LARC 352 History of Landscape Architecture Autumn Quarter, 2016

Instructor: Thaïsa Way PhD T.A.: Sara Jacobs Zahiruddin Muhammad , 1483-1526

Chahar Bagh: •Enclosed Garden •Four Rivers of Milk, Honey, Wine, and Water •Fruit & shade trees •Quadripartite

The Persian City of Isfahan: 1598 The Persian City of Isfahan: 1598

Plan of early 17th c. Isfahan

Maydan (Central Square) / Shah Abas Square & Royal Mosque AGRA (1508-1556), 1570 Delhi, India. Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, Persian architect Humayan, Delhi (top L) , Agra (top R) & Asaf Khan, Lahore (lower L) , Agra (lower R) , Agra, Diwani-am

Akbar holds a religious assembly of different faiths in .

Akbar, 1542-1605, Mughal Emperor 1556-1605 Tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri Tomb of I'tmad-Ud-Daulah by (for her parents) (1622-28 A.D.)

Shalimar,

1620/ 1637 by “If there be a Jahingar Paradise on the face of the earth, it is here, it is here, it is here” Bagh, Kashmir 1605/ 1633 by Asaf Khan (Nur Jahan’s Brother) Shalimar, Kashmir, 1620/ 1637 by Jahingar Nishat Bagh, Kashmir, 1605/1633 by Asaf Khan Shalimar, Kashmir, 1620/ 1637 by Jahingar Nishat Bagh, Kashmir, 1605/1633 by Asaf Khan AGRA, INDIA Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1648 By Chahar Bagh Type Fully Formed: Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1648

Ustad Ahmad (), architect in court of Shah Jahan

Bas-relief

Pietra dura

Mahtab Bagh or Moonlight Garden Bird's Eye View of the Taj Mahal at Agra India, 1790-1810 Taj Mahal …from multiple perspectives The Silk Road

Yanqi Ancient City, Bayingholin Binglingsi Caves, Lanzhou Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province Prefecture, Xinjiang Uyghur © Mimi Hall Yiengpruksawan. © Mimi Hall Yiengpruksawan.

http://www.library.yale.edu/digitalcollections/yalesilkroad/ China and the Silk Road

K'ung Fu Tzu (Confucius, 551 B.C.-479 B.C.) Confucianism • "The School of the Scholars"; or 孔教 Kŏngjiào, • 仁义礼智信 (Ren, Yi, Li, Zhi, Xin) • Compassionate or kindhearted, just or righteous, to obey rituals or rites, wise, trustful • "To govern by virtue, let us compare it to the North Star: it stays in its place, while the myriad stars wait upon it." (Analects II, 1) • “He who learns but does not think is lost. He who thinks but does not learn is in great danger.” (Lunyu 2.15)

Emperor Han Wudi (140-87 BCE) worships the Buddha, Mogao Caves, China

3 Yuanming Gardens Mountains (shan ) and water (shui) mean landscape- shan shui feng shui translates as "wind-water"

“Early Spring” 1072 in Shan Shui style The Shanglin Park: Imperial Hunt 221 BCE garden first designed and constructed Revived in the mid- to late 16th century, Qiu Ying , (Chinese, ca. 1494- 1552) Ming dynasty Shanglin Park- initially built by Qin Shihuangdi, Chang’an, 221 BCE- Qin Dynasty

Emperor Wen, together with Queen Dou and Lady Shen (his favored concubine), visited the Shanglin Garden one day Three Laughing Men by Tiger Stream, Song Dynasty, Garden after Huiyuan (334-416 CE) Wangchuan Villa, outside Chang’an, Wang Wei (699- 759 CE), Tang Dynasty Emperor Sung Huizong, 1100-1125 CE

Birds

Listening to the Qin LARC 352 History of Landscape Architecture Autumn Quarter, 2016

Instructor: Thaïsa Way PhD T.A.: Sara Jacobs Chinese Landscapes Wangchuan Villa, Qing dynasty (1644–1911), dated 1711

Wang Yuanqi (Chinese, 1642–1715)

Handscroll; ink and color on paper Classical Gardens of Suzhou

Lion’s Grove Garden, Suzhou Wang Shi Yuan – Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets, Suzhou, 1140 CE, Southern Song Dynasty (1127- 1279), restored in 1770 (Qing Dynasty)

Wang Shi Yuan – Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets, Suzhou, 1140 CE, Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), restored in 1770 (Qing Dynasty)

Master of the Fishing Nets Garden, 1140 (Southern Song), 1785 (Qing) jei jing- borrowed scenery

“Yuan ye” or “The Craft of Gardens” by Ji Cheng, 1634

Wang Shi Yuan – Garden of the Master of the Fishing Nets, Suzhou, 1140 CE, Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279), restored in 1770 Suzhou, China

Humble Administrator’s Garden, Suzhou The Humble Administrator's Garden (Zhuozheng Yuan) , Suzhou, China Yuanye, by Ji Cheng, 1631

• "The garden is created by the human hand, but should appear as if created by heaven. West Lake, Hangzhou, China, 800 CE- 1920s West Lake, Hangzhou, China, 800 CE- 1920s CHENGDE PALACE & MOUNTAIN RESORT ,

1730-1790, Qing Dynasty CHENGDE PALACE , Northeast of Beijing 1730-1790, Qing Dynasty CHENGDE PALACE , Northeast of Beijing 1730-1790, Qing Dynasty

CHENGDE PALACE , 1730-1790, Qing Dynasty Cheng-de-bi-shu-shan-zhuang means "Mountain Village for Avoiding the Summer Heat" Great Wall of China A defensive wall built over centuries The Great Wall, 770 BCE- 476 BCE Way It continued to be built through the Ming Dynasty

Huppert/ Way GAHTC Text Chang an

Chang’an (modern Xi’an) - a planned city oriented to cardinal directions.

(Stokstad)

(www.chaz.org)

gridded city with the administrative center and the imperial palace at the northern edge, opening to the south Chang’an, China, c. 700 CE

(asia.isp.msu.edu/wbwoa) Comparison of Chang’an and Beijing in plan (Steinhardt) Dadu/ Beijing, 1271 CE

Dadu/ then Beijing, first established as capital of Mongle-led Yuan Dynasty, 1279 CE

1936 Frank Dorn Map of Beijing/ Peking, China (geographicus.com) Marriage of Emperor, Guangxu City , China The Forbidden City, 1416/1644-1911 Forbidden City, Beijing

The Beijing Palace-City Scroll (北京宫城图), National Museum of Forbidden City, Beijing, ("Architecture and Confucianism.) China, Beijing. Forbidden City within the city of Beijing

A Scene Described in the Qianlong Emperor's Forbidden City, Beijing, ("Architecture and Confucianism.) Poem "Bird's-Eye View of the Capital"

The Golden Water River, Forbidden City The 5-Phoenix Gate, viewed from the south (Meridian Gate) Hall of Supreme Harmony- outer courtyard • Gate of Heavenly Purity- the boundary between the outer and inner courts

Imperial Garden in the Forbidden City, Ming Dynasty

Accumulated Beauty Hill 2008 Beijing Olympics, Sasaki Associates

Huppert/ Way GAHTC