1/14/2016

Magnetic Applied to Electronic Systems Kevin Miller Joseph Turner Advisor: Dr. Lili Dong

Sponsor: Rockwell Automation Fred M. Discenzo, Ph.D. Manager, R&D, Advanced Technology

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of the Project Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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Project Purpose Establish the Feasibility of Using Magnetic Refrigeration (MR) Technology for Cooling Critical Electronic Systems Demonstration of the Magneto- Caloric Effect (MCE)

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of the Project Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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What is Magnetic Cooling ?

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What is Magnetic Cooling ? Magneto-Caloric Effect (MCE) Achieves ΔT in a Material by Exposing it to a Discovered Over 100 Years Ago ΔT Limitations Result in Mostly Low Applications

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Why Magnetic Cooling ?

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Why Magnetic Cooling ? Material Science Advances -New (Gd) Alloys -Improved Rare Earth Engineered Materials Achieve GIANT MCE at Room Temps Higher Efficiency 75% vs. 60% Environmentally Friendly -Replace Harmful CFCs / HFCs 8

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Giant Magneto Caloric Effect Density Contour Plots of Gd5Si2Ge2 Dramatic changes when Ge2 covalent bonds break at the magneto-structural transition.

Source: Argonne National Laboratory

-Adiabatic System Limits a Degree of Freedom -Decreases -Decreases Capacity -Material Absorbs Heat From Environment

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Material Science Advancements AMES Lab Material Data

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Conventional Liquid / Vapor Coolant vs. Magneto-Caloric Solid Materials

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Magnetic Operation

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Market Potential Replace Existing Cooling Systems

Eliminate Inefficient, Environmentally Harmful Methods

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Market Potential US Department of Energy Rates The Technology Readiness Level (TRL) at 4 (1-9 Scale) 3-5 Years AMES Lab – BASF – GE Board-Level Cooling Use of Existing Magnetic Fields Chip-Level Demonstrated 2012

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of the Project Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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Design Objectives Determine [J/K] for Effective Energy Transfer [W] Determine B-Field [T], Mass [kg], and Time [s] to Change Heat Capacity Test Several Configurations Under Controlled Environment Research Practical Solutions for Application to Specific Systems

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Research Review Majority of Active Research Groups Are Using Gd-Si-Ge Alloys Permanent vs. Electromagnet (Superconducting) Reciprocating vs. Rotary Heat Exchangers New Material Developments Thin Films, Powders

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Selected Research Results (Near Room Temperature) Research Mag. Field Max Cooling Heat Refrigerant Group Type [T] ΔT [°K] Power [W] Exchanger Shape Ames Labs SC 5 10 600 Reciprocating Spheres

Toshiba SC 4 21 100 Reciprocating Spheres

Toshiba Perm 0.76 10 60 Rotary Layers

Toshiba Perm 0.60 27 40 Reciprocating Layers George Perm 2 5 ? Reciprocating Foil Wash Univ. Univ. of SC 2 50 15 Reciprocating Pucks Victoria Univ. of SC 2 14 2 Reciprocating Layers Victoria

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of Purpose Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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Technical Approach

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Technical Approach Materials 100 [grams] 99.9% Pure Gadolinium – $35.50

405 [lb-lifting force] 1 [gram] Gd5Si2Ge2 Neodymium Magnet – $35.50 Super Alloy – $172.50 21

Technical Approach Magnetic Field Strength Tests

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Initial Lab Results Mass Field Temperature Magnet Material [g] Strength [T] Change [°C] Configuration 99.9% Pure ¼ Segment 5 0.481 Negligible Gadolinium Axial 99.9% Pure Wheel Segment 5 0.133 Negligible Gadolinium Axial 99.9% Pure (2) ¼ Segments 5 0.853 Negligible Gadolinium Longitudinal Sigma-Aldrich ¼ Segment 1 0.481 Negligible Gd5Si2Ge2 Axial Sigma-Aldrich Wheel Segment 1 0.133 Negligible Gd5Si2Ge2 Axial Sigma-Aldrich (2) ¼ Segments 1 0.481 Negligible Gd5Si2Ge2 Longitudinal

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Challenges – Solutions Cost / Availability of MC Alloy Temperature Measurement Accuracy / Open Environment Physical Size Limitations Magnetic Field Strength Peak Area Too Small / Confined Logistics of Heat Exchangers

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Challenges – Solutions Meta Materials in Development Thin Films, Powders, Strain-Mediated Multiferroics, Construct a Testing Fixture with Controlled Environment Field Tests of Existing Equipment Application-specific Designs

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of Project Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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Deliverables Quantitative Analysis of Our Results Performance Evaluation of Ongoing Research Approaches Report of New Technologies Recommendation (Go or No-Go) of the MC Technology for Rockwell Automation Applications

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Budget Itemized Costs - GD Alloy: $500 - Neodymium Magnets: $100 - Electromagnets: TBD (Super Conducting Would be of Impractical Size / Cost) - Enclosure Fabrication: $700 - Test Equipment: $200 Total Cost: Approximately $1500

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Magnetic Refrigeration Purpose of the Project Background Design Objectives Technical Approach Deliverables / Budget Conclusion

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Conclusion Establish Controlled Testing Environment Demonstrate MC Effect Determine Cooling Power for Application-specific Designs Evaluate Other Technologies Provide a Recommendations Pursuing MR for Electronics

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Timeline

Time Duration Tasks 08/2015-10/2015 Research and Literature Review 11/2015-12/2015 Obtain Test Equipment and Materials, Conduct Initial Experiments to Demonstrate Magnetic- Caloric Refrigeration Phenomenon 1/2016-2/2016 Test the Magnetic Cooling Effect to Find the Relationship Between the Strength of Magnetic Field, Mass, Time, Temperature and Energy 3/2016-4/2016 Perform Comparative Analyses of Magnetic Cooling with Other Existing Cooling Techniques 4/2016-5/2016 Prepare Senior Design Presentation and Report

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