Namekagon River Cold-Water Zone Fish Habitat History Report
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Namekagon River Cold-Water Zone Fish Habitat History Report Patrick D. Shirey1 Jill Medland2 Gary A. Lamberti1 1University of Notre Dame Department of Biological Sciences Notre Dame, IN 46556 2National Park Service St. Croix National Scenic Riverway St. Croix Falls, WI 54024 June 2009 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................................ 6 Methods ................................................................................................................................................ 6 Background by Era Native American cultures (Pre-1831) ...................................................................................................... 8 European-American settlement (1831-1860) .......................................................................................... 9 Logging (1861-1901) .............................................................................................................................. 10 Post-logging (1902-1961) ....................................................................................................................... 13 Reforestation and Restoration (1961 – Present) ..................................................................................... 14 Analysis Hypothesis 1: The river is wider and shallower now than it was prior to European settlement .............................................................................................................................. 17 Hypothesis 2: The river has less big woody cover on the banks and in the stream channel than it did historically, due primarily to riparian timber harvest and log driving activities more than a century ago ................................................................................. 18 Hypothesis 3: Brook trout were more abundant in the Namekagon River before the logging era ...................................................................................................................................... 18 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 19 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... 20 Appendix A. Tables with important dates for Namekagon River flowages and tributaries. ............................................................................................................................................. 34 Appendix B. Photographs documenting Namekagon River area history ................................................. 36 2 Introduction The Namekagon River, located in northwest Wisconsin, is part of the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway (riverway). The riverway was established by Congress in 1968 under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (WSRA) to protect and enhance its outstanding natural, scenic, and recreational values.1 Although the scenic Namekagon River appears undisturbed from human impacts, major logging in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s changed the land-use and riparian habitat along the river from an old-growth forested landscape to a landscape of early-succession forest and agriculture.2 Populations of native, cold-water fishes declined as a result of habitat changes. The cold-water zone extended approximately 30 miles from the tailwater of the Namekagon Lake Dam to the headwater of Hayward Flowage (Figure 1).3 The riverway is administered by the National Park Service (NPS). The WSRA and NPS recognize the states’ jurisdiction over fish and wildlife management. The Chippewa Tribes manage their treaty- reserved fish and wildlife resources within the ceded territory, which includes the Namekagon River. The Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) assists its member Tribes in affirming and implementing ceded territory rights. Representatives from the NPS, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and GLIFWC developed a Fisheries Management Plan to provide a unified approach to managing the riverway fishery. Prior to the plan being developed, a unified approach to fish management was lacking due to different regulations, management philosophies, and missions among these entities. The goals of the Fisheries Management Plan for the St. Croix National Scenic Riverway are to: • maintain, or, where necessary, restore the integrity of near-natural riverine plant, fish, and wildlife communities; • maintain, restore, and evaluate habitat to provide sustainable fisheries; • manage the river corridor to restore or maintain a climax riparian vegetative cover; • recognize treaty-reserved rights and resources within the riverway; • develop a fisheries management strategy that places primary emphasis on habitat protection over promotion and development of recreational uses; and • focus fisheries habitat restoration activities on correcting detrimental, human induced, habitat alterations. As stated in the Fisheries Management Plan, fish habitat restoration activities will 1) mimic or use natural processes and features; and 2) be applied to accelerate well-studied recovery needs. The agencies described the following desired future conditions and alternatives in the Fisheries Management Plan for the Namekagon and St. Croix Rivers: 1 Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. 16 U.S.C. 1271-1287. 2 Osh (Barbara) Andersen et al. “Transformation of a landscape in the upper mid-west, USA: The history of the lower St. Croix River valley, 1830 to present,” Landscape and Urban Planning 35: 247-267 (1996). 3 National Park Service, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. Fisheries Management Plan for the Namekagon and St. Croix Rivers. 103 pages. Unpublished (2004). 3 “The ultimate long-term goal for the coldwater zone” of the Namekagon River is “restoration of stream and watershed habitat to a condition that will support a coldwater community dominated by native brook trout as the top predator species. This may require a very long-term (100-200 year) time frame. It is a goal that may or may not be attainable, since it will require about a 10 degree Fahrenheit cooling of the average summer stream temperature. Factors that are expected to work in favor of the goal include: 1) gradual demise of the dams and flowages which will eliminate a significant warming influence; 2) gradual vegetative succession to a climax type in the riparian zone which will increase shading and provide a source of big woody cover in-stream; 3) continued presence of a seed stock of wild brook trout in the tributaries; and 4) a heavily restricted sports angling fishery. Factors which will tend to counter the goal are: 1) stream channel morphology (wide and shallow) which cannot be restored to pre-logging conditions without resorting to habitat enhancement techniques which are restricted under the present Wild and Scenic Rivers Act; 2) tributary brook trout populations under increasing threat from extensive beaver colonization; 3) uncertain genetic attributes of the residual brook trout populations; 4) presence of a well- established brown trout population; 5) groundwater extraction (pumping) from increasing development and urbanization in the peripheral watershed; and 6) global warming.”4 Wuebbles and Hayhoe examined four scenarios under each of two general circulation models to predict that the annual average daily maximum temperature in the Midwest is very likely to increase between 4 and 16 F by the year 2095 – the magnitude of change influenced by climate sensitivity and human emissions.5 By 2095, summer temperatures in northwestern Wisconsin could be very similar to those of present-day eastern Kansas. Because even conservative climate change models predict warming to an extent that could extirpate brook trout, Wisconsin fishery managers may need to adjust long-term expectations for brook trout and other cold-water species. To address the factor of a well-established brown trout population mentioned above, the Fisheries Management Plan describes the introduced brown trout as “an ecological surrogate for brook trout” and that “brown trout are now a keystone species, maintaining the basic biological integrity of this fish community.” The Fisheries Management Plan states that “the negative connotation associated with the term ‘exotic’ is not merited and is counter to rational ecological management” since “brown trout have been well integrated into the existing fish community for nearly a century.” The management position 4 National Park Service, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission. Fisheries Management Plan for the Namekagon and St. Croix Rivers. 103 pages. Unpublished (2004). 5 D.J. Wuebbles and K. Hayhoe. “Climate change projections for the United States Midwest,” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 9 (2004): 335. 4 stated in the Fisheries Management Plan is that “the term exotic is primarily a descriptive historical biogeographic term.”6 The agencies came to agreement that: “Over the short term (at least), a more realistic future condition would be to sustain a coldwater fish