Hollywood Es Una Máquina De Hacer Símbolos Fascinantes, Y Nuestra Memoria Colectiva No Perdona

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Hollywood Es Una Máquina De Hacer Símbolos Fascinantes, Y Nuestra Memoria Colectiva No Perdona ROSTROS Bajo el ESTIGMA de la infancia Hollywood es una máquina de hacer símbolos fascinantes, y nuestra memoria colectiva no perdona. Las estrellas infantiles que brillaron en su momento tienen dificultades para encontrar papeles maduros en la actualidad. Aquí un recuento de esos íconos infantiles que no podemos olvidar. Carlos Esquives Es sabido que desde su fundación, motivación tan visual como emocio- El niño en el cine se ha manifestado Hollywood ha sido fábrica de rostros nal a través de la pantalla grande. esencialmente como la inocencia re- y caracteres actorales por excelencia. ¿Qué generó esto? Una legión de se- presentada, el lado dulce y tierno de Marlon Brando, Bárbara Stanwyck, guidores que han observado en un la humanidad. La demanda de Ho- Brad Pitt, Nicole Kidman. Cada uno actor o personaje en cuestión a su llywood, sin embargo, en varias oca- de estos han obedecido a una fan- símbolo representante de sus fasci- siones se ha visto tentada a vigorizar tasía, una coyuntura o incluso han naciones fílmicas. Hollywood crea la esencia infantil, injertándole, por llegado a representar una época. Es a personajes para que se les rinda ejemplo, una dosis adicional de gra- decir, estos intérpretes no solo se han culto. Individuos de ficción que calan cia, o, caso contrario, otorgándole un ajustado a los cánones o normas exi- en la memoria de los asistentes a una temperamento que invade el terreno gentes y transitorias de las grandes sala de cine, quienes coinciden en va- de la precocidad y abandona la can- productoras, sino que fundamen- nagloriar a este retrato “bien escul- didez. El resultado de esto ha sido el talmente se convirtieron en perfiles pido”, pasando luego estos a formar mismo en relación a los personajes que han acatado las peticiones de un parte de una consciencia colectiva. interpretados por adultos. A través consumidor. Es tanto la personalidad de los años se han visto numerosos como la corporalidad, pasada por un Este protocolo no ha sido ajeno a casos de protagonistas de culto en- filtro de exigencias, a fin de crear una la producción de actores infantiles. carnados por actores de edades pre- 46 VENTANA INDISCRETA│N.°15│Universidad de Lima ROSTROS maturas. Muy a pesar, muchos de es- tos actores con los años se han visto confrontados consigo mismos. El so- terrar sus papeles de niños implicaba echarse abajo toda esa consciencia colectiva de la que solo es dueña la misma audiencia. Para bien o para mal, estos actores fueron o son aso- ciados hasta el día de hoy a sus roles infantiles gracias al culto generado por el público espectador. Una de las interpretaciones más simbólicas y representativas es, sin duda, la imagen de Shirley Temple, pequeña actriz que se convirtió en una balanza anímica dentro de un periodo desesperanzado. Tras el Crack de 1929, la Gran Depresión en EE.UU. no solo alcanzó a las so- ciedades más vulnerables, sino que embargó a toda la nación por igual. A consecuencia de esto, por un lado Hollywood decidió ser un observador realista. Se cultivó bajo dicha premi- sa el género gang, que era el espejo de una sociedad envuelta por la vio- lencia. Por otro lado, hubo también una obligación moral por resembrar el optimismo. Con la Primera Gue- rra Mundial estaba más que claro que el cine estaba en posición de ser usado como herramienta de adoc- trinamiento. Fue así que el género musical y, dentro de este, Shirley Temple le hicieron frente a la crisis social y económica. Temple encarnó a la eterna niña huérfana, siendo su carisma para el canto y el baile los recursos que le otorgaban esperanza a su propia condición y a cuanto in- dividuo se le cruzara por su camino. Adicionalmente, eran sus ojos azules y rizos dorados los que terminaron por volverla un fetiche del público, esparciendo moral y certidumbre a la sociedad estadounidense, que la vio brillar en películas como Ricitos de oro (1935) u Ojos cariñosos (1934). Similar, aunque ajustado a su pro- pia coyuntura, en la década de los 80 el mercado cinematográfico se inte- resó en crear personajes de identidad libre. Los rostros en las pantallas, por lo tanto, no estaban empadrona- dos a un rasgo social sino más bien a un rasgo cultural. Las comedias teen fueron por entonces la moda. En las películas más comerciales los adolescentes eran los protago- nistas principales y, en su mayoría, Jodie Foster estos eran de carácter desenfadado o pirado. En el recuerdo quedan las VENTANA INDISCRETA│N.°15│Universidad de Lima 47 ROSTROS figuras de Jeff Spicoli, encarnado por Sean Penn en Picardías estudian- tiles (1982), o Ferris Bueller, prota- gonizado por Matthew Broderick en Un experto en diversión (1986). A la línea de estos personajes, nacía el pequeño actor Corey Feldman, pro- tagonista de dos populares filmes de dicha década: Los goonies (1985) y Cuenta conmigo (1986). Si alguien era una proyección de futuro niño conflicto, ese era Feldman, quien en ambas películas encarnaba al chico rebelde y aventurero. Verlo era como contemplar una regresión de James Dean. Ni los lentes que vestía junto al cuarteto de Cuenta conmigo podían disimular su mirada de bribón en formación, esa chispa ocasionalmen- te hostil y violenta que hacía juego Harvey Stephens con su desordenado cabello. Eso, sin duda, repercutió en toda una genera- ción, así como en la carrera actoral de Feldman, quien no tendría el mis- mo enganche durante su adultez. Ya en los 90, lo infantil precisa- ba de una nueva imagen. Fue de esa forma que Macaulay Culkin se con- virtió en la pesadilla de los adultos. Kevin McAllister de Mi pobre an- gelito (1990) resultó ser la rebeldía y las travesuras con esteroides. El denominado “Daniel el travieso mo- derno”, sin embargo, no había aban- donado el perfil físico del buen niño. Cabellos dorados, peinado al natural, baja estatura, ojos y sonrisa llena de vida y carisma. Sus diabluras fueron el contraste de su semblante, como si se tratase de un lobezno vestido de Cristina Ricci Daniel Radcliffe corderito, premisa que posiblemente fue bien aprovechada en su posterior película El ángel malvado (1993). Chloë Grace Moretz Ahí también vemos al mozuelo Cul- kin sonriendo y haciéndole ojitos a los más grandes, careta que le sirve para realizar no travesuras, sino mal- dades propias de un aspirante a ase- sino en serie. Su nueva fisionomía, tal vez la mala vida, o, quien sabe, la ingratitud de las industrias, hicie- ron de Macaulay Culkin un descarte para próximas películas, quedando de esta forma varado en el recuerdo como un rostro angelical engañoso. A propósito de rostros angelicales, otra víctima también asociada con un rol infantil es la protagonista de El exorcista (1973). La actriz Linda Blair, muy conocida por interpretar su papel como Regan, instantánea- mente se volvió un ícono cultural 48 VENTANA INDISCRETA│N.°15│Universidad de Lima ROSTROS dentro del género de terror. Regan heroínas adultas que en su oportu- dos en la cinefilia. Jodie Foster en es la tierna niña que, literalmente, nidad incluso tuvieron su propia pe- Taxi driver (1976) y Natalie Portman se convierte en una presencia demo- lícula. Este personaje de cómic está en El profesional (1994), si bien no níaca. De la misma forma que Ma- al corriente de las necesidades de la fueron el atractivo principal en los caulay Culkin, aunque en extremo, nueva generación consumidora de la filmes correspondientes, en cierta la fantasía de la inocencia puede ser ultraviolencia y la desmitificación de manera funcionaron como grandes buen cobijo para el mal, táctica que género y edad. “Hit girl” no entra en acompañantes de sus sendos antihé- además es efectiva para el público juegos. Caso más anecdótico es el de roes. En ambas películas, las niñas y por ese abrupto contraste. Es la bella Merlina en Los locos Addams (1991), actrices actúan bajo complicidad de convertida en bestia. Una muestra protagonizada por Christina Ricci. los protagonistas principales al ser muy bizarra para el conservaduris- Ella es la niña emo, creepy y cruel- semejantes a estos. Hay una química mo de aquel entonces en que todavía mente encantadora. El personaje de en base a la sordidez o el desamparo. el mal no se había apoderado de los Ricci curiosamente ha comenzado a Es la integración de duetos atados a personajes infantiles. Dicha fórmula ser revalorado en los últimos años. una rutina que aparentemente les es al poco tiempo se repitió, aunque en Tal vez un énfasis por hallar nuevas inalterable. El entendimiento entre una historia distinta. En La profe- representaciones de la femineidad los adultos y estas niñas es tal que cía (1976), el actor Harvey Stephens o la misma niñez. Caso el de Jake hasta se presume una dialéctica de la interpretaba a Damien, un niño de seducción. A pesar de que cada una cinco años que era nada menos que de las actrices se convirtiera en gran el Anticristo. Para entonces las profe- intérprete durante su adultez, sus cías y otras leyendas urbanas habían En consecuencia, ni personajes de la infancia han que- asaltado la tranquilidad de los subur- su posterior imagen dado asociados a ellas debido a esa bios. Stephen se convirtió en el mal personalidad muy prematura que encarnado y junto con esto nacía un como sex symbol proyectaron sus interpretaciones. concepto distinto del perfil infantil. Tanto Taxi driver como El profe- Tanto Blair como Stephens le otorga- pudo derrocar el sional poseen incluso lecturas alter- ron un nuevo imaginario a la infancia nativas sobre pedófilos reprimidos, que se marcó en la conciencia popu- rol infantil de Linda debido a que sus jóvenes actrices lar.
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