner, we went out. 7) The garden was dead because it ______(be) dry all summer. 8) He ______(meet) her somewhere before. 9) We were late for the plane because we ______(forget) our passports. 10) She told me she ______(study) a lot before the exam. 11) The grass was yellow because it ______(not/rain) all summer. 12) The lights went off because we ______(not/pay) the electricity bill. 13) The children ______(not/do) their homework, so they were in trouble. 14) They ______(not/eat) so we went to a restaurant. 15) We couldn‘t go into the concert because we ______(not/bring) our tickets. 16) She said that she ______(not/visit) the UK before. 17) Julie and Anne ______(not/meet) before the party. 18) I ______(not/have) breakfast when he arrived. 19) He ______(not/use) email before, so I showed him how to use it. 20) You ______(not/study) for the test, so you were very nervous.

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Past Perfect Continuous tense had been+verb+ing  Past perfect continuous is used to report an action or event that happened before a point or event in the past and whose effects are still visible at that point. [in the past] Prakash had been playing tennis for an hour when the news of his selection came in. The sky was clear when the league match started though it had been raining throughout the night.  It is also used for a repeated action in the past. The company had been trying to sell out its shares and mind up when the court intervened.

EXERCISE

Change the verbs into the past perfect continuous:

1. We ______for 12 hours when he woke us up. 2. They ______at the station for 90 minutes when the train finally arrived. 3. We ______her ring for two hours and then we found it in the bathroom. 4. I ______for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain. 5. How long ______English before she went to London? 6. Frank Sinatra caught the flu because he ______in the rain too long. 7. He ______less than an hour when he ran out of petrol. 8. They were very tired in the evening because they ______on the farm all day. 9. I ______all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night. 10. They ______all day so their legs were sore in the evening

13. USE OF SEQUENCE WORDS

Sequencing words help to know the link between the sentences. These words help to arrange the sentences in a logical sequence and achieve coherence. When a number of actions occur one after another it is described using words that indicate the sequence (sequence words).Here are some examples: first, second (or secondly), then, next, after that, finally

Example: Write a paragraph using sequence words on the topic Creating an account in a bank First an application form is bought from the nearest branch of a nationalized bank. Then the form is filled with the required details. After that the ATM card section is selected, to get an ATM card which is most required. Then signing is done wherever it is required. Then a

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proof for one‘s own identity and the other for the residential identity is taken along with the photo copies and is taken to the bank. Now the form is submitted in the bank from where the form is bought. Then a stamp is affixed on the application and is sent for an approval. After approval, a passbook is issued along with an account number. After receiving the card the person will get the secret pin number to access the account in the ATM centre. Finally the pin number will be mailed by the bank to the account holder‘s id provided in the application.

EXERCISE

I Rewrite the sentences in the following paragraph in the correct order. Use appropriate sequence words: i.______, the roller on the machine is linked, and ______, the roller is rotated either by hand or by means of an automatic device. ii.______corrections are carried out on the stencil paper. iii.______the stencil paper is placed in position on the duplicating machine. iv.If you want to make many copies of a document or a letter you can make use of a duplicating machine. v.______the stencil paper is removed from the machine and stored for future use. vi.This is done by painting the correcting fluid on the mistakes allowing the fluid to dry, and ______typing the correct words over the paint. vii.______, the letter should be typed on stencil paper, setting the typewriter to the stencil- cutting position.

II Write a paragraph by using sequence words for the following questions. 1. How to withdraw money from ATM or from bank. 2. How to prepare a cup of tea. 3. How to wash clothes in a washing machine. 4. How to apply for an engineering course.

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14. ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word used with a noun to add something like quality and quantity to its meaning. Hence there are different kinds of adjectives namely Adjectives of Quality, Adjectives of Quantity, Adjectives of Number (or Numeral Adjectives), Demonstrative Adjectives and Interrogative Adjectives. The form of an adjective is often changed to show the extent or degree to which a certain quality is present. In grammar, this degree in form to show a difference in degree is called comparison. There are three Degrees of Comparison in English: the Positive Degree, the Comparative Degree, and the Superlative Degree. The positive degree is really not a degree of comparison because no comparison is indicated when the positive degree is used. The positive degree is the simple form of the adjective. It shows that the quality is present, but it does not show a comparison with anything else. That is a beautiful rose. It is a very cold day. Peter is very energetic. The comparative degree of the adjective is used when a comparison is made between two persons or things. The comparative degree shows that the quality expressed by the adjective exists to a greater or to a lesser degree in one of the two persons or things that are being compared. The comparative degree of almost all adjectives of one syllable is formed by adding er to the positive degree or to the simple form of the adjective; Peter is stronger than Mike. This desk is larger than that one. The superlative degree of the adjective is used when more than two persons or things are compared. The superlative degree indicates that the quality (expressed by the adjective) is possessed to the greatest or to the least degree by one of the persons or things included in the comparison. Our flat is the largest flat in the block. Jimmy is the smallest boy in his class.

Degrees of Comparison Adjectives of One Syllable Positive Comparative Superlative Neat Neater Neatest Sharp Sharper Sharpest Dark Darker Darkest Keen Keener Keenest

Adjectives of two or more syllables are usually compared by prefixing the words more and most to the simple form of the adjective. More is used to indicate the comparison between

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two persons or things. Most is used to indicate the comparison between more than two persons or things. Less and least are used in a similar way.

Sometimes adjectives of one syllable are compared by prefixing more and most. Sometimes adjectives of more than one syllable are compared by adding -er and -est. There is no rule to follow for marking these exceptions. If one form of comparison sounds better than the other, that is the form to use. Adjectives of more than one syllable that end in y are usually compared by adding -er and -est. The ‗-y‟ changes to ‗-I‘ before the addition of -er and -est.

Positive Comparative Superlative Silly Sillier silliest Dainty Daintier daintiest Clumsy Clumsier Clumsiest Handy Handier Handiest Noisy Noisier Noisiest

Some adjectives are compared irregularly. And some adjectives are not to be compared.

IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES

Positive Comparative Superlative Bad Worse Worst Far Further Furthest Far Farther Farthest good, well Better Best Little Less Least Many More Most Much More Most Out Outer outmost or outermost

Farther refers to distance or remoteness in space. Further refers to remoteness in time, to degree, extent or quantity. It is also used to express the idea of something more or additional.

Their house is further that I thought. (Distance in space) He will give me further instructions tomorrow. (Additional instructions)

The distinctions between further and farther are passing out of use. These words are now used interchangeable. There is also a tendency to use further to express all the meanings discussed.

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ADJECTIVES NOT COMPARED

There are a number of adjectives that should not be compared because the simple form of the adjective expresses the quality to the highest possible degree. For example, if an answer to a problem is correct, another answer could not possibly be more correct. If a circle is absolutely round, another circle could not be more round.

The following are some of the adjectives that are not compared for the reasons given:

Perfect unique Square Universal Single supreme Fatal Empty Vertical Full Alone Dead Final mortal Round Deadly Straight Blind Everlasting Wrong

The expression more nearly round is often used when comparing two things, one of which is more nearly round than the other. In this case, however, neither of the things compared is round.

COMPARATIVE

When we compare what two things or people do we look at what makes one different from the other.

Adverbs of comparison are used to show what one thing does better or worse than the other.

When an adverb ends in -ly, more is put in front of the adverb.

For example:-"Jill did her homework more frequently."

The rule for forming the comparative of an adverb is if it has the same form as an adjective add the suffix -er to the end.

For example:- "Jill did her homework faster."

The following irregular adverbs are exceptions to this rule:

 'well' becomes 'better'  'badly' becomes 'worse'  'little' becomes 'less'

For example:

 "Jill was better."  "Jack was worse."  "To lose weight you need to eat less."

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When comparing two things you need to put than between the adverb and what is being compared).

For example:-

 "Jill did her homework faster than Jack."  "Jill did her homework more frequently than Jack."

EXERCISE

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable forms of comparative adjectives:

1. A wise enemy is ______[good] than a foolish friend. 2. Liberty is ______[important] than food. 3. Petrol is ______[costly] than kerosene. 4. The tiger is ______[ferocious] than other animals. 5. Nylon is ______[hard] than rubber. 6. Platinum is ______[expensive] than gold. 7. Today, making investments in landed property is ______[wise] than investing in articles of gold. 8. In mountain regions, day travel is ______[good] than night travel. 9. Lead is ______[heavy] than aluminium. 10. Gold is ______[precious] than silver. 11. The process of extraction of oil is ______[simple] than the process involved in prospecting for oil. 12. The disposal of nuclear wastes causes ______[great] problems when compared to the production of nuclear energy. 13. A deer runs ______[fast] than a goat. 14. He looks ______[innocent] than him. 15. Einstein was ______[great] than any other scientists of his day. 16. Darjeeling is ______[cool] than most other cities in India. 17. Padma is ______[not/beautiful] than Madhavi. 18. Education is ______[not/important] than money. 19. My uncle is ______[rich] than my father. 20. Mother Teresa is ______[kind] than any other woman. 21. English is ______[easy] than most other languages. 22. Vivekananda is ______[great] than most other philosophers in the world. 23. Wordsworth is ______[not/popular] than some other poets.

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24. The rose ______[not/lovely] than some other flowers. 25. India is ______[large] than any other peninsula in the world. 26. Honesty is ______[good] than any other policy. 27. Hari is ______[clever] than Govind. 28. Friendship is ______[noble] than most other things in the world. 29. Cricket is ______[exciting] than any other sport. 30. Nature is ______[good] than any other physician. 31. The pen is ______[mighty] than the sword.

15. DIFFERENT GRAMMATICAL FORMS OF THE SAME WORD

When the word is used as noun, the stress is usually on the first syllable. Whereas, when the word is used as verb, the stress is on the second syllable.

Object (N) : Profit is the object of business. Object (V) : No one objected when the paintings were removed

Contract (N) : The contract requires him to finish work by the end of the year. Contract (V) : The Company had contracted to do the repairs by the end of the month.

Contrast (N) : His white hair was in sharp contrast to his dark skin. Contrast (V) : Her actions contrasted sharply with her promises.

Plan (N) : What are your plans for the holiday? Plan (V) : I had planned for 20 guests, but only 10 arrived.

Contact (N) : She has lost contact with her son. Contact (V) : Where can I contact you tomorrow?

Progress (N) : I am making good progress at college. Progress (V) : The weather became colder as the day progressed.

Import (N) : There is a sharp rise in car imports. Import (V) : The country imported most of its raw materials.

Export (N) : What are the country‘s chief exports? Export (V) : India exports tea and cotton to many different countries.

Rebel (N) : She has always been something of a rebel. Rebel (V) : He finally rebelled against his strict upbringing.

Produce (N) : They prefer dairy produce. Produce (V) : His suggestion produced the desired results

Record (N) : He kept a record of his expenses. Record (V) : The thermometer recorded a temperature of 40 C.

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Increase (N) : Some increase in the working hours may be necessary. Increase (V) : He increased his speed to overtake the bus.

EXAMPLES: 1) Aim The shooter‘s aim was perfect. (Noun) The shooter aimed perfectly. (Verb)

2) Bear One has to bear the strain of one‘s problems. (Verb) Bears are protected in zoos. (Noun)

3) Book One must develop the habit of buying books. (Noun) He has booked a room in the hotel. (Verb)

4) Catch The fisherman had a good catch. (Noun) The fielder couldn‘t catch the ball. (Verb)

5) Conduct His conduct is good. (Noun) They are conducting a meeting. (Verb)

6) Cut The man with a cut on his forehead came yesterday. (Noun) She cut the cake on her birthday. (Verb)

7) Gun The terrorists had brought modern guns. (Noun) The terrorists gunned down the passengers in the hotel. (Verb)

8) House We live in houses. (Noun) The bush houses the bearing. (Verb)

9) Leave He applied for leave. (Noun) He left his house suddenly. (Verb)

10) Like Everyone has some likes and dislikes. (Noun) He likes sweets very much. (Verb)

11) Look He has pleasant look. (Noun) He is looking at the pictures. (Verb)

12) Love Most of us have love for children. (Noun) We generally love children. (Verb)

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13) Make What make of car is that? (Noun) He made a detailed plan. (Verb)

14) Paint He bought quality paint. (Noun) They painted the wall. (Verb)

15) Photograph Is this your recent photograph? (Noun) He photographed the natural scenery. (Verb) 16) Pull The gravitational pull was heavy. (Noun) He pulled the string with difficulty. (Verb)

17) Record The students brought the records. (Noun) The programme was recorded. (Verb)

18) State He is living in the state of Tamil Nadu. (Noun) What he stated was right. (Verb)

19) Tear He shed tears on hearing the sad news. (Noun) He tore the papers into pieces. (Verb)

20) Throw It was a good throw. (Noun) He threw the shotput with force. (Verb)

EXERCISE

Write two sentences for each word given below using as a Noun in one sentence and as a Verb in another.

1) Answ 7) Refill 17) Mini er 8) Pass ster 2) Bat 9) Pain 18) Reco 3) Boar 10) Wash rd d 11) Cost 19) Cont 4) Com 12) Test rast mit 13) Function 20) Con 5) Dema 14) Project vict nd 15) Increase 6) Wish 16) Heat

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16. CAUSE AND EFFECT EXPRESSIONS

The causal relation between two actions can be shown by using connectives like because, since, as, due to, owing to, on account of, in view of, by virtue of, owing to the fact that, the reason why etc. They can also be called as cause expressions. Generally, cause expressions are used in complex sentences. Causes are expressed in the subordinate clauses and the effects are expressed in the main clauses. The connectives, ‗because‘, ‘as‘, and ‗since‘, show the cause of an action. ‗Because‘ is generally used in the middle of the sentence. ‗As‘ and ‗since‘ are used usually in the beginning of the sentence. The words ‗therefore‘, ‗consequently‘, ‗as a result‘, ‗so‘, etc. show the result or effect of an action. They can also be called as effect expressions. They are expressed in compound sentences. Effect expressions usually occur in the middle of the sentences.

Example: Join the ‗causes‘ in column ‗A‘ with the ‗ effects‘ found in column ‗B‘ using cause and effect expressions like ‗ because‘, ‗because of‘, ‗caused by‘, ‗due to‘, ‗owing to‘ etc.

A B a. loud horns and blaring loudspeakers damage to ear drums b. depletion of bamboo forests increase in soil erosion c. chemical pollution greenhouse effect and ozone depletion d. construction of big dams evacuation of thousands of families. a. Damage to ear drum is caused by loud horns and blaring loudspeakers. b. Owing to the depletion of bamboo forests, there is increase in soil erosion. c. Because of chemical pollution, there is rise in greenhouse effect and ozone depletion. d. Due to the construction of big dams, thousands of families are evacuated.

 The word ‗cause‘ can be used both as verb and noun when causal relations are expressed. a. The growth of Chennai as an industrial city has caused the increase in vehicle population. b. The growth of Chennai as an industrial city is the cause for the increase in vehicle population. a. The temperature increases. The volume of the gas increases. The temperature increases and consequently the volume of the gas increases. The temperature increases and therefore the volume of the gas increases. The temperature increases and a as result the volume of the gas increases.

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The temperature increases and hence the volume of the gas increases. As the temperature increases, the volume of the gas increases. Because of the increase in temperature, the volume of the gas increases.  He was speaking slowly. It was difficult to hear. Because he was speaking slowly, it was difficult to hear.  The machine was tested. It was installed. The machine was tested and therefore it was installed.  There was heavy rain and so the match was cancelled. There was heavy rain as a result of which the match was cancelled. In view of heavy rain the match was cancelled. The match was cancelled because of heavy rain. Because there was heavy rain, the match was cancelled.

EXERCISE

I Combine the following to express cause and effect relationship:

1. He did not write the exams well. He did not pass. 2. The air filter gets clogged with dirt. It must be cleaned regularly. 3. I reached the station early. I boarded the train. 4. The operation is successful. The patient is alive. 5. Exhaust gases still possess a great deal of heat. They can be used to heat the incoming air to the boiler. 6. Atomic power is not available in sufficient quantity. Coal is still a very valuable source of power. 7. There are dust particles in the atmosphere. Accurate observation is very difficult. 8. Several new blocks of building have been built there. The huge canopy of tress has disappeared. 9. National criteria for handling wastes have not been fixed. Traders take full advantage of it. 10. It was very cold. He stayed in bed the whole morning. 11. I reached the station early. I boarded the train. 12. The steam from the boiler is wet. It has to be passed through a super-heater. 13. You are very young. You cannot understand the implications of today‘s event. 14. She lost control of herself. She was very angry. 15. I called the mechanic. I wanted the car repaired. 16. He wanted to reach the station early. He took a taxi. 17. He felt he was on the right track. He continued the investigation. 18. The temperatures are high. Special alloys are used. 19. The country has abundant natural resources. It can support itself. 20. I was not feeling well. I did not prepare well for the examination.

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UNIT - IV

17. ADVERBS

An adverb is a word that elaborates the action of a verb and is usually written after the verb in a sentence. Most of the adjectives can be used as adverbs. Words which answers the questions ‗where‘, ‗when‘, or ‗how‘ will be adverbs. There are seven kinds of adverbs namely, Adverb of Time, Adverb of Place, Adverb of Manner, Adverb of Frequency, Adverb of Degree and Quantity, Adverb of Affirmation and Negation and Interrogative Adverb. Some adverbs are used as connectives to connect ideas between two sentences or two clauses. Adverbs used between sentences are called ‗conjunctive adverbs‘ and adverbs used between two clauses are called ‗subordinating conjunctions‘. Such adverbs are used to express various purposes:  To express addition – and, moreover, further more, in addition to, etc.  To express comparison, contrast and concession – however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, nevertheless, whereas, while, but, than, though, etc.  To express cause, reason, purpose and results – thus, hence, therefore, so, as a result, as a consequence, because, since, as, so that, in order that, etc.  To express time sequence – soon, then, afterwards, subsequently, at the same time, meanwhile, while, whereas, as soon as, after, before, etc.  To express place – whenever, where, whence, whether, etc.  To express condition – if, whether, unless, that, etc.

EXERCISE

I. Use the following adverbs in sentences: 1. too 2. sometimes 3. never 4. often 5. clearly II. Rewrite the following sentences with the adverbs given: 1. My father goes for a walk on mornings. (often) 2. I am going for a walk. (just) 3. She is not late. (generally) 4. My father stays long (never) in my house. 5. I can‘t understand. (quite)

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III. Insert suitable adverbs in the blanks: (very, rather, clearly, ago, often, how long, only, quite, seldom, unfortunately) 1. He spoke ------. 2. She is ------a smart girl. 3. It is ------warm here. 4. He ------visits his uncle. 5. ------have you been waiting here? 6. I ------go to the cinema. 7. He has slept ------three hours. 8. ------I missed the train. 9. He reads ------clearly. 10. I lived there five years ------.

18. TENSES - FUTURE TENSE Future tense form is used to describe actions one proposes to do in future Simple Future shall/will+verb [bare infinitive] shall/will+be [be-form] shall/will+have [have –form]  First person [I/we] + shall – expresses future without intention, determination etc. I shall be twenty on my next birthday.  ‗Shall we‘ is always used in question tags after ‗let‘s‘. Let‘s go home now, shall we?  First person +will –expresses a strong will, determination etc. i.e. volition. I will speak the truth and nothing but the truth.  Third person + shall is used to express an official communication/order. ‗Will‘ is not possible here. The college shall remain closed tomorrow. The examination shall begin at 9 a.m.  Third person + will is used to express a characteristic activity. Cork will float on water.  Would is always used in the main clause of a sentence expressing an improbable condition: If I were a bird I would fly to you at once. (not ‗will‘)

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Future Continuous Tense Will be + verb + -ing Will be + having – [have-form]  It expresses an action in progress at some time in future. He will be washing the car tomorrow morning. She will be writing the exam next Monday.  It often refers to distant future. I will be working in London next year. Future Perfect tense Shall / will + have + past participle form of the verb Will + have + been – [be-form] Shall /will + have + had – [have-form] He will have had a lot of opposition. She will have been a teacher for ten years by March next.  Future Perfect expresses completion of an action by a given time in future: She will have left this place by next January. He will have built a house by the end of this year.  Future Perfect is often used to express a past possibility. In addition to the modal will, can and may also can be used. He may/can/will have won the trophy. Future Perfect Continuous Shall / will + have + been + verb + -ing.  This form of the verb indicates an activity that will continue over a period of time, so it is normally used with an expression of time. By the end of this month, we will have been working here for ten years.  Future perfect continuous denotes continuous action while future perfect denotes completed action: By the end of this year, he will have been traveling for eight months. By the end of this year, she will have traveled eight months.

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EXERCISE

Fill in the blanks with the correct form: 1. She ______(finish) the work by Wednesday.

2. I ______(leave) for home by the time he gets up.

3. You can call me at work at 8am. I______(arrive) at the office by 8.

4. They will be tired when they arrive. They ______(not sleep) for a long time.

5. Jack ______(finish) his homework by the time his mother gets home.

6. She ______(get) ready by the time they leave the house.

7. Laura ______(clean) out the apartment before she gives back the key.

8. By the time I get home, Zoe ______(cook) dinner for us two.

9. The rubbers______(take) all the money by the time anyone arrives. 9. By the time he graduates, he ______(complete) five years of study.

10. The snow ______(stop) by April.

11. We ______(return) home by five o'clock.

12. By tomorrow, their life ______(change)completely.

13. We are on vacation. So by the time we get back, we ______(rest) and regained forces.

14. Her heel ______fully healed by the summer.

15. By next month, you ______(receive) your promotion.

16. By the time he wakes up, we ______(prepare)lunch for everyone.

17. Next Monday we ______married for ten years.

18. Tomorrow Justin ______single for a whole week.

19. On September I ______(live) here for eight years.

20. Luke ______sick for two weeks tomorrow.

21. She ______(play) football since 2011.

22. It ______(rain) for three days.

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23. They ______(talk) for over an hour by the time Thomas arrives.

24. James ______(teach) at the university for more than a year by the time he leaves for Asia. 25. He ______(drive) for an hour by the time he gets home.

26. In November, we ______(live) in Spain for eleven years.

27. In December, I ______(work) here for two years.

28. By the end of the day, he ______(carry)ninety bags of potatoes on his back.

29. Tony will be tired when he gets here because he ______(exercise) for four hours.

30. Even though she ______(dance) the whole night, Monica will still look very fresh.

31. How long ______( you, study) when you get your degree?

32. You ______(wait) for over two hours when the train finally arrives.

33. They will be tired when they get home because they ______(work) late.

34. They will win that contest because they ______(practice)for months.

35. I ______(buy) a computer tomorrow.

36. Hold on. I______( get) a pen.

37. We ______(see) what we can do to help you.

38. I think I ______(go) to the gym tomorrow.

39. I ______(play) tennis at 10am tomorrow.

40. We ______(shift) to a new home next year. 41. He ______(fly) a kite. 42. It ______(rain) tomorrow. 43. She ______(enjoy) her vacations. 44. He ______(expect) honesty from his employees. 45. She ______(deliver) a speech to people.

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19. SINGLE WORD SUBSTITUTES

“Single word substitutes‖ as the phrase indicates itself are the words that replace group of words or a full sentence effectively without creating any kind of ambiguity in the meaning of the sentences. Like the word ―Autobiography‖ can be used in place of the sentence ―the life story of a person written by oneself‖. It is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word.

Nowadays, verbose speech is avoided and a precise speech is expected. This not only makes the language easily comprehensible but also makes it beautiful. To put it in the other way, these words are used to bring an effect of compression in any kind of writing as well. For example, in business communication there are instances where a lot should be written with limitations of time and space, these kind of words can prove quite handy.

In English Language there are lots of single words for a group of words that can be used effectively to make the writing to the point that too without losing the meaning of the context.

Some frequently used terms:

1. One who is out to subvert a government Anarchist 2. One who is recovering from illness Convalescent 3. One who is all powerful Omnipotent 4. One who is presents everywhere. Omnipresent 5. One who knows everything Omniscient 6. One who is easily deceived Gullible 7. One who does not make mistakes Infallible 8. One who can do anything for money Mercenary 9. One who has no money Pauper 10. One who changes sides Turncoat 11. One who works for free Volunteer 12. One who loves books Bibliophile 13. One who can speak two languages Bilingual 14. One who loves mankind Philanthropist 15. One who hates mankind Misanthrope 16. One who looks on the bright side of things Optimist 17. One who looks on the dark side of things Pessimist 18. One who doubts the existence of god Agnostic 19. One who pretends to be what he is not Hypocrite 20. One incapable of being tired Indefatigable 21. One who helps others Good Samaritan

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22. One who copies from other writers Plagiarist 23. One who hates women Misogynist 24. One who knows many languages Polyglot 25. One who is fond of sensuous pleasures Epicure 26. One who thinks only of himself Egoist 27. One who thinks only of welfare of women Feminist. 28. One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain Stoic 29. One who is quite like a woman Effeminate 30. One who has strange habits Eccentric 31. One who speaks less Reticent 32. One who goes on foot Pedestrian 33. One who believes in fate Fatalist 34. One who dies without a Will Intestate 35. One who always thinks himself to be ill Valetudinarian 36. A Government by the people Democracy 37. A Government by a king or queen Monarchy 38. A Government by the officials Bureaucracy 39. A Government by the rich Plutocracy 40. A Government by the few Oligarchy 41. A Government by the Nobles Aristocracy 42. A Government by one Autocracy 43. Rule by the mob Mobocracy 44. That through which light can pass Transparent 45. That through which light cannot pass Opaque 46. That through which light can partly pass Translucent 47. A sentence whose meaning is unclear Ambiguous 48. A place where orphans live Orphanage 49. That which cannot be described Indescribable 50. That which cannot be imitated Inimitable 51. That which cannot be avoided Inevitable 52. A position for which no salary is paid Honorary 53. That which cannot be defended Indefensible 54. Practice of having several wives Polygamy 55. Practice of having several husbands Polyandry 56. Practice of having one wife or husband Monogamy 57. Practice of having two wives or husbands Bigamy 58. That which is not likely to happen Improbable 59. People living at the same time Contemporaries 60. A book published after the death of its author Posthumas

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61. A book written by an unknown author Anonymous 62. A life history written by oneself Autobiography 63. A life history written by somebody else Biography 64. People who work together Colleagues 65. One who eats too much Glutton 66. That which cannot be satisfied Insatiable 67. One who questions everything Cynic 68. A flesh eating animal Carnivorous 69. A grass eating animal Herbivorous 70. One who lives in a foreign country Immigrant 71. To transfer one's authority to another Delegate 72. One who is a newcomer Neophyte 73. That which is lawful Legal 74. That which is against law Illegal 75. One who is unmarried Celibate 76. A game in which no one wins Draw 77. A study of man Anthropology 78. A study of races Ethnology 79. A study of the body Physiology 80. A study of animals Zoology 81. A study of birds Ornithology 82. A study of ancient things Archaeology 83. A study of derivation of words Etymology 84. Murder of a human being Homicide 85. Murder of a father Patricide 86. Murder of a mother Matricide 87. Murder of an brother Fratricide 88. Murder of an infant Infanticide 89. Murder of self Suicide 90. Murder of the king Regicide 91. To free somebody from all blame Exonerate 92. To write under a different name Pseudonym 93. A thing no longer in use Obsolete 94. A handwriting that cannot be read Illegible 95. Words written on the tomb of a person Epitaph 96. One who is greedy for money Avaricious 97. Something that cannot be imitated Inimitable 98. One who doesn't know how to read and write Illiterate 99. A person's peculiar habit Idiosyncrasy

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100. An animal who preys on other animals Predator 101. Violating the sanctity of a church Sacrilege 102. One who can throw his voice Ventriloquist

Frequently used 100 common words: 1.not normal - abnormal 2.put an end to - abolish 3.go with - accompany 4.succeed in doing - accomplish 5.take as one's own - adopt 6.by oneself - alone 7.once a year - annually 8.become invisible - appear 9.express approval by clapping - applaud 10.loud enough to be heard - audible 11.keep oneself away from - avoid 12.at the back of - behind 13.not sharp - blunt 14.period of 100 years - century 15.low in cost or value - cheap 16.comfort in time of sorrow - console 17.never ending - continually 18.without interval - continuous 19.move on hands and knees - crawl 20.lame person - cripple 21.period of 10 years - decade 22.move up one's mind - decide 23.go out of sight or existence - disappear 24.find out - discover 25.far away - distant 26.long spell of dry weather - drought 27.suitable for eating - edible 28.qualified to be chosen - eligible 29.leave one country and go to settle in another - emigrate

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30.put up with - endure 31.way in - entrance 32.time that has no limit - eternity 33.way out - exit 34.show clearly the meaning of - explain 35.send goods to another country for sales - export 36.extreme scarcity of food - famine 37.able to bend easily without breaking - flexible 38.go or come after - follow 39.period of two weeks - fortnight 40.easily broken - fragile 41.physically weak - frail 42.small articles of dress, sewing-goods, etc - haberdashery 43.suitable for living in - habitable 44.an animal's or plant's natural environment - habitat 45.doing something constantly - habitual 46.argue about price of goods - haggle 47.suffering from a mental or physical disability - handicapped 48.spend the winter in sleep - hibernate 49.push roughly - hustle 50.who or what a person is - identity 51.doing no work or lazy - idle 52.not clear enough to be readable - illegible 53.unable to read or write - illiterate 54.light up - illuminate 55.make clear by examples or pictures - illustrate 56.without any delay - immediately 57.come into a foreign country as a permanent resident - immigrate 58.living forever - immortal 59.become better - improve 60.incapable of being wrong - infallible 61.not guilty - innocent 62.cannot be conquered - invincible 63.cannot be seen - invisible 64

64.cannot be repaired - irreparable 65.unable to walk normally - lame 66.person who is insane or very foolish - lunatic 67.dumb person - mute 68.person living next door - neighbour 69.well-known in an unfavourable way - notorious 70.happening from time to time - occasionally 71.person who takes a hopeful views of things - optimist 72.father and mother - parents 73.person walking in a street - pedestrian 74.person who takes a gloomy views of things - pessimist 75.science and art of government - politics 76.liked by many people - popular 77.put off until a later time - postpone 78.on time - punctual 79.four-legged animal - quadruped 80.with little or no sound - quiet 81.again and again - repeatedly 82.come or go back - return 83.make known - reveal 84.turn round - revolve 85.make along piercing cry or sound - scream 86.loud cry - shout 87.in a short time - soon 88.person who watches a show or game or incident - spectator 89.not fresh - stale 90.look long and steadily - stare 91.remain alive or in existence - survive 92.go from one place to another - travel 93.able to be seen through - transparent 94.not occupied - uninhabited 95.of no use - useless 96.surrounding district - vicinity 97.once a week - weekly 65

98.speak softly - whisper 99.young person - youth 100.group of people who watch a show - audience

EXERCISE

Choose the suitable word for the clauses from the options given below:

Ambiguous, Acrobat, Anonymous, Agnostic, Bureaucracy, Logic, Democracy, Amphitheater, Omnivorous, Ancestral, Domicile ,Pedagogy, Oligarchy, Aristocracy, Alchemy

1. A dancer on rope - 2. A person who holds that nothing is known or likely to be known of the existence of God - 3. A statement which is obsolete or capable of more than one interpretation - 4. An oval or circular theater with seats rising behind and above each other round a central open space - 5. A letter which does not bear the name or signature of the writer - 6. A place of permanent residence - 7. Government by the people - 8. Government by the nobles - 9. Government by the officials - 10. Government by the few - 11. One who eats everything is - 12. That which is inherited from forefathers - 13. The secret of transmuting base metals into gold - 14. The study of teaching - 15. The science of valid thinking -

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20. USE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

An abbreviation is a form of a word, phrase etc., that is shorter than the full form.

3G Third Generation AAA Asian Athletics Association AAFI The Amateur Athletics Federation of India AC Ante Christum (Before Christ), Ashok Chakra, Air Conditioner ADB Asian Development Bank AFI Athletics Federation of India AFMC Armed Forces Medical College AI Artifical Intelligence, Air India AICTE All India Council for Technical Education AIFF All India Football Federation AITUC All India Trade Union Congress AM Ante Meridiem (before Noon), Amplitude Modulation APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle AT&T American Telegraphic and Telephone Co. Ltd. ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Automated Teller Machine AVSM Ati Vishisht Seva Medal B2B Busines to Business B2C Business to Consumer BARC Bhabha Atomic Research Centre BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BBS Bulletin Board Service BC Before Christ BIOS Basic Input Output System BPL Below Poverty Line BPO Business Process Outsourcing BPR Business Process Re-engineering bps bytes per second BSE Bombay Stock Exchange BSF Border Security Force

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BSNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited C2C Consumer to Consumer CA Chartered Accountant CBI Central Bureau of Investigation CBSE Central Board of Secondary Education CDAC Centre for the Development of Advanced Computing CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CEO Chief Executive Officer CFSL Central Forensic Science Laboratory CGI Common Gateway Interface CIA Central Intelligence Agency CID Criminal Investigation Department CISC Complex instruction-set computing CITU Centre of Indian Trade Unions CNN Cable News Network CPI(M) Communist Party of India / Marxist CPWD Central Public Works Department CRIS Centre for Railway Information System CSIR Council of Scientific and Industrial Research CTBT Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty CYMK Cyan, Yellow, Magenta, Kinda D.Litt. Doctor of Literature D.Phil. Doctor of Philosophy D.Sc Doctor of Science DC Direct Current DIG Deputy Inspector General DMA Direct Memory Access DMK Dravida Munetra Kazhagam DNA Deoxyribo-nucleic Acid DTP Desktop Publishing DVC Damodar Valley Corporation DVD Digital Versatile/Video Disc E & OE Errors and Omissions Excepted EDI Electronic Data Interchange EIS Executive Information System

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E-MAIL Electronic Mailing EMI Equated Monthly Instalments ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator ENT Ear, Nose and Throat EOF end of file EOT Eastern Daylight Time EPABX Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange ERNET Educational and Research Network FAQ Frequently Asked Question FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation FBT Fringe Benefit Tax FBTR Fast Breeder Test Reactor FBW Fly-By-Wire FCI Food Corporation of India; Fertilizer Corporation of India FDI Foreign Direct Investment FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry International Football Federation (Federation Internationale de Football FIFA Association) FIR First Information Report FM Frequency modulation FRCP Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians FRCS Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons FRCS Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society FRS Fellow of the Royal Society Group of Seven (US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and Canada) G8 G7 includes G7 plus Russia GATS General Agreement on Trade and Services GDP Gross Domestic Product GMAT Graduate Management Admission Test GMT Greenwich Mean Time GSLV Geo-Synchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle GSM Global System for Mobile Communications GSP Generalised System Preference GUI Graphical User Interface HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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HMI Himalayan Mountaineering Institute HTML Hyper Text Markup Language HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corp. HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning i.e. id est (that is) IAAI International Airport Authority of India IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute IAS Indian Administrative Service IATA International Air Transport Association IBM International Business Machines ICSE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ICU Intensive Care Unit ICWA Indian Council of World Affairs IDA International Development Agency IDBI Industrial Development Bank of India IEEE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Engineers IELTS International English Language Testing System IFC Industrial Finance Corporation, International Finance Corporation IFS Indian Foreign Service; Indian Forest Service IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University IIPA Indian Institute of Public Administration IISCO Indian Iron and Steel Company IISS International Institute of Strategic Studies IIT Indian Institute of Technology ILA Indian Library Association ILO International Labour Organisation IMAP Internet Mail Access Protocol IMF International Monetary Fund INA Indian National Army INTUC Indian National Trade Union Congress IOC Indian Oil Corporation IP Internet Protocol IPC Indian Penal Code IPCL Indian Petro-Chemicals Corporation Ltd

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IPI International Press Institute IPO Initial Public Offering IPS Indian Police Service; Inter Press Service IQ Intelligence Quotient IRC International Red Cross IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme IRS Indian Revenue Service ISBN International Standard Book Number ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISI Indian Standards Institution; Inter Services Intelligence ISO International Standards Organisation IST Indian Standard Time ITBP Indo-Tibetan Border Police ITES Information Technology enabled services ITI Indian Telephone Industries
Industrial Training Institute ITU International Telecommunication Union IVF In-Vitro Fertilisation IVM In-vitro Maturation JCO Junior Commissioned Officer JEE Joint Entrance Examination JPEG Joint Photographic Expert Group LCA Light Combat Aircraft LCD Liquid Crystal Display
Least Common Denominator LCM Lowest Common Multiple LIC Life Insurance Corporation (of India) LLB Bachelor of Laws LMC Large Megallanic Cloud LTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam M.A. Magisiter Artium (Master of Arts) M.D Doctor of Medicine MBA Master of Business Administration MBBS Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery MCC Marylebone Cricket Club MCI Medical Council of India MICR Magnetic ink character recognition

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MIDI Musical Instrument Digital Interface MIPS Million Instructions per Second MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master Instruction Tape MLA Member of Legislative Assembly MNC Multi-National Corporation MP Member of Parliament; Madhya Pradesh MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MRCP Member of the Royal College of Physicians MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime MVC Maha Vir Chakra NAFED National Agricultural Co-operative Marketing Federation NALCO National Aluminium Company Ltd. NASDAQ National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation NAV Net Asset Value NCERT National Council of Educational Research and Training National Centre for Supercomputing Applications; National Computer Security NCSA Association NDA National Defence Academy NOC No Objection Certificate NPA Non-performing Assets NPT Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty NRF National Renewal Fund NSUI National Students Union of India NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation OBC Other Backward Classes OCR Optical Character Recognition ONGC Oil and Natural Gas Corporation OOP Object Oriented Programme OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio PAN Permanent Account Number Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy (Philosophiae Doctor) PIL Public Interest Litigation PSLV Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PWD Public Works Department; R&D Research and Development

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RBI Reserve Bank of India RDX Research Department Explosive (Cyclotrim-ethylin Trinitrate) RISC Reduced instruction-set computing RNA Ribonucleic acid RPM Revolutions Per Minute RTI Right to Information SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SEZ Special Economic Zone SGPC Siromani Gurudwara Prabandak Committee SLV Satellite Launch Vehicle SMS Short Message Service SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol STD Subscriber Trunk Dialling; Sexually Transmitted Diseases TCP Transfer Call Protocol
Transmission Control Protocol TFT Thin-Film Transistor TIFR Tata Institute of Fundamental Research UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UGC University Grants Commission UNI United News of India UNU United Nations University UPA United Progressive Alliance UPSC Union Public Service Commission URL Uniform Resource Locator VCR Video Cassette Recorder VIP Very Important Person VRML Virtual Reality Modelling Language VRS Voluntary Retirement Scheme VSSC Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre WMO World Meteorological Organisation WTO World Trade Orga-nisation WWF World Wildlife Fund WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What you see is what you get XML Extensible Mark-up Language

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YMCA Young Men's Christian Association A.C. alternating current A.P. arithmetic progression D.C. direct current D.N.A. deoxirybonucleic acid E.C.G. electro cardiogram F.M. – Frequency modulation G.M.T. – Greenwich mean time I.Q. – intelligence quotient L.C.M. – Lowest common multiple R.N.A. – Ribo nuceic acid OOPS – object oriented programming system DBMS – data base management system BASIC – Beginners all purpose symbolic instruction code FORTRAN – Formula translator COBOL – Common Business oriented language LAN – Local area network WAN – Wide area network UPS – Uninterrupted power supply PC – Personal computer EPROM – Erasable programmable read only memory

An acronym is a word formed from the first letters of a group of words.

AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Science ARPANET Advanced Research Project Agency Network WHO World Health Organisation VIRUS Vital Information Resources Under Siege VAT Value Added Tax United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (now, 'United Nations UNICEF Children's Fund') ULFA United Liberation Front of Asom UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organi-sation TISCO Tata Iron and Steel Company TOEFL Test of English as a Foreign Language TELCO Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company TADA Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act

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SIM Subscriber Information Module SEBI Securities and Exchange Board of India SENSEX Sensitivity Index (of Share Price) SAIL Steel Authority of India Limited SARS Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SAIL Steel Authority of India Limited ROM Read Only Memory RADAR Radio Detecting and Ranging RAM Random Access Memory RAW Research & Analysis Wing PIN Postal Index Number OPEC Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio PAN Permanent Account Number NASSCOM National Association of Software and Service Companies NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NAAC National Assessment and Accreditation Council NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development MODEM modulator demodulator LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ISKCON International Society for Krishna Consciousness IGNOU Indira Gandhi National Open University HUDCO Housing and Urban Development Corp. HAL Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. GATE Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering FEMA Foreign Exchange Management Act COMSAT Communications Satellite Corporation COPRA Consumer Protection Act CAD Computer Aided Design CAT Common Admission Test BIT Binary Digit BHEL Bharat Heavy Electri-cals Ltd ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ZIP Zone Improvement Plan

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UNIT - V

21. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct Speech:

Quoting the exact words of the speaker is called ―The Direct Speech‖.

David said, ―I am writing a letter now‖

Indirect Speech:

Reporting of what a speaker said without quoting the exact words is called ‗Indirect Speech‘.

David said that he was writing a letter then.

Rules for changing Direct Speech into Indirect Speech.:

Rule :1. The adverbs of nearness should be put into those of distance. Direct Speech - Indirect Speech Now - then Here - there This - that These - those Ago - before Thus - so to-day - that day to-night - that night the day before (or) yesterday - the previous day the next day (or) tomorrow - the following day last week - the week before next week - the week after

Rule :2. Tenses.

 If the reporting verb is in the Present or Future tense (e.g., say, will say) there is no change in the tense of the verb in the indirect speech. Antony says, ―I eat a mango‖. (D.S.) Antony says that he eats a mango‖. (I.S.)

 If the reporting verb is in the Past Tense the tense of the verbs in the reported speech or Indirect Speech must be generally changed.

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1. Present Tense in the Direct becomes past tense. Johnsi said, ―I write a letter‖. (D.S) Johnsi said that she wrote a letter. (I.S)

2. Past Tense in the direct becomes past perfect or remains unchanged. Angel said, ―I brought a pen yesterday‖. (D.S) Angel said that she had brought a pen the day before. (I.S)

3. Present Continuous in the direct becomes past continuous. John said, ―I am going to church‖. (D.S) John said that he was going to church. (I.S)

4. Past Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous. Nelson said, ―I was playing cricket‖. (D.S) Nelson said that he had been playing cricket. (I.S)

5. Present Perfect in the direct becomes past perfect. Kamal said, ―I have done my home work‖. (D.S) Kamal said that he had done his home work. (I.S)

6. Present Perfect Continuous in the direct becomes past perfect continuous. He said, ―I have been reading a novel‖. (D.S) He said that he had been reading a novel. (I.S)

7. ‗Will‘ and ‗Shall‘ are changed to ‗would‘. He said, ―I will go to London tomorrow‖. (D.S) He said that he would go to London the next day. (I.S)

may - Might can - Could must - had to (or) must Johnsi said, ―I must go now‖. (D.S) Johnsi said that she must (or) had to go then. (I.S)

Exception to the above rule: If the direct speech contains the Universal Truth, the tense of the direct speech remains unchanged even if the reporting verb is in the past.

The teacher said, ―The sun rises in the East‖. (D.S) The teacher said that the sun rises in the East. (I.S)

Statement (or) Assertive Sentence Rules :

 Remove the quotation marks in the statement  Use the conjunction ‗that‘  Change the reporting verb ‗say to‘ into ‗tell‘  Change the reporting verb ‗said to‘ into ‗told‘

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Note :

 He said that (correct)  He told me that (correct)  He told that (Incorrect)

1. ―I will work hard to get first class‖ said Lazar (D.S.) Lazar said he would work hard to get first class. (I.S.)

2. ―You can do this work‖ said Nelson to Johnsi (D.S.) Nelson told Johnsi that he could do that work. (I.S.)

3. He says, ―I am glad to be here this evening‖(D.S.) He says that he is glad to be there that evening. (I.S.)

4. ―I‗m going to the library now‖ said David (D.S.) David said that he was going to the library then. (I.S.)

Imperative Sentence (Order or Request) Rules :

 Remove the quotation mark in an Imperative sentence.  Use ‗to‘ if it is an affirmative sentence. (without don‗t)  Use ‗not to‘ if the sentence begins without Don‗t.  Don‗t use ‗that‘  Omit the word ‗please‘. Use the word ‗request‘ instead of ‗say‘.  If the direct speech contains a request or a command, the reporting verb (say, said) is changed as tell, request, order, command etc.

1. ―Don‗t talk in the class‖ said the teacher to the boys. (D.S.) The teacher advised the boys not to talk in the class. (I.S.)

2.―Please give me something to eat. I am hungry‖ the old man said to them. (D.S.) The old man requested them to give him something to eat and said that he was hungry (I.S.)

3. ―Be careful‖ said he to her. (D.S.)

He ordered her to be careful. (I.S.)

4. ―Bring me a cup of tea‖ said Nelson to Andriya. (D.S.)

Nelson asked Andriya to bring him a cup of tea. (I.S.)

Interrogative Sentence (Questions) Rules :

 Remove the quotation marks and question mark in the interrogative sentence.  Use ‗if‘ or ‗whether‘ if the sentence inside the quotation marks begins with a helping verb (Auxiliary verb).

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 Use the given interrogative word (what, when, where, why, who, whom, whose, which, now etc.) if it does not begin with the helping verb.  Don‗t use ‗that‘  Changing the reporting verb (say, said) into ‗ask‘ or ‗enquire‘ in its correct tense.  Omit helping verb like ‗do, does, did‘. But don‘t omit them when they are with ‗not‘.

1. ―Won‘t you help me to carry this box?‖ said I to my friend. (D.S.) I asked my friend if he would not help me to carry that box. (I.S.)

2. Mohan said to Stalin, ―Why did you not attend the meeting yesterday‖? (D.S.) Mohan asked Stalin why he had not attended the meeting the day before. (I.S.)

3. ―How often do you go to the theatre?‖ said David to John. (D.S.) David asked John how often he went to the theatre. (I.S.)

4. Mohamed said to Sultan, ―Do you like mangoes?‖ (D.S.) Mohamed asked Sultan if he liked mangoes. (I.S.)

Exclamatory Sentence Rules :

 Change the exclamatory sentence into statement or Assertive  Remove the quotation marks and exclamatory mark.  Use the conjunction ‗that‘  Omit the interjections such as Oh, O, Alas, how, what, hurrah.  Add the word ‗very‘ to the adjective or adverb if necessary.  If the verb is not given, use ‗Be‘ form verb (is, was, are, were, am) in its correct tense according to the subject.  Change the reporting verb (say, said) to ‗exclaim joyfully‘  Use ‗exclaim‘ sorrowfully for sorrowful incidents. 1. ―O,what a beautiful flower that is!‖ said she. (D.S.) She exclaimed joyfully that that was a very beautiful flower. (I.S.)

2. ―What a horrible sight!‖ we all exclaimed. (D.S.) We all exclaimed that it was a very horrible sight. (I.S.)

3. ―Alas! I have broken my brother‘s watch‖ said he. He exclaimed sorrowfully that he had broken his brother‘s watch. (I.S.)

4. ―How beautiful the flower is!‖ said Kumar. (D.S.) Kumar exclaimed joyfully that the flower was very beautiful. (I.S.)

EXERCISE

Change into indirect speech:

1. The announcer said, ―The Cheran Express is late by two hours‖. 2. The Director said, ―The Company has not been able to achieve its production target this year‖. 3. He said to his friend, ―Are you very busy now?‖

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4. Sita said to her mother, ―Can you buy me a new sari today?‖ 5. The teacher said to the students, ―work hard‖. 6. They said, ―The earth goes round the sun‖. 7. He said to the sales person,‖ How much does the equipment weigh?‖. 8. The Chairperson said,‖ the company is not able to achieve its sales target this year‖. 9. My uncle told me, ―I don‘t know anything about this subject. So, I can‘t offer you advice‖. 10. The teacher said to the students,‖ don‘t work in the laboratory barefoot‖. 11. The Chief Engineer said to the assistants,‖ Report to me immediately in case of equipment failure‖. 12. The Chief Minister said to the reporter,‖ If specific instance are brought to my notice, I shall enquire into them.‖ 13. The factory supervisor told the worker,‖ You can clean this tool with emery cloth‖. 14. The Scientist observed,‖ The test firings indicate accuracy of the missile‖. 15. The officer said,‖ We have to complete the task today‖. 16. The Chair person said,‖ The export projects have been the main cause for the drain in our funds‖.

LEXICAL ITEMS

22. FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED EXPRESSIONS

Fixed Expressions:

There is a large class of expressions (phrases) in English which are fixed and cannot be changed for any reason. Some standard fixed expressions are given below:

Relating to places or institutions

Pattern Underlying Meaning go to bed to sleep be in bed / stay in bed sleeping, resting get out of bed get up go to school / come to school to study go to lunch / dinner to have lunch / dinner be at lunch having lunch be in class giving or having a lesson go to church for worship be at church worshipping in the church be at home in one's own house go in(to) hospital for medical treatment be in hospital receiving medical treatment (a patient)

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be in office holding an official position be out of office ceasing to hold that position go to prison as a punishment be in prison as a prisoner go to university to study be at university be a student

Relating to means of transport ( travel, send goods)

Pattern Example by air Most mail goes by air from England to Hong Kong. by bus We can go by bus to Wan Chai. by car The best way to go to Clearwater Bay is by car. by ship / boat Most people travel by boat to Discovery Bay. But you can now get to Lantau Island from Kowloon by land since by land they built the Tei Ma bridge. I don't like to travel by plane in China as you miss seeing so much by plane of the country. In the last century the only way to reach America from Europe was by sea by sea. on foot We can either get a taxi or go on foot as it's not far.

Relating to means of dispatch (sending a message)

Pattern Example by hand The exam paper has to be delivered by hand. by letter You have to send a confirmation by letter - a fax won't do. by post I'll send the cheque to you by post. Taxis usually communicate by radio, although many drives use by radio mobile phones now. by cable Some TV channels are are only available by cable. by telegram You can send an urgent message by telegram.

Miscellaneous Phrases that begin with "at"

When the ferry is at sea you cannot go out on deck. at sea She felt at sea on the first day of school. (= confused, perplexed)

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at hand The end of the world is at hand. (= near, close in time) at least We need at least $20,000 dollars for the furniture. at work Phone me at work later. at war When Britain and Germany were at war, Sweden remained neutral. After several attempts we at last got the operating system installed at last correctly. at peace Most of the countries of Western Europe have been at peace since 1945. at sight The horses went crazy ar sight or smell of a bear. at ease I don't feel at ease with this kind of music. at heart He likes living in the city, but at heart he's still a country boy. at length He described his accident at length to everyone. at once Don't leave it, do it at once. at first I didn't like it here at first, but now I've grown to appreciate it. at play There must be an adult on duty when the children are at play. at rest His explanation did not put our minds at rest, and we weren't satisfied. at present I'm living in Discovery Bay at present, but not for much longer.

Phrases that begin with "by"

Phrase Example by It wasn't clear if the fire started by accident or on purpose. accident by chance We met by chance several years later in Hong Kong. by day Badgers don't come out by day, they're nocturnal. by design It wasn't done by design, it was unintentional. by degrees You can only learn this by degrees, step by step, you can't rush it. An actor needs to learn his lines by heart - you can't read them during a by heart performance. by mistake I'm sorry, I put the memo in your pigeon hole by mistake - it's for Mary. by name The headmaster called out the wrong doers by name at the morning assembly. by rights By rights this should be John's job, but I'll do it for now. by sight I know Mr. Brown by sight, but we've never been introduced. by surprise The police caught the burglar by surprise while he was trying to break in.

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Phrases that begin with "in"

in brief In brief, the prosecution's case is based on the fact that he lied. in case Take an umbrella in case it rains. in common He's my brother, but we don't have many interests in common. in danger We are in danger of losing the contract. in debt Most of the farmers are in debt to the banks. Helicopters were scrambled after reports from a North Sea oil rig that it in difficulties was in difficulties. They will have an answer for you in due course, but you have to be in due course patient. in fact I thought he was about 50, but in fact he's only 45. If you divide the room in half, you would still be able to get all the desks in half in. in general The British are eating less food in general and less junk food in particular. in love She is secretly in love with another man. in name Gone are the days when this tournament was international in name only. The government thinks this is an opportunity to reassess how those most in need in need can be helped. in order They need a higher grade in order to be accepted on the course. in particular The British are eating less food in general and less junk food in particular. in pieces He knocked over the vase and it broke in pieces on the floor. in private I have something to tell you in private. in public Kissing in public is not usually done, although holding hands is common. in reply In reply to your question, the answer is yes. in secret They believe the government is carrying out research in secret. in sight When the island of Tioman came in sight the view was fantastic. in stock We don't have this model in stock, but we can order it for you. in turn Let us consider each of those points in turn. in time You won't understand it now, but in time you will. The exhibition attracted a lot of people off the streets, many in tears and in tears unable to speak. in short Good accommodation was in short supply.

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Phrases that begin with "on" on business He has gone to China on business. on duty (off My brother is a policeman, and he usually has to be on duty at weekends. duty) on fire Many people escaped to the roof because the middle floors were on fire. on foot We'll go on foot as it's not far. on guard There are always some police on guard outside the American embassy. They are on holiday in Chiang Mai just now, but they'll be back next on holiday week on horseback You can tour the Grand Canyon on horseback if you can ride. on purpose It was no accident, he fouled the other player on purpose. The trains usually run on time, although they might be late if there is a lot on time of snow. on sale You can still find pirated software on sale if you know where to go.

out of control Some of the pupils in that school are just out of control.

The typhoon has changed direction so it looks as if Hong Kong is out of out of danger danger. out of date You need to check the milk to see that it's not out of date.

out of doors In summer the children can play out of doors and have more things to do.

I could see they were talking about me but they were out of hearing so I out of hearing don't know what they were saying. out of order I'm afraid the lift is out of order so you'll have to use the steps. out of sight They stood watching the plane until it was out of sight.

out of place I feel out of place there, everyone seems to be dressed so formally.

The price of a house in Central London is far out of reach of most ordinary out of reach workers. out of stock We are out of stock of this model just now. out of turn Government ministers who speak out of turn are likely to be reprimanded. out of work More than 7% of the work force is out of work now.

Phrases that begin with "within" within hearing Don't say anything about it while he's within hearing. The championship is now within reach for Liverpool if they can beat within reach Manchester United. within sight I live within sight of the Kowloon coast and Hong Kong island.

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PRACTICE Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of fixed expressions: (Compare your answers after completing the exercise)

1. I'm afraid that's never come into my mind. 2. He's so happy as a clam since he met Linda. 3. You decide. It's up for you. 4. Could you put in a good sentence for me with the boss? 5. What of the world do you mean? 6. She's so very pleased of her new car. 7. I can assure you that it is a happiness to deal with you. 8. Jack feels very strong about the need for a new park in town. 9. It has showed to our attention that your daughter has missed five classes. 10. I'd like to thank you for behalf of our company. 11. That listens like a wonderful opportunity! 12. He's got mixed feelings with his new school. 13. I'm sorry. I didn't keep that. What did you say? 14. Thank you as much for inviting me to the party!

Answers:

1. I'm afraid that's never entered my mind. 2. He's as happy as a clam since he met Linda. 3. You decide. It's up to you. 4. Could you put in a good word for me with the boss? 5. What in the world do you mean? 6. She's so very pleased with her new car. 7. I can assure you that it is a pleasure to deal with you. 8. Jack feels very strongly about the need for a new park in town. 9. It has come to our attention that your daughter has missed five classes. 10. I'd like to thank you on behalf of our company. 11. That sounds like a wonderful opportunity! 12. He's got mixed feelings about his new school. 13. I'm sorry. I didn't catch that. What did you say? 14. Thank you so much for inviting me to the party!

Some idiomatic expressions such as 'by and large', 'on the up and up', 'few and far between', 'fly in the ointment' or 'under the weather' don't change and are invariable, and therefore called fixed expressions.

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EXERCISE

I Make use of the given fixed expressions in sentences:

On time, in time, out of stock, out of danger, in fact, in order, by mistake, by chance, at length, at ease, on foot, by land.

Semi-fixed expressions:

Semi-fixed expressions are phrases or idioms that retain the same basic word order throughout. But some semi-fixed expressions can change some of their parts. Hence semi- fixed expressions are classified into decomposable and non-decomposable semi-fixed idioms. Semi-fixed expressions follow strict constraints on word order and composition but undergo some degree of lexical variation. Idioms, and certain compound nouns and proper names which do not change are called non-decomposable semi-fixed idioms. Compound nouns such as car park, attorney general are non-decomposable idioms. They are syntactically- unalterable units. The words in the phrase or the idiom cannot be separated and if they are separated, no meaning can be derived. For example, in the idiom kick the bucket, separate meanings of words will not give the meaning of the whole idiom. No such analysis is possible. But in the idiom spill the beans, the word spill separately means ‗reveal‘ and the beans means ‗secrets‘ giving the overall sense reveal the secrets. This is a decomposable semi-fixed expression. EXERCISE Frame sentences using the following semi-fixed expressions: Rains cats and dogs, the lion‘s share, turn a deaf ear to, in a nutshell, caught red-handed, break the ice, a storm in a tea cup, bag and baggage, burn the midnight oil, in the long run.

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PART –B

UNIT – I

1. WRITING ESSAYS ON ANY GIVEN TOPIC / FREE WRITING

Free writing involves writing on various topics. Any specific method of writing is not followed. Organisation of ideas can also vary according to the flow of thought of the writer. The piece of writing need not be confined to any particular them only. It includes biographical, auto biographical, historical, scientific, factual, fantastic, adventurous, and technical and such other topics. Though there is freedom of thought and style, Grammatic precision is expected.

1) My Favorite Hobby

My favorite hobby is reading. With high school, I don't get to read as much as I would like to. During my free time, when I am bored, I find reading very enjoyable. I love all kinds of adventures that they take me on. I love reading books better than any friends so reading is something that keeps me occupied, what I plan on reading more is actual books. I usually read informative books on science and historical books about the great men lived before the pre-independence which I do think are great. When I read, it's like nothing else is happening around me. I like reading physical books rather than e-books. Flipping through physical pages is the only way that I will read.

People underestimate the power gained from reading which can be priceless; reading expands your knowledge and awareness. Reading will also stimulate your creative imagination, it can change your energy and emotional state, and sometime it will tune you into a sad frequency, sometimes it will tune into a positive frequency depending on what you‘re reading.

Life becomes so much more interesting when you explore new avenues or you venture into somebody else‘s imagination and creativity, you can never stop learning nor should you, our life is simply too short, you can take a book with you anywhere you go.

The rich, the successful and the leaders of this world all do one thing and that is they read at least one book a week, it does not matter whether you read fiction or none fiction they both stimulate the mind and the imagination. You cannot succeed in life with limited knowledge and information. The mind also loves a story. We are told stories from the moment we are born and as children we become entranced and fascinated by listening to a story.

What you learn from reading can help you improve and better your life in many ways. Reading is an excellent way of helping us develop our writing skills and improve our creativity, the mind loves a story, and many hypnotherapists use a story format to deliver positive messages to the subconscious mind. And therefore I would like to conclude that reading is a good hobby from which one could acquire not only knowledge but also healthy life.

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So here I would like to sum up the whole thing with the below caption

―The Day You Stop Learning is the Day You Stop Growing‖

Happy Reading!

2) My Favourite Place

My most favorite place has always been my grandmother‘s house. This is the place I would have to before and after school. I have always loved my grandmother‘s house because it made me feel safe and warm. There was a smell of coffee in the air at all times. It seemed as if all my grandmother did was make coffee. If I smell coffee, I instantly think of my grandmother‘s house.

My grandmother‘s house will always be filled with people. I can remember her sitting in a chair watching her do hair. She would take a comb and straighten her clients‘ hair. The smell of burning hair would linger in the house for days.

The house had one of those older heaters that used firewood. The house was old. My grandmother lived in this house most of her life. The house was white with black trimming, but most of the paint was chipped away. On the back porch there was always fire wood. No matter if it was winter; spring, summer, or fall, there was always firewood on the porch. I can recall putting wood in the heater, and taking a poker to stir the flames. I would get so excited and would always volunteer to poke the fire.

In the summer, we would play at the pond behind the house. It looked more like a swamp than a pond. The pond was black as night and home to the snakes, tadpoles, frogs, and fish. We would go to the pond to catch the tadpoles and fish. At night we ran around and catch fireflies. In the summer I also help my grandma plant peas, collards greens, and corn in the garden. The corn grew up like a forest. I can remember running through the corn field and playing hide and seek. After all the fun I had, picking the vegetables and shelling peas was not my favorite moment.

On Sundays, Grandmother had prepared a big Sunday dinner. Everyone was expected to come to her house after church. The men would be in the den watching television while the women cooked. They cooked chicken, collard greens, macaroni, and sweet potato pie.

3) My school life

The last day of my high school career is fast approaching and I can only imagine how I'll be feeling when I step out of Valley High School grounds for the very last time. Throughout these four years, I have felt a lot of urgency about graduating high school. I didn't think that the time to graduate would come soon enough. But now, that time is finally nearing. I cannot believe that it has come this fast.

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I remember my first days of high school. I was just dying to experience all the new and exciting things that awaited me. From sports to girls to all the partying, I just wanted to know what everything was like. Now that I've done all those things and many more, I am about to embark on a new adventure that will take me too many more new experiences. Some say that, "high school was the best time of my life.‖ Just like others say that high school was the worst time in their lives. To be honest, I am not sure which category I fall into. I've had plenty of good times, as well as just as many bad times, in high school. The only thing I can say is that I learned a lot while I was here. I know not just what I was taught through books, but I learned about life and the road ahead of me.

From being an inexperienced freshman to a somewhat mature senior, things have really changed for me. I started high school as a disrespectful and cocky athlete, dying to conquer the world, which I did not know much about. I will leave high school as a world-weary senior, knowing that there are many dangers to encounter in the real world. Realistically, I do not know what the world out there holds for me. All I can do is enter it with a guarded optimism and hope for the best School life is a very important part in human life.

During the time of school life you experience physical development, emotions, friendships, relationships, and, of course, knowledge. This time is precious because it only happens one time in life because you are never doing this again and it marks your whole life.

In primary school, where you learn your basics, you are carefree and innocent. You don‘t have to worry about materialistic and you have big dreams and free imagination. But life gets harder the older you get. You have to take on more responsibility. There are huge differences between secondary school. You have to do much more for school and you have to work harder. But how much you work for a subject is related to how much you like the subject itself and how much you like your teacher and same way around.

But, I have already mentioned, school life is not only about knowledge and learning. We develop friendships, you have relationships, experience various emotions and you gain a reputation.

In school, so many things happen that don‘t have anything to do with school. It‘s like a place where you exchange news and rumors, and especially teenager often have so much (in their mind) more important things to do than paying attention to the lesson. School life is so fun and interesting. So, you should value your school life because it is very precious.

EXERCISE

Write an essay on: 1. Pollution and control measures. 2. Your favourite National Leader. 3. Few technological gadgets mostly used

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2. SENTENCE COMPLETION

Sentence completion tests are techniques used to assess the linguistic ability of a candidate. These tests are conducted in two methods. In one method, beginnings of sentences referred to as ―stems,‖ are given and the candidates are expected to complete the sentences in ways that are meaningful to them. The responses provide indications of attitudes, beliefs, motivations, or other mental states. In another method, some key words in a paragraph are omitted and they are put in a box, either on the top or after the passage. The candidates are supposed to fill in the blanks using the words selected from the box. The structures of sentence completion tests vary according to the length and relative generality and wording of the sentence stems. Structured tests have longer stems that lead respondents to more specific types of responses; less structured tests provide shorter stems, which produce a wider variety of responses. Uses of Sentence Completion The uses of sentence completion tests include personality analysis, clinical applications, attitude assessment, achievement motivation, and measurement of other constructs. They are used in several disciplines, including psychology, management, education, and marketing. Sentence completion measures have been incorporated in intelligence tests, language comprehension, and language and cognitive development tests. Example: 1) Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

Germany‘s offer to Indian students: Invitation discussion exchanges extended expenses Assistance Learning destinations immigration spectrum Throughout fellowships organize attended foreign help

DAAD, the German agency for promoting academic ------(i) between Germany and other countries, today sought to ------(ii) the visit of the German Chancellor, Mr. Gerhard Schroeder, to invite Indian students and scientists to Germany for higher ------(iii). At a panel ------(iv) organized by the agency and ------(v) by a large number of students drawn from the IITs and other universities, Mr. Schroeder himself ------(vi) an open ------(vii) to Indian students to choose Germany from various foreign ------(viii) for pursuing higher studies. The chancellor, who was present ------(ix) the hour-long ------(x) particularly pointed out that Germany had some of the best institutions in the world, which offered courses covering a vast ------(xi) of subjects and observed that ------(xii) laws of the country were being relaxed to enable ------(xiii) students to work there at the end of their period of study. He also noted that there were several institutions in Germany which offered scholarships and ------(xiv) and other ------(xv) to foreign students to meet their ------(xiv).

Ans: (i) assistance (ii) organize (iii) Learning (iv) discussion (v) invitation (vi) extended (vii) invitation (viii) destinations (ix) throughout (x) discussion (xi) spectrum (xii) immigration (xiii) foreign (xiv) fellowships (xv) help (xiv) expenses

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EXERCISE 1) Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words: would take would one undergoing concerto apartment practising emanating had would entered were was know was The will have

Catherine Geach was three when she heard the music. Her mother, a sculptor ------(i) put a violin ------(ii) on the turntable in her studio outside London. ------(iii) child was transfixed by the rich sounds ------(iv) from an instrument whose name she didn‘t even ------(v). She wanted to make music like that. Soon she was ------(vi) to play the violin. Beyond doubt, her talent ------(vii) exceptional. By the time she was five, she ------(viii) performed solo in public. At seven, she ------(ix) practising two hours a day. Absorbed in music, Catherine ------(x) forget the hardships of home. Her parents ------(xi) divorced and money was tight. By the time Catherine ------(xii) her teens, her mother was ------(xiii) severe depression. After school, the teenager ------(xiv) come home to her small ------(xv) and help with chores and cooking. Then alone in her room she ------(xiv) her violin out of the case, and practise and practise.

2) Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

whom is past be placed feverish objectives hopelessly academic experience price cessation lack after hope who basic

In this world of incessant and ------(i) activity, men have little time, much less to consider ideals and objectives. Yet how are we to proceed even in the present, unless we know which way we are going and what our objectives are? It is only in the ------(ii) atmosphere of a university that these ------(iii) problems can be adequately considered. It ------(iv) only when the young men and women, ------(v) are in the university today on ------(vi) the burden of life‘s problem will ------(vii) tomorrow, learn to have clear ------(viii) and standards of values that there will be ------(ix) for the next generation. The ------(x) generation produced some great men, but as a generation it led the world ------(xi) to disaster. Two World Wars are the ------(xii) that has been paid for the ------(xiii) of wisdom on man‘s part in this generation. It is a terrible price and the tragedy of it is that even ------(xiv) that price has been paid, we have not purchased real peace or a ------(xv) of conflict and an even deeper tragedy is that mankind has not profited by this ------(xiv) and continues to go the same way that led previously to disaster.

3) Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

subconscious relation instances connect coincideness rational operate psychology reason realm gut hindsight foreboding receive apparent unfolded

Para-psychology is a branch of ------(i) which deals with phenomenon which are beyond the ------(ii) of the five senses. Experiments show that the human mind can ------(iii) from another plane, the faculty of ------(iv). We have all experienced at some time or the other that ------(v) feeling is invariably correct. There is no ------(vi) explanation as to why you feel what you do, but there it is. It would be

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a rare person who has never felt a sense of ------(vii) or a sense of relation which was justified later as some information that ------(viii) itself and one could ------(ix) the feelings with the fact. It is usually ------(x) which tells you what you experienced was an intuitive flash. Your ------(xi) mind is constantly giving you messages. You meet a person and you like or dislike him/her for no ------(xii) reason. You hear a telephone ring and you know who is calling. You ------(xiii) a letter and you know what it contains. All these are instances of ------(xiv) in which ------(xv) has no role. Some rationalists have tried to explain such instances as ------(xiv) but there is too much evidence to the contrary.

4) Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

their unable on led effective continues mode tackled nor claiming earnestly into to taken remains territory The fear of the disease and the deep-seated prejudices about its origin and ------(i) of transmission have ------(ii) to its concealment by the afflicted and a shunning attitude ------(iii) the part of those who can really help. Gandhiji‘s crusade against this disease ------(iv) unmatched. Those who should have ------(v) his fight further into the ------(vi) of suffering and ignorance, treating the opportunity ------(vii) do so as a privilege, did not do so ------(viii). Neither the State institutions ------(ix) the dozens of voluntary organisations ------(x) credit for leprosy ‗control‘ are putting enough thought, energy, and resources into ------(xi) ‗action plans‘. The disease ------(xii) to defy ------(xiii) management. We have to bring the disease ------(xiv) the open and have it ------(xv) like any other ailment. That we are ------(xiv) to do so on a national scale is a matter of national shame. 5) Choose the correct option for each question:

1. ______of us is planning to volunteer to tutor at least two hours a week. (a) every (b) each (c)all (d)some

2. Although we didn‘t have much snow, our trip ______still very enjoyable. (a) was (b) were (c)is being (d) was been

3. ______Patric and Dominique are from Belgium. (a) each (b)all (c)both (d)we

4. Since leaving the presidency years ago______(a)Ronald Reagan will live in Barbara, California (b)Ronald Reagan to live in Barbara, California (c)Ronald Reagan living in Barbara, California (d)Ronald Reagan has lived in Barbara, California

5.______bothers me most is the high cost of the tuition (a)when (b)what (c)that (d)it

6. It is essential ______here on time. (a)that you be (b)that you are (c)that we are (d)that is

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7. ______is a good time of day to take a walk on the beach. (a)if the sun is not too hot. (b)when the sun is not too hot (c)when the sun is not too hot (d)does the sun not too hot

8. Charlie Chaplin, ______, is considered one of the greatest comics of all time. (a)who was born in England (b)which was born in England (c)who were born in England (d)that was born in England

9. The International Herald Tribune, ______is co-owned by the Washington Post and The New York Times, is headquartered in Paris. (a)that (b)which (c)who (d)where

10. The dean of the architecture school, ______is from Japan, is world famous (a) whom (b)where (c)that (d)who

3. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRITING

An autobiography is the account of the life of an individual which is written by the same individual. It gives details about the person‘s own account of his or her own life and works. Imaginary autobiographies of natural and man-made objects are also written by creative writers. Mahatma Gandhi‘s ―My Experiments with Truth‖ and Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam‘s ―Wings of Fire‖ are very popular autobiographies.

1) How I spent My Last Sunday

Last Sunday was the busiest and the happiest day of my life. I got up early in the morning and accompanied my father to the Railway station. One of his friends was coming by the morning train. We reached the station in time. The train had arrived. My father received his friend. We hired a taxi and drove back home. On the way I requested my father to drop me at Model Basti as I wanted to see my cousin. He did so but asked me to come back by lunch. I reached my uncle‘s house. To my surprise I found that everybody was getting ready to go to the zoo. My uncle‘s car was already at the door. My uncle asked me to accompany them. I was very glad to have this opportunity and so I accompanied them. The car drove towards the zoo. We were there in half an hour. We spent about two hours there and then came to the Connaught Place. It was lunch time now. So we went to a posh hotel and dined there. My uncle paid the bill and we came out. We walked here and there enjoying the beauty of the central park with its velvety soft grass and the huge fountain. It was now the matinee-time. My aunt suggested that we should see a picture. So we went to the Odeon. There was a big crowd at the booking-window. It seemed impossible to get tickets. Luckily the manager knew my uncle. He managed to get the tickets for us. We went in. We enjoyed the picture. The scenes, setting and the music all pleased us. The picture was over a 6.30 P.M. We came out. My uncle brought the car at the gate. We took our seats. My uncle drove us towards India gate and then homewards.

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EXERCISE

I. Write an autobiographical essay on the following topics: 1) My college Computer lab 2) My college Workshop 3) My Leisure time 4) My favourite cricket player 5) My ambition in life

II. Write an autobiography of 1. a computer 2. a car 3. a camera

UNIT - II

4. BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS

A biography is simply the story of a person or the history of the place. Biographies tell the basic facts of someone's life, importance, and basic information.

Biographies are usually about famous or ordinary people. Biography of an ordinary person can tell a lot about a particular time and place. It gives details of historical figures, but it can also be about people who are alive. Biographies analyze and interpret the events in a person's life. It finds connections, explain the meaning of unexpected actions or mysteries, and make arguments about the significance of the person's accomplishments or life activities.

To write a biography a person or thing is selected. The basic facts of the person's life or place or the thing are found out. Important events that happened in the life of the person or important data about the thing are collected. Then they are written in the chronological order and coherence in an interesting manner.

Examples:

ROBOT

A robot by definition is "an automatic device that performs functions normally ascribed to humans or a machine in the form of a human."

The word robot comes from the Czech word robota, which means drudgery or slave-like labor. The word was first used to describe fabricated workers in a fictional 1920s play by Czech author Karel Capek called Rossum‘s Universal Robots. During the play, a scientist invents robots to help people by performing simple, repetitive tasks. However, once the robots are used to fight wars, they turn on their human owners and take over the world.

The word robotics comes from Runaround, a short story published in 1942 by Isaac Asimov. One of the first robots Asimov wrote about was a robo-therapist. A Massachusetts Institute of

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Technology Professor, Joseph Weizenbaum, wrote the Eliza program in 1966, a modern counterpart to Asimov's fictional character. Weizenbaum initially programmed Eliza with 240 lines of code to simulate a psychotherapist. The program answered questions with questions.

Asimov created the four laws of robot behavior, cyber laws all robots had to obey and a fundamental part of positronic robotic engineering. The Isaac Asimov FAQ states, "Asimov claimed that the laws were originated by John W. Campbell in a conversation they had on December 23, 1940. Campbell in turn maintained that he picked them out of Asimov's stories and discussions, and that his role was merely to state them explicitly. The first story to explicitly state the three laws was "Runaround", which appeared in the March 1942 issue of "Astounding Science Fiction". Unlike the Three Laws, however, the Zeroth Law is not a fundamental part of positronic robotic engineering, is not part of all positronic robots, and, in fact, requires a very sophisticated robot to even accept it."

 Law Zeroth: A robot may not injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm.  Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law.  Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law.  Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law.

An early example of robot technology, Grey Walter's "Machina Speculatrix" of the 1940's was recently restored to its working glory after being lost for some years. Walter's "Machina" were small robots that looked like turtles. The restored cyber turtles are freewheeling and light-seeking creatures, propelled by two small electric motors. They roam in any direction with sensor-contacts to avoid obstacles. A photoelectric cell mounted on the steering column helps the turtles search and aim towards the light.

In 1956, an historic meeting occurred between George Devol and Joseph Engelberger. The two met over cocktails to discuss the writings of Isaac Asimov. The result of this meeting was that Devol and Engelberger agreed to work on creating a robot together. Their first robot (the Unimate) served at a General Motors plant working with heated die- casting machines. Engelberger started a manufacturing company called Unimation, which stood for Universal Automation, the first commercial company to produce robots. Devol wrote the necessary patents for Unimation. Unimation is still in production today, with robots for sale.

The technology involved in robotics is growing everyday. In the futures who knows what will come of robots. Eventually, we may never have to work again, and robots may be doing everything for us. Although this does not sound too good, it will be advantageous in the long run. Although robots will be taking our jobs, they will at the same time be opening up new ones. The field of robotics is a very large one, and will be growing for many years to come.

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Steve Jobs of Apple and Bill Gates of Microsoft

Steve Jobs born in Green Bay, Wisconsin on the 24th of February 1995 is the co-founder and CEO of Apple Computer and a leader in Pixar which is a computer animation studio. On the other hand, Bill Gates born in Seattle, Washington on the 28th of October 1955 is married to Melinda French Gates and has three children. Bill Gates is the co-founder and current Chairman and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft. Both started their careers almost at the same time and within the same industry. They are without doubt, two of the most successful and wealthy men in the PC industry. Steve Jobs is a true creative thinker and technological leader while Bill Gates is the opportunity seeker. The competition and rivalry between Gates and Jobs has become one of the most enduring and fascinating in the American business industry. In the end both men are well-known and idolized by many. Although each company has its own philosophy, there is a slight difference between Microsoft's and Apple's philosophies because each philosophy has a different aim. Microsoft's philosophy is; "Make computers accessible to everyone and make it very easy to use" and that is more concerned about making their computers being easy to access and making it as easy as they can for everyone else to use. They both established and co-founded their companies along with another person. Bill Gates co- founded Microsoft with Paul Allen who dropped out of Washington State University to pursue his higher studies and Bill Gates dreamt of writing software commercially for the new personal computers. However, in November 2000 Allen resigned from his position on the Microsoft board. As for Apple, it was co-founded by Steve Jobs Wozniak who is credited with initiating the entry of computers into private homes and he also wrote most of the software that Apple ran. Bill Gates' first achievement was the development of a programming language called BASIC for the Altair computer which is the first commercially successful personal computer. As for Steve Jobs, his first big achievement was Apple II which was the most popular and best selling personal computer of its time. There is a difference between their first achievements because Microsoft first development was software whereas Apple's first product was hardware. Both Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are extremely good in inventing ideas, and developing them and making them into a successful product. This is possible for them because they are not at all afraid of taking any risks and try very hard even if they do not always get it right the first time. An example for this would be MS-DOS for Microsoft and an example for Apple would be The Lisa and the Page Maker. Bill Gates has two books written by him, these books called 'Business @ The speed of Thought' and 'The Road Ahead'. In addition to that, he also has books written about him like 'Bill Gates and the Making of Microsoft Empire.' On the other hand, Steve Jobs does not have any books written by him but there were books written about him like 'The Second Coming of Steve Jobs' and 'Steve Jobs and The Next Big Thing.' No matter how much rivalry or competition, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs achieved a huge amount of success in their own way. They had similarities between them such as co-founding their companies along with another person, Steve Jobs co-founded Apple with Steve Wozniak and Microsoft was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. They were also similar in taking in an idea and developing them without being afraid of facing any risks. Apart from these similarities, Bill Gates and Steve Jobs also had some differences between them; these differences include the fact that both of their companies have their own different and unique philosophy with different aims. Also their first achievements differ because Microsoft's first achievement BASIC was software whereas Apple's first achievement Apple II was hardware. Bill Gate also had 2 books written by him in addition to books written about him but Steve Jobs didn't have the skills to write any books , there were only books written about him by other people.

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Taj Mahal

The Taj Mahal of Agra is one of the Seven Wonders of the World, for reasons more than just looking magnificent. It's the history of Taj Mahal that adds a soul to its majesty: a soul that is filled with love, loss, remorse, and love again. Because if it was not for love, the world would have been robbed of a fine example upon which people base their relationships. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, in the remembrance of love with Mumtaz Mahal, his dear wife. She was a Muslim Persian princess (her name Arjumand Banu Begum before marriage) and he was the son of the Mughal Emperor Jehangir and grandson of Akbar the Great. It was at the age of 14 that he met Mumtaz and fell in love with her. Five years later in the year 1612, they got married.

Mumtaz Mahal, an inseparable companion of Shah Jahan, died in 1631, while giving birth to their 14th child. It was in the memory of his beloved wife that Shah Jahan built a magnificent monument as a tribute to her, which we today know as the "Taj Mahal". The construction of Taj Mahal started in the year 1631. Masons, stonecutters, inlayers, carvers, painters, calligraphers, dome-builders and other artisans were requisitioned from the whole of the empire and also from Central Asia and Iran, and it took approximately 22 years to build what we see today. An epitome of love, it made use of the services of 22,000 laborers and 1,000 elephants. The monument was built entirely out of white marble, which was brought in from all over India and central Asia. After an expenditure of approximately 32 million rupees (approx US $68000), Taj Mahal was finally completed in the year 1653.

It was soon after the completion of Taj Mahal that Shah Jahan was deposed by his own son Aurangzeb and was put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort. Shah Jahan, himself also, lies entombed in this mausoleum along with his wife. Moving further down the history, it was at the end of the 19th century that British Viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project, which was completed in 1908, as a measure to restore what was lost during the Indian rebellion of 1857: Taj being blemished by British soldiers and government officials who also deprived the monument of its immaculate beauty by chiseling out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls. Also, the British style lawns that we see today adding on to the beauty of Taj were remodeled around the same time. Despite prevailing controversies, past and present threats from Indo-Pak war and environmental pollution, this epitome of love continuous to shine and attract people from all over the world.

Favourite National Leader Dr. APJ. Abdul Kalam Abul Phaqir Jain-ul-Abideen Abdul Kalam is known as A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. He is a dynamic personality, very kind in nature and an inspiring Indian to the billions of Indians. He was born on 15th October, 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India. He spent most of his childhood in financial problems and started working at an early age to support his family. His father had to lend his boat to other fishermen. Abdul Kalam was able to tackle the difficulties at a very early age. He sold newspapers around the town. Later he became a living legend, who became popular in the absence or resources and finances. He is a symbol of hard work and excellence to each and every citizen of India. He is a world renowned scientist, an aerospace engineer, professor, and chancellor of the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST). He has also served as the 11th President of India from 25th July 2002 to 2007. He is popularly known as the People's President. Prior to his presidency, Kalam held different posts in DRDO (Defense Research and Development Organisation) and in ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation). He was also the Chief instructor of SLV3 project, and has successfully launched India‘s various missiles like Agni, Akash, Prithvi, Naag, Trishul etc. Owing to the success of this project, he has become famous as ―Missile man of India and all over the world.‖ He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour in 1997. Dr. Kalam was honored with Bharat Ratna even before being elected to the highest office. Moreover he has received thirty honorary doctoral degrees from various universities all over the world. The Government of

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India honoured him with the nation's highest civilian honours: the Padma Bhushan in 1981 and Padma Vibhushan in 1990. Dr. Kalam is a man of vision who has lofty dreams for Mother India. He is secular to the core and hence his great popularity with all sections of society. He reads the Quoran as well as the Gita everyday and greets his visitors with ‗Ram Ram‘ and ‗Salam‘. Apart from reading, he has great interest in Indian classical music and is also a good writer. He is the author of four books, like Wings of Fire, India 2020, My Journey, and Ignited Minds. The first novel Wings of Fire is an autobiography of him. He narrates his own story to success, the great story of a simple boy from a very humble background in a remote corner of India, to a top engineer, a rocket scientist, a great leader and eventually the President of a billion plus people. Right from his childhood, his story is one of sacrifice and struggle. His family also sacrificed a lot to help him succeed and go beyond his small fishing village. His autobiography has anecdotes of the roles various mentors played in his life. He succeeded in his life with the constant motivation and guidance of leaders like Dr.Vikram Sarabhai and Dr.Brahm Prakash. In his book India 2020 Kalam has strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a strong nation by the year 2020. He has regarded his nation as a knowledge superpower. His work projects India's nuclear weapons program as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower. In his third book My Journey Dr. Kalam has given the way of transforming the dreams into actions. It describes the unique experience and anecdotes from his life. It shows the value of education and the good values of life, to be followed by youth. Through this book he has given a great message for every child that "Hard work and piety, study and learning, compassion and forgiveness - these are the cornerstones of life.‖ Ignited Minds: is a book written to unleash the power in India. The people of our nation have the power, and hard work, to realize their dream of a good life. In this book, he has discussed different issues and themes that struck him on his tour around the country where he met thousands of school children, teachers, scientists, saints and seers in the course of two years. The necessity for patriotism transcends religion and politics. We should have role models who point out the path to take, and for confidence in ourselves and in our strengths. Dr. Kalam believed and practiced these principles. Chennai Chennai is formerly known as Madras. It is the capital of the State of Tamil Nadu, India. The name Chennai is derived from Chennai Pattinam. It is located on the coromendel coast of the Bay of Bengal a major commercial, cultural, economic and educational center in South India. The history of the city began when it was under the colonial rule. After the arrival of the British East India Company St. George Fort was established in 1644. Then India got Independence on the 15th of August 1947. Chennai became the capital of TamilNadu. It is famous for its unique Dravidian culture. Chennai is the sixth most populous city in India and fourth populous metropolitan area. It is also called as ―Gate way to South India.‖ It is governed by Chennai Corporation which was established in 1688. It is the oldest municipal corporation in India and the second oldest corporation in the world. A major part of the India‘s automobile industry is in and around the city thus earning the nickname ‗Detroit of India.‘ Chennai is divided into four broad regions. North Chennai is an industrial area. South and west parts Chennai which were previously residential are now becoming commercial, with number of firms, financial companies and call centers. Marina in Chennai is the second largest urban beach in the world. It runs 6 or 7 km spanning the shoreline of the city between the deltas of Koovam and Adayar. Chennai is one of the few cities in the world that accumulates the Guindy National Park, the Tholkappia Poonga and Semmozhi Poonga. Chennai is also known for its architecture, Kapaleeswarar temple in Mylapore and Parthasarathy temple in triplicane is built in the Dravidian architecture. Mamallapuram is an example of Pallava architecture. With the advent of Mugals and British there is a rise in a blend of Hindu the style and Indo-Saroceni style architecture in establishing buildings. The Chepauk Palace, Chennai high court, Southern railway headquarters, Ripen building, Government museum, Senate house of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance building, Victoria public hall, Chennai Central and Egmore railway stations and Santhome Church are examples of blended architecture. In Transport, Chennai serves a major gateway to Southern India. Chennai international airport includes the Anna International terminal and Kamaraj Domestic terminal. Chennai central and

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Egmore terminals are the two main railways and elevated rapid transit system locally known as Chennai metro rail. Chennai is connected to other Indian cities by four major National Highways (NH). The CMBT is one of the largest bus stations in Asia. There are two major artificial ports in Chennai in the Bay of Bengal which serve as water transport. The city is also a host to the oldest museum and the art Gallery. It is a major centre for music art and culture. Bharata Natyam is the oldest dance originated in Tamil Nadu. There is a cultural centre for Bharata Natyam. The Kalakshetra on the beach in South Chennai remains the most visited part of the city. Tourism is well developed. Chennai is base for Tamil cinemas. It is popularly known as kollywood. Many film personalities like Dr. M.G.R, Dr. Karunanidhi and Dr. J. Jayalalitha have become the Chief Minister of TamilNadu. There are more recreation centers in Chennai, the Aringar Anna Zoological par, Marina beach, Elliot‘s beach, Guindy National park, Snake Park. MGM Dizee world, and Queens land, Madras boat club and Gymkhana club. Chennai is home to several malls like IT hub, Express Avenue, Landmark, Citi Centre, Spenser Plaza, Ampa Skywalk, Vijaya Mall, Sathyam Cinemas, and Mayajaal. Chennai has world - class medical colleges and medical facilities including both Government and private hospitals. The Government aided hospitals are General Hospital, Adayar Cancer Institute, TB sanitarium and National Institute of Siddha. The city has been termed Indian Health capital. Our Computer Lab A computer lab is a silent feature in any engineering institution. . Our college has many computer labs. Our computer lab is a cluster of computers that are networked and available for the use of students and faculty. Lab hours are allotted for all the classes. The schedule consists of the days and timings when computer labs are used by certain class students. The maintenance of the lab is very important. It has to be maintained by the faculty members as well as the students. It is instructed not to bring any food or drinks near the machine. The machines have to be turned off when they are not used. The external devices like drives, CD‘s etc have to be scanned for computer viruses before use. It has to be ensured that the temperature in the room stays cool, since there are a lot of machines inside the lab, and these can overheat. The circuit boards and power sockets have to be handled carefully. Always there must be an extra copy of all the important data to avoid any mishaps in future. All the lab equipment have to be mentioned on the board, and also there must be a note of the location of fire extinguishers in the lab for safety. Dust can affect computers adversely; ensure that the machines are cleaned on a regular basis. There are some safety precautions to be followed by the students inside the lab. The students have to bring the manual and observation without fail. Before entering the lab they have to leave their foot wear in the respective place. Once they have entered the lab, strict silence has to be maintained. Later they are supposed to start the computer and start doing their work or program. For every access they have to save the program. The students are not supposed to play games or chat at the time of the lab classes. Eatables are not allowed in the lab. They are not supposed to download or upload MP3. JPG or MPEG files. If any problem occurs in the system, it has to be informed to the faculty – in - charge. The computer in the lab should not be personalized. Screen savers should not be changed. Changing background or changing the video and audio settings should be avoided. Students should not attempt to open any of the proxy website or any unimportant files. It is the responsibility of the student to save the program and shut the computer properly. When they leave the lab strict silence has to be maintained and they should check other things that have been taken. Our lab instructors explain all the programs and give us instructions now and then, so that we work on the systems effectively. We record our work ever week and so everything goes on smoothly. By working in our computer lab, we not only learn many useful computer programmes and languages, but also learn how to maintain a computer also. I like computer lab very much.

EXERCISE 1. Write a biography of Dr.A.P.Abdul Kalam of 300words. 2. Write a Biography of Dynamo of about 300 words. 3. Write a history on the great wall of China , the essay should not exceed more than 300 words.

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5. PROCESS DESCRIPTION

In a process description, the first step is to begin with an overall functioning of the process and then move on to the step by step performance of specific stages. Process description should be in the objective and impersonal style. It must be written in the passive construction. Words should be specific and concrete. Present tense is used.

1. Description of the process of Rice Husk Cement production:

Rice Husk is produced in such a huge quantity in rice mills that its disposal becomes a serious problem. A new process has been evolved to convert it into cement by following a few steps in the process of conversion.

Rice husk and lime sludge are mixed together in equal quantity. The mixing is done so thoroughly that the ingredients cannot be easily separated. Secondly, the mixed substance is made into cakes and dried sufficiently in sunlight. Next, it is burnt in the open in a furnace and as a result, reactive ash is formed which can be ground to powder. The powder is mixed with lime. Now it has acquired the properties of cement.

The cement thus obtained may not have the usual compressive strength of Portland cement. It can, however, be used for constructing small houses in rural areas.

2. The Glass Making Process

Glass can be made from three ingredients. Silica, the most prevalent ingredient in the Earth's crust, is found as quartz and sand. Soda ash, or sodium carbonate, is also used to make glass. This material can be obtained from the ashes of certain plants and from processing salt. Calcium oxide, also known as lime, is another key ingredient of glass and is found in limestone. Silica, soda ash and lime are the main ingredients in glass, but many other chemicals can be added to the mixture to create certain properties. For example, barium is sometimes used to increase glass' brilliance, and boron can be added to increase heat resistance. Chemicals that reduce the melting point of the silica are also frequently used. Sometimes recycled glass, called cullet, is also added. The desired ingredients are mixed and then melted into liquid in large furnaces.

Once glass has been melted, it can be shaped and used in various ways. When blowing glass, a ball of melted glass is placed on the end of a hollow iron tube. Air is then blown into the tube to shape the glass on the other end. Air can be blown in manually or by machine. The glass is reheated often during this process so that it stays pliable. When the glass blower is finished with the piece, it is allowed to cool and is then broken free from the blowing tube. In the pressing method of glass making, the liquid glass is poured into a mold and then pressed into shape by either a machine or a special tool. This is how bowls and ashtrays are made. Glass drawing is used to make flat and tubular pieces, such as glass for windows and test tubes. To make the glass flat, it is placed into a tank along with melted tin. The glass floats on top of the tin. Because the tin has a very smooth surface, the glass floats on top and forms sheets. Tube-shaped glass is poured into a spinning mold. Air is blown through the mold as it spins to keep the cooling glass on the outside edge of the tube.

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Once the glass is finished, it goes through an annealing or tempering process to increase its strength. The annealing process involves making the glass hot again and then allowing it to cool slowly. When glass is tempered it is also reheated, but tempered glass is cooled very quickly with air. Depending on the desired properties, the finished glass can be coated with different materials to further increase strength, reduce glare or add other desired traits.

Short descriptions:

1. Extraction of sugarcane juice:

Well-cleaned sugarcane pieces are inserted into the space between two serrated cylindrical rollers, which are then, rotated manually causing clockwise movements. Sugarcane pieces get crushed and then the extracted juice is collected.

2. Process of silver extraction:

Silver occurs in ores of several metals. The froth process of silver accounts for about 75 per cent of all silver recovered. Here the ore is ground to a powder, placed in large vats containing water suspensions of frothing agents and thoroughly agitated by jets of air. Depending on the agent used, either the silver bearing ore or the gangue adhering to the bubbles of the froth is skimmed off and washed. The final refining is done using electrolysis.

EXERCISE

Describe the process of 1. Operating a bicycle pump and pumping air into a cycle tube.

2. Booking a train ticket at a Reservation Counter.

3. Applying for a B.E/B.Tech seat.

4. Extraction of gold.

5. Manufacture of spartec tiles.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS / SUGGESTIONS

Recommendations are usually made to offer solutions for problems. While writing recommendations, imperatives must be avoided. Recommendations take up the following structure: It is recommended to use/grow/avoid/widen… It is suggested to use/grow/avoid/widen… It is recommended that – be made/grown/taken/widened… It is suggested that ---be made/grown/taken/widened… ----could also be made/grown/taken/widened.

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Examples: a. Write a set of eight recommendations that should be followed to preserve our water resources. 1. It is recommended that rain water harvest be observed by one and all. 2. It is recommended that sand smuggling be curbed with iron hand. 3. It is recommended that soak pits may be dug (and water recycled) to keep the land always moist. 4. It is recommended that Garland Canal Plan be implemented at the earliest. 5. It is recommended that desilting of tanks be undertaken on war-footing. 6. It is recommended that rain water storage tanks be constructed in plenty. 7. It is recommended that afforestation be encouraged to have more rain. 8. It is recommended that awareness programmes be conducted for the people regarding the significance of water. b.Write a set of eight suggestions for the proper maintenance of two-wheelers. 1. It is suggested to check the brakes everyday. 2. It is suggested to maintain the optimum air pressure. 3. It is suggested to clean the spark plug at least once in 15 days. 4. It is suggested not to expose the two wheelers to too much rain or sunshine. 5. It is suggested not to overload the vehicle. 6. It is suggested to service the vehicle regularly. 7. It is suggested to avoid using the clutch frequently. 8. It is suggested to switch off the engine while waiting for the signal c. Write eight recommendations to keep the city free of Air Pollution 1. Lead free fuel can be used. 2. Common modes of transport can be used. 3. Parks and open spaces can be created in cities. 4. Smoking can be banned in public places. 5. Factories can be constructed outside the city limits. 6. Constructing multi-storeyed buildings can be avoided. 7. Saplings can be planted on the road side. 8. Setting fires on the rubbish heaps in the cities can be avoided.

EXERCISE

1. Write a set of eight recommendations for safety measures in nuclear power plants 2. Write a set of eight recommendations for safety measures in a chlorine plant. 3. Write a set of eight important recommendations to a group of students from Europe who have come to spend their one month‘s vacation in India. 4. Water shortage in your home 5. Traffic congestion in your area

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7. INSTRUCTIONS

Instructions find an important place in technical writing. Instructions are made for various purposes such as installing software packages, assembling a piece of equipment, using a new device, trouble shooting and so on. In general, instructions should be clear, precise, understandable, complete and above all user- friendly. To give instructions the root forms of verbs should be used. (root: the part of a word on which the other words are formed)

Eg: ‗walk‘ is the root form of ‗walks‘, ‗walked‘, ‗walking‘ and ‗walker‘.

 Use the imperative form Eg. close the lid…..

 Prefix the instructions with a clear heading that summarises the task.  Begin each step with an action verb  Frame each step in such a way that it focuses on a single task.  Use a numbered list when the order is important. Use a bulleted list (like this list) when the order is not important (for example, when the reader can choose between different options).  Use simple and direct language free from jargon and ambiguity.  Write for your audience and use a level of detail that is suitable to their skill level.  Avoid lists of more than approximately ten steps. If possible, divide a long list of instructions into two or more different tasks.  If numbered steps are not practical, use a standard paragraph format with the appropriate transition words such as ‗first‘, next‘, ‗then‘, ‗finally‘, to show the sequence of action.

Use : Don‘t touch, Shut down, Open only, Wear apron, Handle, Rinse, Get ready, Never board, Move away, Form a queue, etc.,

Examples: Write a set of eight instructions that must be followed in a chemical engineering lab.

1. Do not work in the laboratory barefoot; wear shoes to protect your feet.

2. Do not handle the apparatus and instruments roughly.

3. Do not wear gold ornaments, wrist watch, while working in the lab.

4. Do not allow chemicals to come into contact with your skin.

5. Keep all the doors and windows open.

6. Keep your working place neat and tidy.

7. Switch off the power supply immediately after completing the experiment.

8. Prepare solutions and dilute acids under the guidance of the staff.

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9. Wear apron and gloves while handling chemicals.

10. Take care not to spill the chemicals on the floor.

11. Rinse the apparatus well both before and after use.

12. Handle all glass ware items carefully.

Eight instructions to maintain a computer in good condition:

1. Don‘t touch the cables.

2. Avoid touching the open sockets.

3. Switch off the main supply and open all the doors and windows, in case of sparks or short circuits.

4. Avoid touching the monitor.

5. Shut down the system when it is not in use.

6. Shut down the system properly.

7. Open only minimum number of required sites, while working on the net, for quick access.

8. Don‘t rest your legs anywhere on the stabilizer or UPS.

Eight instructions to save petrol:

1. Don‘t keep the engine running while the vehicle is not in motion.

2. Keep the engine in good condition.

3. Fit the vehicle with an engine that gives high mileage.

4. Service the vehicle regularly; an ill-maintained vehicle consumes more petrol.

5. Avoid clutch driving. Resting one‘s foot on the clutch pedal leads to more fuel consumption.

6. Avoid frequent change of gear to save petrol.

7. Inflate the tyres at an optimum level of air pressure.

8. Use the correct engine oil for the proper functioning of the engine.

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EXERCISE

1. Write a set of eight instructions that must be followed as safety measures in a Chlorine Plant. 2. Write a set of eight instructions to control air pollution in metropolitan cities like Chennai. 3. As the Maintenance Engineer of Software Company, give a set of eight instructions that are to be followed by the lab assistants while handling sophisticated equipment. 4. Write a set of eight instructions that are to be followed by all pedestrians. 5. What instructions would you give your tourist friend from the USA, to make his trip to Chennai, a pleasant one? Give a list of eight important instructions pertaining to food, stay, travel, etc. 6. Write a set of 8 instructions to make your city clean and green.

7. Write a set of 8 instructions advising your younger sister on how to prepare for her Board exams.

8. Write a set of 8 instructions on road safety.

UNIT – III

8. SEQUENCING JUMBLED SENTENCES

SEQUENCING WORDS

The adverbs which are used to show the order in which some process takes place, are called sequencing words. Following are the frequently used sequencing words. (i) first, (ii) firstly, (iii) second, (iv) secondly, (v) then, (vi) next, (vii) after that (viii) now, (ix) later, (x) finally, (xi) lastly, (xii) afterwards, etc. Examples: 1. After I finished the work, I went to the market. 2. First write the register number. Then write the other particulars. 3. At first, put potassium chlorate in the test tube. Then add manganese dioxide. After the test tube is closed, heat it using a burner. 4. First find out the different engineering colleges. Next select some popular colleges.

LOGICAL SEQUENCING OF SENTENCES USING CONNECTIVES Sentences can be arranged in the logical sequence by identifying the connectives, link words and pronouns like (it, they, them etc.,) in the sentences and arranging the sentences according to them.

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Example: Jumbled order: 1. Secondly, we can heat the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then allow it to cool at different rates. 2. We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways. 3. Annealing has a second advantage. 4. In the process known as annealing, we heat the steel above the critical temperature and permit to cool very slowly. 5. This causes the metal to become softer than before, and much easier to machine. 6. At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place on the molecular structure of the metal. 7. It helps to relieve any internal stresses, which exist in the metal. 8. In the first place, steel, which contains very little carbon, will be milder than steel, which contains a higher percentage of carbon. Sequenced order (clues are underlined): 1. We can alter the characteristics of steel in various ways. (topic sentence with key words) 2. In the first place, steel, which contains very little carbon, will be milder than steel, which contains a higher percentage of carbon. (first ordinal, sequencing phrase) 3. Secondly, we can heat the steel above a certain critical temperature, and then allow it to cool at different rates. at different rates. (second ordinal, sequencing word; certain – introductory) 4. At this critical temperature, changes begin to take place on the molecular structure of the metal. (this – pronoun demonstrating the critical temperature mentioned in the previous sentence. 5. In the process known as annealing, we heat the steel above the critical temperature and permit it to cool very slowly. (continuation of the heating process) 6. This causes the metal to become softer than before, and much easier to machine. (this – pronoun demonstrating the use of annealing process) 7. Annealing has a second advantage. (second advantage) 8. It helps to relieve any internal stresses, which exist in the metal. (it – pronoun demonsrating the second advantage).

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EXERCISE

Arrange the following jumbled sentences into a coherent paragraph with the help of the connectives or link words. 1. i) Another disadvantage is that diesel engines are difficult to start in cold weather. ii) For one, the higher compression that makes the diesel more efficient necessitates the use of heavier engine components. iii) Thirdly, diesel engines have been noted for their loud noise and vibration. iv) However, the popularity of diesel engines still continues, because the price of diesel is low when compared to the price of petrol. v) Finally, these engines are known for the emission of heavy smoke. vi) The diesel engine, an increasingly popular engine in automobiles has its own disadvantages. vii) But, plugs are available to preheat the engines to provide easier starting. viii) Therefore, diesel engines remain heavier than petrol engines.

2. 1.In the long term, certain chemicals in tobacco smoke intensify the damage in the lung region. 2.But, giving up smoking progressively reduces such risks of lung cancer. 3.Consequently, the mucus remains and starts accumulating in the lungs, making them liable to infection. 4. However, without any doubt it can be said that smoking is injurious to health. 5. The damage caused to the lungs and respiratory passages inhibits the process that removes mucus and dust particles. 6. There is overwhelming statistical and experimental evidence to associate smoking with diseases like lung cancer and coronary heart attacks. 7. This, in turn, induces cancer in the lung tissues. 8. Apart from early death from these two diseases, heavy smokers suffer from persistent coughs which damage the lungs.

3. 1. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language. 1. Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions. 2. Many of these symbols of whole words are very picturesque and exact and can be used internationally. 3. Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. 4. Other forms of non-linguistic language can be found in Braille, signal flags, Morse code and smoke signals. 5. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.

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6. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. 7. Nonetheless, verbalization is the most common form of communication.

4. 1. The dissolved cellulose is formed into threads by a technical process. 2. This fibre is, in fact, a reconstituted natural fibre. 3. After that, they are dried on a heated roller. 4. The cellulose is obtained from shredded wood pulp. 5. Finally, they are wound on to a bobbin. 6. It is made by dissolving cellulose in a solution of sodium hydroxide. 7. The threads are drawn from the setting bath of dilute sulphuric acid. Then, they are wound on reel and washed. 8. Rayon is a man-made fibre.

5. 1.Antartica which is regarded as a continent by itself is located in this southern polar region. 2. Geographers have found that there are some important differences between the Northern and southern polar regions of the earth. 3. Antartica is snow-bound almost throughout the year, but the snow in the arctic melts in summer. 4. The Arctic region, in the north, is mostly sea, surrounded by masses of land. 5. But, on the whole, both the Polar Regions help nature, in maintaining the ecological balance. 6. The southern pole, on the other hand, is situated in a land mass surrounded by oceans. 7. Both the regions, in general, have very cold climate. 8. The winter in the Arctic is not as severe as the Antarctica.

6. 1. The reactor heats the water which is circulated and converted directly or indirectly to steam. 2. The uranium fuel is kept in the reactor‘s core and the reactor is controlled by control rods which can be driven into and out of the core. 3. The cooling tower needs a supply of cool water from a river or the sea. 4. The steam drives a turbine generator which produces energy in the ordinary way. 5. This is a concrete structure designed to prevent the escape of radiation from the core. 6. The cold water is circulated by a feed water pump back through the hot part of the reactor. 7. The core is usually enclosed in a pressure vessel which is surrounded by a biological shield. 8. Exhaust steam is converted back into water by means of a condenser which uses water from a cooling tower.

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9. CHANNEL CONVERSION

A flowchart is defined as a pictorial representation describing a process studied or even used for planning project stages. Flowcharts tend to provide people with a common language or reference point when dealing with a project or a process. A flowchart illustrates the steps in a process. Guidelines to be followed while transcoding flow chart:  Take a good look at the given chart or table.  Understand the meanings of the code symbols.  Interpret and understand messages from the figures or pictures.  Prepare a rough draft.  Arrange these messages logically.  Compare and contrast the ideas.  Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence.

This flow chart describes the various stages/steps in ------This flow chart describes the process of ------

 Use link words to connect the sentences in transcoding a flow chart.

At first, initially, then, until, thereafter, obtained from, finally, derived from, subsequently etc.

 Use expressions of comparison and contrast (whereas, in contrast to, on the other hand, but, still etc.) while transcoding a bar diagram.

EXERCISE 1. Convert the following flow-chart into a paragraph of about 150 words. Use an introductory and concluding sentence with proper sequential expressions and appropriate connectives. Extraction of Silver

Ores of Silver Metals

Extraction by Froth Process

Ground Frothing Agents

Agitation Air

Skimmed

Washed

Electrolytic Purification

75% silver recovered

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Answer: This flow chart describes the process of extraction of silver from its ores. Silver occurs in ores of several metals. Firstly the ore is ground to powder. Then the frothing agents are added to the powder and it is thoroughly agitated by air. The silver bearing ore is skimmed off and washed. The final refining is done using electrolysis. Through this froth process 75% of silver is extracted from its ore.

Note: When you transcode a passage into a flow chart each step should have an active verb or the device or equipment used in the process should be mentioned.

2. Study the flow chart and describe the various steps involved before pure water is distributed to the consumer.

Surface Source Lake, river, pond, reservoir Screening

Sedimentation aided with coagulation

Filtration [Microbes]

Chlorination

Storage Tank

Distribution

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10. PARAGRAPH WRITING Objectives: Understanding paragraph structure  Knowing the principles of paragraph writing  Understanding the concept of unity in a paragraph and discuss how to write and develop topic sentences  Knowing how to connect ideas logically within a paragraph  Understanding the logical development of a paragraph. A paragraph can be designed as a distinct section of a piece of prose writing. It consists of several related sentences and deals with one controlling idea. This controlling idea is called the topic or the theme of the paragraph. The main function of a paragraph is to develop, support, exemplify, or explain this theme. Writing an effective paragraph involves adopting a careful writing plan that ensures proper length, unity, coherence, and logical development of ideas. Proper Length Effective paragraphs vary in length. Paragraph length should be adjusted according to the needs and requirements of the readers, subject matter, writing, style, variety, and emphasis. Unity Unity should be maintained within a paragraph. Only one idea should be developed and every sentence in the paragraph should be used to support and expand that idea. Deviations or useless digressions should be avoided. Coherence Coherence shows the logical relationship between the elements and the construction. While unity is concerned with singleness, coherence is concerned with relatedness; this is how the sentences in a paragraph are connected. Logical Development of Ideas A paragraph should be developed in a logical manner. It should be organized in such a way that one sentence leads on naturally to the next. An appropriate method of development, which depends on the nature of the topic discussed, may be used. One of the common ways of creating cohesion in a text is the use of certain fixed words and phrases denoting different kinds of relationships like addition, comparison, illustration, concession, etc. Some of the more important ones are:

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Addition: and, against, also, besides, finally, furthermore, moreover, next one, another, last, in addition, etc. Time: first, second, etc., soon, before after, finally, then, later, next, former, later, afterwards, at length, immediately, meanwhile, in the meantime, until, etc. Place: here, there, beyond, nearly, opposite to, adjacent to, on the opposite side, etc. Purpose: to this end, for this purpose, with this object, etc. Comparison and contrast: however, but, yet, still, nonetheless, on the contrary, nevertheless, instead, on the one hand, in contrast, although, meanwhile, etc. Example: for example, for instance, to illustrate, the following example, etc. Concession: although, it is true that, granted, naturally, although you could say that, of course, etc. Conclusion, summary and result: in summary, in conclusion, to conclude, to sum up, in brief, in sum, in short, as I have said, as stated before, in other words, to be sure, as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, thus, in fact, indeed, etc. Using these words and phrases, various types of paragraphs like general, statistical, descriptive, narrative, analytical, comparative, argumentative and evaluative paragraphs are written. Cause and effect paragraph A cause is a reason for, or events leading up to. An effect is the results of a cause or causes. Having the skill to think in the mode of cause and effect is a key to victory in daily situations. A cause and effect paragraph analyzes the causes or effects of a certain situation. Transitional Expressions for Cause & Effect To Show Causes  the first cause (second, third)  the first reason (second, third)  yet another factor  because  is caused by  results from To Show Effects  one important effect  another result  a third outcome  as a result  consequently  then, next, therefore, thus, so

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Avoiding Problems in Cause and Effect Writing

1. Do not oversimplify 2. Do not confuse time order with causation 3. Do not confuse causes and effects

Here are some examples of a cause paragraph:

Courage At A Cost Many people believe that the act of courage lies within each individual, and these acts of courage can be brought out by three possible causes. The first cause, and the most obvious, is provocation. Often times this is seen in movies where the villain kidnaps and threatens to kill the hero's family. More often that not, the hero finds it within himself to put aside his fears and overcome near impossible odds to save the day. The majority of the time it is direct threats such as this one that provoke human nature to acts of courage. The second cause is a purpose. In 2001, the Twin Towers fell to terrorist attacks. Military enlistments reached all time highs as many men and women joined the armed forces. For many of these people, the prospect of serving their country, and gaining revenge for the cowardice acts of the terrorists were the only reasons necessary for their courage. The third cause is a belief in a higher power. The presence of God gives many people the courage to do things they would not be able to do otherwise. His words play clearly in their minds," Be strong and of good courage", because: "the lord thy god is with thee whithersoever thou goest"(bible reference). According to God and his followers, his presence is enough cause for courage. For these people, their courage knows no boundaries. Whatever your inspiration for courage may be, you can just about bet it was brought on by one of these three underlying circumstances.

The Hard Life of Farmers The lack of rain and snow has horrible effects on farmers. With no rain their land dries up, and it is very difficult to grow anything. When the crops fail, the farmers haven't any choice but to get a second job in order to make the money they need. Farming is a full time job and with a second job, farmers are overworked, stressed and even depressed. Many farmers end up selling their land. Some farmers have accepted the government program the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which is the land, is left idle to let the grass grow and must be left idle a certain number of years. While the land is in the CRP program, some farmers have taken outside jobs. That is why when it doesn't rain, most of the farmers are very crabby.

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The Effects of Underage Drinking Underage drinking has many costly consequences. Adolescents don‘t consider anything before making the decision to drink. One costly effect is a criminal record that never goes away, unless you happen to be under the age of eighteen. With a criminal record job application may be hindered or employers may see that the other candidate has a clear record; therefore the employer may choose the other applicant. Other results are the penalties they receive during court appearances. Depending on the severity of the crime punishment could include, expensive fines, drivers license revocation, community service, and if you happen to be a repeat offender, jail time. Jail time, community service, and driver‘s license revocation can interfere with your day-to-day activities putting a damper in your life at that time. Fines are just payments that could have been avoided; I see them as wasting hard earned money for a night of fun. A third outcome of underage drinking could result in expulsion from a schools‘ athletic team. If the student is in college the result could be loss of a scholarship. Another very devastating effect is the loss of respect among peers, parents, and other people associated with the offender. Even if it is just beer others could assume that you would break the law in other areas. Although the consequences are always prevalent, some adolescents still choose to risk it to have what they believe is a good time.

Dropping Out For many teenagers, there are numerous negative factors that can lead them to give up on their education and drop out of school. The first cause is that many teenagers lack positive role models in their lives. The lack of an encouraging adult in their lives can cause them to think negatively about themselves and it does not allow them to live up to their full potential. Also, the lack of a positive role model can cause them to get involved with the wrong kind of people and activities. When students get involved in these types of negative situations, they usually don't focus on school. This can lead many impressionable young children to give up on their education. Another factor that cause a student to give up on school is a lack of determination. If they're not determined to graduate, it can be very difficult for them to stay in school. Many students find it difficult to stay focused on school when they when they feel that getting an education is useless. Some students only attend school because they are forced to and they are not there to further their education. The third and final factor is peer pressure. Many students give into pure pressure very easily. If the pure pressure is negative, this can lead them into drugs and alcohol. The drugs and alcohol can cause them to drop out very easily because that is the only thing that they are focused on and it can easily ruin a child's life.

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Pollution

Pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings; which brings about changes that affect our normal lifestyles adversely. Pollutants are the key elements or components of pollution which are generally waste materials of different forms. Pollution disturbs our ecosystem and the balance in the environment. With modernization and development in our lives pollution has reached its peak; giving rise to global warming and human illness. Pollution occurs in different forms; air, water, soil, radioactive, noise, heat/ thermal and light. The causes and effects of pollution on mankind and the environment are:

Causes of Pollution

Air Pollution occurs due to many reasons. Excessive burning of fuel which is a necessity of cooking, driving and other industrial activities releases a huge amount of chemical substances paves way for air pollution.

Water Pollution occurs due to the dumping of the industrial wastes into the rivers. Also spraying insecticides, pesticides like DDT on plants pollutes the ground water system and oil spills in the oceans have caused irreparable damage to the water bodies. Eutrophication is another big source; it occurs due to daily activities like washing clothes, utensils near lakes, ponds or rivers.

Soil pollution occurs due to incorporation of unwanted chemicals in the soil due to human activities. Use of insecticides and pesticides absorbs the nitrogen compounds from the soil making it unfit for plants to derive nutrition from. Release of industrial waste, mining and deforestation also exploits the soil. Since plants can‘t grow properly, they can‘t hold the soil and this leads to soil erosion.

Noise pollution is caused when noise which is an unpleasant sound affects our ears and leads to psychological problems like stress, hypertension, hearing impairment, etc. It is caused by machines in industries, loud music, etc.

Radioactive pollution is highly dangerous when it occurs. It can occur due to nuclear plant malfunctions, improper nuclear waste disposal, accidents, etc.

Thermal/heat pollution is due to the excess heat produced from huge number of industrial plants, deforestation and air pollution.

Light pollution occurs due to prominent excess illumination of an area. It is largely visible in big cities, on advertising boards and billboards, in sports or entertainment events at the night.

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Effects of Pollution

1. Environment Degradation : Environment is the first casualty for increase in pollution weather in air or water. The increase in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to smog which can restrict sunlight from reaching the earth. Photosynthesis is getting affected because of this. Gases like Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide can cause acid rain. Water pollution in terms of Oil spill may lead to death of several wildlife species.

2. Human Health: The decrease in quality of air leads to several respiratory problems including asthma or lung cancer. Air pollution causes diseases like chest pain, congestion, throat inflammation, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease. Water pollution may pose skin related problems including skin irritations and rashes. Similarly, noise pollution leads to hearing loss, stress and sleep disturbance.

3. Global Warming: The emission of greenhouse gases particularly CO2 is leading to global warming. Because of construction of new industries, plying of more number of cars and felling of trees lead to increase in CO2 in the environment. The increase in CO2 leads to melting of polar ice caps which increases the sea level and pose danger for the people living near coastal areas.

4. Ozone Layer Depletion: Ozone layer is the thin shield high up in the sky that stops ultra violet rays from reaching the earth. As a result of human activities, chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), were released into the atmosphere which contributes to the depletion of ozone layer.

5. Infertile Land: Due to constant use of insecticides and pesticides, the soil may become infertile. Various forms of chemicals produced from industrial waste is released into the flowing water which also affects the quality of soil.

Pollution not only affects humans but also affects the nature, plants, fruits, vegetables, rivers, ponds, forests, animals, etc, on which they are highly dependent for survival. It is crucial to control pollution as the nature, wildlife and human life are precious gifts to the mankind.

DESCRIPTIVE PARAGRAPH

Description - Definition

A detailed account of the certain or salient aspects, characteristics, or features of a subject matter or something seen, heard, or otherwise experienced or known. In a descriptive paragraph, the main purpose is to deal with how something functions. It includes the different stages of performance.

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TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

A scanner:

A desktop scanner is usually composed of a glass pane, under which there is a bright light (often xenon or cold cathode fluorescent) which illuminates the pane, and a moving charge- coupled device. Colour scanners typically contain three rows of charge-coupled device elements with red, green, and blue filters. Images to be scanned are placed face down on the glass, the light turns on, and the charge-coupled device and light source move across the pane reading the entire area. An image is therefore visible to the charge-coupled device because of the light it reflects. Transparent images do not work in this way, and require special accessories that illuminate them from the upper side.

Some models are equipped with an ‗automatic document feed‘ or ‗ADF‘ feature, which allows the user to place a stack of pages into a hopper, from which each page is automatically fed individually into the scanner. The highly volatile charge-coupled device remains still during automatic document feed scanning, while the page is moved through the scanner by rollers at a constant rate. A separate exit hopper collects the pages after they are scanned.

ARGUMENTATIVE PARAGRAPH

LED TECHNOLOGY

A relatively low-energy means of emitting light, light emitting diode (LED) technology is used in many electronic devices used frequently in the average home. LED is different from the standard light bulb seen in most homes because it uses an electrified semiconductive material to produce light instead of an electrified filament. A nearly omnipresent form of lighting, LED technology is used in computers, televisions, remote controls, and flashlights, as well as in signs, traffic lights, and architectural and stage lighting.

In an LED light, electrified energy causes the semiconductor contained inside the LED bulb to emit light. Used to produce blue or white light, nitride is one of the most common semiconductors applied in LED modules. LED technology is used in newer television sets, where it is a replacement for the cathode ray tube (CRT) lighting which was common in the past. In LED televisions, clusters of LED diodes are arranged into panels that are triggered to light and colour the picture on the screen. Televisions lit with LED technology are more energy efficient, slimmer in profile, lighter weight, and more environment- friendly in disposal than the old CRT televisions, but they are also more expensive.

Though the use of LED technology for simple lighting is more costly to set up than lighting with standard bulbs, LED technology offers a number of advantages. Because the tiny metal thread known as the filament is prone to heat weakening and breakage, LED bulbs are more durable and long-lasting than standard filament bulbs. They are less prone to breakage than fluorescent bulbs and they consume much less energy than either standard light bulbs or fluorescent bulbs.

LED diodes can be designed to have one colour, or they can be designed to have several colours of light contained within one diode. The ability to change colour using multi-colored LED diodes powers many high-tech LED screen like those used on large LED signs. The

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LED screen at the Fremont Street Experience in Las Vegas, Nevada, is among the largest true LED screens in the world. Though Las Vegas is well-known for its flashy lights and impressive LED signage, the screen, called Viva Vision, is significantly larger than any other LED panel in the city, extending about five football fields long and powered by approximately 12 million LED diode modules.

In addition to its applications in business and architectural design, LED technology can also be used for fun and entertainment. Countless inexpensive novelty LED items provide an array of interesting lighting for party favors. LED bulbs power many flashy toys, including glowing ice cubes, flashing jewelry, multicolored LED hair clips and scintillating belt buckles. Decorations lit by LED are often used to lend a high-tech futuristic look to an event or party.

COMPARATIVE PARAGRAPH

Comparison between Human brain and the Computer

A living brain can be thought of as a device for processing information. A computer is a man- made device for processing information. The human brain weighs about 1.5 Kg. whereas the weight of the computer varies from a few grams to tons. While blood glucose is the source of energy for the human brain, the computer works on the power drawn from electricity. The human brain needs a fairly steady temperature for its effective function. On the other hand, the computer is not very sensitive to temperature changes. Both the human brain and computer have same number of parts i.e. approximately 10. The human brain has unlimited capacity of memory. Though the computer also has a vast memory power, its memory capacity is limited to technology. If the speed of calculation is compared between the human brain and computer, computer is faster in calculation than human brain. However, a computer can never function on its own unless it given commands for operation. Though the computers today have ‗Artificial Intelligence‘, no man-made device can ever match the wonderful functions of human brain. (ii) Comparison between calculators and the computer: It can very well be said that computers evolved from calculators. Calculators are cheaper than computers. While the computers rely on electricity for its power needs, calculators can use either batteries or solar power as its power source. With regard to the speed of calculation, it is relatively slower in calculators than in the computers. The memory power is also less in calculators than in the computers. Calculators can be used only for calculation whereas computers can do wonders from calculation to simulation. Thus in all aspects computers prove superior to the calculators.

ANALYTICAL PARAGRAPH

Electronic Media and its impact on Society:

The radio, television and the internet, mobile phones, e-books, i-pods/MP3, are termed as electronic media. Some of these which were unknown in the past have now become very powerful in the hands of people. For instance, a mobile phone can be used to communicate as well as take videos, send and receive short or text messages, surf the net and store valuable information. These are used by businessmen and educational and spiritual institutions to communicate and advertise. Further, the internet has become an important media of learning as most books are converted to e-books and are easily available for reading.

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The effect of this media is unmanageable. It has minimized distance and now communication can be sent and received instantly. It has helped the business, trade and service sectors to become rich and popular. However, people are all the time browsing the internet or with their hand phones. They don‘t play games or do exercises like before and are therefore becoming dull and lazy. The proverb, ―All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy‖ is apt in this context. As all kinds of information are available on this media, there is rise in the crime, violence and indiscipline.

Examples:

1. Write two paragraphs comparing a Newspaper and a Television. The newspaper and the television are both powerful parts of the mass media. Gutenberg invented printing in 1456 and this great invention made it possible to have newspapers. These newspapers were a cheap but reliable source of information and they were able to spread information all over the world within a few hours. In addition to news, very soon, entertainment, education and advertisement became an integral part of a newspaper. In the early 20th century, A.L Baird invented the television. This created a great revolution in the field of entertainment, education and journalism. While the newspapers were able to give news, education and other things in the printed form, the television was able to give the same things in an audio – visual form and so, now there is a constant debate as to which is the better of the two. The newspaper is a cheap source of information and entertainment, whereas, the television is a comparatively costly source. A newspaper is seen as a dull necessity but the television is considered a necessary luxury. Only literate people can make effective use of the newspaper but the television can make a great impact even on illiterate people. A newspaper takes a few hours to gather, draft, print and publish its contents while the television can do a live relay and flash news across the globe in just a few seconds. Clubbed with an audio-visual appeal, a television has the power of animation. Since movement is involved, a television becomes more powerful than a newspaper. But, as newspapers are printed in many cities in country, local news gets a lot of coverage every day, along with world news, while this is not possible on television. On the other hand, newspapers can be stored and referred to in the future, whereas, this is not possible with a television. Any part of a newspaper‘s content can be read at any part of the day, whenever we want, but a television offers specific programmes at specific hours and so we cannot access them whenever we want. A newspaper can be purchased easily from any street corner, referred to and thrown away, but the same is impossible with regard to a television. When all these points are thought of, we must say that although the newspaper and the television are in constant strife, one can never out beat the other. Each has its own unique role to play in society and so both go hand in hand in the minds of people.

2. Write two paragraphs about problems in transport and offer your solutions to solve the problem. Transport, today, has reached such a humongous size that it is becoming a threat. On one hand, we have to think of managing the traffic. On the other hand, we have to think of dealing with the effect of this huge and ugly giant on the roads. Day to day traffic has risen to such an alarming level that driving has become a feared task. There are many reasons for this increase in traffic. Some of them are increase in vehicles, lack of good public transportation like buses and trains, bad roads, ignoring traffic rules, lack of good infrastructure on roads,

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high pedestrian traffic, bad driving. The result of this is pollution, confusion on roads, accidents and unnecessary waste of time. Peak hour traffic is another factor that is feared by many people. Of all the problems arising due to traffic, the worst are accidents resulting in loss of limbs and life. How can this issue that causes so much of concern and fear be solved? Firstly, awareness regarding road safety needs to be spread among people. Drivers of vehicles must be oriented towards safe and courteous driving. Violators of road safety rules must be given stringent punishment. The number of buses and metro trains must be increased drastically. This will prevent people from travelling on footboards and thus reduce resulting accidents. Roads must be widened and flyovers must be built. Good roads must be laid so that vehicles need not be slowed at pot holes along the roads. Vehicles should be serviced regularly and maintained well so as to prevent their break down. This will also reduce pollution from exhaust fumes of vehicles. The government can speed up projects like the Metro Rail so that traffic congestion on roads is eased. Proper maintenance of public facilities like bus and railway terminals will attract more people towards using these facilities. This will in turn make people turn away from using their own vehicles which will result in less number of private vehicles on the roads. Car pooling and using shared modes of transport can be popularized among people. When all these are looked into, road travel will become safe and pleasurable in India. (The 2nd paragraph can be used for Letter to the Editor as ‗Suggestions‘. It can also be used for Instructions – Remember to start with a Verb for Instructions – eg. Punish violators strictly. Widen the roads. Service the vehicles regularly. Use car pools whenever possible.)

3. Write two paragraphs on Computer, its advantages and disadvantages. The computer was invented by Charles Babbage in 1837 in the simplest form. Today super computers, mainframe computers, mini computers, micro computers, desktop (personal) computers and laptop computers are available for our use. Even digital watch computers are available. Everything in our life is connected with computer technology. Computers are used at home, shops, banks, offices and many other places. Computers manage power supply, telephone networks, and business transactions. Computer technology is used in the educational field also. One of the widely used computer applications is the internet. Internet has become a part of the modern classroom. Computers are used by both students and teachers. They use computers for communication, sharing information and research work. Through e-mails we can send messages to friends and relatives in different countries. It will save the cost and effort of posting. Through the internet of the computer we can chat with people in any part of the world. E-commerce helps us to do business through internet. By means of net banking or online transactions, we can transfer money from one account to another account without going to the bank. So, late payment and losing the papers are avoided. Video conferencing is also possible through the internet. Nowadays interviews are conducted in this method. With the help of web cameras we can see and speak to people even in other countries. E-booking helps us to book train, flight and other tickets. We need not go and wait in person to get tickets. A computer is very comfortable, convenient and helpful to us. It finishes our work in a very short time. We can carry laptops wherever we want. Using a computer will help to develop our computer skills. Computers have some disadvantages also. When students use computers for everything, they don‘t have live social interaction. So their social and emotional growth is affected .Finding solutions to difficult problems is easy with computers. So people use computers for even small things and they become dependents on computers. Working for a long time on the computer affects our eyesight and general health. A computer can never fully replace teachers in classrooms. Since computer technology is developing very fast, new versions are often

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introduced and computers are constantly updated. So buying a computer, its accessories and software is expensive. Computers have led to cyber crimes also. Mischief doers damage the contents of a computer by introducing "computer virus", a program capable of altering or erasing computer memory, into a computer system. Hacking others‘ information from internet has also become a major cyber crime. Gradually it leads to culture deterioration. Computers are really comfortable and useful for us. But we must remember to use them in a reasonable way.

4. Write two paragraphs on Alternative energy sources or Discuss the alternative energy sources in two paragraphs. Energy is the important driving force of our lives. Due to population explosion, industrial growth, and continuous technological development, the existing energy sources are getting depleted. Energy is used in factories, transport, communication networks and various other operations. Non-renewable sources of energy like fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas are getting depleted. So it is necessary to find alternative sources of energy. Natural sources like sun, wind, geothermal, ocean, biogas and biomass can form good substitutes. Solar energy is the most powerful renewable energy. It can give 1000 times more energy than what we need. Research has been developed to store this energy with the help of hydrogen and other mechanical or electrical devices. Solar energy can be generated in large quantity in India, because India lies in the tropical zone where sunlight is abundant for a major part of the year. Photo voltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity. Electricity from solar energy has various applications like in pump sets for irrigation and drinking water supply. It is used to power street lights, community TV sets, medical refrigerators and other small power loads in rural areas. Solar heaters, solar drier of agricultural and animal products, solar distillers, salt producers, solar cookers, solar furnaces and food refrigerators are widely used now. House and office buildings are energized with this ‗green‘ power. Wind is the other surplus non-renewable source of energy. Presently wind energy is generated in huge volume. But, the generation of this energy is comparatively expensive and the efficiency of energy conversion is not very high. Wind energy is being utilized around for thousands of years. A capacity of 1,250 MWe of commercial wind power is generated in Tamilnadu, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The largest projects in Tamilnadu are in Muppandal and Perungudi Kanyakumari district. Recently, Hydrogen energy has drawn considerable attention. It has two advantages: it is non-polluting and it is available in large quantity in our planet. An additional advantage of hydrogen is its calorific value which is thrice as much powerful as that of petrol and the highest of all the fuels. Pedal power is another alternative energy which is practiced in countries like Philippines. It is the most efficient use of the muscles of the human body. Pedal power, is generated using either a bicycle-like pedal arrangement or a treadle mechanism. This energy can be used to power agricultural equipment, water pumps, grinders and electric generators. Research is going on to convert vegetable oil into bio-diesel. Jatropha plants and Pongamia trees can yield sizeable quantities of vegetable oil seeds. There is a plan to grow these plants. By 2030, it is estimated to meet 40 percent of the India‘s diesel requirements by producing ‗green diesel- bil-diesel‘. Energy can be obtained from geothermal and tidal sources also. Thus, efforts are being made throughout India/ the globe to find substitutes for the depleting conventional/ non - renewable sources of energy.

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5. Internet – uses and abuses: One of the greatest inventions of our time is the internet. Computer experts were able to access net in olden days. But in the present scenario, every individual especially literates can access the net and also use the computer. Internet is the storehouse of information. There are several millions of pages of information available on the internet. Any information can be easily gathered on any topic that one can think of. Communicating with any of the millions of users of the internet is possible using e-mail. Sending messages through e-mail is simple, easy and comparatively very cheap and fast when compared to the postal letter. Interactive chat sessions with other users can be done easily anywhere in the world though internet. News group discussion can be formed through internet. Learning a lot on any topic of our choice has become cheaper and quicker. The contribution of internet for the advancement of education and medicine is manifold. Some of the major advantages of internet are: publishing the research papers, journals and magazines, reservation of tickets, transfer of funds, advertising for new products, watching free public domain programmes, searching specific information, learning a language, taking part in multimedia conferencing, etc. Internet has its own disadvantages as well. Cyber crime is the most notorious disadvantage and the whole world is petrified of it. The debit and credit card passwords can be easily traced out and transaction of money is done without the knowledge of the account holder. Youngsters access the porn sites and watch movies which affect their character very much. Moreover the exceptional incident in a part of the world becomes the exemplary incident for everybody. For instance, cheating the public, illicit affair and young age pregnancy are brought to the limelight and the rest of the society is getting spoiled.

6. Impact of media on youth: It is impossible to think of a world without media. Media has become indispensable in everyone‘s life. Media comprises newspaper, television, radio, movies and above all internet. It has many advantages and its impact on youth is immense. Media brings out the talents of the younger generations. They exhibit their talents through media and this perks them up to achieve more. Youth immediately respond to the calls whenever they are asked to give a helping hand for a righteous cause. Nowadays the welfare homes of destitute women and orphan children have risen because of the media. Media depicts the plight of these people exactly and so they have been taken care of by the public and the government in a proper manner. Internet facility helps in learning and updating the knowledge about the recent developments in various fields. Internet facilities are available even at home. Like a coin of two sides, youth are distracted because of media. They take their favorite heroes and heroines as their role models and try to dress up like them and follow their mannerisms irrespective of their position and cadre. Affliction caused on the females, abuse of children and extreme violence in the movies and tele-serials add fuel to the fire. Smoking, drinking alcohol and using drugs of different modes are clearly visualized in many of the movies and this, of course, corrupts the minds to a great extent. The culture of the other part of the world is picturised well and youth get impressed by it. Ultimately our culture is deteriorating. On top of all these, internet paves way for blemishing womanhood. Disgusting and offensive sham pictures of well known personalities are released in the net. The present day youth should decide by themselves, the way in which media can be utilized.

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7. Write two paragraphs comparing Human brain and the Computer. A living brain can be thought of as a device for processing information. A computer is a man- made device for processing information. The human brain weighs about 1.5 Kg whereas the weight of the computer varies from a few grams to tones. While blood glucose is the source of energy for the human brain, the computer works on the power drawn from electricity. The human brain needs a fairly steady temperature for its effective function. On the other hand, the computer is not very sensitive to temperature changes. The human brain has unlimited capacity for memory. Though the computer also has a vast memory power, its memory capacity is limited by technology. If the speed of calculation is compared between the human brain and computer, computer is faster in calculation than human brain. However, a computer can never function on its own unless it is given commands for its operation. With regard to the memory, human brain may have forgetfulness. But computer has very good memory and the information can be traced easily within seconds. Though the computers today have ‗Artificial Intelligence‘, no man-made device can ever match the wonderful functions of human brain.

By estimation, the brain has about 100 million MIPS (Million Instructions per Second) worth of processing power while recent super-computers only have a few million MIPS worth in processor speed. This study says that the brain is still the winner in the race. The human brain is capable of thinking a concept in different angles, whereas a computer can think only within the circle of stored information. Thus, the computer cannot beat the human brain in terms of analyzing capacity.

8. Write two paragraphs on uses and abuses of nuclear power. Today the world is developing in leaps and bounds. Due to this, there is a growing need for electricity. India‘s renewable energy programme is one of the world‘s largest power programmes. India is keen on establishing nuclear power stations within the country. At present, there are 14 nuclear power plants in the country. But, Electricity produced in these plants helps to meet only 3% of the demand. So, there is scope for immense growth. India has a number of nuclear research and development centres. With engineering technologies, huge manpower with construction and operational expertise is being done. There is relative slackness in many developed countries. So, nuclear plant manufacturers are looking upon China and India as potential markets. India targets to raise nuclear power to 20,000 MWe (Megawatt Electric) by 2020 and to 40,000 MWe by 2030. Another advantage of nuclear energy is that, it does not depend on local factors. Unlike a hydroelectric plant which has to be located near a water source or the solar panels to be set up in tropical zones, nuclear plants can be set up in any place. Now, all safety measures are given top priority – even seismic resistant techniques are being installed to dispose of the nuclear waste is also being taken care of now. Nuclear energy is, at present, being used in submarines, satellites, defence, etc. Each country is developing nuclear weapons to protect themselves from potential enemies. It is used beneficially in the treatment of cancer and in detecting cell damage. It is used to preserve food, so that it can save millions of people by giving them good food. It is used for desalinating sea water, which will help the water-starved nations. If nuclear power is used only for constructive purposes, it will be a great boon to mankind. But if it is used to create tension between countries, nuclear energy will become a curse. Even a little radiation can cause deterioration to all life. Power is produced in nuclear reactors by slow chain reaction. When the chain reaction takes place rapidly, the result will be a nuclear explosion that will kill or maim a number of people as in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

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If the countries vying with each other develop nuclear energy for destructive purposes, no one will be benefitted. Nations should make all efforts to use nuclear energy only for constructive purposes. If they do so, it will be very useful to the mankind.

9. Write two paragraphs comparing a calculator and log tables. Technology has become a very important part of our lives nowadays. During the past few years, technology has evolved in many ways and is probably without a doubt better than ever before. Some of the creations that have really changed our lives are the computer, telephone, internet and electronic mail, television, cell phone and voice mail. Everything has a positive and a negative effect on our lives and so does technology. Technology may be very helpful but it can sometimes be very harmful. With technological machine people are getting help in every sector. Cars and bikes are helping people to reach anywhere quickly. Airplane and super fast trains have reduced distance between cities and countries. Computer and internet are providing information in simplest way. It has also made the communication easier. Now people are doing video conferencing and chatting to communicate with their friends and family. Machines help people to do work better, faster and cheaper. Most of the manufacturing companies are using automatic machines which follow instruction of computer. Robots are working accurately and you just need to program them with proper information. And all work gets done perfectly. Technology saves a lot of time. For example we can fly anywhere in the world in less time. With computer we can do any work in less time. These advancements in technology, on one hand, seem to have brought happiness and prosperity. But, on the other hand, these developments are leading the world to devastation, destruction and disaster. The first major cause is the excessive exploitation of our environment. Industrialization and urbanization, in addition to over usage of fossil fuels, have led to environmental degradation. These days, one hears of diseases not heard of before. In the communication sector, cyber crimes, spam, etc are on the prowl. There is unemployment and young minds are living an idle and lazy life. Face-to-Face contact even with the near and dear has become a rare feat. Humanitarianism is lost. There is stress and tension in all human beings. There is no peace with any country and any person as everyone wants to have power. A wide chasm has been formed among the human kind i.e., the rich and poor divide. Only the rich find the advancements in technology affordable. Of course, every development has two sides. Technology is also a double-edged sword. So everybody should take the development in the right perspective. One should know to sift between good and evil and adopt the positive aspect so that our world can be made of haven. When this happens, technological development will be beneficial and outdo the drawbacks.

10. Technology is a double edged sword. Discuss in two paragraphs the uses and abuses of technology. Log tables are a device used for practical calculation. Before the invention of calculators, the only alternative to slide rules was to use tables of logarithms. These were published to varying degrees of accuracy. In a log table the formulae and the values are available readily in printed form. But we have to work out by ourselves using a calculator to arrive at a value. When we do the calculations manually it takes more time. Hence, we have to turn to calculators to improve speed of calculation. A calculator is a small, portable electronic device used to perform the basic operations of arithmetic. It is a valuable educational tool that allows students to reach a higher level of mathematical power and understanding. It can perform calculations, workout logical

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computation and without error. It stores memory with flawless accuracy. It allows students to spend more time in developing mathematical understanding, reasoning, number sense, and applications by reducing the time spent on learning and performing complicated arithmetic and algebraic algorithms by using log table. The most difficult part of using a calculator is that students will use it without fully understanding the concept of the mathematical formula. Students will think that they do not have to study the principle involved in their computation since the calculator can come up with the right answer. So we should know when to use calculator, and when mental computing is more effective or appropriate. Choosing the right 'tool' is part of effective problem-solving process. 11. Discuss in 2 paragraphs, the best ways to protect our environment. Our environment is nature‘s gift to all living beings. Right from oxygen to food, shelter and comfort we depend on environment. Instead of protecting this precious environment we are abusing it. As a result of this abuse our environment is slowly disintegrating. Many natural resources are getting depleted at a very fast rate. Plants and animals are facing threats of extinction. Human beings are exploiting nature. Population explosion, industrialization and advancements in science and technology have resulted in deforestation, depletion of natural resources and pollution of our environment in all possible ways like water pollution, air pollution, soil pollution etc. This has lead to ozone layer depletion, global warming, glaciers melting, acid rains, and so many other phenomena which are threatening the survival of all living beings and the earth by itself. A healthy natural environment is vitally important for all eco-systems and it is our responsibility to protect it. "The world today is economically richer and environmentally poorer than ever," said Lester R. Brown, president of Washington-based Worldwatch Institute. We all want to protect our planet, but we‘re too busy or too lazy to do anything to change our lifestyle in order to change our environment. Even small changes in our daily activities can help in protecting our environment. The first thing that we can do is walking or riding our bike instead of driving, whenever possible. This will reduce air pollution. We must avoid polluting water bodies with rubbish dumps and industrial effluents. Instead we must protect water bodies and indulge in rainwater harvesting so that the ground water level is improved. We must organize tree-planting activities to address the depletion of forests and trees in the planet. We must switch off everyday appliances such as TV and computers. This will save a lot of energy and reduce carbon emission into the earth‘s atmosphere thereby reducing pollution and global warming. Recycling is another easy way to save the environment. We can recycle many every day materials including glass, paper, plastics, cans and much more. Recycling of paper saves millions of trees which are the earth's main source of absorbing harmful emissions from the atmosphere. We should not buy products that are banned by environmental laws. We must support organic farming by patronizing organic food. These are only some examples of the things that we can start doing today. To conclude, there is much to be done within our own community and surroundings. Let us realize the importance of the environment and save the world.

12. Write 2 paragraphs on English as a Universal Language. Language is one of the important things that we all share. Without language people cannot communicate, express their opinions or share ideas. Communication for everybody will be better if everyone speaks the same language. Currently, with the development of globalization, some lesser-known languages are dying out every year. Nowadays, English is the lingua franca in the world. It means that English is the language used to make communication possible between people who do not share the same mother tongue. English is an official language in many international organizations such as the United Nations, World

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Bank, UNESCO, UNICEF, WHO etc. According to research by the British Council, ‗English has official or special status in at least seventy-five countries with a total population of over two billion‘. English is spoken as a native language by around 375 million and as a second language by around 375 million speakers in the world. Around 750 million people are believed to speak English as a foreign language. One out of four of the world's population speaks English to some level of competence. English, sometimes described as the first global lingua franca, is the dominant international language in communications, science, business, aviation, entertainment, radio, diplomacy etc. Unlike other languages, English is taught in every country in the world and many people can understand English. It helps us to communicate with foreign people and understand each other easily without knowing their language. It gives us the opportunity to travel around the world and even find jobs in other countries. It brings unity to the world. It facilitates the international organization to understand each other without wasting money in translations. The advent of computer has made English a necessity on a global level. Globalization has made it necessary for people to know English because all corporate sectors and MNCs are using English as a medium of communication. At a personal level people have to know English to find good placements in the competitive world. A person with a basic knowledge of English can interact comfortably in most parts of the world. It is no wonder if English soon becomes and is declared a global language!

EXERCISE

1. Write the description of a solar heater. 2. Describe a lathe. 3. Describe an LCD projector. 4. Describe a rain water harvesting system. 5. Describe your college computer laboratory.

11. INFORMAL LETTERS (Letter/E-Mail/Blogs) Letter writing Letter Writing falls under three categories, namely, formal, informal and semi formal letters. Formal letters are written in official situations. Semi formal letters are midway between formal and informal letters. Informal letters are also known as personal letters. They are written to relatives and friends in contexts like inviting to functions, thanking for greetings and gifts, sharing personal information and congratulating over achievements. No rigid methodology or organisational structure is followed while writing informal letters.

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Sample: 1 Write a letter to the Principal requesting him/her to issue bonafide certificate for educational loan:

A.Anand 26.07.2013 CSE I year PPR Engineering College Villupuram.

The Principal PRR Engineering College Villupuram.

Respected Sir/Madam, Sub: Requisition for bonafide certificate-reg. I am doing my I year in CSE Department in our college. As I have applied for bank loan for educational purpose, the bank is requesting me to produce a bonafide certificate along with the fee structure from our college for the approval of educational loan. Kindly provide me the same at the earliest.

Thank you

Yours faithfully,

(A.ANAND)

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Sample: 2

Write a letter to the Head of the Department seeking permission to take leave for two days.

B.Raju 26.07.2013 EEE I year ABS College of Engineering Madurai.

The Head of the Department EEE department ABS College of Engineering Madurai

Respected Sir/Madam,

Sub: Seeking permission to take two days leave-reg. I wish to bring to your kind notice that my educational loan has been approved and my presence for receiving the loan is mandatory. So kindly grant me permission to go to my native for the same on (29.07.2013 & 30.07.2013).and I will be back after finishing all the bank formalities within two days.

Thank you

Yours faithfully,

(B.RAJU)

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3. Write a letter to the Principal requesting him/her to avail on duty to participate and to present paper in an International Conference.

S.Bharath 27.07.2013 CSE II year VSB Engineering College Dindugal.

The Principal VSB Engineering College Dindugal.

Respected Sir/Madam,

Sub: Requisition to avail on duty to participate and to present paper in an, International Conference-reg. I would like to bring to your kind notice that my paper has been selected for an International Conference at Anna University. The title of the conference is ―Zest for New Software” This falls on 29.07.2013. I am confident that this conference will equip me with the latest trends in this field. So kindly grant me on duty to participate in this International Conference.

Thank you

Yours faithfully,

(S.BHARATH)

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EXERCISE

1. Write a letter to the Bank Manager requesting him to issue the new pass book replacing the old pass book of your account. 2. Write a letter to the Head of the Department requesting him to grant permission for two day tour to an Industrial place. 3. Write a letter to the Head of the Department requesting him to grant permission to avail two days leave for attending your sister‘s wedding.

E-Mail Communication

Communication via e-mail or electronic mail has become possible with the advent of the computer. Through e mail, communication takes place faster, more efficient, and less expensive. There are minor drawbacks like getting junk mail and being exposed to hacking but if it is used with e-mail etiquettes in mind, it becomes the best way to communicate. If you want to use e mail, you should have a desktop or laptop or a cellular phone, an Internet connection and an email account. To have an account, you can sign in (=register) with any of the free email service providers. When you get an account, your address will have:  User ID – user identification (You should provide the ―letters and numbers‖ to the service provider as the identification)  @ - at  .Domain – the name of the server where you have the account. You‘ll get something like ‗[email protected]‘ and using this you can start sending mail.

While writing emails in business communication, observe the following rules: a) Provide the necessary information in brief. b) Language need not be as formal as in letters. c) Greetings and salutations can be minimized. d) Observe the appropriate tone. e) Avoid excessive use of emoticons, particularly when you do not know the receiver very well. f) Avoid writing the complete mail in capitals: do not scream for attention. g) Always write a subject heading. This gives the receiver a good idea of what to expect in the mail. h) Before Sending, check the e-mail address. i) Proof-read for grammar and spellings. j) As in all writings, check before dispatch. Since e-mails cannot be called back, it is very important to pay attention to every detail before sending.

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Writing an e mail Short mail Example 1: Imagine that you are a Team Leader in a company. Send an e-mail to all your team members congratulation them on the success of the project.

From: [email protected]

To:[email protected]

Subject: Congratulating successful completion of project. Cc: All the Team Members

Dear friends, My congratulations to you all, on the successful completion of the project. You‘ll all be happy to know that it has been accepted by our client. Your efforts and cooperation were the major contributors to our success. Let‘s all meet at The Star Hotel at 7.30 pm to share our joy. Team Leader Long mail

Example 1:

From: [email protected]

To: [email protected]

Subject: Unconfirmed presenters for 0304 seminar

Kumar,

I am attaching a preliminary agenda of sessions for the April 3rd conference (attachment is an Excel spreadsheet‘s pages). It includes all the confirmed presenters, as of this date. Each has submitted an abstract that can be published with the program.

Sessions without a confirmed presenter are marked TBD. They include the following: 10:00 Evaluation technique 1:30 Trends in employment testing 2:00 Using the internet for recruiting Please increase your efforts to confirm a presenter for these sessions. So, I can send the agenda to the printer by March 11. I realize that you might have made some confirmations late last week that I haven‘t received from Ragunathan, your committee chairman. From this point on, please send the information and status reports directly to me, instead of through Raghunathan.

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Generally, the other arrangements for the seminar (lunch, reservations, vendor displays, and A/V equipment) are completed, and all the committee is confident that this year‘s seminar will go off without a hitch. Please let me know your progress. If I can be of any assistance, just let me know.

Karthi.

Example 2:

From: [email protected]

To: [email protected]

Subject: Mind Balancing Meditation program

Dear Sharath,

Thank you for requesting to download my relaxation exercise. Below is the link to download the free sample from the Mind Balancing Meditation CD, along with sample material from ‗The Mind Balancing Guidebook‘.

Note: The sample MP3‘s quality has been reduced to allow for a faster download. Click the link below to download the track: http://clicks.com/z/ct/?5Huy3tlrdMrfarfHRDpY9A

Try it for free, and if you like it, you can order both the Program on CD and the 43-page, guidebook for only GBP 20: http://clicks.aweber.com/z/ct/?gCSXxd8CHTiRmq8R_B.UeO

The Mind Balancing program on the CD contains of relaxation and meditation exercises with proven benefits for body, mind and soul. It comes with easy to follow instructions for your own four-week meditation program. It‘s based on sound psychology theory and has a strong evidence-base. The program has been used successfully with staff and patients in the British Health Service.

Please contact me if you have any questions.

DISCLAIMER: Use this relaxation exercise with care. It induces a state of deep relaxation which can be similar to deep sleep. Make sufficient uninterrupted time and don‘t do it if anything else requires your full attention. If you are receiving treatment for mental or psychological problems, discuss using any relaxation or meditation with your health practitioner.

Thanks. Anupam Kher Consultant Psychologist & Psychotherapist

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EXERCISE

Short

1.Write an e-mail to your friend expressing your inability to participate in his birthday party. 2.As a team leader congratulate your team members for the successful completion of the project work. 3.Imagine that you are the co-ordinator of your department Association Secretary. You are hosting a technical symposium in your college. Inform the paper presenters that their papers have been selected for presenting, through e-mail.

Long 1. Prepare a job announcement mail for a portal to inform about vacancies and the designation for which the recruitment will be taking place in an organization. 2. You are not satisfied with the service from a particular company. Prepare a complaining e- mail. 3. Send a mail to your friend describing the educational tour you participated recently.

BLOGS Blogs (short for Web Logs) are a form of online information sharing. A blog is often set up to allow a group of people to share their thoughts on a subject. One person creates a main post, and others comment on it. In addition, one can use a blog to create an online diary of everyday life.

A weblog is a website that is like a diary or journal. Most people can create a blog and then write on that blog. Bloggers (a word for people who write on blogs) often write about their opinions and thoughts on any theme, current social, political and other issues; their personal views on the happenings of the world. One can use one‘s own personal style and authentic voice.

When a person writes on a blog, what they write is in the form of a post, which is a single piece of writing on the blog. Posts often include links to other websites. Blogs can have one or more writers. If they have more than one writer, they are often called community blogs, team blogs, or group blogs.

Uses of Blogs: •Blogs encourage interaction with persons located in different parts of the world. •Blogs are an ideal medium for the messages and photographs to be passed among the members who happen to open the blog and read.  New information can be shared quickly. • Encouraging the audiences to join the conversation. Elements of a blog:  Title  Content  Author  Posting date & time  Comments

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• It should have archives and links to related information. • It should have a convenient way to subscribe to an automatic newsfeed. • The headline and the tagline are combined clearly to indicate the source and the nature of the blog. • The postings are accompanied by a line that indicates the person who posted the material. Four easy steps to create a Blog

1. Select a Theme for Your Content 2. Select a Blog Platform 3. Write Your First Post 4. Establish a Blogging Frequency

A sample blog:

A blog post has a Title, Content, Comments Link, Post Time, Date, and Editor Information.

Item Description

The headline of the post. Usually what a site visitor scans through to find a Title post to read.

Permanent If you click this link, a new screen appears. The new screen indicates

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Item Description

Link the permanent link to this blog post. As long as the blog post is active within Ektron CMS400.NET, you can access it via the URL in the browser‘s address bar.

Most blog pages show only recent posts. After a post is moved off the blog‘s front page, it is still accessible via this link.

Content The body of the post.

The comments link shows the number in parentheses of comments for a post . When this link is clicked, a new page of comments for the post Comments appears. Information Also on the page is a form to add comments about the post. The comments only appear if a site visitor has logged in or authentication is not required for blog comments.

Editor The person who created or last edited the blog post. Information

Post Time The date and time a blog post was created or last edited. and Date

The relationship between blogs and blog posts resembles folders and content. The blog is the equivalent of a folder, and the posts are like content. Blogs and blog posts have a few unique properties, but they mostly work the same as folders and content.

On your Web site, a blog‘s latest post appears at the top. As a result, site visitors can quickly find the most recent entries.

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12. PARAPHRASING Paraphrasing differs from summarizing or précis – writing. Nothing in the original may be left unpresented in paraphrasing. It is therefore, a full reproduction. Inserting one‘s own ideas or illustrations is strictly prohibited.

PARAPHRASING A POEM

My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow old, Or let me die! The Child is father of the Man; And I could wish my days to be Bound each to each by natural piety. William Wordsworth Paraphrase of the Poem

When the poet sees a rainbow in the sky, he feels great joy and happiness. There was a rainbow when he was born. There is a rainbow now when he is a grown-up man. There will be a rainbow when he becomes old. If he does not see a rainbow now or in the future, he wants to die.

A man today was a child yesterday and a child today will be a man tomorrow. From childhood begins manhood. The poet wishes to pass his days as a continuous chain showing deep respect for nature. We generally suppose that the man is the father, not the child. So this line looks like a paradox. But the poet wants to say that from the childhood begins the manhood. Yesterday‘s child is today‘s man and today‘s child is tomorrow‘s man. Here the word ―father‖ means ―one from whom something begins‖. So from childhood begins manhood.

Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening

Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.

My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake

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The darkest evening of the year.

He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.

The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.

Robert frost

Paraphrase of the poem

This beautiful poem has been written by Robert Frost. This poem is a story of horse rider. A horse rider stops by woods in a snowy evening. He also knows the owner of forest who lives in a nearby village. The horse rider likes the beauty of woods so he stopped there for some time to enjoy the beautiful scene of the wood. His horse thinks it very strange to stop there without a farmhouse. He shook his harness bells to attract the attention of his master. However, the horse rider was in a hurry. He had promised someone to return before the sleeping time. He did not stop there for long. He had to go miles away before returning home. We can see this poem a master piece of the poet.

EXERCISE

1. Read the following poem and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words. A Poison Tree I was angry with my friend: I told my wrath, my wrath did end. I was angry with my foe: I told it not, my wrath did grow.

And I watered it in fears, Night and morning with my tears; And I sunned it with smiles, And with soft deceitful wiles.

And it grew both day and night, Till it bore an apple bright. And my foe beheld it shine. And he knew that it was mine,

And into my garden stole When the night had veiled the pole; In the morning glad I see My foe outstretched beneath the tree. William Blake 2. Read the following poem and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words.

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Leisure What is this life if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare.

No time to stand beneath the boughs And stare as long as sheep or cows.

No time to see, when woods we pass, Where squirrels hide their nuts in grass.

No time to see, in broad daylight, Streams full of stars, like skies at night.

No time to turn at Beauty's glance, And watch her feet, how they can dance.

No time to wait till her mouth can Enrich that smile her eyes began.

A poor life this is if, full of care, We have no time to stand and stare. William Henry Davies

3. Read the following poem and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words. All the World's a Stage

All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. At first, the infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. Then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel And shining morning face, creeping like snail Unwillingly to school. And then the lover, Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier, Full of strange oaths and bearded like the pard, Jealous in honor, sudden and quick in quarrel, Seeking the bubble reputation Even in the cannon's mouth. And then the justice, In fair round belly with good capon lined, With eyes severe and beard of formal cut, Full of wise saws and modern instances; And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered pantaloon, With spectacles on nose and pouch on side; His youthful hose, well saved, a world too wide For his shrunk shank, and his big manly voice, Turning again toward childish treble, pipes 138

And whistles in his sound. Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion, Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything.

William Shakespeare

PARAPHRASING A PASSAGE: METHOD OF PARAPHRASING 1. First read the passage slowly and carefully until the meaning is fully grasped. If one reading does not make the passage clear, read it again and yet again and study it until the meaning is understood. This first step is all important. 2. Next, read the passage again with a view the details. Note all uncommon or difficult words and remember not only the substance but also the details of the passage in one‘s own way. 3. Now, keeping clearly in mind the main idea of the passage, reproduce the passage in one‘s own words in simple and direct English, not leaving anything in the original unpresented in the paraphrase. 4. Treat the passage as a whole. Do not work word by word or line by line, but from the beginning keep the end in view. 5. Rearrange the order of sentences, and even of the whole passage, if this can make the meaning clear. 6. Break up a several long sentences into several short ones, or combine several short sentences into one long. By doing so one can make the whole more easily understandable. 7. Write out a rough draft of the paraphrase first. Revise it carefully, comparing it with the original to see that nothing is omitted. 8. Finally write out the fair copy neatly and legibly.

Examples: 1. Read the following passage and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words. In 1610, Galileo published a small book describing astronomical observations that he had made of the skies above Padua. His homemade telescopes had less magnifying and resolving power than most beginners‘ telescopes sold today, yet with them he made astonishing discoveries: that the moon has mountains and other topographical features; that Jupiter is orbited by satellites, which he called planets; and that the

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Milky Way is made up of individual stars. From David Owen, ―The Dark Side: Making War on Light Pollution,‖ The New Yorker (20 August 2007): 28. Possible Paraphrase Galileo published a small book about astronomical observations that he had made of the skies above Padua. He was able to make some amazing discoveries with his telescope. He made discoveries about the moon, Jupiter, and the Milky Way. He was able to do this with a telescope that was less powerful than even today's most basic telescopes. 2. Read the following passage and paraphrase it by putting it into own words. In American society, introverts are outnumbered about three to one. As a result, they must develop extra coping skills early in life because there will be an inordinate amount of pressure on them to ―shape up,‖ to act like the rest of the world. The introvert is pressured daily, almost from the moment of awakening, to respond and conform to the outer world. Classroom teachers unwittingly pressure introvert students by announcing that ―One- third of your grade will be based on classroom participation.‖ From Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesen, Type Talk: The 16 Personality Types that Determine How We Live, Love and Work. New York: Dell Publishing, 1989.

Possible Paraphrase: There are many more extroverts than introverts in America. This puts a lot of pressure on introverts to fit in and be like everybody else. The introvert is pressured daily almost from the moment of awakening, to respond and conform to the outer world. Even in school, teachers add to this pressure by making class participation part of the student's grade. Consequently, introverts have to acquire additional skills to deal with these pressures.

EXERCISE

Read the following passage and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words. 1. "Michelangelo was a man of tenacious and profound memory,‖ Vasari says, ―so that, on seeing the works of others only once, he remembered them perfectly and could avail himself of them in such a manner that scarcely anyone has ever noticed it." That ―scarcely anyone has ever noticed it,‖ is easy to understand. For, Michelangelo, when exploiting the ―works of others,‖ classical or modern, subjected them to a transformation so radical, that the results appear no less ―Michelangelesque‖ than his

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independent creations. From Erwin Panofsky, Studies in Iconography. New York: Harper and Row, 1971.

2. It has never been denied that Dante the political philosopher as well as Dante the poet assimilated to the full the political doctrines by which his century was moved. In fact, Dante held a key-position in the political and intellectual discussions around 1300, and if in a superficial manner he has often been labeled reactionary, it is simply the prevalence of the imperial idea in Dante‘s works—different though it was from that of the preceding centuries—which obscured the overwhelmingly unconventional features of his moral- political outlook. From Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.

3. You need to plan your day. Quite a few of us allocate our time according to whatever events that take place during the day. And we end up making the fatal mistake of dealing primarily with problems rather than opportunities. State each day by making a general schedule. Give emphasis on the two or three major things you like to accomplish. Set deadlines with sufficient safety margins so that you complete your tasks before time. Studies confirm what common sense tells us: the more time we spend planning a project, the less total time is required to do it. Of all the principles of time management, none is more basic than concentration. People who have serious time management problems are invariably those who try to do too many things at once. It is the amount of uninterrupted time that is spent of a project which counts for its success. To work for long periods without taking a break is not effective use of time. Energy decreases, boredom sets in: physical stress and tension accumulate. Changing of work or even changing position can relieve. When the work area gets chaotic, take time out to recognize.

4. Newspapers in India are classified into two categories according to the amount and completeness of information in them. Newspapers in the first category have more information and truth. Those in the second category do not have much information and sometimes they hide the truth. Newspapers in the first category have news collected from different parts of the country and also from different countries. They also have a lot of sports and business news and classified ads. The information they give is clear and complete and it is supported by showing pictures. The best know example of this category is the Indian Express. Important news goes on the first page with big headlines, photographs from different angles, and complete information. For example, in 1989-90, the Indian prime minister, Rajiv Gandi, was killed by a terrorist using a bomb. This newspaper investigated the situation and gave information that helped the CBI to get more support. They also showed diagrams of the area where the prime minister was killed and the positions of the bodies after the attack. This helped the reader understand what happened. Unlike newspaper in the first category, newspapers in the second category do not give as much information. They do not have international news, sports, or business news and they do not have classified ads. Also, the news they give is not complete. For example, the newspaper Hindi 141

gave news on the death of the prime minister, but the news was not complete. The newspaper didn‘t investigate the terrorist group or try to find out why this happened. Also, it did not show any pictures from the attack or give any news the next day. It just gave the news when it happened, but it didn‘t follow up. Therefore, newspapers in the first group are more popular than those in the second group.

UNIT – IV 13. INTERPRETING VISUAL MATRIALS (LINE GRAPHS, PIE CHARTS)

LINE GRAPH In the experimental sciences, data collected from experiments are often visualized by a graph. The table "visualization" is a great way of displaying exact values, but can be a poor way to understand the underlying patterns that those values represent. Because of these qualities, the table display is often erroneously conflated with the data itself; whereas it is just another visualization of the data. Guidelines to be followed while transcoding Line graph:  Take a good look at the given table.  Understand the meanings of the code symbols.  Interpret and understand messages from the figures or pictures.  Prepare a rough draft.  Arrange these messages logically.  Compare and contrast the ideas.  Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence. Example 1: If one were to collect data on the speed of a body at certain points in time, one could visualize the data by a data table such as the following:

Elapsed Time (s) Speed (m s−1)

0 0

1 3

2 7

3 12

4 20

5 30

6 45

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Understanding the process described by the data in the table is aided by producing a graph or line chart of Speed versus Time.

Graph of Speed Vs Time The line graph represents the speed of a body at certain points in time. Initially, zero kilometer is covered by the body when it is static. Then three kilometers are covered by the body at the end of the first hour. At the next stage seven kilometers are covered by the body at the end of the second hour. Next, twelve kilometers are covered by the body at the end of third hour. And when it crosses the twenty kilometers, fourth hour might have got completed. Similarly, at the end of fifth hour thirty kilometers might have got completed and finally at the end of sixth hour, forty five kilometers have been covered by the body.

Example 2: Write a paragraph on the temperature in New York city for six days. X axis represents the degrees in Fahrenheit and Y axis represents the days.

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The line graph represents the temperature in New York City. Initially, on Day one it has been recorded that the temperature has reached 43 degrees in Fahrenheit. On Day two, it has been recorded as 55F. Unlikely, 50F has been recorded on Day three and is slightly reduced. 57F has been recorded on Day four. The temperature is again raised to 59 on Day five. Consequently, it has reached 67 on Day six.

PIE CHART

A pie chart is a graphical way to organize data. Pie charts are used for showing classes or groups of data in proportion to a whole data set. The entire pie represents all the data, while each slice represents a different class or a group within the whole. A pie graph (or pie chart) is a specialized graph used in statistics. Guidelines to be followed while transcoding Pie Chart:  Take a good look at the given chart.  Understand the meanings of the code symbols.  Interpret and understand messages from the figures or pictures.  Prepare a rough draft.  Arrange these messages logically.  Compare and contrast the ideas.  Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence.

Visual Material: Sample Pie Chart:

1. The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewable in the year 2009. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

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The four pie charts compare the electricity generated between Germany and France during 2009, and it is measured in billions kWh. Overall, it can be seen that conventional thermal was the main source of electricity in Germany, whereas nuclear was the main source in France.

The bulk of electricity in Germany, whose total output was 560 billion kWh, came from conventional thermal, at 59.6%. In France, the total output was lower, at 510 billion kWh, and in contrast to Germany, conventional thermal accounted for just 10.3%, with most electricity coming from nuclear power (76%). In Germany, the proportion of nuclear power generated electricity was only one fifth of the total.

Moving on to renewable, this accounted for quite similar proportions for both countries, at approximately 15% of the total electricity generated. In detail, in Germany, most of the renewable consisted of wind and biomass, totaling around 75%, which was far higher than for hydroelectric (17.7%) and solar (6.1%). The situation was very different in France, where hydroelectric made up 80.5% of renewable electricity, with biomass, wind and solar making up the remaining 20%.

Example: 2

These charts show the changes in the number of dairy and arable farms in the UK and the changes in the arable crops grown between 2006 and 2011.

The pie charts show that while there were the same five main crops in 2006 and 2011, there was a notable change in the proportion of these crops. In 2006, wheat and corn accounted for just over and under one third of arable farming respectively, with potatoes, rape seed and barley all around 10%. By 2011, however, almost a quarter of arable farmland was devoted to rape seed and corn and wheat were around 5% less common than before. There was little or no change in potatoes and barley. In conclusion, the main changes were the growth of rape seed farming and the fall in dairy farms.

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EXERCISE 1. Transcode the following pie chart into a report:

2. Transcode the Following Pie Chart Into A Report:

14. ESSAY WRITING

Examples:

1. Write an essay on child labour.

Childhood is the most innocent phase in human life. It is that stage of life when the human foundations are laid for a successful adult life. Many children, instead of spending it in a carefree and fun-loving manner while learning and playing, are scarred and tormented. They hate their childhood and would do anything to get out of the dungeons of being children and controlled and tortured by others. They would love to break-free from this world, but continue to be where they are, not out of choice, but force. This is the true story of child labor.

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Innocent children are employed by industries and individuals who put them to work under grueling circumstances. They are made to work for long hours in dangerous factory units and sometimes made to carry load even heavier than their own body weight. Then there are individual households that hire children as domestic help and beat and physically torture them when they make a mistake. The children are at times made to starve and are given worn out clothes to wear. Such is the story of millions of children in India painful and yet true.

The two primary reasons for the ever-growing social malice of child labor are poverty and lack of education. Poor parents give birth to children thinking them as money-making machines. They carry infants to earn more on the streets from begging. Then as they grow they make them beggars, and eventually sell them to employers. This malady is rampant across the length and breadth of India.

According to the United Nations stipulation in article 32 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the International Labor Organization, child labor is to be considered if "...States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the child's education, or to be harmful to the child's health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development."

In other words, child labor is any kind of work children are made to do that harms or exploits them physically, mentally, morally, or by preventing access to education. However, all work is not bad or exploitive for children. In fact, certain jobs help in enhancing the overall personality of the child. For example, children delivering newspapers prior to going to school or taking up light summer jobs that do not interfere with their school timings. When children are given pocket money earning oriented tasks, they understand the value of money, as well as respect it even more.

Child labor coupled with child abuse has today become one of the greatest maladies that have spread across the world. Each year statistics show increasing numbers of child abuse, more so in the case of the girl child. When a girl is probably abused by someone at home, to hide this fact she is sold to an employer from a city as domestic help, or then as a bride to an old man.

Though eradicating the menace seems like a difficult and nearly impossible task, immense efforts have to be made in this direction. The first step would be to become aware of the causes of child labor. The leading reason is that children are employed because they are easier to exploit. On the other hand, people sell their children as commodities to exploitive employers to have additional sources of income.

Most such employers pay a lump sum for the child and then keep him or her imprisoned within the factory unit till the child cannot work due to deteriorating health as a result of harsh living and working conditions. Lack of proper educational facilities is another reason that forces parents to send their children to work.

India accounts for the second highest number of child labor after Africa. Bonded child labor or slave labor is one of the worst types of labor for children. This system still continues in spite of the Indian Parliament enacting the Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act in 1976. It is estimated that approximately 10 million bonded children laborers are working as domestic

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servants in India. Beyond this there are almost 55 million bonded child laborers hired across various other industries.

A recent ILO report says that about 80 per cent of child laborers in India are employed in the agriculture sector. Generally, the children are sold to the rich moneylenders to whom borrowed money cannot be returned. 'Street children' is another type of child labor where children work on the streets as beggars, flower sellers, etc, instead of going to school. Sometimes they are made to go hungry for days together so that people feel sorry for them and give alms.

Among the industries, glass and bangle industry is estimated to employ around 60,000 children who are made to work under extreme conditions of excessive heat. An equal number are estimated to be employed in matchbox factories, where they are made to work over twelve hours a day, beginning work at around 4 a.m., everyday. The brass and the lock industries also employ an estimated 50,000 children each. However, it is the carpet industry in India which employs the largest number of children estimated to be more than four lakhs.

The statistical information regarding child labor cannot be taken to be precise, as there are areas where no accounting has been done. There are innumerable workshops and factories that have cramped up rooms where children work, eat and sleep. No one from the outside world would even know that they are working there. However, people working towards the welfare of child laborers, with the tip-off from insiders, have been able to rescue a number of children from such units.

The National Policy on Child Labor formulated in 1987 seeks to adopt a gradual and sequential approach with a focus on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations and processes. The Action Plan outlined the Legislative Action Plan for strict enforcement of Child Labor Act and other labor laws to ensure that children are not employed in hazardous employments, and that the working conditions of children working in non-hazardous areas are regulated in accordance with the provisions of the Child Labor Act.

It also entails further identification of additional occupations and processes, which are detrimental to the health and safety of the children. Government has accordingly been taking proactive steps to tackle this problem through general strict enforcement of legislative provisions along with simultaneous rehabilitative measures.

To bring the social malady of child labor under control, the government has opened a special cell to help children in exploitive circumstances. These cells comprise of social inspectors, as well as other administrative personnel, employed specifically to deal with child labor issues. Also, in recent years, the media has helped unravel what is happening in certain industrial units with journalists visiting such places with a hidden camera. The efforts made by sections of the government, social workers, non-government organizations and others to rescue and rehabilitate the children must be applauded.

In addition, each individual should also take responsibility of reporting about anyone employing a child below the age of fourteen years. However, considering the magnitude and extent of the problem, concerted efforts from all sections of the society is needed to make a dent. Measures need to be taken not only to stop this crime against children, but also to

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slowly, steadily and surely provide every child a well-deserved healthy and normal childhood.

2. Write an essay on friendship.

Friendship is one of the most precious gifts of life. A person who has true friends in life is lucky enough Friendship makes life thrilling. It makes life sweet and pleasant experience. Friendship is indeed, an asset in life. It can lead us to success or to doom. It all depends on how we choose our friends.

True friendship is a feeling of love, sharing and caring. It is a feeling that someone understands and appreciates you as you are, without any exaggeration, flattery and pretensions It gives a feeling that you are ‗wanted‘ and that you are ‗someone‘ and not a faceless being in the crowd. A true friend stands by you through thick and thin. True friendship knows no boundaries or demarcations of caste, creed, race and sex.

Friendship is both good and necessary. Man cannot live all alone. He is a social being. He needs someone to share his joys and sorrows. Generally, it is only the people of the same age, character and background, mentality, etc., who can understand him and understand his problems. Friends are needed for support and for sharing. Friendship is an elixir which is essential for a happy life.

They are needed to turn to when one is in trouble, and facing difficulties. According to the great Roman Statesman Cicero ―Friendship increases happiness and diminishes misery by doubling our joy and dividing our grief‖. Friends are needed in every stage of life. Friendship has no age limit. Every group of people- children, youth, elders, very elderly people, etc. have their friends. However, it is better to have friends of the same age group and cultural backgrounds.

We need to select our friends very carefully. We have to remember the maxim ―All that glitters is not gold‖. In the same manner, we must not be moved by apparent show of friendship. Many remain with us in the guise of good friends and lead us to the wrong path. Today, many youngsters have become social nuisance mainly due to wrong company and bad friends.

We spent much of our time with them. Their mental outlook, behaviour, attitudes affect us too. Therefore, we have to choose our friends very carefully. We have to distinguish between fair-weather friends and true friends. True friends remain with us through thick and thin while fair-weather friends are found only during sunny days.

Lasting friendship is indeed, a blessing. Good friends are great pillars of life. They help us to stand tall and erect in life. Friendship can make or break us. It can lead to good careers and proper living. It does not matter how often you meet your friends, but how much you care and feel for another in good times as well as in bad times. True friendship is a great asset in life.

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EXERCISE

1. Write an essay on the fundamental rights of every citizen of India 2. Write an essay on the steps taken before and after independence against Caste Discrimination 3. Write an essay on any one of the pollutions that affect the world 4. Write an essay on the steps to be take to prevent the production of non degradable products 5. Write an essay on ozone depletion 6. Write an essay on Bermuda triangle.

CREATIVE WRITING

The definition of creative writing is ―A writing that expresses ideas and thoughts in an imaginative way‖. The writer expresses the feelings and emotions instead of just presenting the facts.

Creativity is imagination mixed with fact and fantasy and written in the writer‘s own style. It depends on the taste of the writer. Some are factual; some are humorous; some are inquisitive; some are historical; some are adventurous; some are very good story tellers. Creative writing gives vent to the thoughts and emotions.

Creative writing includes :

Novels, poems, epics, short stories, screenplays, songs, television scripts, etc.

It does not include:

Academic writing, textbooks, journalism, and technical writing

Examples of Creative Writing

Creative writing entertains the reader a lot. And there are many instances where it can be found. Following are some of the forms and examples.

Poems are great examples of creative writing.

Short stories can be narrative, funny, mysterious, satirical, fantasy, or historical. Aesop‘s Fables are very short stories that include a lesson for the reader. ―The Hare and the Tortoise‖ is a very popular example of creativity.

Novels are always creative but some are more so than others. Miguel de Cervantes‘ Don Quixote can be cited as a good example.

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UNIT - V

15. POSTER MAKING

Posters are simple yet attractive way to promote business, products, services and events. The main purpose of posters is to communicate a clear message through pictures. An effective poster catches the eyes and attention of the audience. Here are some tips to design an effective poster.

 Make the poster visible and readable. The information must be clear and accurate.  Create impressive message to capture the attention  Create impressive message and picture to capture visitor‘s attention  Choose simple and memorable message.  Include information that is brief and easy to read.  Make it neat.  Do not make it messy, because great information might be given. If it is messy no one will read.  Watch out for clutter. Don‘t try to put too much information or graphics on a poster. Include pictures or charts if it is necessary for the project work.  Check the spelling. Misspelled words can be very distracting.  Use intense colors. Try dark lettering against a light background. This is usually easier for the people to read. The following elements make the poster sensible and attractive: 1. The poster must contain large type (enough to be viewed to 10-15 times of the format width). 2. It must be simple and should have a clear layout. So that the reader knows where to find the information. 3. Include all important information such as date, time, location and contact name and telephone number. 4. Have a dominate elements such as a headline or image that will quickly catch the reader's eye. 5. The most important message is emphasized by size, color, or value. 6. Have art (painting or drawing etc,) that is related to the message. 7. Have the type and imagery arranged in a logical, functional sequence. 8. Have bold, intense colors to enhance the message so that it can be easily seen from a distance.

Sample posters:

Sample posters:

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1. What is the Poster about? 2. Write few words about this poster to your friend and invite him.

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1. What is the title of the conference? 2. What is the poster about? 3. When was it conducted? 4. Write your views on Human Rights in three sentences.

.

1. Write a summary of 200 words of the poster given above, to create awareness on ―Earth Day‖

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QUESTION BANK SEMESTER - I PART – A UNIT – I 1. PREPOSITIONS

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

11. The machine is very heavy in spite ______its small size. 12. Oil is found underground trapped ______the layers of rock. 13. ______operating the pump rhythmically, water is pumped. 14. Artificial intelligence [AI] is the science ______developing computers that can learn and follow instructions ______great accuracy and speed. An example ______AI is the use ______expert systems. 15. I cannot do that ______this device. 16. The land was ploughed ______the farmer ______the help ______a tractor. 17. He walked ______the forest. 18. The dog ran ______the road. 19. We set out ______dawn ______March 15. 20. I insist ______accuracy in your work.

II. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions:

1. ______the circumstances, I am unable to reveal anything further. 2. Thank you _____writing _____me _____ your book. 3. My brother works _____ the local textile mill. 4. He became ill _____ the night. 5. I‘ve been working _____ how long I don‘t know. 6. This is not the kind of life I‘m used _____ 7. _____whose authority do you say that? 8. I ordered _____ a heavy breakfast. 9. This is the person _____ whom I got this information. 10. Can you tell me _____ what reason you arrived at the conclusion?

2. REFERENCE WORDS /PRONOUNS

I. Choose the correct pronoun for each sentence below.

1. ______and John were invited to attend the inaugural address. (She /Her / Herself)

2. The argument between Bill and ______lasted for twenty years.( she /her /herself )

3.______mothers often meet at the park with our children. (We / Us/ Ourselves)

4. Tim is much stronger than______. (They / them /themselves)

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5. ______should I say is calling? (Who / Whom)

6. His attitude upset both Jim and______. (she / her / herself)

7. Please do not give Arnold or ______any corn on the cob. (I / me / myself)

8. The child was crying because he cut ______as he was handing me the knife. (he / him/ himself)

9. What he told Phil and ______about the case was enlightening. (I / me / myself)

10. I offered him a nice salary, but I offered you more than______. (he / him/ himself)

II. Rewrite each sentence by using correct pronoun.

1. When Joshua put the stapler on the chair, it fell.

2. They said on the news that the storm is heading towards the region.

3. I have always wanted to work in a pet store, and last month I did it.

4. It says on the bottle to take two tablets with meals.

5. Tom has recently divorced his wife, which makes him depressed.

6. Jane's telephone rang seventeen times, but she didn't answer.

7. The heiress lived a life of luxury. This did not make her happy.

8. Take the cupcakes from the children and eat them.

9. In Hemingway's novels, he uses simple words and sentences.

10. In the book it says that the war was won after a long, bloody battle.

11. Most laws in medieval times applied to the lender rather than to the borrower, which was surprising.

12. The child rode his bicycle through the streets filled with traffic. It was dangerous.

13. The corporation adopted a policy that banned smoking. This annoyed many employees.

14. The country is overpopulated; this has led to widespread unemployment.

15. I spent all my cash on silly things, and then my credit card was stolen. That was unfortunate.

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3. WH – QUESTIONS

I. Pick out the correct ‗wh‘ question word for the following:

What - When - Where - Why - Who - How

1) ...... are my keys?

2) ...... is the problem?

3) ...... is your favourite singer?

4) ...... is your birthday?

5) ...... old are you?

6) ...... is your telephone number?

7) ...... are you from?

8) ...... is your best friend?

9) ...... is your e-mail?

10) ...... are you?

11) ...... is your graduation?

12) ...... is she crying?

13) ...... is your last name?

14) ...... is your favourite actor?

15) ...... old is your cat?

II. Change the following sentences to interrogative sentences by using ‗Wh‘ word.

1. They live in Bangalore.

2. The lesson begins at 8 o´clock.

3. They get home at 6 o´clock every night.

4. She speaks French very well.

5. Those books cost one dollar

6. They travel by car.

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7. She wants to learn English because she wants a better job.

8. They meet on the corner every morning

9. She teaches us grammar.

10. He gets up at seven every morning.

4. TENSES – PRESENT TENSE I Fill in the blanks with the correct form of simple present tense verbs: 11. They ______(not/think) that you should buy this dress. 2.We usually ______(take) a taxi to go to work. 3. How often ______(you go) to the swimming-pool? 4.Courses ______(begin) the third of September. 5.When ______(he arrive) home in the evenings? 6. They ______(not/live) in Washington, they ______(live) in New York. 7. We usually ______(take) a taxi to go to work. 8. He ______(get up) early on Mondays. 9. I ______(not/believe) in witches. 10.The Sun's rays ______(take) eight minutes to reach the Earth. II. Fill in the blanks with correct form of present continuous tense form of the verbs: 11. Who are you _____ (write) to? 12. Sally ______(study) really hard for her exams this week. 13. I am _____ (read) a really interesting book now. 14. How____ (you brush) up on your English for the trip? 15. We _____ (work) hard these days. 16. I _____ (see) my dentist on Wednesday. 17. Polly ____ (come) for dinner tomorrow. 18. Are you_____ (do) anything tonight? 19. We _____ (go) on holiday next week. 20. I _____ (play) football tonight. 21. I can't play with you now. I _____ (finish) my homework. 22. Where are ____ (study)? 23. What are_____ (do) these days? Working? 24. Sally ______(take) a bath. 25. What ____ (you do) at the weekend?

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III. Fill in the blanks with correct form of present perfect tense form of the verbs: 11. I have worked as a secretary for two years. 12. Have you ever visited the Disneyland? 13. The film hasn't started yet. 14. I think I ______(see) her before. 15. She ______(have) a holiday this year. 16. The shop ______(open) yet. 17. John _____ never ______(ride) a bicycle. 18. We ______(do) our homework yet. 19. ______your son ever _____ (sleep) in a tent? 20. Where _____ you _____ (be)?

IV. Fill in the blanks with correct form of present perfect continuous tense form of the verbs:

11. It______(rain) since this morning. How irritating! 12. Politicians______(fool) the public for several years and the public has become wiser now. 13. The poor old lady______(cook) meals for a large number of people for some years now. 14. He______(request) a transfer since 2000 . 15. They______(waste) their time all these months and now all of a sudden have got serious and are studying hard. 16. I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived. 17. She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years. 18. You haven't been getting good results over the last few months. 19. I've been looking at other options recently. 20. Prerna ______winning this championship for last 2 years. 21. I ______living here since the last 10 years. 22. Shilpa has been ______for two hours. 23. It has been _____ since Monday 24. I _____been cooking since 1 p.m..

5. WORD FORMATION USING PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

I Add prefixes/suffixes to the following words in accordance with the meanings given against them: 1. ------national: having contact with different nations. 2. ------developed: not developed 3. ------forestation: clearing of forests. 4. submerge------: placed under water. 5. require------: necessary[noun form] 6. ------reliable: not dependable 7. construct------: act of constructing.

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8. advantage------: having advantage 9. continue------: that which continues 10. ------applicable: not applicable 11. ------legal: not legal 12. ------zero: less than zero 13. ------tension: abnormal blood pressure 14. understand------: can be understood 15. ------conductivity: having zero electrical resistance 16. ------purity: not pure 17. micro------: instrument for seeing 18. weight------: with out weight 19. ------pollution: against pollution 20. ------marine: under sea 21. Geo ------: study of material on earth‗s crust 22. micro------: instrument for measuring 23. ------sonic: above, more than 24. simple------: make simple 25. spoon------: filled with 26. red------: tinge of red 27. visible------: level of seeing 28. regular------: to make regular 29. leader------: quality of a leader 30. active------: to make active 31. ------behaviour: bad behaviour 32. ------acceptable: not acceptable 33. weak------: to make weak 34. child------: like a child 35. ------bold: to make bold 36. Book------: small size, few pages. 37. ------cultural: more than one culture 38. ------faceted: a person having many abilities 39. ------natural: beyond nature 40. ------modern: more than modern

II Give the noun forms of the verbs given: a) associate e) amend b) maintain f) specify c) assume g) inactive d) accept h) generalize

III. Change the following words into their opposites by adding suitable prefixes: a) ability e) like b) violence f) regular c) fortune g) moral d) legal h) suitable

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IV. Fill in the blanks in the table given below with the appropriate form of the word:

Verb Noun Adjective Maintainable Contamination Inform Motivated

V. Fill in the blanks in the table given below with the appropriate form of the word:

Verb Noun Adjective Reliable Stagnation Generate Restorative Generation generative

simplify simplification require required dispose Disposal

VI. Make nouns from the verbs given below by adding suitable suffixes. [Suffixes: ‗-ion‘, ‗-ment‘, ‗-ence‘, ‗-ance‘]

i. Interfere ii. Cultivate iii. Invest iv. Accept

VII. Form adjectives from the nouns by adding suitable suffixes like ‗-al‘, ‗ical‘, and ‗-able‘.

i. Biochemistry ii. Environment iii. Technology iv. Reason

VIII. Make nouns from the verbs given below by adding suitable suffixes. [Suffixes: ‗-tion‘, ‗-ment‘, ‗-ence‘, ‗-ance‘]

i. improve ii. vibrate iii. maintain iv. refer

IX.Form adjectives from the nouns by adding suitable suffixes like ‗-al‘ and ‗ical‘.

i. Physics ii. Nature iii. Tradition iv. Season

X. Add suitable prefixes:

i. national ii. corruption iii. sonic iv. rational

XI Add suitable suffixes:

i. zoology ii. durable iii. computer iv. excavate

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XII Fill in the following blanks with suitable prefixes.

1. I‘m not a violent person! I hit him in ______defence. 2. This is a______stop flight so it‘s more expensive. 3. I‘m afraid we can‘t accept _____ dated cheques. 4. ______help books are very popular these days. 5. Although he‘s very rich, he‘s a _____ made man. He was born into a very poor family. 6. All of the guests are ____ drinkers, so there‘s no need to get any wine 7. The fire started when the engine ______heated due to an electrical fault. 8. Fighting, drunkenness and other _____social behavior will not be tolerated. 9. He‘s never studied music. He‘s completely _____ taught. 10. Do you have any ____fattening desserts?

UNIT – II 6. DEFINITIONS - SINGLE SENTENCE DEFINITIONS/EXTENDED DEFINITIONS I. Write definitions for the following words in a single sentence each: An experiment a computer A calculator Petroleum A mouse a keyboard A monitor a printer A scanner a modem A programme a programme A microprocessor a robot A sensor a pilgrimage A tour an expedition A picnic an industrial visit

II. Write extended definitions for the following words in a single sentence each: 1. A solar cooker 2. a pedal bicycle 3. a computer 4. a puzzle 5. metro train 6. a camera 7. mobile phone 8. an OHP 9. a laboratory 10. a fax machine

7. IMPERATIVES I. Rewrite the sentences using the correct imperative form: 1. You must listen to your teachers. 2. You mustn‘t be noisy. 3. You must write tests. 4. They must change the carpet. 5. You can‘t park in this street.

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II. Rewrite the sentences using the correct imperative form: 1. Do be quiet. (must) 2. Let me finish it first.(would like) 3. Repair your roof. (should) 4. I will dust the furniture. (can) 5. Let us not go on foot. (should not) 6. Drive slowly, will you? (must) 7. Don‘t be angry. (mustn‘t) 8. Let them make an experiment. (can) 9. Do not touch the screen.(must not) 10. Don‘t go for wrong conclusions. (must not)

III. Make sensible imperatives sentences by using the following verbs: To go, to open, to try, to sit, to come, to call, to stay, to take 1. ______your book out of your bag. 2. ______here! 3. ______where you are. Don‘t move. 4. ______down the street. 5. ______to be on time. 6. ______the window! 7. ______still! 8. ______108. This man is dying!

8. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT (CONCORD)

I. Choose the correct verb for the following sentences:

1. Everybody ____ unique. (Is/are) 2. Either my father or my mother______at home. I don‘t remember which one.( was/were) 3 Neither Jane nor john _____ good at English.( is/was) 4 Neither Helen nor her brothers _____ the shopping. (do/did) 5 Each of the parents ______responsible for child care. ( is/are) 6 The manager, along with the teachers ______present at the meeting. (Was/were) 7 Either you or I _____ going to buy some sugar. (am/are) 8 The police _____ carrying guns and gas.( were/are) 9 There is a nice swimming pool nearby. 10 There _____ ten students who failed geography.(are/were) 11 Both Larry and Jem______rich.( are/is) 12 The staff______shocked by the news of their boss. (is/ was) 13 There_____ little money left. We can‘t buy all we need.(are/is) 14 The number of unemployed citizens _____rising day by day.(are/is) 15. Our army ____ one of the largest and most powerful in the world.( is/was)

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II. Choose the correct verb for the following sentences:

1. Some members of the teachers‘ union______(want, wants) to go on strike 2. Jane‘s raincoat, with all the rips and tears,______(provide, provides) little protection. 3. There______(is, are) a lot of trees on our block. 4. Where______(is, are) my keys? 5. In the background______(was, were) a big yellow sun. 6. A small black cat and a large yellow dog ______(sit, sits) on the front stairs. 7. The boss and her secretary______(eat, eats) lunch at the same time. 8. For a delicious salad, fresh ingredients and a large bowl ______(is, are) essential. 9. Comfortable shoes and loose-fitting clothing ______(was, were) recommended by the instructor. 10. Not only the students but also the teacher______(was, were) anxious to finish the lesson. 11. Neither of those hats______(suit, suits) your face. 12. Somebody in the book club always______(forget, forgets) to bring the book. 13. Something in that curry______(make, makes) me sneeze. 14. One of those socks______(is, are) lighter than the other. 15. Everyone______(like, likes) Mary‘s key lime pie.

9. COMPOUND WORDS

I. Write the expansions for the following compound words:

1. Floppy drive 14. Petrol engine

2. Friction losses 15. Power cable

3. Gold knob 16. Power output

4. Grease gun 17. Power source

5. Heat content 18. Power transmission problem

6. Heat transfer 19. Radio waves

7. Information centre 20. Rainwater harvesting pit

8. Lock nut 21. Resources utilization

9. Mains electricity 22. Roller mill

10. Mercury thermometer 23. Turret lathe

11. Metal tubes 24. Silver extraction

12. Motor cycle 25. Soil laboratory

13. Nickel alloy 26. Solar power satellites

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27. Space travel 31. Steam jackets

28. Water tube 32. Steel bar

29 .Steam chest 33. Stop valve

30. Steam consumption

10. WORD ASSOCIATION (CONNOTATION)

I. Choose the positive connotation for the following italic words: 1. Grandpa is thrifty. a) Conceited b) spends money wisely c) slim c)cheap 2. She‘s very strong-willed. a) Stubborn b) impatient c) determined d) positive 3. He has good self-esteem. a) Anorexic b) proud of work well done c) stubborn d) enthusiastic 4. She was tall and slender. a) Slim b) cheap c) determined d) conceited 5. He‘s an eager leader. a) Impatient b) enthusiastic c) anorexic d) cheap 6. I recognized the familiar smell of my roommate's cooking. a) Stink b) leisure pursuit c) restaurant d) Protect nature 7. Scrapple is an inexpensive meal. a) Protect nature b) reasonably priced c) previous d) self-confident 8. The teacher was mildly intimidated by Malini‘s assertive behaviour. A) Self-confident b) cautious c) previous d) conceited 9. In a quiet and stealthy way, Bartleby moved into the lawyer's chambers. a) Cautious b) self-confident c) enthusiastic d) wisely 10. Phileas Fogg was an adventurous traveller. a) courageous b) Impatient c) enthusiastic d) anorexic 11. My old laptop has finally died. a) Previous b) confident c) cautious d) conceited 12. We stopped for lunch at a diner in Rajamundri. a) Slim b) cheap c) determined d) Restaurant 13. Kevin's interest in model cars has turned into a hobby. a) Stubborn b) self-confident c) leisure pursuit d) enthusiastic 14. Uncle Henry lives in a hut deep in the woods. a) Leisure pursuit b) shelter c) Stubborn d) courageous 15. My parents are very stubborn in their decision. a) Courageous b) Strong c) cheap d) obstinate

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UNIT – III

11. TENSES - PAST TENSE I. Complete the sentences, Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative. (simple past tense)

1. It was warm, so I ______off my coat. (take)

2. The film wasn't very good. I ______it very much. (enjoy)

3. I knew Sarala was very busy, so I ______her. (disturb)

4. I was very tired, so I______to bed early. (go)

5. The bed was very uncomfortable. I ______very well. (sleep)

6. Sumathi wasn't hungry, so she ______anything. (eat)

7. We went to Kate's house but she ______at home. (be)

8. It was a funny situation but nobody ______(laugh)

9. The window was open and a bird ______into the room. (fly)

10. The hotel wasn't very expensive. It ______very much. (cost)

11. I was in a hurry, so I ______time to phone you. (have)

12. It was hard work carrying the bags. They ______very heavy. (be)

II. Make the positive or negative past perfect tense:

1) When I arrived at the cinema, the film ______(start). 2) She ______(live) in China before she went to Thailand. 3) After they ______(eat) the shellfish, they began to feel sick. 4) If you ______(listen) to me, you would have got the job. 5) Janaki didn‘t arrive until after I ______(leave). 6) When we ______(finish) dinner, we went out. 7) The garden was dead because it ______(be) dry all summer. 8) He ______(meet) her somewhere before. 9) We were late for the plane because we ______(forget) our passports. 10) She told me she ______(study) a lot before the exam. 11) The grass was yellow because it ______(not/rain) all summer. 12) The lights went off because we ______(not/pay) the electricity bill. 13) The children ______(not/do) their homework, so they were in trouble. 14) They ______(not/eat) so we went to a restaurant. 15) We couldn‘t go into the concert because we ______(not/bring) our tickets. 16) She said that she ______(not/visit) the UK before. 17) Ramu and Somu ______(not/meet) before the party. 18) I ______(not/have) breakfast when he arrived. 19) He ______(not/use) email before, so I showed him how to use it. 20) You ______(not/study) for the test, so you were very nervous.

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III. Make the past perfect continuous:

1. I ______(work) all day, so I didn‘t want to go out. 2 . She ______(sleep) for ten hours when I woke her. 3. They ______(live) in Beijing for three years when he lost his job. 4 . When we met, you .______(work) at that company for six months. 5. We ______(eat) all day, so we felt a bit ill. 6. He was red in the face because he______(run). 7 . It ______(rain) the road was covered in water. 8. I was really tired because I ______(study). 9.We ______(go) out for three years when we got married. 10.She______(not / work) but she was tired anyway.

12. USE OF SEQUENCE WORDS

I: Rewrite the sentences in the following paragraph in the correct order. Use appropriate sequence words:

(First, second (or secondly), then, next, after that, finally)

1.______Lime sludge obtained from the waste lime in sugar and other industries and rice husk is taken in equal weights.

2.______little quantity of water is added and mixed thoroughly.

3.______the mixture is in cake form.

4.______it is dried in sunlight.

5.______the drying is over; the mixture is burnt in open completely with air.

6.______the completion of burning, the ashes are collected and ground into a very fine powder.

7.______rice husk cement obtained.

II. Write a paragraph by using sequence words for the following questions. 1. How to reserve ticket for a train journey. 2. How to get a platform ticket by using smart card. 3. How to wash clothes by using Washing Machine. 4. How to apply for a Passport. 5. How to apply for an Engineering course.

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III. Use sequence words to show the order in which things happen: 1. ______, I get dressed.______I eat breakfast.______I read the newspaper.______I make my lunch.______I go to office. 2. ______, I get up.______I brush my teeth.______I take a shower.______I get dressed.______we talk about the story.

13. ADJECTIVES

I. Do the exercise below using the correct adjectives from the list given below :

Beautiful, tiny, thin, busy, old, broad, stiff, sharp

I was walking along the ______street when I saw a crowd not far from the ______entrance of a building. I was eager to know why people were so nervous. I peeped over the ______shoulders of a young man and I saw a ______dog in front of the enormous building. It seemed as if it was waiting impatiently for its master. The passers by were afraid of the shiny, ______teeth that it showed when it grinned. An ______lady suggested to call the police to put an end to the situation which she did immediately. A ______policeman soon appeared in a ______uniform. He made a call in his walky - talky and soon the situation was under control.

II. Choose the correct form of the adjectives from the options given:

1. David was much taller ______Sarath.

(1) as (2) like (3) than

2. Texas is big but Alaska is ______. (1) more big (2) biger (3) bigger 3. This one is better ______that one. (1) as (2) like (3) than 4. Indian beauty was the ______film that year. (1) worse (2) best (3) better 5. This pizza is bad, but that one is ______. (1) badder (2) worst (3) worse

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6. Of all the sofas I have seen so far, this one is ______. (1) nicer (2) the nicest (3) most nice 7. Moscow is a long way away but Ulan Batur is even ______. (1) further (2) more far (3) farther 8. I am not short. I am just ______tall as Hari. (1) as (2) like (3) than 9. She is beautiful I agree, but her mother is ______. (1) beautiful (2) the most beautiful (3) more beautiful 10. Suman is just as rich ______David. (1) as (2) like (3) than

14. DIFFERENT GRAMMATICAL FORMS OF THE SAME WORD

The words in the following sentences are used either as a verb or a noun. Write a sentence with the same word in the other usage.

1. Conflict ______(verb) There will be no Conflict (noun)

2. Record Remember to record the show! (Verb) ______(noun)

3. Permit I won't permit that.(verb) ______(noun)

4. Interest ______(verb) With a great interest, we can achieve many things.(noun)

5. Produce The director has produced five films so far.(verb) ______.(noun)

6. Desert ______(verb) Camels are found in desert.(noun)

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7. Increase The government increases the pay for teachers.(verb) ______(noun)

8. Project ______(verb) There are wide ranges of projects in the science exhibitions. (noun)

9. Change She has changed her attitude.(verb) ______(noun)

10. Iron ______(verb) This chair is made of iron. (noun)

II. Write sentences of your own by using the words as noun and verb:

Object, subject, project, perfect, conduct, contrast, contract, export, rebel, produce, perfume record, progress, import, increase, present, contact, permit, convict, address.

Fixed and Semi fixed Expression:

Fill in the blanks by using the expression given below:

(by hand , on foot, by cable , by air, at length, at ease, by heart, at last, in difficulties, on time, at war, by accident, in half, by degrees, out of doors, in private, out of sight, in tears, at rest, out of order, in secret, on duty, out of hearing, at first, in case)

1. Most mail goes ______from England to Hong Kong. 2. We can either get a taxi or go ______as it's not far. 3. The exam paper has to be delivered______. 4. Some TV channels are only available ______. 5. When Britain and Germany were______, Sweden remained neutral. 6. After several attempts we______got the operating system installed correctly. 7. I don't feel______with this kind of music. 8. He described his accident______to everyone. 9. His explanation did not put our minds______, and we weren't satisfied. 10. It wasn't clear if the fire started______or on purpose. 11. You can only learn this______, step by step, you can't rush it. 12. An actor needs to learn his lines______- you can't read them during a performance. 13. Helicopters were scrambled after reports from a North Sea oil rig that it was______. 14. The trains usually run______, although they might be late if there is a lot of snow. 15. Take an umbrella______it rains. 16. If you divide the room______, you would still be able to get all the desks in. 17. I have something to tell you______. 18. I could see they were talking about me but they were______so I don't know what they were saying. 19. They believe the government is carrying out research______. 20. In summer the children can play______and have more things to do.

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21. They stood watching the plane until it was______. 22. I'm afraid the lift is ______so you'll have to use the steps. 23. My brother is a policeman, and he usually has to be ______at weekends. 24. The exhibition attracted a lot of people off the streets, many______and unable to speak. 25. I didn't like it here______, but now I've grown to appreciate it.

15. CAUSE AND EFFECT EXPRESSIONS

I. Fill in the blanks by using Cause and Effect Expression given:

(as a result, due to, so, result of , therefore, due to)

The invention of the rocket has sometimes had negative effects on human society. For example, these devices have been used in warfare.______people have sometimes been killed en masse. Rocket technology has improved with time, ______rocket engines have come to possess greater range. Conceivably, deadly "warheads" can______be sent to reach targets far away from the launch site. Recently,______the development of nuclear power, a rocket with a nuclear warhead can be the______the deaths of millions of people in a few moments. Tens of millions more can possibly die______the spread of radioactive fallout from a single explosion.

II. Rewrite the sentences by using Cause and Effect Expression:

(So, Therefore, because, since, due to, owing to the fact that, Owing to, because of, As) 1. I helped him. I liked him. 2. He had not paid the rent, he was told to vacate the room. 3. It is raining again; we will have to stay at home. 4. It was raining, we stayed at home. 5. He hasn‘t arrived yet, we will have to go without him. 6. He hasn‘t arrived yet, we will have to go without him. 7. The poor parents could not support the baby. They sent him to an orphanage. 8. We had to cancel the trip. my daughter‘s illness. 9. We had to cancel the match bad weather. 10. I was late the train broke down.

III. Use the following expressions to show the cause and effect relationship in sentences of your own: 1. On account of 2. Because of 3. As a result of 4. Since 5. As

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UNIT - IV 16. ADVERBS I. Find the adjective in the first sentence and fill in the blanks with the corresponding adverb.

1. James is careful. He drives ______. 2. The girl is slow. She walks ______. 3. Her English is perfect. She speaks English ______. 4. Our teacher is angry. She shouts ______. 5. My neighbor is a loud speaker. He speaks ______. 6. He is a bad writer. He writes ______. 7. Jane is a nice guitar player. He plays the guitar ______. 8. He is a good painter. He paints ______. 9. She is a quiet girl. She does her job ______. 10. This exercise is easy. You can do it ______.

II .Fill in the blanks with adverbs:

1) The bus driver was ______injured. (serious) 2) Kevin is ______clever. (extreme) 3) Jack is ______upset about losing his keys. (terrible) 4) Our basketball team played ______last Friday. (bad) 5) Maria ______opened her present. (slow) 6) The dog barks ______.(loud) 7) He drives the car ______. (careful) 8) You can______open this tin. (easy)

III.Rewrite the complete sentence using the adverb in brackets in its usual position.

1) He listens to the radio. (often) 2) They read a book. (sometimes) 3) Pete gets angry. (never) 4) Tom is very friendly. (usually) 5) I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes) 6) Ramon and Frank are hungry. (often) 7) My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening. (always) 8) Walter helps his father in the kitchen. (usually) 9) They watch TV in the afternoon. (never) 10) Christine smokes. (never)

IV. Rewrite each sentence with the adverb of frequency (in brackets) in its usual position.

1) Have you been to London? (ever) 2) Peter doesn't get up before seven. (usually 3) Our friends must write tests. (often) 4) They go swimming in the lake. (sometimes) 5) The weather is bad in November. (always) 6) Peggy and Frank are late. (usually) 7) I have met him before. (never) 8) John watches TV. (seldom) 9) I was in contact with my sister. (often) 10) She will love him. (always)

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17. TENSES - FUTURE TENSE I. Fill in the blanks using simple future tense:

1. You (be)______very happy. 2. You (get)______a lot of money. 3. You (buy)______a beautiful house. 4. Your friends (envy)______you. 5. You (meet)______a beautiful girl. 6. You (marry)______her. 7. You and your wife (travel)______around the world. 8. People (serve)______you. 9. They (not/refuse)______to make you happy. 10. But all this (happen / only)______when you are 70 years old.

II. Fill in the blanks using simple future tense:

1) Tomorrow it ______in the north-west. (to rain) 2) My friend ______12 next Monday. (to be) 3) Hey John! Wait a minute. I ______a word with you. (to have) 4) She ______her boss next week. (to contact) 5) I think you ______this job. (to get) 6) They ______at about 6 pm. (to arrive) 7) The teacher ______this exercise. (to explain) 8) He ______the bottle of water. (to drop) 9) Lots of accidents ______in that weather. (to happen) 10) She ______if you show her the spider. (to scream) 11) Tim ______the teacher. (not/to tell) 12) I hope I ______the train to Manchester. (not/to miss) 13) She ______her hair green. (not/to dye) 14) He ______breakfast tomorrow morning. (not/to prepare) 15) The manager ______trees in front of the office building. (not/to plant) 16) Melissa ______jeans at her party. (not/to wear) 17) My friends ______in a city. (not/to live) 18) We ______about the bad weather. (not/to worry) 19) I ______in this lake. (not/to swim) 20) You ______the vase on the shelf. (not/to reach) 21)The meeting ______at 4:30 pm. (to close) 22) Prices______. (to increase) 23) Phillip ______to come. (not/to forget) 24) Why ______me this book? (he/not/to lend) 25)______, please? I don't like driving on icy roads. (you/to drive) 26) Emily was very rude to me. I ______her again. (not/to visit) 27) Henry ______his father about the accident. (not/to tell) 28) I ______to answer your questions. (to attempt) 30) While the cat's away, the mice______. (to play)

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III. Fill in the blanks using future continuous tense:

1) When the boss comes,______(I/sit) here? . 2) When the boss comes,______(John/use) the computer? . 3) When the boss comes,______(Jane and Luke/discuss) the new project? . 4) When the boss comes,______(she/send) an email? . 5) When the boss comes,______(you/talk) on the telephone? . 6) At 8pm, where______(I/wait)?. 7) At 8pm, what______(you/watch)? . 8) At 8pm, who______(they/meet)? . 9) When the boss comes,______(he/make) coffee? . 10) At 8pm, what______(she/cook)?

IV. Fill in the blanks using future progressive tense

1. Tomorrow morning we (work) ______. 2. This time next week we (have) ______a party. 3. At midnight I (sleep) ______. 4. This evening we (watch) ______a talk show. 5. They (not/do) ______their homework this afternoon. 6. He (listen) ______to music. 7. I (read) a book ______this evening. 8. (Walk / you) ______home this afternoon? 9. He (not/draw) ______tomorrow morning 10. They (argue) ______again? 11.This time next year I (live) ______in London.

12.At 8PM tonight I (eat) ______dinner with my family.

13. They (run) ______for about four hours. Marathons are incredibly Difficult.

14. Unfortunately, I (work) ______on my essay so I won‘t be able to Watch the match.

15.She (study) ______at the library tonight.

16.(you/wait) ______at the station when she arrives?

17. I (drink) ______at the pub when you are taking your exam!

18. (she/visit) ______her grandmother again this week?

19. At 3PM I (watch) ______that movie on channel four.

20. (they/attend) ______your concert next Friday? It would be lovely to see them. 21 .We ______(Shift) to a new home next year. 22. He ______(fly) a kite. 23. It ______(rain) tomorrow.

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24. She ______(enjoy) her vacations. 25. He ______(expect) honesty from his employees. 26.She ______(deliver) a speech to people. 27. I ______(see) John at the conference next week. 28. This time next year I (live) ______in London. 29. At 8PM tonight I (eat) ______dinner with my family. 30. They (run) ______for about four hours. Marathons are incredibly difficult!

V. Fill in the blanks using future perfect tense:

1) I______(leave) by six. . 2)______(you/finish) the report by the deadline? . 3) When______(we/do) everything? . 4) She______(finish) her exams by then, so we can go out for dinner. 5) You______(read) the book before the next class. . 6) She______(not/finish) work by seven. . 7) When______(you/complete) the work? . 8) They______(arrive) by dinner time. . 9) We______(be) in London for three years next week. . 10) We______(not/eat) before we come, so we'll be hungry.

VI. Fill in the blanks using future perfect tense:

1. You can call me at work at 8am. I ______(arrive) at the office by 8.

2. She ______(finish) the work by Wednesday

3. I ______(leave) for home by the time he gets up.

4. You ______(start) a job.

5. By this time next year I ______(graduate) from university.

6. Before he sees his publisher, Charles ______(finish) four chapters in his new novel.

7. A Democratic president ______(be) in the White House for nearly half of the twentieth century.

8) Anne ______her bike next week. (to repair)

9) We ______the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)

10) She ______Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)

11) I ______this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)

12) Sam ______by next week. (to leave)

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13) She ______this with her mother tonight. (to discuss)

14) The police ______the driver. (to arrest)

15) They ______their essay by tomorrow. (to write)

16) Paolo ______the teams. (to manage)

17) If we can do that - then we ______our mission. (to fulfil)

18. By 9 o'clock, we (finish) ______our homework.

19. They (leave) ______the classroom by the end of the hour.

20. We (go) ______home by next week.

21. She (return) ______from the excursion by 6 o'clock.

22. (Buy / he) ______the new house by October?

23. The sun (not / rise) ______by 4 o'clock.

24. (You/do) ______the shopping by 3 o'clock?

25. Jack ______(finish) his homework by the time his mother gets home.

26. Laura ______(clean) out the apartment before she gives back the key.

27. The robbers ______(take) all the money by the time anyone arrives.

28. By the time he graduates, he ______(complete) five years of study.

29. By tomorrow, their life ______(change) completely.

30. By the time you get here, I ______(finish) watching the movie.

VII. Fill in the blanks with future perfect continuous tense forms of the verbs:

1. Lily______computer games for hours. (to play) 2. Mum______sandwiches for two hours. (to make) 3. The man______books for years. (to write) 4. The cake______for 30 minutes. (to bake) 5. The teacher______for 20 minutes. (to talk) 6. The dog______for hours.(to bark) 7. The cat______mice all day. (to chase) 8. The group______together for years. (to sing)

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VIII. Fill in the blanks with future perfect continuous tense forms of the verbs:

1.By the end of the week I ______(work) here for four months.

2.By the end of this month we (live) ______together for six years.

3.By the end of the term she (study) ______for nine years.

4.By midnight we (play) ______this computer game for 48 hours.

5.She (talk) ______on the phone for the last couple of hours.

6. They (look for) ______me all night long.

7.He (play) ______soccer all day long.

8.You (watch) ______TV all the time.

9.He (not / sleep) ______all morning.

10.(Wait / they) ______for 2 hours?

11. By the time Tom gets to the airport, we ______(wait) for over three hours!

12.This time next month, I _____ (work) here for an entire year.

13. By midnight, you ______(dance) for 4 hours.

14. By dinner, she ______(cook) the whole afternoon.

15. He ______(work) there for 10 years by 2015.

16.By next year, I ______(study) English for 7 years.

17. By next week, we ______(renovate) for over a month.

18. In 2012, they ______(live) here for 4 years.

19. Before December, Barbara ______(teach) for a year.

20. By this time tomorrow, I ______(do) this exercise for a long time

21.Jessica ______(help) them for 12 months.

22. Bob and Sarah ______(cook) for 2 hours at 8 o'clock.

23.Tomorrow at 9 o'clock I ______(sleep) for 10 hours.

24. On Thursday, I ______(fix) the car for a whole month!

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25. In 10 minutes, James ______(wait) for 2 hours.

26. They ______(stand) for a whole day.

27. By this time next week, we ______(vacation) for a month.

28. By the end of June they ______live in Poland for ten years.

29. I ______(work) in this company for a year by the end of the month.

30. He ______(wait)for Kate for two hours by now.

18. SINGLE WORD SUBSTITUTES

I. Choose the one which can be substituted for the given word/sentence.

1. Extreme old age when a man behaves like a fool

A. Imbecility B. Senility C. Dotage D.Superannuation

2. That which cannot be corrected A. Unintelligible B. Indelible C.Illegible D. Incorrigible

3. The study of ancient societies A. Anthropology B. Archaeology C. History D. Ethnology

4. person of good understanding knowledge and reasoning power A. Expert B. Intellectual C. Snob D. Literate

5. A person who insists on something A. Disciplinarian B. Stickler C.Instantaneous D .Boaster

6. State in which the few govern the many A. Monarchy B. Oligarchy C. Plutocracy D. Autocracy

7. A style in which a writer makes a display of his knowledge A. Pedantic B. Verbose C. Pompous D. Ornate

II. Find out the one word substitute for the following sentences

1. People living at the same time- 2. A book published after the death of its author- 3. A life history written by oneself- 4. One who eats too much- 5. That which cannot be satisfied- 6. A book written by an unknown author- 7. One who does not make mistakes- 8. One who changes sides- 9. One who is easily deceived- 10.One who can do anything for money 177

19. USE OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Expand the following: a.m. J.E. est.- p.m. A.E.E. etal. – F.N. S.E. fl.- A.N. O&M floz – P.S. S.R. FM. – A.D. G.O. ft. – B.C. A.G. GNP.- 3000 rev./min. F.R. GOP. – 150 rpm M.L. Govt.- 300 ppm C.L. grad. – 6.28 m/s E.L. hr. – 40% v/v T.A. Inst.- 530 kHz D.A. IRA – 1500 kg/m3 H.R.A. IRS.- 273K P.O. Jr. – 500 Btu/ft3 D.D. ong. – P.O. AM – Lt. – CNG Assn- Ltd.- m at. no.- mph. – M at.wt.- Mr. – kg Aug. – Mrs. – s Ave. – Msgr. – A AWOL – mt. – Cd Btu. – mts. – K B.S.- Mus. – As co.- NATO – J Col – NE – Vs Comdr. – no. – Wb Corp.- Op. – AN Cpl – oz. – N.B. cu – QT – w.e.f. dist. – rpm. – f.b.o. div.- WCA - E&O.E. Dr.-

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UNIT - V

20. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

I. Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. The stranger said to me, ‗Could you help me?‘

2. The clerk said to the officer, ‗Can I go?‘

3. The officer said to the clerk, ‗Do it immediately.‘

4. The doctor said to the patient, ‗Come in, please.‘

5. The master said to the boy, ‗Post this letter at once.‘

6. The teacher said to the boys, ‗Do not make a noise.‘

7. The teacher said to the boys, ‗Work hard if you want to pass the exam.‘

8. I said to the child, ‗Do not look down into the well.‘

II. Change the following sentences into indirect speech:

1. ‗What do you want?‘ she asked him.

2. ‗Are you coming with us?‘ he asked me.

3. He asked, ‗When do you intend to make the payment?‘

4. ‗Do you come from China?‘ said the prince to the girl.

5. The poor man exclaimed, ‗Will none of you help me?‘

6. ‗Which way should I go?‘ asked the little girl.

7. Anand said to the magician, ‗What have I done to deserve so severe a punishment?‘

8. ‗Don‘t you know the way home?‘ I said to her.

9. ‗Do you write a good hand?‘ the teacher said to the student.

10. ‗Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?‘ said the judge finally.

11. ‗Have you anything to tell me, little bird?‘ asked Ulysses.

12. ‗Who are you, sir, and what do you want?‘ they asked.

13. The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‗What can I do for you?‘

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14. She asked, ‗What is it that makes you stronger and braver than other men?‘

15. ‗Can you solve this problem?‘ he asked me.

III. Find out the correct answer from the options given below:

Direct to indirect speech

1. Susan said, "I met your sister last week." a. Susan said that I met your sister last week. b. Susan said that I had met your sister last week. c. Susan said that he had met my sister that week. d. Susan said that he had met my sister the week before.

2. Imaan said, "You are not listening to me." a. Imaan said that you are not listening to her. b. Imaan said that you were not listening to her. c. Imaan said that I was not listening to her. d. Imaan said I had not been listening to her.

3. Balaji said, "I am very happy today because my father has given me a car." ( A month later, you report his statement. ) a. Balaji said that he was very happy that day because his father has given him a car. b. Balaji said that he was very happy that day because his father had given him a car. c. Balaji said that he is very happy today because his father has given him a car. d. Balaji said that he was very happy today because his father has given him a car.

4. The headmistress says, "The young people of today are tomorrow's leaders." ( An hour later, you report her statement. ) a. The headmistress says that the young people of today are tomorrow's leaders. b. The headmistress says that the young people of that day are the next day's leaders. c. The headmistress said that the young people of that day are the next day's leaders. d. The headmistress said that the young people of yesterday are today's leaders.

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5. The children said, "We will build a sand-castle ourselves." a. The children said that they would build a sand-castle themselves. b. The children said that they will build a sand-castle ourselves. c. The children said that we would build a sand-castle ourselves. d. The children said that we will build a sand-castle themselves.

6. He said, "I am looking at the diagram." a. He said that I am looking at the diagram. b. He said that I was looking at the diagram. c. He says that he was looking at the diagram. d. He said that he was looking at the diagram.

7. Suresh said, "I don't have any money to pay for this ticket." a. Suresh said that he don't have any money to pay for this ticket. b. Suresh said that he doesn't have any money to pay for that ticket c. Suresh said that he didn't have any money to pay for that ticket. d. Suresh said that he hadn't had any money to pay for that ticket.

8. Jill said, "Jack must give his answer to me." a. Jill said that Jack must give her answer to him. b. Jill said that Jack had to give his answer to her. c. Jill said that Jack had to give his answer to me. d. Jill said that Jack must give his answer to me.

9. She said, "I have been sewing from morning until now." (The next day, you report her statement) a. She said that she had been sewing from morning until then. b. She said that she has been sewing from morning until then. c. She said that she had been sewing from morning until now.

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d. She said that she has been dewing from morning until now.

10. Kumar said, "You may meet them next month." a. Kumar said that you may meet them next month. b. Kumar said that I may meet them next month. c. Kumar said that I might meet them the following month.

4. Kumar said that I may meet them the following month.

IV. Rewrite this paragraph in a dialogue form:

Mrs. Kamala asked Sekar where the memos she had left on his desk the previous morning were. Sekar answered that he was sorry but he had thrown them away by mistake. Mrs Kamala told him that that was a silly thing to do. She also asked if he had taken any photocopies of them at least. Sekar replied that he had and that he had put them in a file. Mrs Kamala asked Sekar where the sales invoices were. She also said that she had been looking for them everywhere. Pradeep answered that he had got no idea himself and suggested asking the secretary.

22. FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED EXPRESSIONS

Fill in the blanks by using the expression given below:

(by hand , on foot, by cable , by air, at length, at ease, by heart, at last, in difficulties, on time, at war, by accident, in half, by degrees, out of doors, in private, out of sight, in tears, at rest, out of order, in secret, on duty, out of hearing, at first, in case)

1. Most mail goes ______from England to Hong Kong. 2. We can either get a taxi or go ______as it's not far. 3. The exam paper has to be delivered______. 4. Some TV channels are only available ______. 5. When Britain and Germany were______, Sweden remained neutral. 6. After several attempts we______got the operating system installed correctly. 7.I don't feel______with this kind of music. 8. He described his accident______to everyone. 9. His explanation did not put our minds______, and we weren't satisfied. 10. It wasn't clear if the fire started______or on purpose. 11. You can only learn this______, step by step, you can't rush it. 12. An actor needs to learn his lines______- you can't read them during a performance. 13. Helicopters were scrambled after reports from a North Sea oil rig that it was______. 14. The trains usually run______, although they might be late if there is a lot of snow. 15. Take an umbrella______it rains. 16. If you divide the room______, you would still be able to get all the desks in. 17. I have something to tell you______.

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18. I could see they were talking about me but they were______so I don't know what they were saying. 19. They believe the government is carrying out research______. 20. In summer the children can play______and have more things to do. 21. They stood watching the plane until it was______. 22. I'm afraid the lift is ______so you'll have to use the steps. 23. My brother is a policeman, and he usually has to be ______at weekends. 24. The exhibition attracted a lot of people off the streets, many______and unable to speak. 25. I didn't like it here______, but now I've grown to appreciate it.

PART –B UNIT – I

1. WRITING ESSAYS ON ANY GIVEN TOPIC / FREE WRITING

1. The role of English as an international language, is undeniably accepted by almost all the people in the present world. Write an essay on the factors which contributed to the growth of English to such an extent. 2. Write an essay in not more than 300 words on the ways in which water, the valuable natural source can be used and preserved. 3. Describe nuclear power as an alternative source of energy in an essay not exceeding 300 words. 4. Describe different measures that could be taken to preserve our environment in an essay not exceeding 300 words. 5. Write an essay on electronic media and its impact on society in not more than 300 words. 6. Do you think the introduction of computers in industries will lead to unemployment? Express your ideas in an essay not exceeding 300 words. 7. Write an essay not exceeding 300 words on the different ways in which economic growth can help to reduce poverty. 8. Technology is a double edged sword. Do you agree? Express views in an essay. 9. Write an essay discussing on the problems of noise pollution in cities and solutions for those problems. 10. Write an essay describing a communication tower, preferably that of the cell phone, in not exceeding 300 words.

2. SENTENCE COMPLETION

1. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

Unfortunately lives really countries proud certainly unhappy cleverest country whatever must

In every country people imagine that they are the best and the ------and the others are not so good as they are. The Englishman thinks that he and his country are the best; the Frenchman is very ------of France and everything French. The Germans and Italians think no less of their ------and many think well of himself and his country. But ------there is no person who has not got some good and some bad qualities. In the same way, there is no country which is not partly good and partly bad. We ------take the good wherever we find it and try to remove the bad wherever it may be. We are, of course, most

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concerned with our own country, India. ------, it is in a bad way today. Many of our people are poor and ------. They have no joy in their ------. We have to find out how we can make them happier. We have to see what is good in our ways and customs and try to keep it, and ------is bad we have to throw away. If we find anything good in other countries, we should ------take it.

2.Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

save great unnecessary prevents disadvantage sleeping think people afford wonderful

Over-eating is one of the most ------practices among those who ------that they can ------it. In fact, authorities say that nearly all who can get as much as they desire, over-eat to their ------. This class of ------could save a ------more food than they can ------by missing one meal per week and at the same time they could improve their health.

A heavy meal at night, the so-called ―dinner‖, is the fashion with many and often it is taken shortly before retiring. It is ------and could be forgone, not only once a week but daily without loss of strength. From three to five hours are needed to digest food. While ------this food not being required to give energy for work is in many cases converted into excess fat, giving rise to over-weight. The evening meal should be light, taken three or four hours before retiring. This ------over-eating, conserves energy and reduces the cost of food.

3. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

shift energy pollute demand growth greenhouse

coal which production power

Energy ------has increased in this modern world. Though the demand has increased in developing nations, there is a heavy deficit in ------. There is a need for increase in clean energy ------will not ------the environment. India is facing an acute ------scarcity. India is heavily dependent on fossil fuels for its energy needs. Most of the ------generation is carried out by ------and mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to ------gases emission. The average per capita consumption of energy in India is around 500 W. However, this energy is expected to rise due to high economic ------and industrialization. Renewable energy is important for industrialization and development of India. A ------from conventional energy systems to renewable resources is necessary to meet the increasing demand of energy without affecting environment.

4. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

forefathers practical insist examination necessities end

because freedom surest compulsion

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We must ------that free oratory is only beginning of free speech; it is not the ------, but a means to an end. The end is to find the truth. The ------justification of civil liberty is not that the ------of opinion is one of the ------of man. For experience tells us that it is only when ------of opinion becomes the ------to debate that the seed which our ------planted has produced its fruit. When that is understood, freedom will be cherished not ------it is a vent for our opinions but because it is the ------method of correcting them.

5. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words: insulating house protect save dripping can conserved protection different best

The ------ways to protect the environment should be encouraged. We want to ------our planet, but many of us are not taking part in protecting the environment. ------should start from every individual. When you do not use a device in your ------, turn it off. Turning off the lights, television and fans when they are not needed is important. Fluorescent light bulbs ------be used to save electricity. By ------windows and doors, twenty percentage of the energy can be saved. By adding insulation and sealing windows and doors many, we can ------more than 20% on energy bills. Water can be ------by using shower and turned of water, while brushing teeth. A ------tap should be sealed. Rainwater can be used for ------purposes. Non-toxic household items can be utilized.

6.Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

Which impure polluting substances normally atmosphere

Pollution chemical plants contamination

The process of ------or the state of being polluted, especially the ------of soil, water, or the ------by the discharge of harmful ------. It is the process of making something unclean, dirty, ------and contaminated. It takes place ------through changes in energy patterns, radiation levels, ------and physical constitutions. This sort of ------includes the release of materials into atmosphere ------make the air unsuitable for breathing, harm the quality of water and soil and damage the health of human beings, ------and animals.

7.Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words: primitive consistently definition defined classified appropriate revolutionized purposeful aspirations commerce

Technology has been ------as the sum total of all the different techniques by which man changes his environment. It is a ------application of information in the design, production, and utilization of goods and services, and in the organization of human activities. The most general ------is the application of science or knowledge to ------and industry. It is the tool that man has been ------

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employing over the ages to fulfill his needs and ------in life and make his life more comfortable. The stone implement that ------man used to kill animals is as much as instance of technology as the silicon chip of today which has ------electronics. Technology has been ------into different types such as simple, technology, intermediate technology, high technology, ------technology and so on.

8.Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

Supply insects creatures useful silkworms flowers

Plentiful collect useful merely

Insects are small ------mostly having six legs, no backbone and a body divided into three parts. They are the most ------of all living creatures. From man‘s point of view, ------can be divided into two main kinds; those insects which are ------to him and those which are ------to him. These are also those which are ------interesting or beautiful. Bees and ------are the examples of useful insects. Bees ------honey and wax from ------for our use. Silkworms ------us with fine, strong silk. These insects provide man with food and clothing.

9.Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words: conservation capacity demand exceed process world

Individual meet remember becomes

Sustainable development is a ------of social and economic well-being. But to meet his end, we should ensure that ------on the environment does not ------its carrying ------, for the present as well as the future generation. To quote in other way, environmental ------is the present major demand. We must always ------that God has given us this beautiful earth. As Mahatma Gandhi said, ―There is enough in this ------for everybody‘s need but not everybody‘s greed‖. Thus it ------the duty of each and every ------to respect the environment and preserve it for the future generation without polluting it.

10. Fill in the blanks choosing the right word from the given words:

Closer method Research navigate non-verbal aggression

Expressions fear extremely universal

Non-verbal communication is a ------of transferring information without words. ------shows that the majority of our communication is ------. Non- verbal communication includes our facial expressions, gestures, eye contact and posture. Non-verbal communication is ------forms and culturally dependent forms. Many facial ------are relatively universal, with most cultures able to identify

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expressions of ------, joy, or anger. Body language is one of the important non-verbal communications. For example, positioning yourself a little ------can show interest, and positioning yourself ------close can communicate either ------aggression or a very high level of interest. The non-verbal communication helps to connect with others, express what you really mean, ------challenging situations, and build better relationships.

3. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL WRITING

1. Write an autobiography of

1. a taxi 2. a train 3. an aeroplane 4. an engineering college 5. a computer 6. an i-pod 7. a submarine 8. a calculator 9. a laptop 10. an autorickshaw

2. Write an autobiographical essay on each of the following topics:

1. My learning experience 2. My satisfaction 3. My mentor 4. My parents 5. My friends 6. My first day in college 7. My unforgettable experience 8. My teachers 9. My hobbies 10. My interests

UNIT - II

4. BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAYS

(a) Write a biography of Indhira Gandhi of 300words. (b) Write a Biography of Papers of about 300 words. (c) Write a history on the Computers, the essay should not exceed more than 300 words. (d) Write the history of your native and its importance of not more than 250 words, it must be understandable. (e) Write a biography of Swami Vivekananda.

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5. PROCESS DESCRIPTION

1. Describe the process of making ice cream 2. Describe the process of rice husk cement manufacture. 3. Describe the process of welding in a lathe. 4. Describe the process of determining the density of a liquid. 5. Describe the process of making photocopies. 6. Describe the process of cement manufacture. 7. Describe the process involved in air-conditioning system. 8. Describe the process of a four stroke engine. 9. Describe the method of giving first aid to a person who has received an electric shock. 10. Describe the process of rain water harvesting.

6. RECOMMENDATIONS / SUGGESTIONS

1. Write a set of 8 recommendations to reduce global warming. 2. Write a set of 8 recommendations to avoid air pollution. 3. Write a set of 8 recommendations to reduce noise pollution 4. Write a set of 8 suggestions to avoid corruption. 5. Write a set of 8 suggestions to avoid malpractice in Examinations. 6. Write a set of 8 recommendations to avoid accidents on highways 7. Give 8 suggestions to reduce unemployment problem. 8. Write a set of 8 recommendations to give a foreigner who wants to visit Chennai. Give your recommendations related to food, stay, travel, etc. 9. Your friend has bought a new motorbike. Write a set of 8 recommendations that should be followed to maintain the bike in good condition. 10. Write a set of 8 suggestions to improve one‘s communication skills.

7. INSTRUCTIONS

1.Write a set of 8 instructions to save electricity. 2.Write a set of 8 instructions to reduce carbon emission. 3. Write instructions to be followed in a Chemistry laboratory. 4. Prepare a set of instructions that must be followed when operating a computer. 5. Write a set of instructions to be followed by students who appear for campus interview. 6. Write a set of 8 instructions to test the quality of drinking water. 7. Write a set of instructions to be followed by all pedestrians. 8. Write instructions to save petrol. 9. Write 8 instructions to be followed by the users of buses. 10. Write a set of safety instructions for a workshop.

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UNIT – III

8. SEQUENCING JUMBLED SENTENCES

I. Rearrange the following sentences in logical and sequential order: 1. Engineering is the use of scientific principles to achieve a planned result. 2. The distinction between science, engineering and technology are not always clear. 3. Generally, science is the reasoned investigation or study of nature, aimed at discovering enduring relationships (principles) among elements of the (phenomenal) world. 4. In this sense, scientists and engineers may both be considered. 5. This knowledge may then be used by engineers to create artifacts, such as semiconductors, computer, and other forms of advanced technology. 6. However, technology broadly involves the use and the application of knowledge (e.g. scientific, engineering, mathematical, linguistic and historical), both formally and informally, to achieve some ―practical‖ results. 7. It generally employs formal techniques, i.e. some set of established rules of procedure, such as the scientific method. 8. For example, science might study the flow of electrons in electrical conductors.

II. Rearrange the following sentences in logical and sequential order: 1. Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic wand. 2. The most common ways of attaching oneself is by using a body harness or a leg harness. 3. Other injuries include eye trauma, rope burn, and uterine prolapse, dislocations, bruises and back injury. 4. The tall structure is usually a fixed object such as building, bridge or a crane. 5. One can be injured during a jump if the safety harness fails, or if the cord elasticity is miscalculated or if the cord is not properly connected to the jumping platform. 6. However, it is also possible to jump from a movable object, such as a hot air balloon or helicopter that has the ability to hover over one spot on the ground. 7. Another major injury occurs when the jumper experiences cord entanglement with his/her own body. 8. There is a wide spectrum of possible injuries during a jump.

III. Rearrange the following sentences in logical and sequential order: 1. The transmission of the receiver‘s response to the leader is called feedback. 2. The sender encodes the message and sends it through a channel. 3. Feedback is essential as it is a barometer of effective communication. 4. This channel is nothing but the language used. 5. Your communication cycle is complete only when you get a response from the recipient of your message. 6. The receiver receives the message, decodes it and acts on it. 7. This may happen because of noise. 8. If the message received is not the same as the message sent, there is a breakdown of communication.

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IV. Rearrange the following sentences in logical and sequential order: 1. Very often, a rock filter consists of a submerged bed of rock through which the lagoon effluent is passed horizontally. 2. However, previous research on rock filters has not fully identified the basic algal removal mechanism or developed a rational design method based on this mechanism. 3. Aerobic stabilization lagoons are commonly employed by small cities and isolated industrial plants for waste water treatment. 4. The objective of the project was to confirm that sedimentation is the primary removal mechanism operating within filters. 5. To remove algae from lagoon effluents, a variety of techniques has been proposed. 6. An additional promising alternative for the removal of algae from lagoon effluents is the rock filter. 7. They include micro-straining, chemical coagulation and sedimentation. 8. Waste water is a major problem faced by many cities.

V. Rearrange the following sentences in logical and sequential order: 1. When completely satisfied with its new mobile home, the hermit crab will emerge one last time, turn the shell over and make a final entrance. 2. Once the shell‘s opening has been located, the crab uses its claws to remove an foreign material before preparing to enter. 3. The hermit crab may encounter empty shells in the course of their daily activity, but the vacant shell is usually spotted by sight. 4. It rises above the opening, flexes its abdomen, and enters the shell backward. 5. Its visual response increases with the size of an object and its contrast against the background. 6. If the size is right, the crab investigates its shape and texture by rolling it over between its walking legs and running its claws over the surface. 7. The shell interior is monitored by the abdomen, and enters the shell backward. 8. It then sizes the shell with its walking legs and climbs on it, monitoring its size.

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9. CHANNEL CONVERSION (FLOW CHART)

Flow Chart:

1. Study the flow chart and describe the various steps involved in construction of a building.

Study Plan (blue print etc.)

Clearance of Site

Earth Work

Procurement of lime, cement stone and coarse aggregate

Laying of Foundation

Procurement of bricks

Erection of Building

Flooring Work

Laying of Pipes for Electricity and Water supply

Providing Connection - Electricity and Water supply

Finishing

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2. The production process of ceramic tiles is illustrated in this flow chart. Summarize the flow chart in about 250 words:

Production Process of Ceramic Tiles

2. Production Process of Cement using Waste. Summarize the flow chart into paragraph about 250 words:

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3. The flow chart below shows how national examination papers are marked in some land. Write a paragraph about 200 words:

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4. This flowchart shows a simple process flowchart in office. The process starts from the applicants and ends at the emplacement breeding center. Summarize the information data into paragraph about 200 words:

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10. PARAGRAPH WRITING 1. Write a paragraph on road safety. 2. Write a paragraph comparing human brain and computer 3. Write a paragraph comparing calculator and a log table 4. Write two paragraphs comparing engineering and medical profession 5. Write two paragraphs comparing English medium and Tamil Medium Education. 6. Write two paragraphs describing the cause and effect of unemployment of youth. 7. Write two paragraphs describing the cause and effect of recession.

11. INFORMAL LETTERS 1. Write a letter to your friend giving him an account of a picnic you had. 2. Write a letter to your friend telling him how you spent your summer vacation. 3. Write a letter to your friend giving a brief description of a holiday tour that you intend to make. 4. Write a letter to your father describing a recent cricket match in which your side won. 5. Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for the birthday gift he sent you. 6. Write a letter to your mother giving an account of the Annual Sports Day in your college. 7. You had arranged to meet your cousin at the railway station but you could not do so. Write a letter of apology, explaining the lapse on your part. 8. You have just returned from a place of tourist interest. Write a letter to your father telling him all about the place and the experience you had there. 9. Your uncle has offered to sponsor you for a three-week activity holiday with some training. You have to choose between mountaineering and trekking. Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for sponsoring you and explain your reasons for choosing either mountaineering or trekking. 10. Write a letter to your brother who is going to write his Board Examination in March 2015. Offer your suggestions and recommendations to him as to how he should prepare for the Examination. 11. Write a letter to your father, who has been away from home for a fortnight, about anything of interest that has taken place in his absence. 12. Assume that you are staying in the hostel of a college. Write a letter to your parents on the approaching vacation. 13. Write a letter to your younger brother, scolding him for having neglected his studies. 14. You have been delayed one night by a railway accident near a small country out-station. Write a letter to home relating your experience. 15. Write a letter assuming from a sister to her brother, describing her visit to an orphanage. 16. Write a letter to a friend, advising him to insure his life.

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12. PARAPHRASING 1. Read the following poem and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words. BEREFT Where had I heard this wind before Change like this to a deeper roar? What would it take my standing there for, Holding open a restive door, Looking down hill to a frothy shore? Summer was past and the day was past. Sombre clouds in the west were massed. Out on the porch‘s sagging floor, Leaves got up in a coil and hissed, Blindly striking at my knee and missed. Something sinister in the tone Told me my secret my be known: Word I was in the house alone Somehow must have gotten abroad, Word I was in my life alone, Word I had no one left but God.

- Robert Frost

2. Read the following poem and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words.

DAFFODILS

I wandered lonely as a cloud

That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the milky way,

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They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.

The waves beside them danced; but they

Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed—and gazed—but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought:

For oft, when on my couch I lie

In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. - William Wordsworth 3. Read the following paragraph and paraphrase it by putting it into your own words.

FRIENDSHIP

A friend is a gift you give to yourself. Friends are those people in your life with whom you do not have any blood relation. It‘s a relation of love and affection towards other people. Your friend is someone with whom you feel comfortable and can easily share your thoughts and feelings. You do not have to think twice when you are with your friends. A true friend loves you unconditionally, understands you, but never judges you and always tries to support you and give you good advice. The friendship of Krishna and Sudama is a great example of true friendship.

―A friend is someone who knows all about you and still loves you.‖ ― Elbert Hubbard

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A true friend is one will always be there when you need someone. He will leave all his important works but will never leave you alone, especially in your difficult times. That is why it is said a friend in need is a friend indeed. Difficult times are the best time to realize who your true friends are. Blessed are the souls who have true friends. It does not matter how many friends you have, what matters is how many true friends you have. Friends show us how to live a life in a different way; they are the ones who can change our viewpoints for good. There is no growth of the person without any friend. A friend is really very essential to understand life. Until now we have been looking at life the way our family wanted us to see, it is only when we see the world with the eyes of a friend that our view point changes.

The kind of friends you have determines the kind of person you are. That is why it is advised to be careful before making a friend. Choose someone with good thoughts and character, because our thoughts and feelings are affected by the place we live in and by the people we live with. Be friends with someone who makes you feel free, positive and alive.

A couple should be best of friends for a successful marriage. Husband and wife should understand each other the way true friends understand each other. They should have love and understanding, trust and respect for each other. Thus before getting married one should give importance to the degree of friendship a couple holds. As said by Nicolas Sparks in the novel ―The Notebook‖- ―You are my best friend as well as my lover, and I do not know which side of you I enjoy the most. I treasure each side, just as I have treasured our life together.‖

Many songs and stories have been written on the importance of friendship. It breaks the ice between two unknown people; if the other person is friendlier then a person feels more comfortable and easily opens up. Even a small drop of friendship can do wonders in any such relationship as the relationship of a couple, parents and their child, boss and employee, members of an organization etc. Heaven will fall on earth if we can eradicate ego, selfishness and hate and grow love and friendship for each other in the hearts of people.

UNIT – IV 13. INTERPRETING VISUAL MATRIALS (LINE GRAPHS, PIE CHARTS) Pie Chart Exercise: 1. Imagine you just did a survey of your friends to find which kind of movie they liked best.Transcode this pie chart into paragraph.

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2. This pie chart shows the results of a survey that was carried out to find out how students travel to school. Summarize the datas into paragraph.

Car: 30 Bus: 40 Cycle: 15 Taxi: 5 Walk: 10

3.. The pie chart shows the amount of money that a children's charity located in the USA spent and received in one year. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.Write at least 250 words.

Revenue Sources and Expenditures of a USA Charity in one year.

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3. The pie chart shows the highest level of education of women in some land in the years 1945 and 1995.compare the two pie chart and give the data in a paragraph of 250 words

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Line Graph: 1. The line graph shows thefts per thousand vehicles in four European countries between 1990 and 1999. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write at least 150 words.

2. This line graph shows the midday temperature over a period of 7 days. Transcode the Line Graph into paragraph.

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14. ESSAY WRITING I. Write essays on the following topics in not more than 300 words: 1. Renewable sources of energy and their uses. 2. Describe the role of engineers in developing a country. 3. Suggest ways for the effective use of mass media. 4. Benefits and defects of advanced technology. 5. Explain the methods by which energy can be saved. 6. Suggest methods by which pollution can be controlled. 7. Solar power as a new source of energy. 8. India‘s progress in Science and Technology. 9. Terrorism – a global threat. 10. Newspapers – their good and evil effects.

UNIT - V

15. POSTER MAKING 1. Explain the given poster in 100 words; include all the important remedial measures to be taken for safer work.

2. Look at the poster and identify the message conveyed through this poster.

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I. . 1. Look at the following picture. What do you think it depicts? Add a byline to the picture to change it into a poster.

1. What does the author want to say through this poster?

2. What has been described in this poster?

3. Do humans stay close to nature?

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III.

1. What is the message given in the poster? 2. Write three statements to avoid killing Tigers? 3. Give your opinion on this poster in four sentences.

IV.

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o Identify the importance of this Poster.

o Write four instructions to save water.

o Write a slogan of this poster in not more than four words. V. 1. What is the poster about?

o Write a review of this Picture for 150 words on child education

o Is there any possibility to change this situation?

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SEMESTER II

PART – A

UNIT - I

1. USE OF SMS FOR SENDING SHORT NOTES AND MESSAGES

Human beings have a special desire to make meanings. They make meanings through their creation and interpretation of signs. These signs are used in different ways in different fields to communicate with others. Text messages or SMS in the mobile phone or email use special types of signs to communicate. Abbreviations are also used in Email and Posts, Abbreviations are usually typed in all capital letters, but may be typed in lower case in a hurry or when using the Shift or Caps Lock key is difficult to type. Short Message Service or SMS texting in mobile or email and the common expressions which are used in email messages as follows,

Short form Long form goin going jus just ar are doin doing bn being gd good clz class bst best frm from cld could

Truncation (Short forms): In truncation, words are shortened either by cutting off the top or the end of the word. In most cases priority is given to the pronunciation of the word. The use of these shortened forms relieves the user of a great burden of typing the whole word to send their message/s to the receiver.

Short form Long form frm from shld should yr your thn then spk speak txt text wckd wicked wrk work nrg energy gnrl general rgds regards ppl people pls please 206

cn can hm home hv have

Short Forms Long Forms TC take care WT what NP no problem IMO in my opinion IOW in other words LMK let me know TIA thanks in advance ILU I love you SOL sooner or later ATB all the best ATM at the moment ATW at the weekend BBL be back later BBS be back soon PCM please call me IDK I don't know ICCL I couldn't care less TDTU totally devoted to you BYKT but you knew that FITB fill in the blank IYSS if you say so BTDT been there, done that CWUL chat with you later TUVM thank you very much BG big grin TT till tomorrow BB bye-bye CB call back IK I know YM you mean YR yeah, right CM call me DK don't know GA go ahead JK just kidding MU miss you PC private chat SC stay cool HTH hope this helps IAC in any case IAE in any event BTW by the way

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ASAP as soon as possible IMHO in my humble opinion AYOR at your own risk DWBH don't worry be happy

Short form Long form SIT stay in touch CUL see you later HUH have you heard? MOF matter of fact CUT see you tomorrow KIT keep in touch TOY thinking of you SOL sooner or later ONNA oh no, not again! BION believe it or not BITS be in touch soon OTOH on the other hand

Short form Long form NAGI not a good idea HAND have a nice day RUOK are you okay? CUSN see you soon LIBYA love is beautiful you also ITALY I trust and love you IMPOV in my point of view

Orthographic Transformation: Orthographic transformation in the form of numerals or alphabets that are phonetically similar is commonly seen in SMS text messages. SMS users substitute words with phonetically similar orthography as in the case of ‗c’ for ‗see‘ and ‗u’ for ‗you’ to mean ‗see you ‗CU‘ or phonetically similar numeral prefixes like ‗4’ for ‗four’ with ‗get‘ to communicate ‗forget‘ – ‗4get‘. Each orthography, group or number symbolizes a particular solid word. Sometimes several orthographies within the word are used, as in ‗MT’ to mean ‗empt‘‟ Orthographic transformations in the form of letter omissions, where all vowels or vowel- like letters in the word are dropped are also seen to communicate in SMS text messages.

Short form Long form R are Y why D the U you 2 to 8 eight 4 for CU see you

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UR you're MT empty QT cutie D8 date M8 mate H8 hate L8 late B4 before W8 wait U2 you too 2B to be 2DA today B4N bye for now No1 no one Gr8 great W4U waiting for you G2G got to go F2T free to talk O4U only for you BB4E bye bye forever Wan2 want to SUM1 someone 2NITE tonight 2G4U too good for you 4GET forget W84M wait for me CUL8R see you later ACTIVE8 activate IN4ML informal 2MORO tomorrow

2bctnd - to be continued, 2g4u - too good for you, 2l8 - too late, 2WIMC - to whom it may concern, 4e – forever, 4yeo- for your eyes only, 911 - emergency - call me. AAMOF as a matter of fact ADN any day now AFAIA as far as I'm aware AFAIC as far as I'm concerned AFAIK as far as I know AFK away from keyboard ASAP as soon as possible ATSL along the same line AS another subject

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BAK back at keyboard BBD basically brain dead BBL be back later BCNU be seeing you BFN bye for now BRB be right back (when momentarily leaving a chat ) back to topic (on email lists, message boards) back to top (to keep BTT subject from ageing off a message board, a use rather frowned upon) BTW by the way CU see you (as in "CU 2morrow!") CUL see you later (or CUL8R) DEB don't even bother DGT don't go there DIIK damned if I know EM(F)BI excuse me (for) butting in EOM End of Message FUBAR fouled up beyond all recognition FWIW for what it's worth having to do with a self-directed, physically impossible action, and a FYATHYRIO horse grinning; grin. The comments preceeding or following are meant humorously or to be taken with a grain of salt. GD&R, grinning, ducking and running GIWIST gee, I wish I'd said that GMTA great minds think alike HTH hope this helps! IC I see IDK I don't know IIRC if I recall correctly ITSFWI if the shoe fits, wear it IMO in my opinion

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IMCO in my considered opinion IMHO in my humble opinion IMNSHO in my not so humble opinion IOW in other words IRL in real life (as opposed to your online life!) JK just kidding JP just playing KHYF know how you feel KWIM know what I mean? L8r later LAB&TYD life's a bitch & then you die LTNT long time, no type LOL laughing out loud NBD no big deal NOYL not on your life NP no problem NTYMI now that you mention it OIC oh, I see! OOTQ out of the question OT off topic OTOH on the other hand OTTOMH off the top of my head PTB (the) powers that be POV point of view RABNC read and acknowledged, but no comment RSN real soon now RO(T)FL rolling on (the) floor, laughing ROFLMAO rolling on floor, laughing my --- off ROTFLOLSTC rolling on the floor, laughing out loud - scared the cat! SEP someone else's problem

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SNAFU situation normal, all fouled up SO significant other SOW speaking of which TANJ there ain't no justice TANSTASQ there ain't no such thing as a stupid question TCGOFE this could go on for ever! TEOTWAWKI the end of the world as we know it TFTHAOT thanks for the help ahead of time thanks in advance TIA tl;dnr too long; did not read TTBOMK to the best of my knowledge TTFN ta-ta for now! TTUL talk to you later TYVM thank you very much WB welcome back! WRT with regards to WYSIWYG what you see is what you get WTG way to go! YMMV your mileage may vary (= your experience may differ)

2. USING „EMOTICONS‟ AS SYMBOLS IN EMAIL MESSAGES

An emoticon is a version of shorthand developed by Internet users to help express emotions and thoughts without typing out the words. Dictionary definition of emoticons says that it ―. . . is a very clever use of standard punctuation marks to express a human emotion‖. In direct face to face communication, non-verbal communication such as body language, facial expressions and tone of voice plays a crucial part in how someone interprets what is being said. Emoticons help to personalize and put non-verbal communication into written messages, to create e-mail moods. The key to communication is language; the emotion allows people to express feelings quickly and effectively through written word. The term "emoticon" is a blend of two words, emotion and icon. Emoticons are those little sideways smiley faces that are seen at the end of sentences.

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General Smileys

:) Smiley without nose :-( Frowning smiley with nose *<|:o)> Santa Clause :-D Open- mouthed grin :-(), Shock, :-| Pursed lips/Blank look, :-9 Salivate >8-D Crazed laughter, :-) Smile #:-) Wearing a hat :-)... Drool, :@ Shouting :-(O) Disbelief :-~) Runny nose :-x Small kiss %-} Intoxicated :') Happy tears :-|| Cross, :( Frowning smiley without nose &:-) Braid hair :-7 Smirk :`( Crying :-\ Skeptical :-< Cheated/:-| Unamused/Mildly cross /\(00)/\ Spider :- O Wow! >:-@! Swearing |-O Snoring >:-( Angry/Really upset :-P Sticking tongue out :-----) Liar <3 |:-) Wearing top hat :-& Tongue-tied :-($) Put your money where your mouth is 3:-) Devilish grin @>;--;-- Rose :x Mouth shut.

:) or :-) Smile ^-^ Delighted; happy face O:) or O:-) Smiling angel :D or :-D Big, toothy smile }:> or }:-> Devilish smile ;) or ;-) Wink :( or :-( Frown :C or :-C Big frown / Grumpy :'( or :'-( Crying :-/ Sarcasm :> or :-> Big grin :p or :-p Sticking out tongue :o or :-o Surprise; outcry :O or :-O Scream

:V or :-V Talking; yakking

8) or 8-) Smiley with glasses; author wears glasses

|:o Ooooohhh noooooo!

O_O Shocked; surprised; bug face

O_o Confused face

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<_< Disappointed; ashamed; upset face

-_- Equivalent to latter

3. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS

Regular and irregular verbs form a major category of English verbs. They are so called because of their forms. A regular verb is a verb whose past and past participle forms are made by your adding -d or - ed or t to its base form -ie its present form. They are more common and more in number than irregular verbs. There are four types of regular verbs. These are: the simple present, the present continuous, the simple future, the simple past and the past participle. Here are some examples of regular verbs displayed on the table below.

Regular verbs in their forms Base Simple Present Present continuous simple future Simple past Past participle walk walk/walks am/is/are:walking will/shall:walk walked has/have:walked cry cry/cries am/is/are:crying will/shall:crying cried has/have:cried lay lay/lays am/is/are:laying will/shall:lay laid has/have:laid dream dream/dreams am/is/are:dreaming will/shall:dream dreamed/dreamt has/have:dreamed/dreamt stop stop/stops am/is/are:stopping will/shall:stop stopped has/have:stopped pay pay/pays am/is/are:paying paid will/shall:pay has/have:paid burn burn/burns am/is/are will/shall:burn burned/burnt has/have:burned/burnt Note that the word ‗stop‘ has additional ‗p‘ to form the present continuous, the past and the past participle tenses. Note also that the ‗y‘ in cry, pay and lay changed to ‗i‘ and followed by ‗-ed‘ and ‗-d‘. Note also that the words ‗dream‘ and ‗burn‘ could have their simple past and past participle formed by addition of ‗-ed‘ or ‗-t‘ to the present tense form. Irregular verbs These verbs, as the name implies, are the opposite of regular verbs. Unlike the regular verbs, they are not many and therefore not common. Here are some examples displayed in the table below. Base Simple Present Present continuous simple future Simple past Past participle begin begins/begin am/is/are:beginning will/shall:begin began has/have:begun bite bite/bites am/is/are:biting will/shall:bite bit has/have:bitten buy buy/buys am/is/are:buying will/shall:buy bought has/have:bought catch catch/catches am/is/are:catching will/shall:catch caught has/have:caught lie lie/lies am/is/are:lying will/shall:lie lied has/have:lied

Irregular verbs, unlike the regular ones, do not form their simple past and past participle just by adding‗d‘, ‗ed‘, or ‗t‘ rather, they change their vowel sound and in some cases, the end of the word is changed as well. Some of the verbs get a different form when they are changed into simple past and past participle forms. For example, the verbs bring, buy and catch have the same form of both simple and past participle thus: bring/brought/brought;

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buy/bought/bought; catch/caught/caught. The verb to lie, (meaning to speak falsehood) takes the regular"-d" ending for its forms in the past, thus: lying-lied, lied.

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle arise a rose arisen awake awoke awoken be was/were been bear bore born(e) beat beat beaten become Became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet Bet bet bind bound Bound bite Bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt/burned burnt/burned burst Burst burst buy bought bought can could …… (been able) catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug do did done draw drew drawn dream Dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk drive drove driven eat ate eaten fall fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found fly flew flown forbid Forbade forbidden

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forget forgot forgotten forgive Forgave forgiven freeze froze frozen get got got give gave given go went gone grind Ground ground grow grew grown hang hung hung have had had hear heard heard hide hid hidden hit hit hit hold held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt knelt know knew known lay laid laid lead led led lean leant/leaned leant/leaned learn learnt/learned learnt/learned leave left left lent lent lent lie (in bed) lay lain lie (to not tell the truth) lied lied light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose lost lost make made made may might …… mean meant meant meet met met mow Mowed mown/mowed must had to …… overtake overtook overtaken pay paid paid put put put read read read ride rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen run ran run saw sawed sawn/sawed say said said see saw seen sell sold sold send sent sent set set set

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sew sewed sewn/sewed shake shook shaken shall should …… shed Shed shed shine shone shone shoot shot shot show Showed shown shrink shrank shrunk shut shut shut sing sang sung sink sank sunk sit sat sat sleep slept slept slide slid slid smell smelt smelt sow sowed sown/sowed speak spoke spoken spell spelt/spelled spelt/spelled spend spent spent spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled spit spat spat spread spread spread stand stood stood steal stole stolen stick stuck stuck sting stung stung stink stank stunk strike struck struck swear swore sworn sweep swept swept swell Swelled swollen/swelled swim swam swum swing swang swung take took taken teach taught taught tear tore torn tell told told think Thought thought throw threw thrown understand understood understood wake woke woken wear wore worn weep wept wept will would …… win won won wind wound wound write wrote written

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4. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice refers to the form of the verb in a given sentence - Active Voice or Passive Voice. When a verb form shows that the subject does something, it is said to be in the active voice. In other words, Active voice gives importance to the ‗doer‘ of an action.

E.g.: Raju operated the lathe.

Here, the stress is on the subject Raju; the verb operate indicates that the subject did something to the object.

When a verb form shows that something is done to the subject, it is said to be in the Passive Voice. In other words, Passive Voice gives importance to the action and not the ‗doer‘ of the action. Ex: The lathe was operated by Raju.

Here, the subject- the lathe- is acted upon. The action is given importance and not the doer.

Voice change involves three major changes:

1. It changes the functions of the subject and the object. 2. It changes the position of the subject and the object. 3. It changes the form of the verb.

A change in voice does not change the meaning of the sentence.

Basic rules to change Active voice to Passive voice:

1. The object becomes the subject. Anil gave the spanner. The spanner was given by Anil. 2. The tense of the verb does not change. Anil gave the spanner. The spanner was given by Anil.

3. The participle form of the verb is always used. The spanner was given…. The letter was written… The letter is being written… The mistake was being realized…

4. The preposition ‗by‘ must be added. (In Impersonal passive, the doer is omitted, so, ‗by‘ is not added.

5. The subject of the active voice statement becomes an Adjunct. Mala wrote a letter. S V O

A letter was written by Mala.

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S V A Tense Active voice Passive voice Present simple Give/s Is/are given Present continuous Is/are giving Is/are being given Present perfect Has/have given Has/have been given

Past simple Gave Is/was given Past continuous Was/were giving Was/were being given Past perfect Had given Had been given Future simple Will give Will be given Future Perfect Will have given Will have been given

Basic rules 1. A sentence can be separated in to subject, verb and object. Mala wrote a letter.

2. The object of the sentence must be turned into subject. Mala wrote a letter. A letter was written by Mala.

3. The ‗be‘ form must be used according to the tense of the verb. A letter was …

4. Past participle of the verb must be used. A letter was written…

5. Preposition ‘by‘ must be added. A letter was written by …

6. The subject must be made the object. A letter was written by Mala. ―The Guide‖ was written by R. K. Narayan.

I. Omission of the object in Passive voice

In some sentences, the object of the verb is omitted because the attention is paid to the action itself.

The thief was arrested (by the police) The plane was hijacked [by some group] II. Transitive verbs with two objects:

A transitive verb is sometimes followed by two objects. In such cases two passive forms are possible. The manager granted me the permission. The permission was granted to me by the manager. Direct object I was granted the permission by the manager.

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Indirect object

In such cases, the normal practice is to begin with the indirect object in the passive sentence.

When the passive voice is in the negative form, the ‗not‘ comes between the helping verb and the main verb. He has not been arrested.

Verbs with preposition:

When the verb in the active voice is followed by a preposition/adverb, it should not be left out in the passive.

She looked after the baby. The baby was looked after by her. Sometimes when the subject in the passive voice is not necessarily the ‗doer‘ of the subject, it may take a preposition other than ‗by‘ in the passive. Ex : Smoke filled the room. The room was filled with smoke.

Conversion of Imperatives into Passive Voice:

Commands, orders and requests can be expressed in passive voice.

Order/Command: Ex: Post this letter --- Let the letter be posted. Tell her to wait here --- Let her be told to wait here. Don‘t open the door --- Let the door be not opened. Advice/ Suggestion: Take medicines on time - Medicines should be taken on time. Obey your teachers - Your teachers must be obeyed.

Request:

Please give me some more time. - I may please be given some more time. Kindly grant me a week‘s leave - I may kindly be granted a week‘s leave.

Yes/No questions:

Did they solve the problem? - Was the problem solved? Do you speak Hindi? - Is Hindi spoken by you? Does your father spend the money? - Is the money spent by your father?

Will you help me? - Shall I be helped by you?

‗WH‘ questions:

Who/What/Which [as subject] Such questions usually begin with a question word, and a preposition is placed at the end of a question.

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Ex: Who wrote the poem? By whom was this poem written?

EXERCISE

I. Use passive constructions without agents in the following sentences: 1. We use a calculator for performing complex calculations. 2. We can measure atmospheric pressure, using a barometer. 3. Technology has made human life more comfortable. 4. We have introduced several innovations in the design of the latest automobile. 5. The rural people can use the dual purpose bi-cycle to power small scale agricultural implements. 6. We clamp the metals together. 7. We can generate heat for welding in several ways. 8. We used steam merely to create vacuum. 9. The army is constructing a new bridge. 10. The Managing Director has declared a 10% bonus. II. Change the following sentences from Active into Passive: 1. The crew found the meteorological information very useful. 2. The management will require Data on capacity utilization. 3. I shall complete the project by next week. 4. Who gave you the instructions? 5. The supervisor shouted at the erring staff. 6. Indian airlines have introduced the automatic printing of tickets in major cities. 7. A very small quantity of nuclear fuel can produce enormous amount of energy. 8. The police have arrested the burglar. 9. We are indiscriminately exploiting natural sources. 10. The workers are repairing the road. III. Change the voice and rewrite the following sentences: 1. One can easily solve the problem. 2. Users have maintained this pump themselves. 3. Teachers can sow the seed for any type of behaviour at tender age. 4. Many faults have been ascribed to dams by people. 5. This will prevent metal surfaces from coming into contact. 6. The Egyptians knew the art of jewellery making as early as 3000 BC. 7. We use radiation measuring instruments to monitor radiation levels.

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8. We can use coal to produce detergents, explosives and paints. 9. Multinational companies make huge investments in oil-rich countries. 10. He has to complete the project before the dead line. IV. Change the following into Impersonal Passive: 1. Avoid cell phone while driving. 2. Save enough money for future. 3. Place the beaker on the desk. 4. Apply science to solve human problems.

5 & 6. HOMONYMS AND HOMOPHONES

Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.

A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures. The driver turned left (opposite of right) and left (departed from) the main road.

Homonyms are simultaneously homographs (words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation) and homophones (words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called homonymy. Examples of homonyms are the pair stalk (part of a plant) and stalk (follow/harass a person) and the pair left (past tense of leave) and left (opposite of right). A distinction is sometimes made between "true" homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as skate (glide on ice) and skate (the fish), and polysemous homonyms, or polysemes, which have a shared origin, such as mouth (of a river) and mouth (of an animal). In non-technical contexts, the term "homonym" may be used (somewhat confusingly) to refer to words that are either homographs or homophones. In the stricter sense, the word row (propel with oars) and the American pronunciation of row (argument) are considered homonyms, as are the words read(peruse) and reed (waterside plant) in the looser sense To put it in a nutshell, homonyms generally include two categories of word types: homophones and homographs.

 Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.  Homophones are words that sound the same when you pronounce them, but have different meanings.

Homophones, also known as sound-alike words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have different meanings and often have different spellings as well. These words are a very common source of confusion when writing. Common examples of sets of homophones include: to, too, and two; they're and their; bee and be; sun and son; which and witch; and plain and plane. Vocabulary Spelling City is a particularly useful tool for learning to correctly use and spell the sound alike words.

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For example: "aye", "eye" and "I".

The spelling of "rose" (past tense of "rise") and "rose" (the flower) appear in the same place in the dictionary. Their diacritical marks are the same as the homophones that appear elsewhere in that reference, such as "rows" and "roes". (1) Ad: The ad has been pictured nicely. Add: The teacher asked to add the numerical. (2)air: He feels free to air his thoughts to us. Heir: The legal heir to receive the share has been announced by the court. (3) Aisle: The aisle has been occupied by the luggage I‘ll: I‘ll ask her to come and meet you Isle: The isle has been taken control by the military chief. (4) Allowed: The children were allowed to watch the horror movie. Aloud: The warden yelled at the students aloud. (5) Alms: The alms were given to the beggars. Arms: The arms were distributed to the terrorists by the civilians.

This list contains both homophones and homographs.

1) ade – drink type, as in lemonade aid – to help or assist

2) aide - assistant

3) (2)affect - change effect – result or consequence

4) (3)air – atmosphere (the stuff we breathe) err – to make a mistake

5) (4) aisle - walkway I‘ll – I will isle - island

6) (5)allowed - permitted aloud – out loud

7) (6)ant – picnic pest aunt – relative, as in your mom‘s sister

8) (7)arc - curve ark – Noah‘s boat

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9) (8)ate – chewed up and swallowed eight – number after seven

10) bare - uncovered bear – grizzly animal

11) berry – fruit from a bush bury – to put underground

12) base – bottom part bass – deep or low

13) be – to exist bee – buzzing insect

14) beach – sandy shore beech – type of tree

15) beat - to pound beet – type of edible plant

16) berth – tie up birth – to be born

17) bite - nibble byte – 8 bits (computer data)

18) blew – past of blow blue – color of ocean

19) boar - pig bore – not interesting bore - to drill

20) borough – area or district burrow – dig through burro – small donkey

21) bough - branch bow – bend or curtsy

22) buoy - floater boy – young man

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23) brake – stop pedal break – smash

24) bread – bakery food bred – form of breed

25) broach - mention brooch - pin

26) brows - eyebrows browse – look around

27) buy - purchase by - beside by - originating from BR.

28) bye – short for goodbye

29) cell – compartment sell - vend

30) cent – penny coin sent – did send

31) cereal – breakfast food serial - sequential

32) Chile – country in South America chili – bean stew chilly – frosty

33) chord – musical tone cord - rope

34) cite - quote site - location sight - view

35) close – opposite of open clothes - clothing

36) complement – enhance; go together compliment - praise

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37) council - committee counsel - guidance

38) creak - squeak creek – stream of water

39) crews - gangs cruise – ride on a boat

40) dear - darling deer – woodland animal

41) dew – morning mist do - operate due - payable

42) die – cease to exist dye - color

43) doe – female dear dough – uncooked bread

44) dual - double duel - battle

45) ewe – female sheep you - second-person personal pronoun

46) eye – sight organ I - me

47) fair - equal fare - price

48) fairy – elflike creature with wings ferry - boat

49) faze - impact phase - stage

50) feat – achievement feet – plural of foot

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51) fir – type of tree fur – animal hair

52) flea – small biting insect flee - run

53) flew – did fly flu – illness

54) flour – powdery, ground up grain flower – blooming plant

55) for – on behalf of fore - front four – one more than three

56) forth - onward fourth – number four

57) knew – did know new – not old

58) gorilla – big ape guerrilla - warrior

59) grease - fat Greece – country in Europe

60) groan - moan grown – form of grow

61) hair – head covering hare – rabbit-like animal

62) hall - passageway haul - tow

63) halve – cut in two parts have - possess

64) hay – animal food hey – interjection to get attention

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65) heal - mend heel – back of foot

66) hi - hello high – up far

67) hoarse - croaky horse – riding animal

68) hole - opening whole - entire

69) holey – full of holes holy - divine wholly - entirely

70) hour – sixty minutes our – belonging to us

71) knead - massage need - desire

72) knight – feudal horseman night - evening

73) knot – tied rope not - negative

74) know – have knowledge no – opposite of yes

75) lead – metal led - was the leader

76) lessen – make smaller lesson - class

77) loan - lend lone - solitary

78) made – did make maid - servant

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79) mail - postage male – opposite of female

80) marry – to wed merry – very happy

81) meat – animal protein meet - encounter

82) none – not any nun – woman who takes special vows

83) oar – boat paddle or - otherwise ore - mineral

84) oh – expression of surprise or awe owe – be obligated

85) one - single won – did win

86) overdo – do too much overdue – past due date

87) pail - bucket pale – not bright

88) pain - hurt pane – window glass

89) peace - calm piece - segment

90) peak – highest point peek - glance

91) plain - ordinary plane – flight machine plane - flat surface

92) pole - post poll - survey

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93) poor – not rich pour – make flow

94) pray – implore God prey - quarry

95) principal – most important principle - belief

96) rain – water from sky rein - bridle

97) rap - tap wrap – drape around

98) real - factual reel - roll

99) right – correct; not left write - scribble

100) ring - encircle wring - squeeze

101) role - function roll - rotate

102) rose - flower rows - lines

103) sail – move by wind power sale – bargain price

104) scene - landscape seen - viewed

105) sea – ocean segment see – observe with eyes

106) seam – joining edge seem - appear

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107) sew – connect with thread so – as a result sow - plant

108) soar - ascend sore – hurt place

109) sole - single soul - essence

110) some – a few sum - amount

111) steal - swipe steel - alloy

112) tail – animal‘s appendage tale - story

113) their – belonging to them there – at that place they‘re – they are

114) to - toward too - also

115) toe – foot appendage tow – pull along

116) vary - differ very - much

117) wail - howl whale – huge swimming mammal

118) waist – area below ribs waste - squander

119) wait – kill time weight – measurable load

120) war - battle wore – did wear

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121) warn - caution worn - used

122) way - path weigh – measure mass

123) we - us wee - tiny

124) weak – not strong week – period of seven days

125) weather - climate whether - if

126) which - that witch – sorcerer

127) your – belonging to you you‘re – you are

I. EXERCISE

Homophones are words that have the same spelling, but different pronunciation and meanings.

Examples:

1. The wind_(a)_is blowing hard. (a) moving air (rhymes with pinned) I have to wind_(b)_my clock. (b) turn the stem (rhymes with find)

2. The singer made a low bow___ to the audience. (a) decorative ribbon (rhymes with so) Mary placed a red bow___ on the birthday gift. (b) bend at the waist (rhymes with how)

3. All the students are present ___ today. (a) here (rhymes with pleasant) The boss will present___ the award at 10:00. (b) give (rhymes with resent)

4. Please close___ the door. (a) near (rhymes with dose) The boy sat close___ to his uncle. (b) shut (rhymes with toes)

5. The rope was wound___ around his ankles. (a) tied around (rhymes with pound) The soldier received a wound___ in the battle. (b) an injury (rhymes with moon)

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6. I don‘t know if I will live___ or die. (a) to have life (rhymes with give) Last night I saw the band play live___ in concert. (b) in real time performance (rhymes with hive)

I. The underlined words in the following sentences are homonyms. Using these words frame sentences of your own, each with a meaning different from the meaning given.

1. Fill the given form with register number on the right side. 2. Use dark colour pen to fill the form. 3. The team members rose and pointed the mistakes done by their leader. 4. I play cricket, when my mom saw me 5. A set of people went to see the plot for sale in Perambur.

II. EXERCISE

Frame sentences using these words: 1. air, heir 2. bare, bear 3. hair, hare 4. hear, here 5. heard, herd 6. him, hymn 7. idle, idol 8. in, inn 9. knows, nose 10. knew, new 11. practice, practise 12. read, red 13. right, rite, wright, write 14. son, sun 15. threw, through 16. tire, tyre 17. to, too, two 18. ware, wear, where 19. wood, would 20. role, roll

III. Choose the correct word given in the brackets:

1. The prisoner cried _____ for mercy. 2. My best friend ______me to sing at her wedding. (aloud, allowed)

1. The ______was scary looking. 2. I felt ______without my makeup. (bear, bare)

1. I bought a chocolate bar for a ____. 2. The boy's _____ smelt musky and strong. 3. I ____ my parents a letter today. (cent, scent, sent)

1. The ______are getting lighter. 2. The woman was in her _____ after she fainted. (days, daze)

1. The cake needed______, which had dropped out on the way.

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2. The_____ had no water so it started to wither. (flour, flower)

IV. Words that have the same pronunciation, but different spelling and different meanings. Directions: Choose the correct word.

Example: Please try not to (waste, waist) paper.

1. Can I go to the party (to, too, two)?

2. This is my favorite (pare, pair, pear) of jeans.

3. I (sent, scent, cent) a letter to my aunt in Vellore.

4. The children got (bored, board) during the lecture.

5. Mr. and Mrs. Ram like to work in (there, they‘re, their) garden.

6. Arun is going to (wear, ware) his work boots today.

7. Do you think it is going to (rein, rain, reign) this afternoon?

8. I saw a restaurant just off the (rode, road) about a mile back.

9. Leela‘s brother is in a (band, banned) which plays carnatic music.

10. John wants her socks because her (tows, toes) are cold.

UNIT – II

7. MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs express the mood (wish, statement etc.,) of another verb. Can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, have, ought Can: To express Ability: Can you drive? Permission: Can I use your bike? Can I park here? Request: Can you finish this soon, please? Possibility: You can get stamps there. Smoking can cause cancer. Offer: Can I help you? Could: To express Ability: I could lift this when I was young. Permission: [more polite than ‗can‘] Could I speak to the M.D? Request: [more polite] Could you lend me Rs.500/-? Possibility: [uncertain] You could have completed if you had tried. Suggest: You could call them to see if they‘d be willing to baby-sit. We could go for a walk if you like.

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May: To express Possibility: I may call upon you tomorrow. Permission: You may go out after completing this work. Wish: May you live long! Might: To express Possibility: [may or may not] I might visit the U.S. if I save up enough money. Permission: [more polite than ‗may‘] Might I ask you a question? Suggestion: [in a polite way] I thought you might like to join us for dinner. You might try adding a little more cocoa. Will: To express Future [Happening or Plan] Clara will be 5years next month. I will see him tomorrow. Will you be there? Ability/Willing: I‘ll give you a lift Ask him if he will drop me. Request: [polite] Will you give me her address? Will you read this out? Will you join us for dinner? You will do this, won‘t you? Always: [certainty] A branded product will always sell better. Accidents will occur. Likely: That will be the plumber at the door. That will be mother. Would: To express Future: He said he would see me tomorrow. I knew there would be trouble if I told them the news. We realized it wouldn‘t be easy to find a new maid. Intention: They promised that they would help. He said he wouldn‘t move the car. Possibility :[ Imagine] I would hate to miss the show. It would have been wonderful if it had rained. Conditional: If I were you, I would be happy. Request: More polite than ‗will‘ 235

Would you mind sharing your room? Would you like a cake? Wish: I‘d rather have a cup of milk. Wouldn‘t you like tea? Advice: I wouldn‘t do it, if I were you. Reason: Why would anyone want to eat something so horrible? Shall: To express Future: If you do that I shall be very cross I shall never forget you. Suggest: Shall we go out for dinner, today? Certainty: Don‘t worry. I shall be there to meet you. Should: To express Duty: You should see the doctor. `You should be ashamed of your behaviour. There should be an investigation. Probability: My dry cleaning should be ready by now. You should find this useful. Possibility: Should you need anything, please contact me. It‘s odd that this should happen. Reason: Why should anyone want to eat this? Why shouldn‘t she buy it if she can afford it? Have: To express (Forced, need) I have to go to Mumbai tomorrow. Do we have to finish this today? Must: To express Necessity: Luggage must not be left unattended. Meat must be cooked properly. I must call my sister. You must come over for the holidays. You must visit Mauritius. Probability: He‘s been driving all day. He must be tired. When you got lost you must have been frightened. Ought: To express Duty: You ought to be kinder to him. We ought to hurry now. Probability: He ought to be home by 7 ‗o‘clock. They ought to have been here by now, but they aren‘t. If you show the receipt there ought not to be any difficulty in getting the money back.

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EXERCISE

1. Use must, might, may, could or can't plus the correct form of the verb

1. Where is David? He ______(be) at school. Classes begin at 8.

2. She______(think) that it is a good idea. It's crazy!

3. I'm absolutely sure! They ______(arrive) yesterday, I saw their ticket.

4. Are you joking! David ______(go) to Paris last week. He doesn't have enough money.

5. They ______(live) in New York, but I'm not sure.

6. The concert ______(be) wonderful last night. Fiore is a great conductor.

7. John ______(be) at work, or perhaps he‘s at the gym – or even the pub!

8. Jane ______(leave) the party with John last night, but I‘m not sure.

2. Rewrite these sentences using must or can‘t

1. I‘m sure she‘s at home.

2. I‘m certain you‘re crazy.

3. I know that she isn‘t Janet – she‘s in the USA.

4. I‘m sure she thinks I‘m stupid.

5. I bet I look silly in this coat.

6. They‘re always buying new cars – I‘m certain they make a lot of money.

3. Make 2 sentences of your own with each of the following Modal verbs:

Ought, shall, could, might, should, may, can, will, would.

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms of verbs. 1. ______God bless you! (may/ might) 2. You ______be present at the college before 9 am. (must/ can) 3. He ______run fast when he was young ( can/ could) 4. He ______(shall/ should) prepare well for the ensuing examinations. 5. He______(need not / needs not) pay the fees this month.

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6. The rat ______(was killed/ killed) by the cat. 7. The house ______(built/ was built) in 1995. 8. All the patients ______(were treated / treated) well at the private hospital. 9. The ball ______(catch/ was caught) by the captain. 10. English ______(is being/ have) taught by him.

8. PURPOSE AND USE EXPRESSIONS STRUCTURES INDICATING USE / PURPOSE Purpose is generally expressed by i) infinitive alone to + verb (e.g.) 1. Thermometer is used to measure temperature. 2. Graphics are use to represent data. ii) in order + infinitive in order to + verb (e.g.) 1. Capacitor plates are often produced in the form of metal foil in order to increase the capacitance. 2. A dip stick is used in order to measure the depth of diesel or petrol in the fuel tank. After ‗to‘, the base form of the verb is used. iii) in order that ….. may / shall (e.g.) 1. Students concentrate more practical classes in order that the may gain more practical knowledge. 2. Traffic signals are installed in order that traffic at important junctions may be regulated. iv) for (e.g.) 1. Pendulum is used for measuring time. 2. A catalyst is used for speeding up the chemical process. After ‗for‘, ‗ing‘ (present participle) form of the verb is used. v) so as to + verb (e.g.) 1. The telescope is fixed so as to view the heavenly bodies clearly. 2. Zero error is calculated so as to give appropriate readings. vi) so that …… can / may / will / shall (e.g.) 1. People read newspapers so that they can get information about the happenings in the country. 2. Contestants campaign vigorously so that they may win the election. vii) The purpose of ______is to + verb+______

(e.g.) 1. The purpose of a litmus test is to identify acids and alkalis. 2. The purpose of a spanner is to tighten nuts and bolts. viii) The aim of ______is to + verb + ______

(e.g.) 1. The aim of the experiment is to define the density of water. 2. The aim of the test is to check the IQ, EQ and SQ levels of the candidates. The expression ‗the aim of‘ is mainly used to mention the use or purpose of a test or experiment.

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Examples: Barometer: measure atmospheric pressure A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. The purpose of a barometer is to measure atmospheric pressure.

Safety Valve: allow excess pressure to escape The purpose of the safety valve is to allow excess pressure to escape. Test: predict the rise in pressure The aim of the test is to predict the rise in pressure.

Aerial: receive broadcast signals. An aerial is used to receive broadcast signals.

Carbon paper: make duplicate copies A carbon paper is used for making duplicate copies

EXERCISE

I. Using the hints given below, make sentences that express purpose:

Experiment : demonstrate a principle

A feasibility report : makes recommendations on the practicality of a project

A flowchart : represents a process as a series of steps

Sensors : detect the movement and control the display

Moderator : slow down the speed of free neutrons II. Rewrite the following sentences, to express purpose.

1. Cooling becomes essential in I.C. engines. Air cooling or water cooling is used. 2. Steam turbines are used. They run generators in thermal power plants. 3. Air-conditioning has very much helped in creating artificial atmosphere. Man is saved from severe cold or heat. 4. Lubricant is used. It reduces the temperature of the working parts. 5. A good network of transport system is maintained. It enables economic, industrial and cultural growth of a country. 6. Foundations are strongly built. They support the structures.

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9. PHRASAL VERBS

A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a preposition or an adverb; the combination creates a meaning different from the original verb alone. Example : To get = to obtain I need to get a new battery for my camera. To get together = to meet Why don‘t we all get together for lunch one day?

Phrasal verbs are a part of a large group of verbs called ―multi-part‖ or "multi-word‖ verbs. The preposition or adverb that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle.

Phrasal verbs and other multi-word verbs are an important part of the English language. However, it is mainly used in spoken English and informal texts. It should be avoided in academic writing where it is preferable to use a formal verb such as ―to postpone‖ rather than ―to put off‖.

Transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs:

Some phrasal verbs are transitive. (A transitive verb always has an object.) Example : I made up an excuse. ('Excuse' is the object of the verb.)

Some phrasal verbs are intransitive . (An intransitive verb does not have an object.) Example : My car broke down.

Separable or inseparable phrasal verbs :

Some transitive phrasal verbs are separable. (The object is between the verb and the preposition.) Example : I looked the word up in the dictionary.

Some transitive phrasal verbs are inseparable. (The object is placed after the preposition.) Example : I will look into the matter as soon as possible.

Some transitive phrasal verbs can take an object in both places. Example : I picked up the book. I picked the book up.

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However, if the object is a pronoun, it must be placed between the verb and the preposition. Example : I picked it up.

The most commonly-used phrasal verbs in English: abide by → avail (oneself) of , back away → butt in (on) , call back → cut out, deal with → drown out, ease off → focus on, get along (with) → grow up, hand back → hurry up, iron out → knock out, lay off → look up to, make fun of → note down, opt out → point out, reel off → stick up for, take after → turn down, use up → wipe off

Separable Phrasal Verbs The object may come after the following phrasal verbs or it may separate the two parts:  You have to do this paint job over.  You have to do over this paint job. When the object of the following phrasal verbs is a pronoun, the two parts of the phrasal verb must be separated:  You have to do it over. Verb Meaning Example blow up explode The terrorists tried to blow up the railroad station. bring up raise children It isn't easy to bring up children nowadays. call off cancel They called off this afternoon's meeting Do over repeat a job Do this homework over. Fill out complete a form Fill out this application form and mail it in. Fill up fill to capacity She filled up the grocery cart with free food. find out discover My sister found out that her husband had been planning a surprise party for her. give give something to The filling station was giving away free gas. away someone else for free give return an object My brother borrowed my car. I have a feeling he's not about back to give it back. hand in submit something The students handed in their papers and left the room. (assignment) hang up put something on hook She hung up the phone before she hung up her clothes.

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or receiver hold up delay I hate to hold up the meeting, but I have to go to the bathroom. hold up rob Three masked gunmen held up the Security Bank this afternoon. leave out omit You left out the part about the police chase down Asylum Avenue. look examine, check The lawyers looked over the papers carefully before over questioning the witness. (They looked them over carefully.) look up search in a list You've misspelled this word again. You'd better look it up. make up invent a story or lie She knew she was in trouble, so she made up a story about going to the movies with her friends. make out hear, understand He was so far away, we really couldn't make out what he was saying. pick out choose There were three men in the line-up. She picked out the guy she thought had stolen her purse. pick up lift something off The crane picked up the entire house. (Watch them pick it something else up.) point out call attention to As we drove through Paris, Francoise pointed out the major historical sites. put away save or store We put away money for our retirement. She put away the cereal boxes. put off postpone We asked the boss to put off the meeting until tomorrow. (Please put it off for another day.) put on put clothing on the body I put on a sweater and a jacket. (I put them on quickly.) put out extinguish The firefighters put out the house fire before it could spread. (They put it out quickly.) read peruse I read over the homework, but couldn't make any sense of over it. Set up to arrange, begin My wife set up the living room exactly the way she wanted it. She set it up. take make a written note These are your instructions. Write them down before you down forget.

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take off remove clothing It was so hot that I had to take off my shirt. talk over discuss We have serious problems here. Let's talk them over like adults. throw discard That's a lot of money! Don't just throw it away. away Try on put clothing on to see if She tried on fifteen dresses before she found one she liked. it fits Try out test I tried out four cars before I could find one that pleased me. turn lower volume Your radio is driving me crazy! Please turn it down. down turn reject He applied for a promotion twice this year, but he was down (2) turned down both times. turn up raise the volume Grandpa couldn't hear, so he turned up his hearing aid. turn off switch off electricity We turned off the lights before anyone could see us. turn off repulse It was a disgusting movie. It really turned me off. (2) turn on switch on the electricity Turn on the CD player so we can dance. use up exhaust, use completely The gang members used up all the money and went out to rob some more banks.

Inseparable Phrasal Verbs (Transitive) With the following phrasal verbs, the lexical part of the verb (the part of the phrasal verb that carries the "verb-meaning") cannot be separated from the prepositions (or other parts) that accompany it: "Who will look after my estate when I'm gone?" verb Meaning Example call on ask to recite in class The teacher called on students in the back row. call on (2) visit The old minister continued to call on his sick parishioners. get over recover from sickness or I got over the flu, but I don't know if I'll disappointment ever get over my broken heart. go over review The students went over the material before the exam. They should have gone

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over it twice. go use up; consume They country went through most of its through coal reserves in one year. Did he go through all his money already? look after take care of My mother promised to look after my dog while I was gone. look into investigate The police will look into the possibilities of embezzlement. run across find by chance I ran across my old roommate at the college reunion. run into meet Carlos ran into his English professor in the hallway. take after resemble My second son seems to take after his mother. wait on serve It seemed strange to see my old boss wait on tables.

Three-Word Phrasal Verbs (Transitive) The following phrasal verbs have three parts: "My brother dropped out of school before he could graduate." Verb Meaning Example break in on interrupt (a I was talking to Mom on the phone when the operator conversation) broke in on our call. catch up keep abreast After our month-long trip, it was time to catch up with the with neighbors and the news around town. check up examine, The boys promised to check up on the condition of the on investigate summer house from time to time. come up to contribute After years of giving nothing, the old parishioner was able with (suggestion, to come up with a thousand-dollar donation. money)

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cut down curtail We tried to cut down on the money we were spending on on (expenses) entertainment. drop out of leave school I hope none of my students drop out of school this semester. get along have a good I found it very hard to get along with my brother when we with relationship were young. with get away escape blame Janik cheated on the exam and then tried to get away with with it. get rid of Eliminate The citizens tried to get rid of their corrupt mayor in the recent election. get through Finish When will you ever get through with that program? with keep up maintain pace It's hard to keep up with the Joneses when you lose your with with job! look anticipate with I always look forward to the beginning of a new semester. forward to pleasure look down Despise It's typical of a jingoistic country that the citizens look on down on their geographical neighbors. look in on visit We were going to look in on my brother-in-law, but he (somebody) wasn't home. look out for be careful, Good instructors will look out for early signs of failure in anticipate their students look up to Respect First-graders really look up to their teachers. make sure Verify Make sure of the student's identity before you let him into of the classroom. put up with Tolerate The teacher had to put up with a great deal of nonsense from the new students. run out of exhaust supply The runners ran out of energy before the end of the race. take care of be responsible My oldest sister took care of us younger children after for Mom died. talk back to answer The star player talked back to the coach and was thrown impolitely off the team.

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think back Recall I often think back on my childhood with great pleasure. on walk out on Abandon Her husband walked out on her and their three children.

Intransitive Phrasal Verbs The following phrasal verbs are not followed by an object: "Once you leave home, you can never really go back again." Verb Meaning Example break down stop functioning That old Jeep had a tendency to break down just when I needed it the most. catch on become popular Popular songs seem to catch on in California first and then spread eastward. come back return to a place Father promised that we would never come back to this horrible place. come in Enter They tried to come in through the back door, but it was locked. come to regain consciousness He was hit on the head very hard, but after several minutes, he started to come to again. come over to visit The children promised to come over, but they never do. drop by visit without We used to just drop by, but they were never home, appointment so we stopped doing that. eat out dine in a restaurant When we visited Paris, we loved eating out in the sidewalk cafes. get by Survive Uncle Heine didn't have much money, but he always seemed to get by without borrowing money from relatives. get up Arise Grandmother tried to get up, but the couch was too low, and she couldn't make it on her own. go back return to a place It's hard to imagine that we will ever go back to Lithuania. go on Continue He would finish one Dickens novel and then just go on to the next.

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go on (2) Happen The cops heard all the noise and stopped to see what was going on. grow up get older Charles grew up to be a lot like his father. keep away remain at a distance The judge warned the stalker to keep away from his victim's home. keep on (with continue with the same He tried to keep on singing long after his voice was gerund) ruined. pass out lose consciousness, He had drunk too much; he passed out on the faint sidewalk outside the bar. show off demonstrate haughtily Whenever he sat down at the piano, we knew he was going to show off. show up Arrive Day after day, Efrain showed up for class twenty minutes late. wake up arouse from sleep I woke up when the rooster crowed.

1. Choose a phrasal verb to replace the explanation in brackets: 1. Every morning I (stop sleeping) ______when I hear the alarm clock. a) Wake out b) wake up c) wake in d) wake off 2.On Sundays I can (leave bed) ______later. a) get out b) step off c) get up d) step out 3.We must (be quick) ______or we'll be late for school! a) act up b) fasten on c) hurry up d) speed in 4.John helped the old lady to (board) ______the bus. a) mount on b) get on c) get up 4) put on 5.Julie went to the library to (try to find) ______a book. a) look out b) look after c) look for d) look up 6.It's time for the news. Let's (start) ______the radio. a) turn on b) tune in c) turn up d) tune at 7.Please come in and (have a seat) ______" said the doctor. a) seat up b) seat down c) sit up d) sit down 8.When Dad arrives home, he (removes) ______his coat. a) puts off b) takes off c) leaves in d) takes out

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9.Dad couldn't see very well. ―(wear) ______your glasses" said Mum. a) put on b) put away c) put in d) put up 10.When we arrive at the station, we (descend from) ______the train. a) get down b) stand down c) get off d) stand out 11. When Caroline goes to work, the babysitter (takes care of) ______the children. a) Looks at b) looks up c) looks for d) looks after 12.The babysitter (has a good relationship) ______well with the children. a) gets out b) gets on c) gets up d) gets in 13.Peter promises he will ( stop) ______smoking soon. a) give in b) give over c) give up d) give out 14.They (continue) ______talking when the teacher arrives. a) carry on b) get on c) break out d) remain on 15.The fire fighters came and (extinguish) ______the fire. a) put off b) let away c) put out d) let out 16. I'll call the shop to (discover) ______the price. a) find out b) bring out c) turn up d) call up

17.You never forget the place where you (spend childhood) ______. a) bring up b) raise up c) grow up d) rise up 18.If your car (ceases to function) ______, you should call a garage a) stops off b) breaks down c) turns off d) breaks out 19.It's difficult for a plane to (leave the ground) ______when there is snow on the ground. a) take off b) start up c) lift off d) rise up 20.You must (return) ______the books that I lend you. a) hand in b) take back c) give back d) pay for 21.The meeting had to be ______(to a later date) because of the strike. a) set off b) put off c) laid off d) set to 22.The film begins at 8.30. I'll ______you _____ at 8.15. a) pick/up b) take/out c) collect/up d) run/up 23.Tom is depressed. He's finding it difficult to ______his divorce. a) get over b) get past c) go after d) give away

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24.There is no more sugar. Never mind - we can ______it! a) dispense of b) make up c) take off d) do without 25.Teaching is not easy. Sometimes teachers have to ______aggressive children. a) handle to b) deal with c) cope on d) work out 26.Alan met Julie by accident. He ______her at the supermarket. a) walked into b) crashed into c) bumped into d) banged into 27.The boss wants an explanation. How do you ______the decrease in sales? a) make up b) break down c) add up d) account for 28. If we ______of petrol on this isolated road, we'll be in trouble! a) lack in b) run out c) stay out d) roll out 29.Sometimes fighting ______among supporters at football matches. a) takes off b) starts up c) breaks out d) rises up 30. There will be no press conference tomorrow. It has been ______. a) called off b) taken back c) put away d) set off. 31. They hope to ______a contract and sign it before the end of the week. a) Set up b) put up c) draw up d) make up 32.He's a very dependable person. You can ______him in any circumstances. a) count for b) trust in c) stand for d) rely on 33. Many husbands avoid any housework. They manage to ______it. a) get safe of b) go past on c) stay away of d) get out of 34.I'm glad you're coming to the meeting. I ______to meeting you. a)look ahead b) look forward c) see forward d) think ahead 35.Harry reads the newspaper every morning. He likes to ______the latest events. a) stand up to b) stay on to c) keep up with d) get up to 36.Tom and Bill had a meeting in order to ______their difficulties. a) bash out b) wash out c) iron out d) spread out 37.Tests will be ______to determine the causes of the failure. a) taken up b) carried out c) looked into d) run on 38.The plans for the new theatre ______a lot of criticism. a) ran up to b) faced up with c) came up against d) was opposed to

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39.Sophie wants to leave the company. We'll have to ______a way to make her stay. a) set up b) turn out c) figure out d) stumble on 40.Anyone can make a mistake but George never ______to his errors. a) comes on b) owns up c) goes forward d) pays up

1. Complete the sentences

Passed away, do without, look forward to, called off, made up, carried away, break out, run out, put up with, keep up.

1. Don't smoke in the forest. Fires ______easily at this time of the year.

2. I ______seeing my friends again.

3. I'm afraid; we have ______of apple juice. Will an orange juice do?

4. Your website has helped me a lot to ______the good work.

5. A friend of mine has ______her wedding.

6. His mother can't ______his terrible behavior anymore.

7. As an excuse for being late, she ______a whole story.

8. I got ______by his enthusiasm.

9. I just cannot ______my mobile. I always keep it with me.

10. She was very sad because her father ______last week.

2. Complete the phrasal verbs with the correct particles

4. I don't know where my book is. I must look _____ it. 5. Fill ______the form, please. 6. The music is too loud. Could you turn ______the volume, please? 7. Quick, get ______the bus or you'll have to walk home. 8. Turn ______the lights when you go to bed. 9. Do you mind if I switch ______the TV? I'd like to watch the news. 10. The dinner was ruined. I had to throw it ______. 11. When you enter the house, take ______your shoes and put ______your slippers. 12. If you don't know this word, you can look it ______in a dictionary.

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UNIT – III

13. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

The conditional indicates the common way of showing that one event is dependent in some way on another event. Basically there are three types of conditional sentences with different pairs of tenses and meanings. They are:

 Probable Condition [open/factual]  Improbable Condition [hypothetical/imaginary/unreal]  Impossible Condition.

Conditional sentences have two parts.  „if‟ clause / subordinate clause  Main clause Note: ‗if‘ clause may come at the beginning or after the main clause in a sentence. If the sentence begins with if clause/subordinate clause, the punctuation mark ‗,‘ should be used after the subordinate clause.

There are three types of conditionals in English. Each kind contains a different tense pattern and expresses a different shade of meaning. Look at the following sentences.

If you work hard, you will succeed.

If you worked hard, you would succeed.

If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.

The first sentence belongs to open or probable condition. This tells us that something will take place, if a certain condition is fulfilled. In this type the condition may or may not be fulfilled.

The second sentence belongs to improbable or unreal condition. This type is used when the action in the ‗if‘ clause is thought unlikely to happen. We also use this condition to talk about unreal situations in the present.

The third sentence belongs to impossible condition. It tells us that something did not take place because a particular condition was not fulfilled.

Condition „If‟ clause Main clause Examples Probable Simple Simple Future If I find a job, I will Present help my family. Improbable Simple Past Could/should/would+verb If I were a millionaire, / were [present conditional] I would help the poor. Impossible Past Perfect Could/should/would+ have + past If we had reached the participle form of the verb examination hall 30 [perfect conditional] minutes earlier, we would have written the exam.

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The other forms of conditionals are: ‗Unless‘, ‗should‘, ‗had‘ and ‗or‘.

 Unless you finish your formalities, you will not get the tender.  Should you do your assignments properly, you will get through the examination.  Had I helped him in time, he would have survived.  Pay the fees or leave the office.

Some Variations: The auxiliaries may, can, might, could, can also be used in the place of will, would in the main clause which give the meanings of possibility, permission or ability. If I have money, I can lend it to you. (Ability) If you complete the work, you could go (Permission) You might win the race, if you participated. (Possibility) If I had known your address, I might have visited. (Possibility)

EXERCISE Complete the following conditional sentences:

1. If you heat ice, ______2. If you request him, ______3. If we had taken all the precautionary measures, ______4. If the fire breaks out, ______5. If I were a scientific advisor for the president, ______6. If the passengers stand on the foot boards of the buses,------7. If the engine is serviced regularly,------8. ------, you will get distinction. 9. If drivers do not obey traffic regulations,------10. If the pressure in the boiler rises high, the safety valve ------(blow off ) 11. If the work had been planned carefully , ------12. If I were a collector to Trichy, ------13. We will be late,------14. If I hadn‘t been busy, ------15. If he had taken my advice, ------16. If I were a doctor,------17. If you don‘t concentrate on your studies, ------18. There would have been a major accident, if the driver ------19. If the battery of the car is down, ------20. If ------, the aeroplane cannot take off.

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14. WORDS USED AS NOUNS AND VERBS English has numerous word pairs that are spelled alike, but pronounced differently according to whether the word is being used as a noun or as a verb.

Some examples are conduct, digest, escort, insult, produce, and record. With each of these words, the accent shifts according to the part of speech. Here are some examples:

Noun: I do not approve of his cónduct.

Verb: John Williams will condúct the symphony .

Noun: Charan will be her éscort.

Verb: He will escórt her to the Dais.

Noun: That last remark was an ínsult.

Verb: How dare you insúlt your father?

Noun: Greens and tomatoes are fresh próduce.

Verb: These factories prodúce the finest shirts.

Noun: That‘s his fifth platinum récord.

Verb: Let‘s recórd the baby‘s first word.

For the noun the accent falls on the first syllable; for the verb, on the second.

There are some words which are used as nouns and verbs without any change in pronunciation.

Sleep: Noun: I need some sleep. Verb: I could sleep all day. Paint: Noun: I like that paint. Verb: Do you want to paint? Hope: Noun: Her pep talk gave me hope. Verb: I hope we win! Taste: Noun: I like the taste of chocolate.

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Verb: Taste that ice cream. Hand: Noun: That baby has a tiny hand. Verb: Hand me that drill.

EXERCISE Use the following words in two sentences using as a noun in one and as a verb in the other: attack answer brush benefit contrast cut design delay excuse experience fall flash help heat jump judge question quiz lock limit mail march need name oil order pay post produce photograph use yield request race store show travel type value vision water work

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UNIT - IV

15. NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS

When a numerical expression is placed in the position of an adjective before the noun, the singular form is used.

A journey of 20 miles : a 20-mile journey. A base of 13 acres : a 13- acre base. The pipe is three feet long : a three- foot long pipe. A flask with a capacity of 10 litres : a 10 litre flask. A research grant of Rs. 2 lakhs : a 2 lakh rupee research grant. EXERCISE Give the numerical expressions for the following: 1. A team of 11 players 2. A DC supply of 320 volts 3. A lecture for 3 hours 4. A tank with a capacity of 200 litres. 5. A walk of five miles. 6. A tube that is ten feet in length. 7. A team that is twenty members strong. 8. A power of 230 watts 9. A ground that is 5 acres in area. 10. A project worth ten lakhs

16. CONNECTIVES

Connectives help to build effectives and coherence. These words help to make the sentence logical. The sequencing words are used to connect words, phrases and clauses in a sentence. Technical writing needs connectives. They may be used as subordinating or co-ordinating conjunctions. When two halves of a sentence joined by and, but,or or have the same subject, the subject should be omitted in the second half. Join the following pairs of sentences with and, but or or:

1. Technology is characteristic of all human societies. Technology exists even among less developed communities. 2. More advanced civilizations have more complex technologies. More advanced civilizations retain the basic pattern of all technologies. 3. The broken transmission shaft stopped turning. The broken transmission shaft brought the vehicle to a stand still. 4. Cast iron is strong. Cast iron breaks easily under strain. 5. A lorry‘s leaking radiator must be repaired immediately. A lorry‘s leaking radiator should be replaced. 6. An electric drill is extremely valuable in reducing time and effort. An electric drill cannot be used, of course, in rural areas where there is no electricity. 7. Diamonds are commonly used in jewellery. Diamonds are also widely used in industry. 255

8. In planning the construction of a new road, the civil engineer first surveys the area. The civil engineer determines the precise line of the new road. 9. He must analyze the soil properties. The road may be built in an area of subsidence. 10. The proposed route requires tunnels to be built through mountains. The proposed route is therefore very expensive.

Choose the appropriate connective: and, so, but or or:

1. In summer we wear light clothes------the weather is hot. 2. I have a tooth ache------I must see a dentist as early as I can. 3. It is rainy ------windy today. 4. I like walking ------I never go to school on foot------it is 10 miles away from home. 5. My son is calm ------easy-going------my daughter is very moody ------they never agree together. 6. I am English ------I live in the USA------I work with a company there. 7. I love painting ------fishing ------they teach me concentration. 8. Jane hates swimming ------she spends her summer holidays on the beach------she loves sunbathing. 9. It is always rainy in winter ------you should always take an umbrella with you. 10. Fast foods are delicious ------usually unhealthy------people should avoid them. 11. Peter is obese------the doctor advised him to practise sport regularly. 12. Parents ------children should have good relationships.

17. IDIOMS AND THEIR MEANINGS

An idiom is a combination of words that has a figurative meaning, due to its common usage. An idiom's figurative meaning is separate from the literal meaning or definition of the words of which it is made. Idioms are numerous and it occurs frequently in all languages. There are estimated to be at least 25,000 idiomatic expressions in English language. In linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech contradicting the principle of compositionality. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that makes up the whole. The following example is widely employed to illustrate the point: Fred kicked the bucket. Understood compositionally, Fred has literally kicked an actual, physical bucket. The much more likely idiomatic reading, however, is non-compositional: Fred is understood to have died. Arriving at the idiomatic reading from the literal reading is unlikely for most speakers. What this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single lexical item that is now largely independent of the literal reading.

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1) all right

(i) expression of reluctant agreement

E.g. A: ―come to the party with me. Please!‖

B: ―Oh, all right. I don‘t want to, but I will.‖

(ii) fair; not particularly good.

A: ―How is your tour?‖

B: ―It‘s all right, I guess, but it‘s not the best tour I‘ve ever gone.‖

(iii) unharmed; in satisfactory condition.

A: ―You don‘t look normal. Are you all right?‖

B: ―Yes, but I have a headache.‖

2) at the eleventh hour: at the last minute; almost too late.

E.g. ―Yes, I got the work done in time. I finished it at the eleventh hour, but I wasn‘t late.

3) bad-mouth: say unkind, unflattering, embarrassing (and probably untrue) things about

someone. E.g. A: ―I don‘t believe what Sundar said. Why is he bad-mouthing me?‖

B: ―He‘s probably jealous of your success.‖

4) be a piece of cake : be very easy.

E.g. ―Arun said the test was difficult, but I thought it was a piece of cake.‖

5) be fed up with (with someone or something): be out of patience (with someone or

something); be very tired of someone or something.

E.g. ―Bill, you‘re too careless with your work. I‘m fed up with apologizing for your

Mistakes!‘

6) beat around the bush: evade an issue; avoid giving a direct answer.

E.g. ―Quit beating around the bush! If you don‘t want to go with me, just tell me!‖

7) Break a leg!: Good luck! E.g. ―I understand you have a job interview tomorrow. Break a leg!‖

8) burn the midnight oil: study/work all night or until very, very late at night. E.g. ―I‘m not ready for the test tomorrow. I guess I‘ll have to burn the midnight oil.‖

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9) Don‘t count your chickens until (before) they hatch (they‘ve hatched): Don‘t assume that something will happen until it has happened. E.g. A: I‘m sure that I‘m going to win a lot of money in Las Vegas. B: ―Don‘t count your chickens until they hatch!‘‘

10) get a kick out of something: find something amusing. E.g. ―I really get a kick out of listening to children talk. They say some very funny things.‖

11) savvy: knowledgeable about E.g. If you‘re having problems with your hard disk, talk to Jim. He‘s very computer- savvy.‖

12) blabbermouth: a very talkative person – especially one who says things that should be kept secret. E.g. Don‘t say anything to Bob unless you want the whole office to know. Bob‘s quite a blabbermouth.

13) bull headed: stubborn; inflexible. E.g. ‗Don‘t be so bull-headed. Why can‘t you admit that others‘ opinions are just as good as Yours?‘ 14) cost (someone) an arm and a leg: cost a lot; be very expensive. E.g. A: ‗Your new car is really nice.‘ B: ‗It should be. It cost (me) an arm and a leg!‘ 15) give someone a hand: (i) help someone. E.g. ‗I can‘t do this alone. Can you give me a hand?‘ (ii) applaud (to show respect or appreciation for someone/something). Dev has done a wonderful job with the literary work. Let‘s give him a hand! 16) hit the books: study. E.g. ‗I wish I could go to the movies, but I‘ve got to hit the books.‘ 17) How come?: Why? (statement word order). E.g. ‗How come you weren‘t at the party?‘ 18) keep an eye on: check something regularly. E.g. ‗You‘re busy, so you‘ll need to keep an eye on the time. Remember that we have to leave at 4.30.‘ 19) make up one‘s mind: decide what to do. E.g. A: ‗Where are you going on vacation? B: May be Canada, maybe Mexico. I can‘t make up my mind.‘ 20) state of the art: using the latest technology. E.g. ‗The company is very proud of the equipment in its computer room. It‘s state of the art.‘

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EXERCISE Use the following idioms in the sentences of your own: 1) as easy as pie 2) be on the road 3) be used to 4) the bottomline 5) by the skin of one‘s teeth 6) catch one‘s eye 7) drop someone a line 8) an egghead 9) far-fetched 10) fire someone 11) go with the flow 12) grab a bite 13) have one‘s hands full 14) jump to conclusions 15) keep/stay in touch 16) know something inside out 17) make a mountain out of a molehill 18) over one‘s head 19) rain cats and dogs 20) wishy-washy

UNIT – V

18. USE OF CLAUSES

A Clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate.

A clause may be either a sentence (an independent clause) or a sentence-like construction within another sentence (a dependent or subordinate clause).

Types of Clauses:

 Adjective Clause  Adverbial Clause  Noun Clause

1. Adjective Clause:

An adjective clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adjective. eg. The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine.

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EXERCISE

Pick out the adjective clauses in the following sentences:

1. The books, which are lost, are not really necessary. 2. The girl who is running is my best friend. 3. Something that smells bad may be rotten. 4. The people whose names are on the list will go to camp. 5. Students who are intelligent get good grades.

2. Adverb clause:

An adverb clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of an adverb. eg. They rested when evening came.

EXERCISE

Pick out the adverbial clauses in the following sentences:

1. He is such a good man that all respect him. 2. He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him. 3. He finished first though he began late. 4. This exercise is so difficult that I cannot do it. 5. We will do the work as well as we can.

3. Noun Clause:

A noun clause is a group of words which contains a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of a noun. eg. I expect that I shall get a prize.

EXERCISE

Pick out the noun clauses in the following sentences:

1. I heard that he had succeeded.

2. The police want to know where he is living.

3. The law will punish whosoever is guilty.

4. No one knows when he will come.

5. He is sure that we will win the match.

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SIMPLE SENTENCE

A simple sentence is a sentence which has only one subject and one predicate. eg. I am running.

COMPOUND SENTENCE

The second type of sentence is the compound sentence. This sentence is composed of two simple sentences joined together by a comma and a joining word (coordinating conjunction). We could also describe a compound sentence as two independent clauses joined by a conjunction. There are seven coordinating conjunctions:

 and  but  so  or  for  nor  yet. eg. I like chocolate ice cream, but my friend likes strawberry.

COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence consists of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. eg. Because life is complex, we need complex sentences.

EXERCISES

Complete the following by adding suitable Noun Clauses:-

1) I cannot understand ------2) They all said ------. 3) This is just ------. 4) ------is a well known fact 5) Do you know ------? 6) I do not know ------. 7) ------is quite certain. 8) Tell him ------. 9) I think ------. 10) He told me ------.

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19. COLLOCATIONS

A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly used together. The simplest way of describing collocations is to say that they ‗just sound right‘ to native English speakers. Other combinations that may mean the same thing would seem ‗unnatural‘. Collocations include noun phrases like ‗stiff wind‘ and ‗weapons of mass destruction‘. It is important to learn collocations, because it is important for the naturalisation of one‘s speech. Besides, it broadens one‘s scope for expression. Here is a list of collocations:

Collocations starting with the verb ‗do‘ Do me a favour Do the cooking Do the housework Do the shopping Do the washing up Do your best

Collocations with the verb ‗have‘ Have a good time Have a holiday Have a problem Have a relationship Have lunch Have sympathy

Collocations with the verb ‗break‘ Break a promise Break a record Break someone's heart Break the ice Break the news to someone Break the rules

Collocations with the verb ‗take‘ Take a break Take a chance Take a look Take a rest Take a seat Take a taxi

Collocations with the verb ‗make‘ Make a difference Make a mistake Make a noise Make an effort Make money Make progress

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Collocations with the verb ‗catch‘ Catch the bus Catch a ball Catch a cold Catch a thief Catch fire Catch sight of

Collocations with the verb ‗pay‘ Pay respect Pay a fine Pay attention Pay interest Pay the bill Pay the price

Collocations with the verb ‗keep‘ Keep the change Keep a promise Keep a secret Keep an appointment Keep in touch Keep quiet

Collocations with the verb ‗save‘ Save yourself the trouble Save electricity Save energy Save money Save something to a disk Save time

Collocations with the verb ‗go‘ Go abroad Go bankrupt Go crazy Go online Go out of business Go overseas

Collocations with the verb ‗come‘ Come close Come direct Come to a decision Come to an agreement Come to terms with Come to a total of

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Collocations with the verb ‗get‘ Get a job Get a shock Get permission Get ready Get started Get the impression

Collocations related to time Bang on time Dead on time Free time From dawn till dusk Great deal of time Early/late 15th century Make time for Next few days Past few weeks Right on time Run out of time Time goes by Time passes Waste time

Collocations related to business English Annual turnover Keep in mind Break off negotiations Close a deal Close a meeting Come to the point Dismiss an offer Draw a conclusion Draw your attention to Launch a new product Go bankrupt Go into partnership Make a profit/loss

Classifiers a ball of string a bar of chocolate a bottle of water a bunch of carrots a cube of sugar a pack of cards a pad of paper

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Types of Collocation

There are several different types of collocation. Collocations can be adjective + adverb, noun + noun, verb + noun and so on. Seven main combinations of collocations are:.

1. adverb + adjective

 Invading that country was an utterly stupid thing to do.  We entered a richly decorated room.  Are you fully aware of the implications of your action?

Adverb + Adjective Collocations The words "absolutely good" or "very fantastic" as well the, adjectives like "good" are known as weak or gradable adjectives, while adjectives like "fantastic" and "perfect" are known as strong and ungradable adjectives. "Very" is used with weak adjectives, and "absolutely" is used with strong / ungradable adjectives. I'm very tired. I'm absolutely exhausted.

Adverb Adjective + weak (gradable) adjectives very, extremely, incredibly, good terribly, awfully, fairly, a bit surprised (+ quite, really) angry + strong / ungradable adjectives absolutely, completely, fantastic totally, utterly amazed (+ quite, really) furious

The word really can be used with most adjectives - it doesn't matter what type they are. That is a really interesting/fascinating book. Quite can also be used with both, but its meaning changes. That book's quite interesting. (= a bit) That book's quite fascinating. (= absolutely)

Adverbs can be used with weak adjectives. For example: This is awfully difficult. He's amazingly good at cooking.

1. adjective + noun

 The doctor ordered him to take regular exercise.  The Titanic sank on its maiden voyage.  He was writhing on the ground in excruciating pain.

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2. noun + noun

 Let's give Mr. Jones a round of applause.  The ceasefire agreement came into effect at 11am.  I'd like to buy two bars of soap please.

3. noun + verb

 The lion started to roar when it heard the dog barking.  Snow was falling as our plane took off.  The bomb went off when he started the car engine.

4. verb + noun

 The prisoner was hanged for committing murder.  I always try to do my homework in the morning, after making my bed.  He has been asked to give a presentation about his work.

5. verb + expression with preposition

 We had to return home because we had run out of money.  At first her eyes filled with horror, and then she burst into tears.  Their behaviour was enough to drive anybody to crime.

6. verb + adverb

 She placed her keys gently on the table and sat down.  Mary whispered softly in John's ear.  I vaguely remember that it was growing dark when we left.

EXERCISE

I. For the 18 sets of words given below, one word can be used as the answer for each set. 18 words are given below. Choose the word that will suit all the blanks in a particular set and complete the exercise.

Compile, community, commit, acknowledge, compensate, academy, commodity, accurate, compatible, achieve, comment, access, communicate, acquire, accompany, commence, accommodate, accumulate 1. ______Awards, military ______, music ______2. ______to, ______information, ______routes, ______restrictions, ______requirements, control ______, ______roads

3. ______each other, ______refugees, ______asylum seekers, ______short-term, ______individual needs, ______national differences

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4. ______growth, ______restructuring, ______cargo, ______someone on a trip

5. ______wealth, ______experience, ______capital, ______knowledge, ______power

6. ______information, ______picture, ______reflection, ______assessment, ______statistics, ______data, ______description, ______account, ______figures, ______estimate, ______forecast, ______translation, ______calculation

7. ______peace, ______results, ______sustainable development, ______equality, ______consensus, ______unanimity, ______success, ______stability, ______substantial…, ______lasting…, ______tangible…, ______significant….

8. ______once and for all…, ______his authorship of…, ______his rights to…, ______their concerns, openly ______, publically ______…, explicitly ______, ______responsibility

9. ______greater…, ______additional…, ______nuclear weapons, ______sufficient…, ______shares, ______property, ______significance, ______unemployment benefit, ______credit, ______up-to-date technology, ______independence, ______a controlling share, ______stolen goods

10. ______negotiations, ______talks, ______without delay, ______operations, immediately ______, ______work, ______action, ______right away, ______investigations, ______voting

11. ______on , briefly ______, further ______, ______regarding, ______concerning, ______referring to, ______in connection with, (your) earlier______, the following ______

12. ______themselves, ______crimes, ______fraud, ______suicide, ______offences, ______resources, ______war crimes, ______genocide, ______atrocities, ______human rights abuses, ______misdemeanors

13. ______prices, ______markets, ______futures, ______traders, ______producers 14. ______with, ______directly, ______effectively, ______audio visually, ______anonymously, ______freely, ______regularly

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15. ______initiatives, European______, ______support, ______measures, ______action, ______spirit, ______development, ______of (shared) values

16. ______with, ______(computer) equipment, ______systems, ______standards, mutually ______, fully ______

17. ______for, ______farmers, ______fishermen, ______passengers, ______to some extent, ______consumers, fully ______, ______workers

18. ______a list, ______a report, ______statistics, ______documents, ______accurate…

II. Fill in the blanks using appropriate verbs that would complete the collocation:

1. If you park there, you will have to ………………………….. a fine. a) pay b) take c) have

2. He …………………………… no attention to my requests. a) paid b) took c) had

3. I ……………………….. a cough to catch her attention. a) gave b) paid c) took

4. Although the doctors tried hard, they couldn‘t ………………………….. his life. a) save b) bring c) take

5. Abbreviations ………………………… space and hence they are very common in newspaper headlines. a) catch b) save c) take

6. Do you ……………………….. a diary? a) keep b) have b) save

7. Few people can …………………………. a secret. a) keep b) save c) have

8. He still ……………………………. in touch with most of his old school mates. a) keeps b) saves c) take

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9. I asked her what her problem was but she ……………………………….. quiet. a) kept b) took c) saved

10. They ………………………….. close to hitting each other. a) came b) took c) brought

III. Connect the verbs and nouns below that collocate a sample given for you; concentrate action encounter cost expose difficulty fund effort guarantee project initiate safety issue statement offset weakness

IV. Adjective + Noun 1. ______adjournment 2. ______agreement 3. ______approach 4. ______asset 5. ______association 6. ______attitude

V. Preposition + Noun

1. ______cross purposes 2. ______no circumstances 3. ______common 4. ______connection with 5. ______all costs 6. ______consideration

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PART – B

UNIT –I

1. READING COMPREHENSION

‗Comprehend‘ in comprehension means ‗to understand‘. It is a method of testing student‘s skill/knowledge with/of language, ability to grasp the subject-matter, to assess and understand the unfamiliar. It involves exposing what the student already knows of the language and the organization of texts. It is a mental exercise and compels a student to make responses in the forms of questions with reference to statements main ideas, details, mood, tone, bias, relevance, etc.

Understanding a comprehension passage necessitates various levels of reading. There are four different kinds of reading. They are skimming, scanning, extensive reading and intensive reading. Skimming is running the eyes over quickly, to get the gist. Scanning is looking for a particular piece of information. Extensive reading is reading longer texts for pleasure and needing global understanding. Intensive reading is reading shorter texts, extracting specific information, accurate reading for detail. To understand and answer a comprehension passage, skimming, scanning and intensive reading are essential.

Skimming:

Skimming refers to the process of reading only main ideas within a passage to get an overall impression of the content of a reading section.

 How to Skim:  Read the title.  Read the introduction or the first paragraph.  Read the first sentence of every other paragraph.  Read any headings and sub-headings.  Notice any pictures, charts, or graphs.  Look for important pieces of information, such as names, dates, or events also at the same time.  Notice any italicized or boldface words or phrases.  Read the summary or last paragraph.

Skimming will help you locate the information quickly.

Scanning:

Scanning is a reading technique to be used when you want to find specific information quickly. In scanning you have a question in your mind and you read a passage only to find the answer, ignoring unrelated information.

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How to Scan:

 State the specific information you are looking for.  Try to anticipate how the answer will appear and what clues you might use to help you locate the answer. For example, if you were looking for a certain date, you would quickly read the paragraph looking only for numbers.  Use headings and any other aids that will help you identify which sections might contain the information you are looking for.  Selectively read and skip through sections of the passage.

Scanning is useful for finding a specific name, date, statistic, or fact without reading the entire article. In scanning, you must be willing to skip over large sections of text without reading or understanding them. Scanning also allows you to find details and other information in a hurry. You scan when you look for your favorite show listed in the cable guide, for your friend‘s phone number in a telephone book, and for the sports scores in the newspaper. Using your hand or finger is extremely helpful in focusing your attention and keeping your place while scanning a column of material. If you are looking for the cost of a computer printer with the code number PX-710, the key word to locate in a list of many printers is ―PX-710.‖

Wherever inferential answers are required, intensive reading is necessary.

PRACTICE #1 Read the passage provided and select the correct choice for each question.

Though adults breathe twelve times a minute, breathing is so automatic that a person hardly ever thinks about it. But how does it happen? The breathing process is quite complex and controlled by the medulla of the brain, in area called the ―breathing center.‖ The power required for breathing comes from the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm. During quiet, normal breathing, inhalation, or the intake of air, occurs when the intercostal or the thoracic muscles (the muscles within the rib cage) contract and the three dimensions of the chest expand, allowing the expansion of the lungs. When the pressure inside the lungs increases, the air is exhaled. Interestingly, while inhalation during quiet breathing requires muscle contraction, exhalation does not. In circumstances in which more air needs to be exhaled than normal, such as when blowing out candles on a birthday cake, the abdominal muscles may contract to facilitate the exhalation.

While the basic breathing pattern remains the same, there can be variations depending on the location of the expansion during inhalation. Some people exhibit a large protrusion of the abdominal wall (they stick their stomach out), while others show more lateral expansion in the thoracic region. These two types of breathing are called diaphragmatic and thoracic respectively. A third type of breathing requires involves expanding the muscles of the upper chest. People with this breathing pattern often lift their shoulders as they inhale. For this reason, this breathing type is known as clavicular (relating to the clavicle). People who breathe in this manner may have excessive tension in the throat and often feel as though they can‘t get enough air due to their shallow breathing.

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QUESTIONS: 1. What is the main topic of the passage? a. how to breathe b. variations in the breathing pattern c. the basic breathing pattern and its variations d.the muscles used during breathing 2. What type of breathing is NOT mentioned in this passage? a. Clavicular b. oppositional c. diaphragmatic d. thoracic 3. How many times do adults breathe in a minute? a. 14 b.12 c. 24 d. 16 4. According to the passage, which of the areas is most likely the location of the thoracic muscles? a. the upper chest area b. the abdominal area c. the rib area d. the digestive area 5. Based on the reading, we can infer that the clavicle is a. connected to the shoulder b. in the neck c. a muscle d. in the chest 6. According to the passage, which muscles might you use when blowing out candles? a. the diaphragm b. the thoracic muscles c. the abdominal muscles d. the back muscles 7. According to the passage, what is the difficulty that clavicular breathers experience? a. tired shoulders b. excessive tension in the throat c. excessive tension in the throat d. shallow breathing 8. Look at the word ‗facilitate‘ in the passage. ‗Facilitate‘ is the closest in meaning to: a. Help b. compete c. start d. stop 9. Look at the word ‗this‘. Choose the word or phrase below that ‗this‘ refers to: a. diaphragmatic breathing b. the protrusion of the stomach c. expanding the muscles of the upper chest d. lifting the shoulders 10. The following sentence could be added to paragraph 1. The upper respiratory tract opens and air comes in. Where would it best fit in paragraph 1

PRACTICE #2 Read the following passage and choose the correct answer for each question: According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms or eruptions on the surface of the sun hurls streams of solar particles into space and eventually into the atmosphere of our planet, causing shifts in the weather on the Earth and interference with radio and television communications. A typical sunspot consists of a dark central umbra, a word derived from the Latin word for shadow, which is surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out from the center like the spokes of a wheel. Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot umbra is about 4000K, whereas the temperature in a penumbra registers 5500K, and the granules outside the spot are 6000K. Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to complex structures with areas stretching for billions of square miles. About 5 percent of all sunspots are large enough so that they can be seen from earth without instruments: consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for thousands of years. Sunspots have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to opposite magnetic polarities. Furthermore, the strength of the magnetic field associated with

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any given sunspot is closely related to the spot‘s size. Sunspots have also been observed to occur in cycles, over a period of eleven years. At the beginning of a cycle, the storms occur between 20 and 40 degrees north and south of the equator on the sun. As the cycle continues, some of the storms move closer to the equator. As the cycle diminishes, the number of sunspots decreases to a minimum and they cluster between 5 and 15 degrees north and south latitude. Although there is no theory that completely explains the nature and function of sunspots, several models show scientists‘ attempts to relate the phenomenon to magnetic field lines along the lines of longitude from the north and south poles of the sun. QUESTIONS:

1. What is the author‘s main purpose in the passage? a. to propose a theory to explain sunspots b. to describe the nature of sunspots c. to compare the umbra and the penumbra in sunspots d. to argue for the existence of magnetic fields in sunspots 2. The word ‗controversial‘ in paragraph 1 is closest meaning to a. widely accepted b. open to debate c. just introduced d. very complicated 3. Solar particles are hurled into space by a. undetermined causes b. disturbances of wind c. small rivers on the surface of the sun d. changes in the Earth‘s atmosphere 4. The word particles in paragraph 1 refer to: a. Gas explosions in the atmosphere b. light rays from the sun c. liquid streams on the sun d. small pieces of matter from the sun 5. How can we describe matter from the sun that enters the Earth‘s atmosphere? a. very small b. very hot c. very bright d. very hard 6. What does the author mean by the statement ‗Actually, the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their apparently darker color‘? a. neither sunspots nor the photosphere is hot b. sunspots in the photosphere do not have any color c. the color of sunspots could be affected by their temperature d. the size of a sunspot affects its temperature 7. Look at the word ‗tiny‘ in the passage. Find the word or phrase in the text that is opposite in meaning to ‗tiny‘ (relevant section: ‗Sunspots range in size…closely related to the spot‘s size‘) 8. The word ‗they‘ in paragraph 3 refers to a. Structures b. spots c. miles d. granules 9. The word ‗consequently‘ in paragraph 3 could best be replaced by a. as a result b. nevertheless c. without doubt d.in this way 10. In which configuration do sunspots usually occur? a. in one spot of varying size b. in a configuration of two spots c. in arrangements of one hundred or more spots d. in groups of several thousand spots 11. How are sunspots explained? a. sunspots appear to be related to magnetic fields on the Earth b. sunspots may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal lines on the sun c. sunspots are explained by storms that occur on the earth d. sunspots have no theory or model to explain them 12. Find the paragraph that discusses the visibility of sunspots 13. The sunspot theory is a. not considered very important b. widely accepted c. subject to disagreement d. relatively new

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PRACTICE #3: Read the following passage and choose the correct answer for each question:

Recent technological advances in manned and unmanned undersea vehicles, along with breakthroughs in satellite technology and computer equipment, have overcome some of the limitations of divers and diving equipment for scientists doing research on the great oceans of the world. Without a vehicle, divers often became sluggish, and their mental concentration was severely limited. Because undersea pressure affects their speech organs, communication among divers has always been difficult or impossible. But today, most oceanographers avoid the use of vulnerable human divers, preferring to reduce the risk to human life and make direct observations by means of instruments that are lowered into the ocean, from samples taken from the water, or from photographs made by orbiting satellites. Direct observations of the ocean floor can be made not only by divers but also by deep-diving submarines in the water and even by the technology of sophisticated aerial photography from vantage points above the surface of the water. Some submarines can dive to depths of more than seven miles and cruise at depths of fifteen thousand feet. In addition, radio-equipped buoys can be operated by remote control in order to transmit information back to land-based laboratories via satellite. Particularly important for ocean study are data about water temperature, currents, and weather. Satellite photographs can show the distribution of sea ice, oil slicks, and cloud formations over the ocean. Maps created from satellite pictures can represent the temperature and the color of the ocean‘s surface, enabling researchers to study the ocean currents from laboratories on dry land. Furthermore, computers can help oceanographers to collect, organize, and analyze data from submarines and satellites. By creating a model of the ocean‘s movement and characteristics, scientists can predict the patterns and possible effects on the environment. Recently, many oceanographers have been relying on satellites and computers than on research ships or even submarine vehicles because they can supply a greater range of information more quickly and more effectively. Some of humankind‘s most serious problems, especially those concerning energy and food, may be solved with the help of observations made possible by this new technology. QUESTIONS: 1. With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? a. technological advances in oceanography b. communication among divers c.direct observation of the ocean floor d.undersea vehicles 2. The word ‗sluggish‘ in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to a. Nervous b. confused c. slow moving d. very weak 3. Divers have had problems in communication underwater because b. the pressure affected their speech organs b. the vehicles they used have not been perfected c. they did not pronounce clearly d. the water destroyed their speech organs 4. This passage suggests that the successful exploration of the ocean depends upon c. vehicles as well as divers b. radios that divers use to communicate c. controlling currents and the weather d. the limitations of diving equipment 5. Undersea vehicles d. are too small for a man to fit inside b. are very slow to respond c. have the same limitations that divers have d. make direct observations of the ocean floor 6. The word ‗cruise‘ in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by e. travel at a constant speed b. function without problems c. stay in communication d. remain still 7. How is a radio-equipped buoy operated?

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f. by operators inside the vehicle in the part underwater b. by operators outside the vehicle on a ship c. by operators outside the vehicle on a diving platform d. by operators outside the vehicle in a laboratory on shore 8. Look at the word ‗information‘ in the passage. Find the word or phrase in the text that is closest in meaning to ‗information‘ (Relevant sec.: Furthermore, computers help…made possible by this new technology) 9. Which of the following are NOT shown in satellite photographs? a. the temperature of the ocean‘s surface b. cloud formations over the ocean c. a model of the ocean‘s movements d. the location of sea ice 10. Look at the word ‗those‘ in the passage. Find the word or phrase in the text that ‗those‘ refers to (Relevant sec.: Recently, many oceanographers…made possible by this new technology) 11. Find the paragraph in the passage that discusses problems that new technology might help eliminate.

UNIT - II

2. WRITING A REVIEW/SUMMARY OF A STORY/ARTICLE

A story summary is a brief note on a story‘s most important ideas. A story summary should include 1. Setting 2.the main characters 3.the problems 4. events that solve the problem 5. the solution.

Example: Carolyn woke up early. She sat up in her bed. Something wasn‘t right. Then she realized what had awakened her so early. There was an unfamiliar sound. She listened closely and realized it was coming from outside. She climbed out of bed and slipped into her robes and slippers. Looking out of her window she spotted a small kitten near the tree outside her window. She watched it for a few moments, but it didn‘t move. It looked so small and helpless standing beside the big oak tree. The kitten seemed to be calling to her. ―I wonder where you came from‖ she murmured to herself. Carolyn could hear her mother in the kitchen. She walked down the stairs and said to her mother, ―Mom, look outside. There‘s a kitten in our yard. I‘m going outside.‖ ― I‘ll come with you,‖ her mom replied. Together they walked into the backyard. The kitten was still there, standing by the oak tree. To Carolyn the quiet meows seemed to be calling to her. It seemed as though the helpless kitten was asking her to help him. She picked him up and held him in her arms. She‘d always wanted a kitten. It was so soft and warm. She wondered if her mother would let her keep him. ―Let‘s take him inside and find him something to eat.‖ Mom said.‖ I‘ll make a few calls and see if we can see where he came from. He certainly looks like he‘s looking for a home.‖ Carolyn smiled to herself. May be she‘d get to keep the kitten after all.

SUMMARY OF A STORY Carolyn woke up early at home. She hears a kitten outside. She tells her mother about it. She and her mother go outside to investigate. Her mother tells her she can bring the kitten inside. Carolyn thinks she‘ll be able to keep the kitten.

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EXERCISE 1. Write a brief summary for the following story:

Old Mother

Our house was a house near a short distance a family lived, in their family the husband – wife,their four children and lived an old grandmother. In grandmothers old house did not have any value. Her grand children didn‘t behave good with her. As far as her real son gave her a damn and her daughter-in-law gave her a bowl which had whenever she had kept with her and take day tea to dinner in her bowl from her daughter-in-law.

She lived like a beggar at her own home. I still remember the auspicious Diwali Day around it – was being distributed sweets in the neighborhood. The old mother‘s heart also wanted to eat sweets when all were eating sweets at home. None gave sweets to old mother at home, she went to kitchen and take one peace of sweet and take out of her room, When she took a piece of sweet food and sit in her room and when she started to eat suddenly her daugter-in- law reached her room and took beck a piece of sweet from her and told her a ―thief‖ that the old mother is not tolerated

Next morning after the sun rises when the old mother didn‘t come out of her room to take her breakfast, then after few hours her daughter-in-law went to her room and what she saw that the mother has passed away |

After the mother passed away predestination with the oath and ashes when the family returned home by immersion her old mother‘s ashes.

She tells all her neighbours with a pride.

―We‘re putting the whole twenty thousand rupees, on immersion of the ashes of our Mother.‖

Then there was someone saying, ―Of the twenty thousand rupees to ten thousand rupees you would used for serve your mother then she would not die such a death and After the devotions that you gave everything she had for what it mean if you didn‘t care for her when she was alive ‖

What it means on your elders to die after their name on the donations – to Punn

What uses of this if we can not serve them when we didn‘t care when they were alive. What‘s our parent want just Love and respect which is their right and they not to let. Please Spread your love to your parents and make their life beautiful.

2. Write a brief summary for the following story.

THE SAIL BOAT A young man once dreamt of owning his own sailboat. He would daydream of traveling around the world, with a small crew and visiting different ports along the way. Finally, after years of hard work, and sacrifice, the man was able to buy a beautiful boat. He showed his friends and family his new pride and joy and asked those close to him to be his crew. He loved the attention, the freedom and the pride of his accomplishment. He kept the boat well maintained. Actually, he took better care of it than himself. Over the years, folks started to

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associate him with this boat. So much so they began to refer to him as, "The Guy with the Boat." Some remembered him before the boat. However, they didn't care who he was as long as they were able to sail freely with him and take full advantage of his hospitality. The young man thought that life could be worse. I'm happy and my friends and family are happy and that's all that matters. Eventually, he was known as "The Wonderful Guy with the Boat". The man with it all!

Years quickly past and both man and boat began to weather with age. In his heart of hearts he sadly realized that the boat wasn't as seaworthy as it used to be and that trying to keep it maintained in the fashion he had come accustom was becoming tedious work. Both small and large tasks were overwhelming and extremely time consuming. And as the boat began to deteriorate, most of his maintenance went unnoticed. Ironically, he had just purchased a new lifeboat a few months before. He decided to set sail for one final voyage . . . this time he sailed alone. He thought he would visit a new and exciting port. He set course to an exotic island, a place he would remember for the rest of his life. He sailed for days and finally he could see the vague outline of the island on the horizon. As he got closer, he noticed his boat started to take on water. Just a little bit at first then much more. The more he pumped and bailed, the more water the boat took on. He was too far from the island to continue sailing and too attached to his boat to admit it was no long seaworthy and sinking. He was so close to his beautiful island and unable to reach it in the boat he had meticulously maintained and treasured for so many years. He was dangerously alone.

As his boat continued to sink he sat at the helm and reminisced about his maiden voyage, his past adventures and reflected on his lost dream. Being the dedicated captain and committed man that he was, he knew no other way but to go down with his boat. After all, what would my family and friends think? Abandoning my boat would be a dishonor. To have anyone think I'm a failure would be a fate worse that my impending fate. And, a commitment is a commitment no matter how grave the consequences. He thought, "It's what any good man would do, right?" So he cut loose the lifeboat and went down with his treasured old boat with no one around to acknowledge his bravery, selflessness and generosity. As man and boat disappeared beneath the surface, the lifeboat remained afloat, eventually drifting to the shore of his exotic island where his true friends had gathered to thank him for all of his years of generosity, sacrifice and love. As for his fair-weather friends they never asked of his whereabouts and went on with their lives.

WRITING A REVIEW OF AN ARTICLE

An article review is both a summary and an evaluation of another writer's article. The purpose of an article review is to provide a summary and evaluation of a piece of writing. When a lecturer reads an article review written by a student, they want to see evidence that the student has not only understood the topic of the article, but is able to evaluate the article in relation to their own knowledge of the topic and other relevant knowledge in the field.

Article Review Sample: 1 The Impact of Technology on Politics The continued growth of technology has had a significant impact on the political ratings that candidates achieve. The article Impact of Technology on Politics attempts to analyze how these two spheres of modern life, technology and politics, interrelate and what are the outcomes of this interrelationship.

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Political candidates use technology in many ways. Different communication channels provided by the Internet have the power to influence the growth of different individuals. The likes of Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube are powerful communication media platforms that can easily raise the ratings of political candidates. Housley claims that whether we acknowledge it or not, technology is a deciding factor in most political races. Through technology, politicians are able to access funds, gain political pundits and spend less on campaigning and pushing their candidacy. One of the ways in which technology influences politics is the financial side. Raising funds to use for campaigning is an important factor for all political candidates. It comes with the need to create a vertical response to the whole country or target region. This is a major hurdle experienced by political candidates. The Internet aided Howard Dean to get donations that he required to gain access to a large part of the campaign region. By broadcasting through technological marketing, candidates get suitable donors to support different aspects of their campaign. Publicity on the Internet is a cheap method as they do not have to re-publish unlike what is provided by the print media. This is placed in various commonly accessed links (Housley, Par. 1). The Internet enables politicians to use podcasting. The Internet offers podcasting, making everyone a journalist. Through podcasting, the politicians are able to portray a journalistic stature, thereby ensuring that the information is considered credible. Self-proclamation of politicians through pundits is easily spread through messages. It is, however, difficult for politicians to guarantee the integrity of the information posted. The Internet can be accessed by anyone and podcasts can be posted by anyone. The integrity of information is therefore difficult to preserve, hence, many potential candidates may have to establish a verifiable connection with various achievements. All in all, gaining political publicity through podcasts is a common but expensive method to use, Housley admits. However, it is logical to assume that when correctly utilized, this is an extremely powerful political tool that pays off completely. According to Housley, the impact of technology is great on a given generation. The young, educated and affluent will relate to technological innovations. A proper presentation will gain ratings for candidates. Using the most recent technology will surely attract the youth. The older generation may not impact the raising of presidential bids, especially if they are done through social media. The older generation barely uses the Internet. The younger generation relates easily to these media plaforms. This differentiation is used by politicians to gain advantage in their political bids. Politicians use technology to raise their bids among the youth, while traditional methods are used for the older generation. Another way to look at the matter is in relation to thinking about the Internet as a tool for free advertisement. It is no secret that presidential bids are the most expensive, as they are run to cover the whole region. On the other hand, political videos easily generate online rating gains, and such political Internet advertisement will always reach the target audience if launched properly. Individuals perform the needed publicity as each person shares the video, and so on. The extra generated videos are not paid for, while on social networks even the original posting is free. It is clear that gaining political publicity through the use of technology has become easier, especially since technological devices are so accessible and widespread at the same time. The article analyzed is prudent in arranging technological tools into separate groups that work as effective means of communicating between a political figure and the target audience. However, with the use of the Internet, any political figure can become recognizable within just a few minutes. In only a few hours, public opinion on a particular political figure is

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already formed within one of the social groups of voters. Not just the good, but also a bad reputation can be formed in a blink of an eye using modern technology. It often happens that the bad ―gossip‖ actually spreads much faster. With the huge impact that technology has on society and public opinion in particular, it is crucial to be cautious in the use of information about any political figure, or you risk making a positive advertisement into a negative advertisement with just one click.

Article Review Sample: 2

Roles of Sensitive Men” by Gerald Thompson

The article ―Roles of Sensitive Men‖ by Gerald Thompson in the magazine The Watcher can be said to be an extended argument with gaping holes. Thompson presents sensitive men as the new gatekeepers of the future, the ones that will lead the most influential companies and make the greatest mark in the field of humanities. Thompson makes it all sound like a new race of human beings will descend on our lonely planet. While the author has some insight, much of the article is based on bias and speculation rather than actual research founded by reality.

Thompson points to such modern influential figures as Facebook creator Mark Zuckerberg, NSA leaker Edward Snowden, and pop star Justin Bieber as examples of sensitive men ruling the world currently. I can understand his insertion of Snowden and Zuckerberg, but Bieber‘s addition perturbs me. Thompson‘s definition of a sensitive man is, ―Men bold enough to express their feelings openly and not be afraid of being defined as less than men‖ (Thompson 33). In Bieber‘s case, I believe he is not an activist or a revolutionary of any kind. He is only a product of the American music industry that has designed him to be certain way to be sold to a specific audience, which requires him to act in manner that would make others think he is sensitive. This is not actual sensitivity, but planned, forced sensitivity.

Thompson, beyond his definition of the subject matter and his explanation of why these three previously mentioned figures are exemplary examples of the rise of sensitive men, continued to expound on his vision for the future. The author noted that, ―The egocentric, arrogant men that have been associated with power positions are going to leave the building. This will be a natural demand by the public, and an organic course of economics‖ (Thompson 35). Though these statements are admirable and I want to be an optimist, it appears to be more of a conjecture than a principle of future reality.

There has been major social and economic upheavals that have caused the public, especially the American public, to rise up in protest recently. We can speak of the Occupy Wall Street demonstrations, the present NSA crisis, and the continuing economic decline that begun with the housing bubble. Yet still, with all these factors weighing in, certainty should be more logical than dreamlike. My own assertion is that the ―ego-centric, arrogant men‖ are going to preserver in their dominance, and may even tighten their grip. They will do so until they can longer control the system they have created. I believe in this as powerful people do not hand out their resources without a fight, without letting go until their final resource has been absolved. This is the common psychological countenance of such men (Harriet 76).

The author concludes with varying degrees of success in that he allows some diplomatic reasoning to creep into the foundation of his assertions. He surmises that, ―Despite there

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being a significant case for the ascension of the sensitive man, there are several factors that act against this future. The cases are expansion of the crumbling global economy, a greater grip of governmental control on its citizens in regard to surveillance, and increasing public focus on non-humanitarian needs‖ (Thompson 34). I can ascertain from several reliable sources, namely the journal Universal Economic Policy, that the global economy is in no shape to rebound. The governmental grip tightening over control of citizens through surveillance is the most probable future (Sine 237). The third point about the public‘s attention being less on non-humanitarian issues surprises me. I thought this happened on a daily basis, that the major news organizations constantly direct our attention away from what is truly at hand and important to our well-being (Sine 238).

The article ―Roles of Sensitive Men‖ has a few merits, but is mostly a gaff that proposes a future that is unlikely to happen. I give credit to the author for a unique take on the future of our economic and social standing, yet I would warn readers to read the article with an examining mind. In my perspective, there are many flaws inherit in the text. Thompson‘s use of example figures, shaky foundation of his vision, and a questionable conclusion makes this article less than authoritative.

3. WRITING PERSONAL LETTERS

Letters are written to tell something to somebody who is away from us. They help us to maintain relations with our near and dear ones and provide us an opportunity to get in touch with. The tone of a letter, therefore, must fit in with the nature of the matter to be conveyed. As such to whatever category the letter may belong, it should be drafted in a simple and straight-forward manner and written in a polite and plain language. The following letters are classified as Personal Letters and followed by exercises.

1. Write to your friend asking him to attend the marriage of your sister.

Banjara Hills, Hyderabad. October 15, 2012. My dear friend,

You will be glad to know that the marriage of my sister comes off on the Dussehra day. The bride groom is an engineer and belongs to a well-to-do family of Hyderabad. His elder brother too is an engineer. The marriage party will arrive just a day before the Dussehra festival and will consist of about 25 members. My parents will be pleased if you reach a day earlier and help us in making decent arrangements to receive and entertain the marriage-party. The time of the reception of the marriage party has been fixed at 7 P.M. and we are trying our best to be ready by the scheduled time. A line in reply will oblige.

Yours sincerely,

Prakash

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2. Write a letter to your friend inviting him to spend some of his holidays with you and telling him how you would entertain and amuse him.

10, College street, Bangalore. September 15, 2012

My dear Vinod,

Received your letter after a long time. Thanks.

I am sure you remember the promise you made with me to come and spend a few days of your holidays with me. Now that your examinations are over and you are free from the burden of your studies. I would request you once again to come here. It would be a great pleasure to all of us, particularly to my mother who regards you as her son.

Dear friend, I am sure you will enjoy your visit. The countryside is very lovely just now and my little garden—you will certainly begin to praise it when you see the beautiful flowers—the musk roses and the dalias giving out their fragrance. My garden is close by a beautiful stream and we often go there for fishing. You too can enjoy this sport if you have any liking for fishing.

I have a number of friends here. They are my class-mates. We usually meet at one another‘s house in the evenings and play indoor games.

One of my friends, dear Vinod, is a singer. He will amuse the party with his songs.

Please do let me know when I can expect you here. Remember I won‘t like to have a reply in the negative; it will be a great disappointment to me if you don‘t come.

Yours sincerely,

Rajinder

3. You have received a birthday gift from your uncle. Write a letter thanking him for it. 75, East Park Road, Mumbai.

December 31, 2012

My dear uncle,

I was in receipt of your handsome gift yesterday on the occasion of my birthday. How glad I am to receive the very thing I needed urgently. The wrist-watch you have sent me will stand me in good stead. I was often late for college and had to pay fine every month. Now I shall be in time. Moreover, it will help me in my studies, particularly during the examination days.

Your present, dear uncle shows the great love you have foe me. I assure you that I shall take every care of your valuable present.

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I thank you once again for this costly present—a token of your love.

With best regards,

Yours affectionately,

Naveen

4. Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his success in the examination.

R-101, New Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi – 110 060. February 10, 2013 Dear Rakesh,

How pleased I was to hear the happy news of your brilliant success in the I semester examinations with distinction in English, Physics and Chemistry. Please accept my hearty congratulations. My parents are also much pleased to hear the news. Please convey our congratulations to your parents.

Your success is indeed very creditable but it is not unexpected. Your regular, hard and methodical work has paid its reward and you have real credit to your school and your family. I am sure you will get a scholarship.

Congratulating you again,

Yours sincerely,

Mohan

EXERCISE

1) Write a letter to your friend inviting him to spend the summer vacation with you at the hill station. 2) Write a letter to an intimate friend who has met with an accident. Invite him to spend a week with you when he is fit enough to do so. 3) Write a letter to your friend thanking him for his hospitality during your recent visit to his house. 4) Write a letter to your uncle thanking him for his present of books on the occasion of your birthday. 5) Write a letter to your friend congratulating him or her on winning scholarship. 6) Write a letter to your friend congratulating him on his recovery from a long illness.

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UNIT - III 4. MINUTES OF MEETINGS A record of the decisions taken at a formal meeting is called minutes. They are the official record of work done and decisions taken at the meeting of members. They record what was decided and done. The minutes of companies and statutory bodies are written in formal style. Other organisations may write minutes in informal style. At the next meeting, the minutes are read out by the secretary or may be taken as read if a copy was sent to members; the minutes are then approved and signed by the chairman and the secretary as a correct record of the meeting. The details given below are the essential part of minutes, and must always be included: 1. Name of the organization. 2. Date, time and venue of the meeting. 3. Name of the chairperson. 4. Names of the members present. 5. Names of the members absent. 6. Names of the members who attended the meeting with special invitation. 7. Record of discussion and decisions. 8. Signature of the secretary and the chairman.

The minutes are recorded as detailed below: The first item of the minutes is always the reading and confirming of the minutes of the previous meeting. If there is a condolence resolution, it is passed before the confirmation of the minutes. Minutes may include only the resolutions without the details of the discussion which took place before the decision was taken. It may include a short summary of the discussion and a statement of the reason for the resolution. The style and method of writing minutes is fixed. They are written simple past tense. Many items are written in the passive voice. Impersonal passive is used for recording decisions and resolutions. The last item of the minutes is the ending of the meeting with a vote of thanks to the Chair. Sample Minutes of a Meeting Write down the minutes of the routine meeting of the Board of Directors.

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Minutes of the meeting of the Board of Directors of Sadguru Trading Corporation, Ltd., held at the Registered Office on Friday, 25 November, 2010, at 4.00 p.m. The following members were present: Mr. ABC, Chairman & Director Mr. DEF, Director Mr. GHI, ― Mr. LKJ, ― In attendance: Mr. XYZ, Secretary Mr. PQR, Solicitor Mr. LOQ and Mr.PNR had intimated their inability to attend , and were granted leave of absence.  First item: Previous meeting: The Secretary read out the minutes of the last meeting held on 18 May, 2010. They were approved and signed.  Condolence: The Board records its deep sense of loss and grief at the demise of Shri Komal Shastri. He was a highly valued and beloved member by all his colleagues for his sincere and cheerful temperament. As a mark of respect, the members stood in silence for two minutes. The secretary was asked to convey the condolences to the bereaving family of Komal Shastri.  Appointment of Additional Secretary: It was resolved that Mr. K.T.Swami is hereby appointed Additional Secretary of the company at a monthly salary of Rs.40,000/-.  Endorsement of cheques etc.: It was resolved that all cheques and other documents requiring endorsement of the company be endorsed by any one Director and the Secretary.  Payments: Lists of payments due and the required vouchers were submitted to the Board by the Secretary, and it was resolved that the cheques be signed as required.  Report and Accounts: Drafts of the Director‘s Report, Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet as on 31 September 2010, were laid on the table and it was resolved that the Director‘s Report and Annual Account and Balance Sheet be adopted and signed as required by the Chairman.  Next Board Meeting: It was resolved that the third Board Meeting of the Company be held on 20 February 2010, at 2 p.m., at the Registered Office of the Company.

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 Last item: There being no other business, the meeting ended with a vote of thanks to the Chair.

EXERCISE

1. Write the minutes of Class Committee Meeting. 2. Write the minutes of the Governing Council meeting. It should include feed back on previous meeting, decisions made, bills passed, action plan for the next period and members present. 3. Write the minutes of Students Committee meeting. 4. Write the minutes of NSS meeting between the co-ordinator and the volunteers.

5. WRITING A SUMMARY AFTER READING ARTICLES FROM JOURNAL Summarizing research articles will help to develop the critical thinking skills and the ability to express oneself in the written form. Here are some practical hints on how to summarize a research article. A research article is written to get across a lot of information quickly to a reader. Reading such articles can be tedious and sometimes frustrating unless the person is familiar with the scientific writing and the reasons of the style. Research articles are highly structured to make information easy to find. Unlike literary writing, scientific writing emphasizes quantifiable information; as a result, the writing is very lean and extra words are avoided. A research article has the following major sections: Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion, References, Tables and Figures. An article summary highlights the information in the Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Before one starts writing a summary it is necessary to read and understand the article. Reading the Article: Allow enough time. Plan to spend at least one half of the time devoted to this assignment for reading and understanding the article. Before writing on a research, evaluation must be done. And before evaluating, the person should understand it perfectly. To understand it properly, a person must read it thoroughly. Scan the article first. The general information about the article is collected from the abstract and the introduction. The hypothesis, the sample, variables, operational definitions, procedures, findings and the interpretations of the findings must be noted carefully. Plagiarism and taking notes. Most plagiarism is unintentional. It is a result of faulty note- taking and poor understanding of what is being reported. This can be avoided by

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summarizing the ideas and take notes in one‘s own words and by using different inks to differentiate the author‘s ideas from that of the writer‘s ideas. Purpose of an article summary: The purpose of an article summary is giving the reader a brief, structured overview of the study that was done. To write a good summary, one must know (a) what is important to say and (b) how to condense important information. Getting started. Put down the pen and read the notes to get an overview. Irrelevant notes must be eliminated. Write a first draft. The order of the ideas in the article should not be changed. The research question must be highlighted along with the tested hypothesis. The methods explaining the design of study, the number of subjects, the performance, the variables, the measurements and the result must be explained. The author‘s key findings can be explained clearly. Edit for completeness, accuracy and style. Editing must be planned and carried out meticulously to achieve completeness, accuracy and a good style. Specific, concrete and scientifically accurate language must be used. FORMAT FOR WRITING A JOURNAL ARTICLE SUMMARY Paragraph One summarizes the focus of the research and states the hypotheses or research questions. Paragraph Two identifies the subject and the procedures used in the study. Paragraph Three (and possibly Paragraph Four) presents the variables and the measurements of the variables Paragraph Five discusses the results of the study. Paragraph Six through Eight presents the critique of the study.(Specifies what was done well and what could have been improved. Why is this research article very much interesting or valuable? Is the study practical/helpful? To whom? Is the study done ethically? Should more research be done in this area? To whom does the result of this study apply to? What would be the next step to be in this line of research?) Specimen: 1 In Professor Miller‘s class, we just finished reading Ellison‘s Nature’s Way: Trees and Their Importance to Our Environment. As part of this assignment, Professor Miller has asked us to summarize the work. Miller‘s main point in Nature’s Way is that trees provide so much more than the necessities, like oxygen. In fact, trees are integral to the entire human experience, he argues. From creating the houses we live in to the parks we enjoy to the leaves that fall and feed the grass,

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losing trees would mean so much more to us than losing air. Though oxygen is perhaps their most unique resource, no other resource (or combination thereof) could ever match the humble tree‘s contribution to our society. Miller first uses houses to explain his point. While a house could be built without wood, it would be a chore—even with modern construction technology, he notes—and probably would have been impossible even a few hundred years ago. Miller next brings up the environment. Not the environment that keeps us alive, but the environment that we enjoy looking at. Trees break up the endless blue of the sky, he claims. This can help at least give us humans something visually interesting to look at. Similarly, they break up long stretches of flat ground. Every plain, as he puts it, is a few hundred trees away from being a forest. It may seem like a minor change (or a large one, depending on perspective), but it means everything about how we enjoy our surroundings, the paper says. From a more ecological standpoint, trees also house many other living things—from plants to animals to insects. This, he says, ties into two arguments: the one stated in the previous paragraph regarding our environment and our enjoyment of it, as well as another, easier-to- prove one regarding the fragile nature of our ecosystem and all the various species it sustains. Miller agrees that trees must be killed for us to live, and says we are overall doing a very good job sustaining them through mass planting operations as seen in Quebec, the Pacific Northwest, and other sites worldwide. He agrees that the systems have their flaws, notes that all programs like this are imperfect, and says that, until a better method is found, what we have should sustain us for the foreseeable future. His message of hope doesn‘t come without warning. We must slow down excessive tree- killing, as seen in the overproduction of phone books and the like, and be more conscious of those wood products we do consume. Other than that, though, Miller argues trees are doing well. It‘s a good thing, too. Without them, we wouldn‘t be doing very well ourselves! Specimen: 2 In Distance Learning’s Downfall, Dr. Doogie Horowitz talks about the ups—and, more recently, multiple downs—of the online-based learning systems we‘ve all seen on late-night commercials and in online ads. While the Internet has its education potential, Horowitz says that for-profit institutions can also use it for less altruistic purposes in the names of higher learning. The abundance of opportunities to cheat are first on Horowitz‘s list of problems. With a simple online search, less scrupulous students can find ghostwriters willing to sit through an 287

entire semester‘s worth of classes for around $1500. Plagiarism is a problem anywhere, of course, but the anonymous nature of online classes, specifically those that don‘t require webcams, can cause huge trouble. Worse are those institutions that seem not to care as long as they‘re paid for it. Horowitz has few figures to back this up, since these institutions have no obligation to discuss their internal policies and practices. However, he makes the rational claim that those companies most driven to big advertising programs, and thus likely making the biggest profits, would probably have an incentive to be lax with their expulsions and suspensions. At the very least, he argues, lax policies, like those not requiring webcams as part of class attendance, or those that don‘t wish to pay for online anti-plagiarism software, indicate a commercial motive, not an educational one. There is also, Horowitz says, the lack of hands-on experience inherent in many online classes. While some do require external volunteer work, internships, or class work, nothing matches the experience of attending a class, looking a professor in the eye, and getting your hands dirty with various lab activities. For this argument, Horowitz produces an online article that claims learning absorption is better done in an area devoted to learning. Other places, like coffee shops or the living room couch, often provide distractions outright banned in the classroom. Finally, Horowitz claims that the educators in this field are often little more than mercenaries. He claims that his own biases from his time as a university professor might shine through, but that overhearing online teachers in the pub bragging that they get paid X amount for X classes in a semester is a microcosm of the whole for-profit online learning ―scheme.‖ While any education is better than none, he claims, a student might be better served attending a nearby community college—many of which cost a fraction of an online tuition bill. In the end, Horowitz says online classes are ―a problem—maybe not a catastrophic one, but a problem.‖ Because of the for-profit motive and cheater-friendly systems, he says, education as a whole is compromised. Given the reputation even traditional colleges have received, all reputable learning systems should work to distance themselves from their less honest cousins.

Technical writing is a specialized form of writing. Its goal is to help 6.

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TECHNICAL ARTICLES readers use a technology or to understand a process, product or concept. Often these processes, products or concepts are complex, but need to be expressed in a much simpler, reader-friendly form.

General Format for Writing a Scientific Paper

Scientists have established the following format for "scientific papers‖. A complete paper is divided into sections:

. Title Page . Abstract . Introduction . Materials and Methods . Results . Discussion . References . Acknowledgments

By adhering to this logical format, researchers maintain a consistent and efficient means of communicating with the scientific community. Preparing a scientific paper develops the ability to organize ideas logically, think clearly, and express yourself accurately and concisely.

Title Page

The title page is the first page of the paper and should contain the following: · An informative title · Author‘s full name or, if a group report, the full names of all group members · Course number · Instructor‘s name · Date and time of the lab · Due date for the paper

A good title is informative. It summarizes as specifically, accurately, and concisely as possible what the paper is about.

Abstract

The second page of scientific paper begins with the Abstract. The Abstract states clearly and concisely what is dealt with in the paper. It is a concise statement of the questions investigated, principle objectives, scientific context, general procedure, basic findings, and main conclusions of the paper.

Introduction

The Introduction presents a background for the work of the work done in an appropriate context (e.g. scientific principles, environmental issues, etc.). Hypotheses of the work,

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general approach or methods of the investigation, principle results and conclusions are clearly explained.

Materials and Methods

The methodology of the work done, the details of the competent worker, the sampling regime, sample sizes, research materials(the organism, special chemicals, concentrations, instruments), relevance of the methods and description of the statistical methods used in the analysis are explained clearly.

Results The major results of the study are explained under this section.

Discussion Explanation of the results in detail, speculating on trends, exceptional aspects of the data, possible causes, recommendations for further work and conclusions are explained under the discussion part.

References (or Works Cited)

The References section is a complete list of all references that has been cited in the paper. The references are listed in alphabetical order by last name of the first author of each publication.

Acknowledgments

The important people, who have contributed their ideas, extended their cooperation and support for the successful completion of the investigation must be thanked in this section.

7. WRITING STRATEGIES

Writing can be difficult and time consuming for many students, but like any complex job, writing is easier if one has the right tools. Writing strategies are the tools writers use to do their work. There are many strategies that students can use for the success in writing. Successful writers use mental procedures to control the production of writing. A good writer must be able to persuade someone to take an action, to support a cause, or to change a habit. Some basic strategies should be followed by students to write either technical or non- technical articles. Strategies: The important strategies of a good writing are:  Identify the key features of writing in the discipline.  Make the expectations explicit.  Model how to approach writing tasks.  Identify the key features of writing in the discipline.  Use visual aids wherever necessary.

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To be clear and to make one understandable to the readers some principles of communication are followed. They are completeness, Conciseness, Consideration, Concreteness, Clarity, Courtesy and Correctness. I. Completeness: The message must be complete, to elicit desired reaction. It should provide all necessary information (follow the 5 question method – who, what, when, where & why) e.g. reserving banquet rooms, ordering merchandise. All the questions asked are answered. Extra information relevant to the matter also must be provided.

II. Conciseness: Wordy expressions should be eliminated. Single word substitutes are used instead of phrases. Trite, unnecessary expressions are omitted. Wordy conventional statements are replaced with concise versions. Only relevant material are included. Unnecessary repetition is avoided. III. Consideration: How receivers will benefit is focused. The stress is on ‗you‘. Negative expressions are avoided. The receiver must be approached with genuine interest. More positive words should be used and unfavourable connotations should be avoided. IV. Correctness: Wherever possible, exact, precise statements or figures must be used. Words of uncertainty and confusion should be avoided. V. Clarity: Precise, concrete and familiar words should be used. There should be balance between precise language and familiar language. Short words familiar to the reader are used for a long word. Instead of terms from other languages, synonyms can be used. Jargon should be avoided. Short sentences are preferred. Unity and coherence should be taken care of. Proper and correct sentence structure must be followed. VI. Courtesy: The writing must have a courteous tone. Respect and concern to others must be there. Expressions that show respect must be used. Irritating and non-respectful words should be avoided. VII. Correctness: Proper grammar, punctuation and spelling must be used. The right level of language, formal, informal and substandard as required by the situation must be used. The data, figures, facts and words provided should be accurate. Confusing words should be avoided.

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UNIT - IV 8. JOB APPLICATION The application form speaks for the person before he or she attends the interview. So it must be penned meticulously. Utmost care and attention should be given while preparing the application. It must be brief. A lot of details need not be given. Inappropriate language such as slang or technical jargon must be avoided. Spelling, grammar and punctuation should be checked carefully.

Example: 1. Read the following advertisement published in ―The Hindu‖ dated 12.02.2006 and write a letter of application: Hyundai a 50 crore plus company, the leader in the automobile industry requires the following personnel: Deputy Manager, Design and Development Requirements: B.E/B.Tech. graduates with 10 to 12 years of experience in an industry.

Apply to: Human Resources Department HYUNDAI Auto Limited 14, West Bank Street M.M.Nagar Chengalpattu District

From XYZ, 12 September 2009 No.5, Nehru Street, Anna Nagar, Chennai-54.

To Human Resources Department, HYUNDAI Auto Limited, 14, West Bank Street, M.M.Nagar, Chengalpattu District.

Sir, Sub: Application for the post of Deputy Manager- Reg. Ref: your advertisement in ―The Hindu‖ dated 12 September 2009 for the post Of Deputy Manager, Design and Development. With reference to the advertisement in ―The Hindu‖ dated 12 September 2009, I wish to apply for the post of Deputy Manager, Design and Development in your esteemed automobile industry.

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I am a Mechanical Engineering graduate from ABC Engineering College, at present working in a concern as Design Engineer in the R& D Department. I have been working here for the past three years. I have 12 years of experience. I have good managerial skills and also possess excellent communication and inter-personal skills. I am enclosing my résumé for your perusal. I look forward to your intimation letter for interview.

Thank you. Yours truly, (XYZ) XYZ

BIO DATA Name : Date of Birth : Father‘s Name : Address for Communication : No.5, Nehru Street, Anna Nagar, Chennai-54. Contact Number : Educational Qualification :

S.No. Degree Name of the University Year of Class obtained College passing 1 B.E(Mechanical) 2 Higher Secondary 3 S.S.L.C.

Project Undertaken : Robotics in the Automobile Sector Papers Published/ Presented : i. Robots in Modern Age ii Use of Microprocessor in Traffic Control. Training Undergone : i.In-plant Training at Ashok Leyland ii.In-plant Training at Hindustan Motors Ltd. Work Experience :

S.No Name of the Company Designation Years of Duration Service 1 GR Mechanical Ltd., Design Engineer 2 Hindustan Ltd., Junior Engineer

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Achievements : (i) Designed a small Robot (ii) Organized cultural events for the workers. References : (i) Mr.A.Arumugam Manager, Bank of Baroda Chennai-05

(ii) Mr.D. Senthil Assistant Engineer Hindustan Motors Ltd. Chennai-09

DECLARATION I declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Place: Date: Signature

Résumé

ABC Phone No: No.5, Nehru Street, E-mail id: Anna nagar, Chennai-54.

Career Objective To excel as an efficient Production Engineer in the Automobile Industry

Skills Summary

. Communication Presented a paper on ―The Modern Developments in the Transport Sector‖ at the VISME Conference, Jan 1993.

. Organizational Ability Arranged many Industrial Visits as a part of Academics.

. Leadership Was class representative and interacted with all types of personalities. . Education  May 1994 completed Bachelor of Engineering in Mechanical Engg., at ABC Engineering College with A grade  April 1990 completed Higher Secondary Education at LMN Higher Secondary School with a pass percentage of 92  April 1988 Completed Secondary School at LMN Higher Secondary School with a pass percentage of 96

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. Work Experience

 Working as a Design Engineer, GR Mechanical Ltd. since May 2001

 Junior Engineer, Hindustan Ltd. from June 1994 to April 2001

Achievements . Academics University Gold Medalist in U.G Won the Best Project award in U.G.

. Creative Developed a robot car with automatic controls. Formed a Cultural Activity Club.

. Communicative Best Communicator of the year award (2003) Best team worker in the company.

DECLARATION I hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Place: Date: Signature

EXERCISE 1.Write a letter to the HRD Manager of Karur Vysya Bank, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 017, applying for the post of System Manager. Add a separate resume to your covering letter. (Anna Univ. May/June 2007) 2. Write a letter of application for the post of Junior Engineer with a resume to the HRD Manager, Doshi Constructions Pvt Ltd., 14, Greams Road, Chennai – 600 002. (Anna Univ. May June 2007) 3. Read the following advertisement and write a letter of application for the post advertised. Enclose your bio-data in the proper form.

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UNIT - V 9. CHECK LIST

Check lists are used to verify or identify or refer items or things or materials to be of immediate use. In writing the checklist, interrogative form is used. After each question, ‗Yes‘ or ‗No‘ boxes should be given. The questions should begin with the auxiliaries such as ‗is‘, ‗are‘, ‗do‘, ‗does‘, ‗has‘ and ‗have‘. This should be followed by the subject. eg: Have (aux.v) all the documents (subj.) been taken?

The following points should be remembered while preparing a check list:  Use question forms.  Remember to place the Question mark. Add boxes at the end of each question.  Tick the appropriate box.  Use formal words.  Avoid colloquial and informal words and expressions  Use appropriate scientific phrases  Use appropriate technical terms  Use standard and formal sentence structures  Avoid conversational tone.  Remember—Is/Has for singular& Are /Have for plural.

I. Checklist for preparing a speech Yes No

1. Has the purpose of the speech been understood?

2. Is the text of the speech finalized?

3. Will the speech suit the audience?

4. Is the speech prepared in note cards?

5. Have any graphics or visuals been included?

6. Is the necessary equipment arranged?

7. Has the speech been rehearsed once or twice?

8. Is the duration of the speech right? II. Checklist for preparing a report Yes No

1. Is the title appropriate to the text? 2. Does the abstract contain all the important aspects of the report? 3. Does the table of contents include page numbers? 4. Does the list of figures include graphics? 5. Does the summary clearly state the problem? 6. Does the list of symbols include abbreviations also? 7. Does the glossary include definitions used in the report? 8. Do the appendices include the supporting materials?

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III. Checklist for Attending an Interview in Delhi

YES NO 1. Has the ticket been taken?

2. Have all the certificates been taken?

3 Has the interview call letter been taken?

4. Has a set of formal wear been neatly packed?

5. Has the project report been taken?

6. Has enough money been taken?

7. Has the cell phone been taken?

8. Have the books been taken for reference?

IV. Checklist for Conducting College Day YES NO

1. Have the arrangements been made to receive the chief guest?

2. Have the seating arrangements been done?

3. Has the canopy (shamiana) been arranged?

4. Have the invitation cards been sent?

5. Have the stage arrangements been done?

6. Have the certificates been written?

7. Have the food arrangements been made?

8 Have the volunteers been given instructions?

EXERCISE

I. You are the College Union President arranging the valedictory function of the union at the college. Write a checklist of at least 8 important items to be taken care of for the smooth conduct of the function. II. You are a company executive. You are proceeding on a business trip abroad. Prepare a checklist that consists of eight items that are to be checked before you leave the house.

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III. Imagine that you have to go to Bangalore to attend a job interview. Prepare a checklist of eight most important activities that you would like to do before leaving for the interview. Give a proper title to your list. IV. Your family is about to leave for Ooty on a two week holiday. Your father has asked you to prepare a checklist of things to be done before you leave the house. Prepare an eight item checklist to give to your father. V. Prepare a checklist that accompanies a college application form for admission to different courses. VI. Imagine that you have to conduct your sister‘s wedding next month. Prepare a checklist of eight most important activities that you would like to undertake.

10. REPORT WRITING-TYPES OF REPORT A report is normally organized into an easily readable structure. A report has three main parts: 1. The Prefatory part: Title flies. Title Page. (Authorization message), preface, contents, List of illustrations, Synopsis or Abstract (Executive Summary) 2. The Report: Introduction, Findings, Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation. 3. Appended (Added) Parts: Appendix, Bibliography. 1. The Prefatory Part: (a) Title Fly: It consists of only the report title and is a formality. It should be carefully worded and should be able to tell what the report covers and does not cover. (b) Title Page: Title again. Name of the writer and complete identification. Name of the receiver and identity. Date of writing the report. (c) Authorization Message: This is only if somebody has authorized another to write a report. A copy of the message must be included. (d) Preface/Foreword/Transmittal Message: This is a personal message from the writer to the reader. Its function is to transfer the report to the reader and includes helpful comments about the report. It ends with a note of goodwill. It is written in a personal style. (e & f) Table of Contents and List of Illustrations: When a report is long and needs a guide to the contents, Table of Contents is used. The chapters, headings and subtopics are given along with their page number. Table of contents is very useful for people who want to read only selected parts of the report. The table also includes the prefatory parts, appended parts, figures and tables.

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(g) Synopsis/Abstract/Executive Summary: This is a short summary of the report. It highlights the facts, analyses, conclusions and recommendations. Two types of synopsis (1) Traditional and Indirect: This summarizes the report under introduction, body and conclusion. The modern method is Direct. This places the conclusions and recommendations at the beginning directly. Then the introduction is given and then the body.

A Report on the Fire Accident in Tech-Hi Industries Submitted To: The Managing Director Tech-Hi Submitted By: Works Manager Tech -Hi March 15, 2006

Objective: The report gives the details of the fire accident that took place in Tech-Hi Industry on 13 April 2006- the causes and effects- and gives the recommendations on how to prevent such accident in the future.

Introduction: On April 13, 2006, a major fire accident in Machine room-II was reported. Following is a report on the incident. Sequence of Events: Work had started as usual in Machine Room-II of Tech-Hi Industries Ltd. The supervisor reported that at about 10.12 a.m. there had been a loud shout from the workers. The workers who had been operating the machine had received a shock and fallen unconscious. A machine had caught fire. The fire quickly spread to the nearby area where wires had been stored. These wires were burnt down. Though fire extinguishers were available the workers did not know how to operate them. Some one had called for the ambulance and the fire engines, which arrived at about 10.30 a.m. by this time the fire had spread to a major part of the machine room. The fire men had the fire under control only by about 10.40a.m. The workers have been admitted in the Hospital and are undergoing treatment. Damage Caused: 1. Injury to workers. 2. Stored material worth 2 Lakhs burnt. 3. Machine under repair.

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Discussion: The wire supplying electricity to the machine was faulty. This had caused leakage of current and short circuit leading to the fire. Recommendations: 1. Good quality wire to be laid. 2. Periodical inspection should be carried out to detect and repair damages instantly. 3. Workers to be trained in using fire extinguisher. 4. Training in First aid can be imparted to the personnel. 5. Proper fuses should be used to avoid excess flow. Feasibility Report I. You are the Manager, Purchase in an institution which is planning to go in for an expansion. You need five Photocopier machines, you have asked for and received quotations from five companies after scrutinizing the quotations you are to submit a report on the feasibility of purchasing a particular type of Photocopier. Prepare a suitable report.

A Report on the purchase of Photocopier Machine Submitted to: The General Manager Aspire Technologies

Submitted by: Manager [Purchase] Aspire Technologies

Introduction: January 20, 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this report is to recommend the purchase of 5 Photocopier machines. Problem: There is an urgent need for 5 Photocopier machines in the processing and printing Department for the following reasons: 1. After expansion of the institution, 100 more computers have been purchased. Hundreds of copies of output from these computers are to be taken. 2. Print-outs from computers are time-consuming. So it is better to photocopy the print-outs.

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Vendors: 1. EPSON Computer Peripherals, 2. Modi Xerox, 3. Maxpower Pvt. Ltd., #10, New Street, Ram Nagar, #12, 1st Avenue, #10, Rajbhavan Road, Bangalore-3. Gandhi Nagar, New Delhi-5. Mumbai – 18. Criteria: The following criteria/points were considered to compare machines from three companies: 1. Maintenance: Photocopier machine with frequent free service should be purchased. 2. Warranty: Machine should have at least 1 year warranty. 3. Service Personnel: These personnel should be trained by the company that sells the Photocopier machine. 4. Cost: The cost of each machine should not exceed Rs. 30,000. Analysis: The following table gives an analysis of the top 3 Photocopier machine manufacturing companies:

Table: Comparison of companies manufacturing Photocopier machine. Criteria EPSON MODI MAXPOWER Maintenance Quarterly Biannual --- Service Personnel Trained by company Contract Nil personnel Warranty 1 year 6 Months 1 year Cost Rs.23,500/- Rs.22,000/- Rs.27,000/- Conclusion: Photocopier machines from EPSON meet all the necessary criteria. Machines from MODI and MAXPOWER do not meet all the criteria especially maintenance, service and warranty.

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2. Prepare a Feasibility Report on the Introduction of cosmetics in the Chennai City Market for the Tamil New Year. A Feasibility Report on the Introduction of Cosmetics in the Chennai City Market for the Tamil New year

Submitted to: The Managing Director Cosmo Hair Oil Company

Sumitted by: R. Kannan Chief Executive Cosmo Hair Oil Company

22 March 2008

------Cosmo Hair Oil Company Chennai – 26 ------

The Managing Director March 21, 2008 Cosmo Hair Oil Company

Sir, As intimated by you in letter No. SM/2551 dated 15 March 2008 a study has been made on the possibility of introducing cosmetics in and around Chennai for the forthcoming Tamil New Year. Though there are five popular brands of creams, lotions and talcum powders moving in this area, the real competition for us is only from two brands. We conducted an opinion poll among college-girls, working women and housewives regarding their favorite brands and the reason for their preference. 70% of them said that they prefer these brands because of their reliability. 25% of them said that they are provided with attractive offers now and then. But from their opinion, we could infer that, if all the cosmetic items are introduced in a single compact pack at a reasonable price with attractive prize schemes, it will be well received. In conclusion, our survey proves that there is a good scope for marketing our cosmetics, as we have already well- established our brand name among the public. Thus it is recommended that before marketing the new cosmetic items, we should ensure that our products are: (i) reasonably priced (ii) reliable (iii) wrapped in attractive and compact packs (iv) provided with prize scheme. Yours sincerely, (Sign) R. Kannan Chief Executive

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Incident Report (a) A report on an Industrial Visit

XYZ ENGINEERING COLLEGE Chennai -44

P. Senthil Suresh 23 February 2009 Class Representataive II year – Civil Engg.

The HOD Department of Civil Engineering

Dear Sir, Sub: Report on the one-day Industrial Visit

On the 13th of this month, 30 students with two faculty members, Mr.Somnath and Ms.Jyothi, Lecturers/Civil, went on an industrial visit to Kilpauk Water Treatment Plant.

The students assembled at the entrance and they were taken around the plant by the officials. They explained the different stages of water purification and showed how the water that has been collected from various sources undergoes different processes before it is supplied through various outlets for consumption.

It was an informative and interesting visit. We record our thanks to the officials of the plant for their hospitality.

Yours faithfully, (Sign) Class Representative.

Accident Report

(b) A memo report on an accident that took place in a leading car manufacturing unit.

XYZ MANUFACTURERS LTD. GST Main Road, Chennai Inter – Office Memorandum

To: The Managing Director 20 February 2009 From: The Supervisor, Paint Shop Ref : TN/72/C

Subject: Fire accident in the paint shop

With reference to your memo No. TN/72/C, dated 16 February 2008, a detailed study on the fire accident has been made. A report on the accident with suggestive measures to avoid such mishaps in future is given. 303

Last week on 15 February, two cars were being spray painted. A fire broke out in the paint shop due to a spark produced in the circuit. Immediately, fire extinguishing spray started automatically. Our plant personnel informed the Fire Service and the fire service personnel rushed to the spot within 10 min. Two workers inside the shop experienced 20% burns. They were administered first aid and taken to the hospital. On investigation, it was found that the spark had occurred due to damage in the power line. Constant exposure to paint had caused the damage.

To avoid such mishaps in the future, it is recommended that (i) wiring should be checked periodically and wires should be replaced at regular intervals, particularly, in the paint shop (ii) proper fuses should be installed (iii) workers should be provided fire – resistant dress (iv) more number of automatic fire extinguishing devices should be installed.

Ashok Agarwal The Supervisor

Project Report

The project report is an extremely important aspect of the project. It should be properly structured. No data fields are to be exposed in the project field. The aim of the project is to produce a good product and a good report on software, hardware, theory etc. that is developed. Design document has to be progressively converted to a project report as and when the various stages of project are completed. It should produce the bulk of the report along with a report on the last week or two to bring it together into a coherent document.

Title page This should include the project title and the name of the author of the report. The name of the supervisor can also be included.

Abstract The abstract is a very brief summary of the report's contents. It should be about half a page long.

Acknowledgements It is usual to thank those individuals who have provided particularly useful assistance, technical or otherwise, during your project.

Content page This should list the main chapters and (sub) sections of the report. Choose self-explanatory chapter and section titles.

Introduction This is one of the most important components of the report. It should summarise everything that is expected to achieve, provide a clear summary of the project's background, relevance and main contributions. The introduction should be largely non-technical. It is useful to state the main objectives of the project as a part of the introduction.

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Body of report The central part of the report usually consists of three or four chapters detailing the technical work undertaken during the project. The structure of these chapters is highly project dependent. It reflects the chronological development of the project, e.g. design, implementation, experimentation, optimisation, evaluation etc. It should document other interesting problems with, or features of, the implementations, integration and testing methods.

Evaluation At some point, evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the project must be done. It is extremely important that evaluation is done both in absolute terms and in comparison with existing techniques, software, hardware etc. This might involve quantitative evaluation and qualitative evaluation such as expressibility, functionality, ease-of-use etc.

Conclusions and Future Work The project's conclusions should list the things which have been learnt as a result of the work that has been done. It is common to finish the report by listing ways in which the project can be taken further. This might, for example, be a plan for doing the project better if you had a chance to do it again, turning the project deliverables into a more polished end product.

Bibliography This consists of a list of all the books, articles, manuals etc. used in the project and referred to in the report. Enough information should be provided to allow the reader to find the source. In the case of a text book, the name of the publisher as well as the author(s) should be referred.

Appendix The appendices contain information which is peripheral to the main body of the report. Information typically included are things like parts of the code, tables, test cases or any other material which would break up the theme of the text. Bind all the material in a single volume.

Program Listings Complete program listings should not be a part of the report except in specific cases at the request of the supervisor. PROJECT REPORT Memo Format DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT:

PROGRESS REPORT ON BUILDING CONSTRUCTION AT R4 SITE. INTRODUCTION: Purpose: In response to your request on Nov.1, 2005, I present the following report on the status of the Corporate Office Building being constructed at R4 site. The report covers five areas: 305

. Concrete Construction . Plumbing Work . Electrical Work . Wood Work . Landscaping

DISCUSSION: Work Completed:  Concrete Construction: All the seven floors have been raised. Brick work is completed in 6 floors & going on in the 7th floor.  Plumbing Work: Laying of the pipe has been completed in 2 floors. (G& 1)  Electrical Work: Internal wiring has been completed in 5 floors. Electrical points work has got completed in 3 floors.  Wood Work: Frames are being made for floors 1-5.  Landscaping: Soil has been filled in East & North side. Work Remaining:  Permission for having a separate Transformer is to be obtained.  Saplings and lawn grass for landscaping are to be bought.

CONCLUSION: The project is proceeding as per the schedule. About 40% of the work has been completed as planned. The next visit will be on Dec. 1, 2005.

FORMAT FOR PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS: The sequence in which the project report material should be arranged and bound as follows: 1. Cover Page 2. Inner Title Page (Same as cover page) 3. Certificate 4. Acknowledgement 5. Abstract 6. Table of Contents 7. List of Tables 8. List of Figures 9. Abbreviations and Nomenclature( If any) 10. Chapters 11. References 12. Appendices( If any) 13. Publication ( If any)

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The tables and figures shall be introduced in the appropriate places. 1. Project report consists of following chapters. a. Chapter 1- Introduction b. Chapter 2- Literature Survey c. Chapter 3- Present Work (It will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several divisions and sub-divisions depending on type & volume of work.) d. Chapter 4- Result & Discussion e. Chapter 5- Conclusion & Future Scope (The chapter No. of chapter 4 & 5 may vary depending on no. of chapters covered in ‗Present Work‘ chapter).

Each chapter should be given an appropriate title. Tables & figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where it is cited. Footnotes should be used sparingly. It should be typed in single space and placed directly underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material it annotate. Conclusion must not exceed more than two pages. Future scope also must not exceed one page.

EXERCISE

1. As the Chief Engineer, prepare a report on the progress of the construction of a recreation hall for Zentek Computers Pvt. Ltd to be submitted to the Company‘s Managing Director. 2. You are the Marketing Executive of ‗Global Health Care Pvt. Ltd.‘ Chennai – 48. Your company plans to introduce herbal mosquito repellant into the market and the General Manager asks you to study the feasibility of the project. Prepare a feasibility report accordingly to be submitted to him. Give suitable recommendations. 3. You are the Works Manager in Industrial Gases Limited where LPG cylinders are filled for utilization by the customers. Write a report to the Chairman of the company about an accident that happened in the LPG filling section in which five workers are seriously injured. Suggest the remedial measures also to avert such happenings in future.(Nov./Dec.2004) 4. Write a report on a road accident you have witnessed in about 200 words.

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11. INTERPRETATION OF DATA (TREE DIAGRAM/BAR DIAGRAM)

BAR CHART

A bar chart is a chart with rectangular bars of lengths usually proportional to the magnitudes or frequencies of what they represent. It's often called bar graph. Bar chart is used for showing the difference between objects. Guidelines for transcoding a bar chart  Take a good look at the given chart.  Understand the meanings of the code symbols.  Interpret and understand messages from the figures or pictures.  Prepare a rough draft.  Arrange these messages logically.  Compare and contrast the ideas.  Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence.

This bar chart/bar diagram describes ------This table shows ------This table gives information about the ------

 Use link words to connect the sentences in transcoding a flow chart. At first, initially, then, until, thereafter, obtained from, finally, derived from, subsequently etc.  Use expressions of comparison and contrast (whereas, in contrast to, on the other hand, but, still etc.) while transcoding a bar diagram. Note: When you transcode a passage into a flow chart each step should have an active verb or the device or equipment used in the process should be mentioned.

Look at the following bar chart which describes the expenditure on education and defence as percentages of total expenditure incurred by different countries. Write a paragraph presenting the information contained in it using expressions of comparison.

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EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION AND EDUCATION DEFENCE DEFENCE 60 50 40 30

20 %OF TOTAL TOTAL %OF EXPENDITURE 10 0

UK INDIA USA JAPAN COUNTRY ISRAEL

The given bar chart describes the expenditure on education and defence as percentage of the total expenditure incurred by different countries. The five countries are: Japan, India, UK, USA and Israel. Japan spends 23% of its total expenditure on education. On the other hand, it spends 45% of its total expenditure on defence. It spends more on defence than on education. Our own country, India, seems to be different from other countries. It spends 18% on education, but, its expenditure on defence is almost twice in percentage (37%). UK, on the other hand, spends about 55% of its expenditure on education and only 32% for defence purpose. USA, one of the richest countries in the world, spends as much as 32% of its total expenditure on education whereas it spends almost 28% its total expenditure on defence. It is interesting to note that a small country like Israel spends half of its total expenditure (50%) on defence whereas; it spends almost equal to it on education (47%). An overall view states that Israel leads the other five countries in terms of its total expenditure on defence which is 50%. The country that spends least on education is USA (28%). UK spends the maximum percentage of its total expenditure on education, namely 55% whereas India spends only 18% on education. A tree diagram is a representation of a tree structure, a way of representing the hierarchical nature of a structure in a graphical form. It can be seen as a specific type of network diagram, which in turn can be seen as a special kind of cluster diagram. For example: In mathematics and statistical methods, a tree diagram is used to determine the probability of getting specific results where the possibilities are nested. (See theoretical and experimental probability). Guidelines to be followed while transcoding Tree Diagram:  Take a good look at the given diagram.  Understand the meanings of the code symbols.  Interpret and understand messages from the figures or pictures.  Prepare a rough draft.  Arrange these messages logically.  Compare and contrast the ideas.  Begin the paragraph with a topic sentence.

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Illustration No. 1

Write a paragraph on the tree diagram of satisfied customers

The tree diagram represents the reasons of a customer to become satisfied in a hotel. Good food with regard to the quality of the ingredients and good receipe make the customer satisfied. Another criterion, good service which is explicit in the manner of prompt attention and treated by a professional waiter makes a customer satisfied. Similarly, pleasant surroundings contribute for the satisfaction of the customers. A happy atmosphere, a good table presentation and a pleasing décor make the customer satisfied.

Exercise 1. Look at the following bar chart which describes the regional distribution of two wheelers sales in the year 1999-2000. Write out a short paragraph using the given details. Scale In X axis 1 Unit = 1 Vehicle, In Y axis 1 unit = 50,000

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3. Based on the Data given below in the bar diagram, write a paragraph of about 200 words. Cigarette Production, Exports, and Domestic Consumption U.S. 1990-2005

800.0 Production 700.0 Export 600.0 500.0 Total Consumptio n 400.0 300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0

1990 1995 2000 2005

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QUESTION BANK SEMESTER II PART – A UNIT - I

1. USE OF SMS FOR SENDING SHORT NOTES AND MESSAGES & EMOTICONS

1. Your uncle has undergone a major surgery you are not there at that time. You have gone for an important conference in Delhi. Prepare a SMS which suits for this situation and emoticons can also be used. 2. Assume you lost your house key, you request you‘re friend to check in his place whether it has been left there. Send an SMS not more than 25 characters. 3. Send SMS of 100 characters by wishing your sisters marriage anniversary and leave a message that you could attend the function in the evening as you held up with some other important meeting in the office. 4. Assume your mail and important information has been hacked; inform your friend to help you to find a solution for this problem. In your message, use appropriate text message shortcuts and emoticons of not more than 150 characters. 5. Your friend has failed in the examination. Console your friend. Prepare a message containing the above details using emoticons and text message shortcuts. 6. Assume your brother going to attend for an interview. Prepare a SMS that he has taken all the important things for interview and send a wish for his interview to stop him.

2. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE (with regular and irregular verbs) I. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice (simple present) 1. He opens the door. 2. We set the table. 3. She pays a lot of money. 4. I draw a picture. 5. They wear blue shoes. 6. They don't help you. 7. He doesn't open the book. 8. You do not write the letter. 9. Does your mum pick you up? 10. Does the police officer catch the thief?

II. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (present continuous) 1. Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. 2. My father is washing the car. 3. Farmer Joe is milking the cows. 4. She is taking a picture of him. 5. I am writing a poem. 6. We are not playing football. 7. He is not wearing a tie. 8. Is she preparing the party? 9. Are they talking about the meeting? 10. Is she watering the flowers?

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III. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (present perfect)

1. Keerthi has paid the bill. 2. I have eaten a hamburger. 3. We have cycled five miles. 4. I have opened the present. 5. They have not read the book. 6. You have not sent the parcel. 7. We have not agreed to this issue. 8. They have not caught the thieves. 9. Has she phoned him? 10. Have they noticed us?

IV. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (present perfect continuous)

1. She has been learning English 2. They have been having a good time. 3. He has not been understanding the problem. 4. She has been paying the bill. 5. He has been cutting the grass on Saturday. 6. The voters have been attacking his policies. 7. Joe has been kicking that ball for the past 5 years. 8. They've been consulting Alex on several matters for years. 9. We have been waiting here for over two hours! 10. She has been working at that company for three years

V. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (Simple past)

1. She sang a song. 2. Somebody hit me. 3. We stopped the bus. 4. A thief stole my car. 5. They didn't let him go. 6. She didn't win the prize. 7. They didn't make their beds. 8. I did not tell them. 9. Did you tell them? 10. Did he send the letter?

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VI. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (Past continuous)

1. We were talking about Francis. 2. He was playing the guitar. 3. She was watching a film. 4. I was repairing their bikes. 5. They were not eating dinner. 6. We were not painting the gate. 7. You were not driving him home. 8. He was not feeding the dogs. 9. Was she reading these lines? 10. Were they carrying bags? -

VII. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (past perfect)

1. I had worn blue shoes. 2. Joe had cleaned the tables. 3. We had lost the key. 4. They had started a fight. 5. I had been reading an article. 6. I had not closed the window. 7. They had not bought the paper. 8. She had not noticed me. 9. Had she solved the problem? 10. Had he recorded that song?

VIII. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (past perfect continuous)

1. I had been waiting for him for one hour. 2. She had been playing chess since 7 O‘clock. 3. I had been living in America since 2003. 4. She had been working in this office since 2007. 5. It had been raining for three days.

IX. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice. (Simple future)

1. Joy will buy a new computer. 2. Her boyfriend will install it. 3. Millions of people will visit the museum. 4. Our boss will sign the contract. 5. You will not do it.

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6. They will not show the new film. 7. He won't see Sri. 8. They will not ask him. 9. Will the company employ a new worker? 10. Will the plumber repair the shower?

X. Change the sentences below to the passive voice.

1. Children cannot open these bottles easily. 2. The government built a road right outside her front door. 3. Mr. Roy broke the antique vase as he walked through the store. 4. When she arrived, the changes amazed her. 5. The construction workers are making street repairs all month long. 6. The party will celebrate his retirement. 7. His professors were discussing his oral exam right in front of him. 8. My son ate all the homemade cookies. 9. Corrosion had damaged the hull of the ship. 10. Some children were visiting the old homestead while I was there.

XI. Change the sentences below to the active voice.

1. The statue is being visited by hundreds of tourists every year. 2. My books were stolen by someone yesterday. 3. These books had been left in the classroom by a careless student. 4. Coffee is raised in many parts of Hawaii by plantation workers. 5. The house had been broken into by someone while the owners were on vacation. 6. A woman was being carried downstairs by a very strong firefighter. 7. The streets around the fire had been blocked off by the police. 8. Have you seen the new movie that was directed by Ron Howard? 9. My car is in the garage being fixed by a dubious mechanic. 10. A great deal of our oil will have been exported to other countries by our government.

XII. Change into passive using verbs in the brackets.

1. The purpose of this report is to assess the impact of globalisation on management accounting and to outline changes which need to (implement) ______as a response to globalisation. The report suggests that management accounting needs to focus on a range of information apart from the financial, to make more informed decisions.

2. It (argue) ______that, in the past, management accounting involved supplying figures to organisations. However, in the global marketplace, management accountants (expect) ______to actively facilitate decision-making and to assist in the management of

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transnational corporations. It (further argue) ______that traditional management accounting techniques are no longer relevant. Rather, concentration needs to (give) ______to providing additional benefits to organisations such as timely, quality and focused information which can initiate effective management action.

3. With rapid market changes, constant cost control and quality improvement, as well as meeting customers' needs, are essential requirements of a management accountant's portfolio.

For this to occur, it (recommend) ______that all accountants familiarise themselves with these changes and the subsequent effects on management accounting. Furthermore, consideration should also (give) ______to how these changes could (most efficiently implement) ______in accounting workplaces.

3 & 4. HOMONYMS AND HOMOPHONE

I. Frame sentences using these words:

1. alms, arms 15. find, fined 2. altar, alter 16. for, fore, four 3. aren't, aunt 17. grate, great 4. aural, oral 18. heal, heel, he'll 5. away, aweigh 19. higher, hire 6. awe, oar, or, ore 20. it's, its 7. bail, bale 21. praise, prays, preys 8. band, banned 22. rung, wrung 9. board, bored 23. stair, stare 10. bold, bowled 24. storey, story 11. born, borne 25. sweet, suite 12. ceiling, sealing 26. throne, thrown 13. check, cheque 27. tide, tied 14. farther, father

II. The underlined words in the following sentences are homonyms. Frame in sentences of your own, each with a meaning different from the meaning given. 1.I fell on the ground their found a ring. 2. Raj gives appropriate answer for the question in the quiz gets applause from the audience those watch the programme. 3. The audiences watch the Quiz 2015 mega finale, appreciated Raj for giving appropriate answer. 4. My friend sat close to my brother, gave his birthday present to him decorated with bow on the top. 5. The mosquito bit me when I was lying on the floor.

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III. Choose the correct word given in the brackets:

1. You could hear the prisoners grumble and ______in the dungeons. 2. My child has ______to be a loving and caring person. (groan, grown)

1. My throat is ______because I talk too much. 2. I‘m challenging with my ______, Midnight. (hoarse, horse)

1. The car was not ______garage so the man got feared. 2. There was no place for us at the ______. (in, inn)

1. I accidentally tore my brand new ______. 2. I think I have mother‘s ______because my hair is strong like hers. (jean, gene)

1. I suddenly got a ______in my stomach I had forgotten Leela‘s present. 2. It's my fault you that you can't dance! (knot, not)

1. The farmer went to the market to buy a ______. 2. The tree was a ______so the woodcutter chopped it down. 3. The teacher asked you to stop ______gum. (ewe, yew, chewing)

IV. Words that have the same pronunciation, but different spelling and different meanings. Directions: Choose the correct word. 1. The teacher walked down the (aisle, isle) between the rows of desks.

2. Hari has a (pane, pain) in her shoulder.

3. The school (principal, principle) spoke to a group of parents.

4. The clerk wants to (sell, cell) as many TVs as possible.

5. I don‘t want to talk about the (passed, past) anymore.

6. Nobody (knows, nose) what you are thinking.

7. I have (for, four, fore) dollars in my pocket.

8. I need to take a (break, brake) from this exercise!

9. Humans have hands. Dogs have (paws, pause).

10. (He‘ll, Heel, Heal) be here in a few minutes.

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V. Words that have the same spelling, but different pronunciations and meanings.

1. I hope you are not lying ______to me. (a) telling a lie My books are lying_____on the table. (b) being in a horizontal position 2. The kids are going to watch___ TV tonight. (a) small clock worn on the wrist What time is it? I have to set my watch____. (b) look at 3. Which page_____ is the homework on? (a) one sheet of paper Please page_____the doctor if you need help. (b) to call someone on an electronic pager 4. Let‘s play___ foot ball after school. (a) participate in a sport The author wrote a new play___. (b) theater piece 5. Ouch! The mosquito bit___ me! (a) a tiny amount I‘ll have a little bit___ of sugar in my tea. (b) past tense of bite 6. My rabbits are in a pen___ outside. (a) a writing instrument which uses ink Please sign this form with a black pen ___. (b) an enclosed area

UNIT – II

5. MODAL VERBS

1) Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs choosing from the list given: will, should, must, would, may The auctioneer ------know accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he ------be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He ------not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He ------also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other. 2) Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs choosing from the list given: should, could, must, can, have to Everyone knows that planting trees ------help the environment. Deforestation ------be avoided and afforestation ------be encouraged as trees purify the air and help to retain soil. The awareness ------be created by government for protecting environment.

3) Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs choosing from the list given: should, could, must, can, have to, will, would Wind energy ------be harnessed by easy installations. These technologies ------be more mature and economically viable. Energy ------be tapped from tones of wastes by sorting out organic and inorganic substances. The energy ------be recovered by utilizing energy-rich residues for energy production.

4) Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs choosing from the list given: will, may, can, could, might It is difficult to believe that any man ------be so spiritually dead as to have no love for his native country after traveling in foreign lands. But if such an unpatriotic person does exist, take careful note of his career; and you ------find that he ------never inspire poets to

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celebrate him in deathless song. He ------be a man of high rank, of noble family and of riches beyond the dreams of avarice.

5) Fill in the blanks with suitable modal verbs choosing from the list given:

Can, must, will, should Do only one thing at a time. If you try to do two things at once, you ------be able to do neither. If a hunter pursues two hares, he is sure to miss both. You ------therefore concentrate on one thing or the other. If you have several bits of work to do, finish one and then proceed to the other. You ------(not) succeed if you attempt to do more than one job at the same time. You ------be single-minded while working.

6. PURPOSE AND USE EXPRESSIONS I. Make sentences expressing purpose using the hints given below:

1. Safety valve: release excess pressure 2. Catalyst: Speed up a chemical process 3. A clamp: holds two things firmly together 4. An experiment: demonstrates the principle 5. Aerial: receive the broad cast signals 6. Robots: perform heavy and dangerous job 7. A flow chart: represent a process as a series of steps 8. Carbon paper: make duplicate copies 9. Camera: take photograph 10. Barometer: measure atmosphere pressure 11. Litmus paper: to find acid and alkalis 12. Telescope: To view stars and other celestial bodies 13. A resistor: reduce the flow of electricity in a circuit 14. Induction coil: produces high-voltage pulses from a low-voltage DC supply 15. A moderator: slows down the speed of free electrons 16. Underground cable: to carry electricity to towns 17. LCD projector: to present visual material with speech 18. Feasibility report: makes recommendations on the practicality of a project 19. Painting iron parts: protects them from rust 20. Sending telegrams: ensures that messages reach the address quickly

7. PHRASAL VERBS

I. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct words:

(Get on, look for, switch on, throw, away, Take off, Fill in, believe in, put out, turn down, try on)

1) Quick! ______the bus. It's ready to leave.

2) I don't know where my book is. I have to_____ it.

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3) It's dark inside. Can you ______the light, please?

4) ______the form, please.

5) I need some new clothes. Why don't you ______these jeans?

6) It's warm inside. ______your coat.

7) This pencil is really old. You can _____ it ______.

8) It's so loud here. Can you ______the radio a little.

9) The firemen were able to ______the fire in Church Street.

10) Does your little brother ______ghosts?

II. Choose a phrasal verb to replace the explanation in brackets:

1. When kamala goes to work, the babysitter (takes care of) ______the children. a) Looks at b) looks up c) looks for d) looks after 2.The babysitter (has a good relationship) ______well with the children. a) gets out b) gets on c) gets up d) gets in 3.Peter promises he will ( stop) ______smoking soon. a) give in b) give over c) give up d) give out 4.They (continue) ______talking when the teacher arrives. a) carry on b) get on c) break out d) remain on 5.The fire fighters came and (extinguish) ______the fire. a) put off b) let away c) put out d) let out 6. I'll call the shop to (discover) ______the price. a) find out b) bring out c) turn up d) call up 7. You never forget the place where you (spend childhood) ______. a) bring up b) raise up c) grow up d) rise up 8.If your car (ceases to function) ______, you should call a garage a) stops off b) breaks down c) turns off d) breaks out 9.It's difficult for a plane to (leave the ground) ______when there is snow on the ground. a) take off b) start up c) lift off d) rise up 10.You must (return) ______the books that I lend you. a) hand in b) take back c) give back d) pay for

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UNIT – III

8. CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

I. Complete the following conditional sentences suitably:

1) If I ------, I ------the exams.

2) If the sun ------, we ------to the town.

3) If he ------a temperature, he ------the doctor.

4) If my friends ------, I ------very happy. 5) If she ------a lot of money, she ------to Mumbai. 6) If we ------to London, we ------the museums. 7) If you ------slippers in the mountains, you ------on the rocks. 8) If Rita ------her homework, the teacher ------her a low mark. 9) If they ----- to the disco, they ------to loud music. 10) If you ------a minute, I ------my parents.

II. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type II. (e.g.) If I were a researcher, I would find out remedies for incurable diseases. 1) If I ------home earlier, I ------dinner. 2) If we ------in Vizag, Shree ------us. 3) If Mohamed and Munshi ------older, they ------in our hockey team. 4) If he ------my friend, I ------him to my birthday party. 5) If Suchitra ------harder, she ------better at school. 6) If they ------enough money, they ------a new car. 7) If you ------a paper round, you ------a little extra money. 8) If Rahul ------more pocket money, he ------Hari out for dinner. 9) If we ------, we ------the bus. 10) If it ------, Nalini ------an umbrella with her.

III. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Form a Conditional sentence - type III.

(e.g.) If he had given me the amount, I would have purchased a new laptop for him.

1) If the weather______( be) nice, they______( play) football. 2) If we______( go) to a good restaurant, we______( have) a better dinner. 3) If Ragu ______( learn) more words, he______( write) a good report. 4) If the boys______( take) the bus to school, they______( arrive) on time. 5) If the teacher______( explain) the homework, I______( do) it. 6) If they______( wait) for another 10 minutes, they______( see) the pop star. 7) If the police______( come) earlier, they______( arrest) the burglar. 8) If you______( buy) fresh green vegetable, your salad______( taste) better. 9) If Anbarasu ______( ask) me, I______( email) the documents. 10) If he______( speak) more slowly, Prem______( understand) him.

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IV. Complete the conditional sentences. Remember to use the auxiliary verbs.

1. If it doesn't rain, we (can / go) ______swimming tomorrow. 2. If you train hard, you (might / win) ______first prize. 3. If we go to city next year, we (can / improve) ______our English. 4. I (may / go) ______to the theatre in the evening if I do the washing-up now. 5. If we go on holiday next week, I (not / can / play) ______tennis with you. 6. If you see George tomorrow, you (should / tell) ______him that you love him. 7. If my parents go shopping in the afternoon, I (must / look) ______after my little sister. 8. He (must / be) ______a good drummer if he plays in a band. 9. If you are listening to the radio after 10 pm, you (should / turn) ______the volume down. 10. If you like that shirt, you (can / have) ______it.

9. WORDS USED AS NOUNS AND VERBS EXERCISE Use the following words in two sentences using as a noun in one and as a verb in the other: Act aim Box break Call cause Demand doubt End escape Face function Guess guide Interest insult Knock knot Land look Match mistake Note number Object offer Part paste Promise process Question quiz Rain report Signal share Test transport Visit vote Walk watch

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UNIT - IV

10. NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS

Rewrite the following as numerical expressions: 1. A lamp of 60 watts: 2. A cricket match lasting three days: 3. A tank with a capacity of 2500 liters: 4. A DC supply of 240 volts: 5. An investment of five lakhs: 6. At intervals of 10 minutes: 7. The pipe is three feet long: 8. A drive for 8 hours: 9. A road measuring 100 feet: 10. An expedition of three week: 11. A stretch that is 2 kilometers long: 12. A panel of six members: 13. A journey of 2500 kilometers: 14. A project for 3 years: 15. A budget estimate of 5 lakhs: 16. A pipe with a length of 10 meters: 17.A stamp value of Rs.10: 18. A symposium lasting for three days: 19. A monitor with a size of 21 inches: 20. A hard disk with 250 MB memory:

11. CONNECTIVES

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable connectives:

1) I am in the right, ------you are in the wrong. 2) The most exquisite work of literary art exhibits a certain crudeness and coarseness, ------we turn to it from nature. 3) ------he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off. 4) Inconsistency consists in a change of conduct ------there is no change of circumstances which justify it. 5) Giving up wrong pleasure is not self-sacrifice, ------self-culture. 6) You will not succeed ------you work harder. 7) We arrived ------you had gone. 8) Bread ------milk is wholesome food. 9) You will get the prize ------you deserve it. 10) ------you are called, you must come in at once. 11) Do not go ------I come. 12) I cannot give you any money, ------I have none. 13) ------you say so, I must believe it. 14) He fled ------he should be killed. 15) We got into the port ------the storm came on. 16) I will stay ------you return. 17) You will be late ------you hurry. 18) He asked ------he might have a holiday. 323

19) Either you are mistaken, ------I am. 20) I shall not go ------I am invited. 21) The man who eats in a hurry loses both the pleasure of eating ------the profit of digestion. 22) Impure air can never make pure blood; ------blood corrupts the whole system. 23) Never refuse to entertain a man in your heart ------all the world is talking against him. 24) The teachers of morality discourse like angels, ------they live like men. 25) The real dignity of a man lies in what he has, ------in what he is. 26) He is very rich ------he is not happy. 27) He was punished ------he was guilty. 28) Will you kindly wait ------I return? 29) He lost his balance ------fell off the bicycle. 30) I shall not go out now ------it is raining very heavily.

II. Join the following pairs of sentences with suitable connectives:

1) My brother is well. My sister is ill. 2) He sells mangoes. He sells oranges. 3) He did not succeed. He worked hard. 4) Rama played well. Hari played well. 5) I honour him. He is a brave man. 6) You may go. I will stay. 7) Rama reads for pleasure. Hari reads for profit. 8) We decided to set out. It was late. 9) He was poor. He was honest. 10) He is not a knave. He is not a fool. 11) Rustum made twelve runs. He was caught at the wicket. 12) The sheep are grazing. The oxen are grazing. 13) He is poor. He is contented. 14) This mango is large. This mango is sweet. 15) You must be quiet. You must leave the room. 16) He sat down. He was tired. 17) I lost the prize. I tried my best. 18) I like him. He is dangerous. 19) We went early to the circus. We could not get a seat. 20) Rama may be in the house. Rama may be in the garden.

12. IDIOMS AND THEIR MEANINGS

1. The bill was thrown out by the assembly as ------

(a) the bill was old (b) the bill was unacceptable © the bill was urgent (d) the bill was interesting

2. He broke down in the middle of his speech because ------(a) he saw somewhere (b) he couldn‘t control his emotions © he was enthusiastic (d) he was invited by someone

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3. He agreed to carry out my orders since ------(a) he was lethargic (b) he wanted to execute the orders © he was not interested (d) he was whimsical

4. She seems to be well off as ------(a) she owns a hut (b) she seems to be simple © she owns a bungalow (d) she is very humble

5. He has got through his examination though he ------in the first attempt. (a) failed in the examination (b) tried in the examination © passed the examination (d) left the examination

Use the following idioms in the sentences of your own.

1. Whole nine yards 2. Speak of the devil 3. Steal someone's thunder 4. Taste of your own medicine 5. Wouldn't be caught dead 6. Your guess is as good as mine 7. Method to my madness 8. Make a long story short 9. Miss the boat 10. A penny for your thoughts 11. Barking up the wrong tree 12. Let bygones be bygones 13. No stone unturned 14. Born with a silver spoon in one‘s mouth 15. Keep one‘s fingers crossed 16. By hook or by crook 17. Burn one‘s fingers 18. As blind as a bat 19. Curiosity killed the cat 20. As sly as a fox 21. Hat trick 22. Ball in your court 23. Still in the game 24. Pack a punch 25. Whole new ball game 26. Pull up one‘s socks 27. Beat around the bush 28. Cross that bridge when you come to it 29. Bite off more than you can chew 30. Don't put all your eggs in one basket 31. Feel a bit under the weather 32. Every cloud has a silver lining 33. Hear it on the grapevine 34. Hit the sack / sheets / hay 35. It takes two to tango

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36. Last straw 37. Let sleeping dogs lie 38. Make a long story short 39. Not a spark of decency 40. Off one's rocker 41. Picture paints a thousand words 42. See eye to eye 43. Feel a bit under the weather 44. Far cry from 45. Cut the mustard 46. Caught between two stools 47. Can't judge a book by its cover 48. Bite off more than you can chew 49. Cry over spilt milk 50. Blessing in disguise

UNIT – V

13. USE OF CLAUSES

I. Add the phrase given in brackets at the end of the sentence, to the sentence using 'that' or 'who' and a relative clause:

(e.g.) She worked for a man (the man used to be an athlete) She worked for a man who used to be an athlete. 2) They called a lawyer (the lawyer lived nearby) 3) I sent an email to my brother (my brother lives in Australia) 4) The customer liked the waitress (the waitress was very friendly) 5) We broke the computer (the computer belonged to my father) 6) I dropped a glass (the glass was new) 7) She loves books (the books have happy endings) 8) They live in a city (the city is in the north of England) 9) The man is in the garden (the man is wearing a blue jumper) 10) The girl works in a bank (the girl is from India) 11) My sister has three children (my sister lives in Australia) 12) The waiter was rude (the waiter was wearing a blue shirt) 13) The money is in the kitchen (the money belongs to John) 14) The table got broken (the table was my grandmother‘s) 15) The television was stolen (the television was bought 20 years ago)

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II. Combine the following sentences using relative adverbs:

(When, where, why, who, whom, whose, that, which)

1. Yesterday I met a man. He works in the circus. 2. I bought a cell phone. It has internet access. 3. There‘s the restaurant. I ate at that restaurant last night. 4. The woman works in the bank is my neighbor. 5. I‘m selling the computer. I bought in the U.S. 6. I‘m selling this computer. It has a 250-GB hard drive, for $500. 7. My favorite season is fall. All the leaves change colour. 8. I visited the neighborhood. I grew up there. 9. The stores are closed today. Do you know the reason? 10. The man went to police station .His car was stolen

III. Combine the following sentences using appropriate Clauses: 1. A lion is an animal. It is very strong. 2. A novelist is a person. He writes novels. 3. A bottle opener is a device. It opens bottles. 4. The girl speaks Chinese. Her mother writes poems. 5. A detective is someone. He discovers the truth about crimes. 6. The blue whale is considered the largest animal that has ever lived. It can grow to 100 feet and 150 tons. 7. The researchers are doing case studies of people to determine the importance of heredity in health and longevity. These people's families have a history of high blood pressure and heart disease. 8. At the end of this month, scientists at the institute will conduct their AIDS research. The results of this research will be published within 6 months. 9. According to many education officials, 'math phobia' (that is, a fear of mathematics) is a widespread problem. A solution to this problem must and can be found. 10. An antecedent is a word. A pronoun refers to this word. 11. He‘s lying to you. I'm sure. 12. You did something. It is unforgivable. 13. She hasn't made a complaint. We must be grateful for that. 14. Some people are coming to the meeting. I don't know how many. 15. He has some emotional problems. That is quite apparent. 16. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit. 17. Joe recognized the man. The man had stopped his car to help. 18. Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend. 19. Murali decided to give up smoking .He had had a heart attack two times. 20. I have decided to buy a car. I can go to work easily. 21. The soldiers in the camp will be punished. They didn‘t obey the rules. 22. I don‘t want to invite Kamal to the party. He always talks about nonsense things. 23. I‘m going to work harder. I can be promoted. 24. She was very exhausted. She didn‘t stop working. 25. She was walking along the garden; she found a very rare flower.

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14. COLLOCATIONS

I. Choose of the following verbs (Miss, Get, Do and Make) goes well with the expressions below: a._____ a goal b._____ peace c._____ lost d._____ a home e._____ an appointment f._____ a lesson g. ____ homework h._____ the cooking i. _____ ready j._____ progress k._____ someone‘s help l._____ nothing m.____ an effort n._____ one‘s best. o._____ furniture p._____ the shopping q_____ trouble r._____ someone a favour

II. Look at each sentence and three choices below it. Decide which word or phrases complete the sentence.

1. He did‘nt know anything about business, so starting hi sown business was _____ a. a laep into the clouds b. a leap in the dark c. a leap into the whole 2. I hate the way he criticizes everybody. It rally rattles ______a. my back b. my bones c. my cage 3. When her business crashed, she had to pick up ______and start again. a. the fragments b. the pieces b. the stones 4. She felt sad when she realised had lost her watch. It wasn‘t expensive but it had sentimental. a. Expense b. price b. value 5. I used to go to church under false ______. I never wanted to go but my mother made me. a. agreements b. feelings c. pretences 6. One minute they were just talking and then all hell broke ______and everybody started screaming and shouting. a. free b. loose c. over 7. He never cheats or tricks anybody when he plays. He always goes by the ______. a. book b. instructions c. principles

8. Don‘t tell Latha your plans or she will tell everybody. She is always ______her mouth off. a. shooting b. speaking c. talking 9. Rakesh might be able to help with your problem. He has friends in high ______who might be able to change the decision. a. jobs b. places c. spots

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III. Match the words with numbers with Letters: 28. sound 2. bind 3. bitter 4. one-roomed 5. full 6. sell-by 7. regular 8. bad 9. Occasional 10. truly A. terror B. stomach C. happy D. asleep E. manners F. flat G. experience H. intervals I. moments J. date

IV. Complete each of the following sentences using the correct Collocation:

A) My son's teacher says he doesn't ______(give, pay, have) attention in his lessons. B) I'm afraid John's not here. Can I ______(take,make,do) a message? C) I______(met, suffered, caught)a bad cold and had to stay in bed. D) How much time do you ______(spend, give, do) doing revision? E) Could you______(show, do, make) me a favour and open the window a little? F) Can you______(tell, say, pick) the difference between these two pictures?

V. Read the sentences and choose the correct word form the box and fill the gap: [make, get, go, taking, do, tell, take]

I'm sorry for (A) ______such a long time to write back. I've been so busy at work lately. I've also not been studying very hard and my French exam is next month! To (B) ______you the truth, I'm getting a bit nervous and will have to (C) ______some revision! The good news is I'm going on holiday with my parents before the exam, so if I (D) ______the chance I'm going to try to (E) ______an effort and work on my French. Anyway, the reason I'm writing is to ask you if you would like to come to the UK. I know you haven't been here before and we could (F) ______sightseeing. Let me know what you think.

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PART – B UNIT –I 1. READING COMPREHENSION

1. Answer both sections (i) and (ii)

(i) Read the following passage and answer the questions given below: (10 marks)

(1) There are two types of diabetes, insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent. Between 90–95% of the estimated 13–14 million people in the United States with diabetes have non-insulin-dependent, or Type II, diabetes. Because this form of diabetes usually begins in adults over the age of 40 and is most common after the age of 55, it used to be called adult-onset diabetes. Its symptoms often develop gradually and are hard to identify at first; therefore, nearly half of all people with diabetes do not know they have it. For instance, someone who has developed Type II diabetes may feel tired or ill without knowing why. This can be particularly dangerous because untreated diabetes can cause damage to the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves. While the causes, short-term effects, and treatments of the two types of diabetes differ, both types can cause the same long-term health problems.

(2) Most importantly, both types affect the body's ability to use digested food for energy. Diabetes does not interfere with digestion, but it does prevent the body from using an important product of digestion, glucose (commonly known as sugar), for energy. After a meal, the normal digestive system breaks some food down into glucose. The blood carries the glucose or sugar throughout the body, causing blood glucose levels to rise. In response to this rise, the hormone insulin is released into the bloodstream and signals the body tissues to metabolize or burn the glucose for fuel, which causes blood glucose levels to return to normal. The glucose that the body does not use right away is stored in the liver, muscle, or fat.

(3) In both types of diabetes, however, this normal process malfunctions. A gland called the pancreas, found just behind the stomach, makes insulin. In people with insulin-dependent diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin at all. This condition usually begins in childhood and is known as Type I (formerly called juvenile-onset) diabetes. These patients must have daily insulin injections to survive. People with non-insulin-dependent diabetes usually produce some insulin in their pancreas, but their bodies' tissues do not respond well to the insulin signal and, therefore, do not metabolize the glucose properly, a condition known as insulin resistance.

(4) Insulin resistance is an important factor in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and scientists are searching for the causes of insulin resistance. They have identified two possibilities. The first is that there could be a defect in the insulin receptors on cells. Like an appliance that needs to be plugged into an electrical outlet, insulin has to bind to a receptor in order to function. Several things can go wrong with receptors. For example, there may not be enough receptors to which insulin may bind, or a defect in the receptors may prevent insulin from binding. The second possible cause of insulin resistance is that, although insulin may bind to the receptors, the cells do not read the signal to metabolize the glucose. Scientists continue to study these cells to see why this might happen.

(5) There's no cure for diabetes yet. However, there are ways to alleviate its symptoms. In 1986, a National Institute of Health panel of experts recommended that the best treatment for non-insulin- dependent diabetes is a diet that helps one maintain a normal weight and pays particular attention to a proper balance of the different food groups. Many experts, including those in the American Diabetes Association, recommend that 50–60% of daily calories come from carbohydrates, 12– 20% from protein, and no more than 30% from fat. Foods that are rich in carbohydrates, like breads, cereals, fruits, and vegetables, break down into glucose during digestion, causing blood

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glucose to rise. Additionally, studies have shown that cooked foods raise blood glucose higher than raw, unpeeled foods. A doctor or nutritionist should always be consulted for more of this kind of information and for help in planning a diet to offset the effects of this form of diabetes.

1. According to the passage, what may be the most dangerous aspect of Type II diabetes? a. Insulin shots are needed daily for treatment of Type II diabetes. b. Type II diabetes may go undetected and, therefore, untreated. c. In Type II diabetes, the pancreas does not produce insulin. d. Type II diabetes interferes with digestion.

2. Which of the following are the same for Type I and Type II diabetes? a. treatments b. long-term health risks c. short-term effects d. causes

3. A diet dominated by which of the following is recommended for non-insulin-dependent diabetics? a. protein b. fat c. carbohydrates d. raw foods

4. Which of the following is the main function of insulin? a. It signals tissues to metabolize sugar. b. It breaks down food into glucose. c. It carries glucose throughout the body. d. It binds to receptors.

5. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a possible problem with insulin receptors in insulin-resistant individuals? a. Overeating causes the receptors to function improperly. b. There may be an overabundance of receptors present. c. A defect causes the receptors to bind with glucose. d. A defect hinders the receptors from binding with insulin.

6. Based on the information in the passage, which of the following best describes people with Type I diabetes? a. They do not need to be treated with injections of insulin. b. They comprise the majority of people with diabetes. c. Their pancreases do not produce insulin. d. They are usually diagnosed as adults. 7. Your uncle who has diabetes comes to stay with you for a week and you have to look after him. Prepare a checklist of 4 items that you should check with respect to his diet and medication to make sure that his condition doesn't become worse. (4 marks) (ii) Look the following information and graph about Tata Nano. Analyse the given data and give a short review of the performance of Tata Nano in a short paragraph of not more than 120 words. (6 marks)

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UNIT - II

2. WRITING A REVIEW/SUMMARY OF A STORY/ARTICLE

1. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

Developing Countries face increasing environmental and health hazards from electronic waste unless toxic materials are collected and recycled properly, according to a United Nations report released on Monday. The report highlights the problem of recycling and salvaging procedures in poorer countries, often is unsafe conditions by unregulated operators. Sales of electronic devices are set to rise sharply in the next ten years, particularly in emerging economies such as China and India, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) said. According to a report titled ‗Recycling: from E- waste to Resources‘, the world produces about 40 million tons of waste from electronic devices, known as e-waste, every year. ‗Managing this waste has become not just important, it has become absolutely urgent‘, UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner said at a news conference. Experts said exposure to toxic chemicals from e- waste, including lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium and polybrominated biphenyls, can damage the brain and nervous system, affect the kidneys and liver, and cause birth defects. The report used data from eleven developing countries to estimate current and future e- waste generation from discarded computers, printers, mobile phones, pagers, cameras, music players, refrigerators, toys, televisions and other items.

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China produces an estimated 2.3 million tons of e – waste annually, and though the country has banned e – waste imports, it remains a major dumping ground for waste from developed countries the report said. The UN research predicts that South Africa and China, e- waste from old computers may jump by 200 to 400 percent from 2007 levels and by 500 percent in India. E – Waste from mobile phones in the same period is forecast to rise seven times in China, and 18 times in India. According to the report, over 1 billion mobile phones were sold in 2007 worldwide, up from 896 million in 2006. The report said most e – waste in China was improperly handled, with much of it incinerated by backyard recyclers to recover valuable metals like gold. Jim Pucket of the Basel action Network, a non – governmental organization fighting the international trade in toxic wastes, said massive amounts of discarded devices had been exported to China for years. Pucket said in one area of China‘s Guangdong province, people had been ‗treating information – age materials with stone – age technology‘. ‗That‘s happening to this day, everyday and the problem is getting worse‘, he said. But China is not alone in facing the serious e – waste problem, Steiner said. ‗India, Brazil, Mexico and other may also face rising environmental damage and health problems if e – waste recycling is to the vagaries of the informal sector,‘ he said. Konrad Osterwalder, UN under – secretary general and reactor of the United Nations University, said solving e – waste problems represented an important step in the transition to a green economy. ‗This report outlines smart new technologies and mechanisms which, combined with national and international policies, can transform waste into assets, creating new businesses with decent green jobs‘, he said developing national recycling schemes is complex and simply financing and transferring high – tech equipment from developed countries is unlikely to work, according to the report. It urged governments to establish e – waste management centres, building on existing organizations working in the area of recycling and waste management. 1) Write a short summary of the above given passage in not more than 100 words. (6 marks) 2) Complete the following sentences in not more than three words. (4x1=4) a. Exposure to ______can cause health problems. b. Sophisticated electronic gadgets like computers, mobile phones, music players, pagers and the like contribute to ______. c. Improper handling of e-waste in China is mainly due to the recovery of ______. d. Environmental hazard will be aggravated if e-waste recycling is ______. 3) Answer the following questions in two sentences: (3x2=6) 1. What constitutes e – waste? 2. What are the environmental problems that may result from poor e – waste management strategies? 3. ‗E – waste is not a serious problem in developing countries‘. Do you agree with this statement? Justify your views.

2. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:

The first step towards the creation of computers as we know them today was made by an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage who realized that all mathematical calculations can be broken up into simple repetitive operations that could be carried out by an automatic machine. Sadly, Babbage never completed the machine. Seventy years later an American inventor, Herman Hollerith, created a computing machine out of necessity. Hollerith‘s ―computer‖ was the first 333

machine to use electricity. Mathematician George Boole determined that all mathematical calculations can be stated as either true or false, and defined the binary system – to be used by all future computers.

The first electronic computers instead of using electromechanical relays, used fully electronic switches: vacuum tubes. These were about a thousand times faster than mechanical switches, but they were gigantic. This is the most important reason they were replaced by smaller transistors in the 1950s.

As transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the 1950s, computers began to grow smaller and faster. Early supercomputers replaced binary codes with programming codes consisting of a few letters and had an operating system and a memory, and could store data on disk. Transistors created heat, which tended to damage the heat-sensitive components. This problem was eliminated by the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958. Another development of the 1960s was an operating system with a central program supervising other programs which could run simultaneously.

Since computers were no longer so large, they also became cheaper. In the 1970s, computer manufacturers were ready to bring computers to consumers. These computers had user-friendly programs and offered the first word processors, spreadsheets, and even the first computer games!

In 1981, the first IBM PCs were introduced into homes, schools and offices. The Apple Macintosh was introduced three years later. The number of personal computers soared from 2 million in 1981 to almost 6 million in 1982, to 65 million in 1992. As their potential grew, new ways of using computers were being developed. Computers could be linked together to form networks sharing software, memory space and information. The World Wide Web, which was started in 1989, links up computers worldwide to provide people with opportunities to share information and to enable communication via e-mail. Today computers are an inseparable part of many people‘s lives and jobs and are likely to continue to be tools that we rely on. 1) Write a short summary of the above given passage in not more than 100 words. (6 marks)

2) Complete the following sentences in NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS (4 x 1 = 4) a. Vacuum tubes had the advantage of ______. b. Transistors had the disadvantage of ______. c. The operating system could ______. d. The world wide web enables people to ______.

3) Answer the following questions in two sentences: (3 × 2 = 6) a. How did the invention of the integrated chip help the growth of the computer? b. What were the qualities that pioneers of computers looked to integrate into the computer? c. When did the computer become suitable for mass production and use?

3. Write a brief summary for the following story: Hafiz was a farmer in Africa who was happy and content. He was happy because he was content. He was content because he was happy. One day a wise man came to him and told him about the glory of diamonds and the power that goes along with them. The wise man said,‖ if you had a diamond the size of your thumb, you could buy your own city. If you had a diamond the size of your fist, you could probably own your own country‖. And then the wise man left. That night Hafiz couldn‘t sleep. He was unhappy and he was discontented. The next morning Hafiz made arrangements to sell his farm, took care of his family, and went off in search of diamonds. He looked all over Africa and couldn‘t find any. He looked all through Europe and couldn‘t find any. By the time he got to Spain, he was

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emotionally, physically and financially depleted. He was so disheartened that he committed suicide by throwing himself into the Barcelona River. Back home, the person who had bought his farm was watering the camels at the stream that ran through the property. Across the stream, the rays of the morning sun hit a stone and made it sparkle like a rainbow. He thought the stone would look good in his living room. He picked up the stone and put it on his mantle piece. The afternoon, the wise man came and saw the stone sparkling. He asked,‖ is Hafiz back?‖ The new owner said, ―No, why do you ask?‖ The wise man said,‖ Because that is a diamond. I recognize one when I see one‖. The man said, ―No, that‘s just a stone I picked up from the stream. Come I‘ll show you. There are many more‖. They went and picked some samples and sent them for analysis. Sure enough, the stones were diamonds. They found that the farm was indeed covered with acres of diamonds.

3. WRITING PERSONAL LETTERS/ e-MAILS

17. Send a mail to your uncle conveying your hearty wishes who is going to celebrate his 70th birthday. 18. Send a mail to your cousin about what particularly pleased you at the circus. 19. You have recovered from a long illness. Send a mail to your cousin about your experience in bed etc. 20. Your uncle is in Japan. Draft a mail to him asking for information about the habits and customs of the Japanese. 21. Imagine yourself to be the instructor of a course in which 75 students have registered. Draft an e-mail to be sent to all these students asking them to select a topic of their choice and prepare for a professional presentation of 10 minutes duration. 22. As the Sales Manger of a company, draft a reply which has to be sent in the form of an e-mail to three customers who have complained about your product. Invent necessary details. 23. Assume that you are the Managing Director of a company dealing with electronic equipment. Inform all your employees about the new community hall which the company is going to inaugurate next week. Highlight the important features of both the hall and the inauguration. 24. As the Personnel Manager of a multinational firm, draft an e-mail to be sent to those candidates who were not selected in the interview conducted few days before. Take care to be courteous and sympathetic while conveying the negative message. 25. Write an e-mail to your elder brother in the states requesting him to send a few latest books on computer, which are not available in our country. 26. Write an e-mail to your friend congratulating him on his getting a good job in a foreign country.

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UNIT - III 4. MINUTES OF MEETINGS 1. Write the minutes of the Annual General Meeting of your Firm. 2. Write the minutes of Hostel Committee meeting. 3. Write the minutes of your Department Association meeting. 4. You participated in the meeting in which it was decided about the Industrial Visit of your class. Write the minutes of the meeting. 5. Write the minutes of the Orientation meeting organised by the NSS of your college. 6. Write the minutes of the organising committee meeting of your college Culturals Day. 7. Write the minutes of the class representatives meeting organised by your department. 8. Write the minutes of Sports Committee meeting. 9. Write the minutes of Old Students Association meeting. 10. Write the minutes of the Project Review meeting of your department.

5. WRITING A SUMMARY AFTER READING ARTICLES FROM JOURNAL

I. Read the following passage and answer the question given below:

The first step towards the creation of computers as we know them today was made by an English mathematics professor, Charles Babbage who realized that all mathematical calculations can be broken up into simple repetitive operations that could be carried out by an automatic machine. Sadly, Babbage never completed the machine. Seventy years later an American inventor, Herman Hollerith, created a computing machine out of necessity. Hollerith‘s ―computer‖ was the first machine to use electricity. Mathematician George Boole determined that all mathematical calculations can be stated as either true or false, and defined the binary System – to be used by all future computers.

The first electronic computers instead of using electromechanical relays, used fully electronic switches: vacuum tubes. These were about a thousand times faster than mechanical switches, but they were gigantic. This is the most important reason they were replaced by smaller transistors in the 1950s. As transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the 1950s, computers began to grow smaller and faster. Early supercomputers replaced binary codes with programming codes consisting of a few letters and had an operating system and a memory, and could store data on disk. Transistors created heat, which tended to damage the heat-sensitive components. This problem was eliminated by the invention of the integrated circuit in 1958.

Another development of the 1960s was an operating system with a central program supervising other programs which could run simultaneously. Since computers were no longer so large, they also became cheaper. In the 1970s, computer manufacturers were ready to bring computers to consumers. These computers had user-friendly programs and offered the first word processors, spreadsheets, and even the first computer games! In 1981, the first IBM PCs were introduced into homes, schools and offices. The Apple Macintosh was introduced

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three years later. The number of personal computers soared from 2 million in 1981 to almost 6 million in 1982, to 65 million in 1992. As their potential grew, new ways of using computers were being developed. Computers could be linked together to form networks sharing software, memory space and information. The World Wide Web, which was started in 1989, links up computers worldwide to provide people with opportunities to share information and to enable communication via e-mail. Today computers are an inseparable part of many people‘s lives and jobs and are likely to continue to be tools that we rely on.

I: Write summary of the above given passage in not more than 300 words.

2. Read the following passage and answer the question given below:

Today, bicycles are elegantly simple machines that are common around the world. Many people ride bicycles for recreation, whereas others use them as a means of transportation. The first bicycle, called a draisienne, was invented in Germany in 1818 by Baron Karl de Drais de Sauerbrun. Because it was made of wood, the draisienne wasn't very durable nor did it have pedals. Riders moved it by pushing their feet against the ground. In 1839, Kirkpatrick Macmillan, a Scottish blacksmith, invented a much better bicycle. Macmillan's machine had tires with iron rims to keep them from getting worn down. He also used foot-operated cranks, similar to pedals, so his bicycle could be ridden at a quick pace. It didn't look much like the modern bicycle, though, because its back wheel was substantially larger than its front wheel. Although Macmillan's bicycles could be riddeneasily, they were never produced in large numbers. In 1861, Frenchman Pierre Michaux and his brother Ernest invented a bicycle with an improved crank mechanism. They called their bicycle a vélocipède, but most people called it a "bone shaker" because of the jarring effect of the wood and iron frame. Despite the unflattering nickname, the vélocipède was a hit. After a few years, the Michauxfamily was making hundreds of the machines annually, mostly for fun-seeking young people. Ten years later, James Starley, an English inventor, made several innovations that revolutionized bicycle design. He made the front wheel many times larger than the back wheel, put a gear on the pedals to make the bicycle more efficient, and lightened the wheels by using wire spokes. Although this bicycle was much lighter and less tiring to ride, it was still clumsy, extremely top-heavy, and ridden mostly for entertainment. It wasn't until 1874 that the first truly modern bicycle appeared on the scene. Invented by another Englishman, H. J. Lawson, the safety bicycle would look familiar to today's cyclists. The safety bicycle had equal-sized wheels, which made it much less prone to toppling over. Lawson also attached a chain to the pedals to drive the rear wheel. By 1893, the safety bicycle had been further improved with air-filled rubber tires, a diamond-shaped frame, and easy braking. With the improvements provided by Lawson, bicycles became extremely popular and useful for transportation. Today, they are built, used, and enjoyed all over the world.

Write summary of the above given passage in not more than 300 words.

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6. TECHNICAL ARTICLES I. Write Technical Article for the following topics with all the parts/elements: 1. Nuclear Power Plant 2. Desalination Process 3. Solar Appliances 4. Carbon Nano tubes 5. Ferromagnetism 6. Welding in a lathe. 7. Dual powered automobiles. 8. Construction of a flyover. 9. Construction of a dam. 10. Aircraft modelling.

UNIT - IV 7. JOB APPLICATION 1. Read the following advertisement and write a letter of application for the post advertised enclosing your resume: Sales Engineers A well established company invites applications from competent sales persons to sell micro- computer systems and related products. Our requirements:  A university degree in Engineering  Industry experience  Good command over English and Tamil Attractive remuneration package will be offered to the right candidate. Please apply with full career details and salary expectations to the Human Resources Manager, P.O. Box.12544, General Post Office, Chennai. 2. Read the following advertisement. Write a job application letter with a resume. Assume suitable addresses and qualifications. Wanted Oracle Developers. Qualification: B.E./M.C.A.; Experience: Working on Oracle Developer‘s tools; Minimum experience: 2 years; Maximum experience: 5 years; Location: Bangalore, Chennai. 3. Dalal Mott MacDonald, a part of MM Group of U.K. requires in-line experienced personnel in the disciplines of Chemical/Mechanical/Civil/Instrumentation/Electrical Engineering for executing major projects in Chennai. Candidates must have minimum 5-8 years of experience in the relevant branch and also completed projects. Apply within 10 days to HRD in-charge, 21 Abdul Razak Road, Saidapet, Chennai-600015 with salary drawn and salary expected details.

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4. Write a letter of application along with resume for the post of Quality Control Manager in a reputed company. 5. An engineering college requires candidates for the post of Lecturers, Assistant Professors and Professors in all disciplines. Candidates should have completed their Ph.D. and must have minimum three years of experience in teaching. Excellent communication skills in English are a must. In terested candidates apply with biodata to: The Director, Siva Engineering College, No.45, Banarghatta Layout, Bangalore.

6. HCL requires Software Engineers (B.E./M.Tech. only) with expertise in C, C++, and VC++, for their overseas projects at its Chennai office. Apply with your bio-data to HR Manager, HCL Ltd., Taramani, Chennai n101. Knowledge of foreign language is an added advantage to the candidates. 7. Safe Insurance Company seeks personable, college-trained person to manage office of five employees. People skills and good communication ability a must. Knowledge of office procedures and word processing essential. Send application within 10 days to Human Resource Office, P.O. Box 719, Kanpur. 8. Healthy Foods Ltd., a fast-growing manufacturer in the food-processing industry, has openings in its training program. Only highly motivated, dynamic and result-oriented people with excellent communication skills need to apply. Opportunities for advancement to management positions based on performance. Applicants must demonstrate a professional image and possess skills in working with people. Computer literacy required. Apply to Personnel Manager, P.O.Box 520, Bangalore. 9. Candidates holding a bachelor‘s degree with a background in informations systems, marketing, or communications are required to work on company intranet, extranet, and Internet sites. Mastery of HTML coding, website design including graphic design and client server technology is vital. Applicants must also possess excellent writing skills and the ability to effectively manage multiple projects while interfacing with company employees. Please send resume to Promod Tiwari in Human Resources, Exclusive Software, 520, North Main Street, Coimbatore. 10. Write a letter of job application to the Managing Director of Computex Ltd. applying for the post of General Manger. Add a suitable resume to your letter.

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UNIT - V 8. CHECK LIST 1. As the Student President of your college, you are heading the organizing committee to organize a seminar. Prepare an eight item check list to conduct the seminar without any problem. 2. Imagine that you have to conduct your brother‘s marriage next month. Prepare a check list of eight important activities that you would like to do to conduct this function in a grand manner. 3. You are going to make your first professional presentation on the project that you have just completed. Write a checklist of eight items that you should do before the presentation. 4. Imagine you are the team leader of your branch and you are going to Mumbai for an industrial visit. Write a checklist. 5. Imagine that you have to attend an interview for the post of Computer Engineer in New Delhi next week. Prepare a check list to make your trip successful 6. Imagine that your sister has scored very high marks in the plus two examinations and that she wants to do a B.E. course in a reputed engineering institution. Prepare a checklist of eight important items that will help your sister choose a suitable institution. 7. Write a check list of eight points to provide clean drinking water to villagers in your district. 8. Write a checklist of eight points to maintain a pollution free environment in your village. 9. Write a checklist of eight points to do before applying for scholarship by downloading the application form from the internet website. 10. Write a checklist of eight points to be observed by a student before leaving for study holidays.

9. REPORT WRITING 1. A committee has been appointed by a manufacturing company to consider the demands of the labour union for higher wages, fewer hours of work and better service conditions. Draft the report of the committee giving its recommendations. 2. Write a survey report on project survey conducted to find out the preferences of youth to use two wheelers as mode of transportation. 3. Write a report as a site Engineer to the General Manager, about how the new factory building can be constructed to avoid mishaps like minor accidents.

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4. You are the safety engineer of a tyre manufacturing company. A major fire accident has taken place in the factory and 12 workers have sustained severe burnt injuries. The Managing Director of the company has asked you to prepare a detailed report on the accident, together with your recommendations for averting similar accidents in the future. The report should not exceed 300 words. 5. Write a report on the project that you had undertaken and successfully completed under the guidance of a senior faculty of your department.

6. Write a report on the progress of a journey that you made to a historical place. 7. Write a report to an insurance company on a burglary that you were a victim of. 8. Write a report on the visit to a local industry by a group of students of your class. Include all necessary details such as purpose of visit, industry visited, observations made and your conclusion. The same is to be submitted to the training officer of your institution. 9. You are heading the Research team of Projections Consulting Services. Image Cinemas approaches your company with a proposal to start a new multiplex (cinema hall complex) in the nearby town. Prepare a report in about 300 words showing your team's findings about the necessary buildings, expenditure, infrastructure etc (feasibility report) and stating whether it is possible to start the multiplex there. 10. You are the Project Head of an Educational Software company. Your team has developed online teaching materials in all subjects in Engineering. Write a report in about 300 words about the materials your team has developed in the project to submit to the General Manager.

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INTERPRETATION OF DATA (TREE DIAGRAM/ BAR DIAGRAM)

I. Write a short report on the tree diagram given below:

You need to decide on your snack. You can have white or chocolate milk to drink. To eat you can have chocolate chip or oatmeal cookies. How many different choices do you have?

II. Typical forms of verbs given in a tree diagram. Summarize the given diagram into paragraph of 250 words:

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III. The tree diagram given below gives the details about the parts of sentence. Summarize the given diagram into paragraph about 250 words

IV. The given tree diagram discusses the Agency Department System. Read the diagram carefully and write a report not more then 50 words.

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Bar chart

1. The following bar chart shows the different modes of transport used to travel to and from work in one European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

2. The chart shows British Emigration to selected destinations between 2004 and 2007. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. Write about 250 words.

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3. The chart shows components of GDP from 1992 to 2000. Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant about 200 words.

Gross Domestic Product

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