Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(2): 1968-1975

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Report on the checklist of species found JEZS 2018; 6(2): 1968-1975 © 2018 JEZS at Nagarahole National Park, , Received: 05-01-2018 Accepted: 06-02-2018

Basavarajappa S Basavarajappa S, Gopi Krishna V and S Santhosh DOS in Zoology, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Abstract Mysore, Karnataka, India Field investigations were made to record the butterfly species during different seasons at Nagarahole Gopi Krishna V National Park by following standard methods during 2014-2015. Altogether, 138 butterfly species were The Nagarahole Conservation recorded from 94 genera which belong to five families viz., Hesperiidae, , , Society (Reg.), Koramangala, Papilionidae, , whose density, abundance and seasonal distribution varied considerably at NNP. Bengaluru, Karnataka, India In general, Nymphalidae family members were high (47 species) compared to others. Interestingly, 113 butterfly species were present at all the places by constituting 81.9% and remaining 25 butterfly species S Santhosh (18.1%) were found only at certain places of NNP. A genus has highest species followed by Department of Zoology, and Eurema with five species each. Further, highest butterfly species were observed during the University, winter and rainy seasons compared to spring and summer. This has instigated to take up further studies Shankaraghatta, Karnataka, amidst NNP for the restoration of butterfly species at their preferred natural habitats. India Keywords: butterfly species, check list, Nagarahole National Park, Karnataka

Introduction are ‘flagship’ species, which act as surrogates for diversity studies around the world [1], because of their important service in environmental quality assessment under terrestrial ecosystems [2]. Moreover, their role as indicators of regional vegetation among groups [3-6] becomes vital for comparative studies and biodiversity forecasting efforts . Further, butterflies short life cycle and wide range of life styles help attain the population size rapidly and make them sensitive to changing biotic and abiotic environmental conditions [7]. Hence, butterfly species study becomes an important element in conservation biology that is gaining importance in the recent years [8]. [9] Around 19,238 butterfly species are documented in different parts of the world . In India, 1,504 butterfly species are identified till date and that accounts 8.7% of butterfly species of the world [10]. The peninsular India hosted 350 species and in , 334 species recorded by [11, 12]. In , 150 species and in southern India 313 species of butterflies are reported respectively by [13, 14]. Moreover, Rajagopal et al., (2011) have reported 42 endemic

butterfly species in southern India. Recently, Padhye et al., (2012) have revised the literature on butterflies in Western Ghats and enlisted the latitudinal and habitat gradients wise distributed butterfly species. However, butterfly population is declining due to various reasons in India. Grewal (1990) has reported the decline of butterfly population since few decades and 100 out of 1,504 butterfly species occurring in India are on the verge of extinction [17]. It is

mainly due to anthropogenic activities and change of environmental factors beyond the [18] tolerance limit of butterfly species . This problem is common in various protected areas, where they are facing major problems with human activities like hunting, poauching and forest fires and the Nagarahole National Park (NNP) is no exception to it. Since, butterflies accomplish a key stone ecological process called pollination that help protect plant diversity in [19] every ecosystem thus, considered as ‘Umbrella group’ species for conservation and [20, 21, 16]. management Hence, recording the existing population of butterflies has necessitated. Since, information on butterflies in protected areas is fragmentary, the present investigation was undertaken to report the existing butterfly fauna of Nagarahole National Park, Karnataka, India. Correspondence Basavarajappa S DOS in Zoology, University of Materials and Methods Mysore, Manasagangotri, Study Area: NNP is located in Kodagu and Mysore Districts at 76°00' – 76°15' E latitude to Mysore, Karnataka, India 11°15' – 12°15' N longitude at 700 to 960 meters MSL [22]. ~ 1968 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

It has around 644 Km2 geographical areas with foothills of variation in their density and abundance at NNP. Twenty five Western Ghats, spreading down to the Brahmagiri hills and species were found during the winter season and it was towards the south , Mudumalai and followed by 22, 16 and nine during the rainy, spring and Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuaries respectively in Tamil Nadu summer seasons respectively. Hence, Lycaenidae members of and States [22]. It is drained by various perennial rivers butterflies were not uniformly distributed during different such as ‘Kabini’, ‘Lakshmana Theertha’, ‘Taraka’, ‘Sarathi’ seasons at NNP (Table 2). and other small to medium sized streams and canals. The area receives 1000 to 1500 mm annual rainfall by the south-west Nymphalidae family members: Forty seven butterfly species (June to September) and north-east monsoon were recorded at NNP (Table 3). Of all, 39 species were (October to November) (Karanth and Nichols, 2000) and found at all the forest ranges and eight species namely: Lethe favors the area to have high humidity with a temperature europa, Neptis jumbah, Cyrestis thyodamas, ranged between 12˚C and 32˚C. All these ecological hypermnestra, lepidea, selenophora, conditions help possess varied vegetation amidst NNP [22]. Cirrochroa thais and Charaxes bernardus were not found at different forest ranges, but confined to certain forest ranges. Methodology Butterflies of Nymphalidae family did show considerable Butterflies were observed during rainy season (i.e., June, July, variation in their density and abundance at NNP. Forty four August and September), winter (October, November, species found during the winter season and it was followed by December and January), spring (February and March) and 41, 34 and 27 during the rainy, spring and summer seasons summer season (April and May) at six forest ranges (FRs) respectively. Hence, Nymphalidae family butterflies showed namely: Veeranahosahalli, Kallahalla, Nagarahole, D. B. seasonal variation in their occurrence at NNP (Table 3). Kuppe, Antarsanthe and Mattikuppe of NNP (Fig. 1) by following Pollard Walk Method as per [23, 24, 25] and line Papilionidae family members: Only 12 butterfly species transect method. In each forest range, five study sites were were recorded at NNP (Table 4). Ten species were found at randomly selected by leaving three to four kilometer distance all the forest ranges and Papilio Buddha found in NFR and between them, so that it could cover possible different KFR, while Graphium nomius found only at DBKFR of NNP. vegetation types and topography of each range as per [26-29]. The density and abundance of Papilionidae family members Butterflies were observed during 8.00 to 12.00 hours and varied considerably. Ten species each found during rainy and 14.00 to 18.00 hours as per the method of [24, 15] by traversing spring seasons and it was followed by nine and seven during slowly with a phase of 30 minutes per transect by visual summer and winter seasons respectively. Hence, Papilionidae counting within three meter radius of the observer as per [30-32]. family members didn’t uniformly distributed during different Field photographed butterflies were identified with the help of seasons at NNP (Table 4). field guides as per [13, 33-35]. Since, capturing of butterflies is strictly prohibited in NNP as per Wildlife Act, (1972), fast Pieridae family members: Twenty butterfly species were flying butterflies were not considered during the present recorded at NNP (Table 5). Except Appias albino, all the investigation. species were found at every forest range of NNP and their density and abundance varied considerably. Seventeen species Statistical Analysis: The collected data was compiled and the occurred in winter, 16 species each found during rainy and checklists of the butterflies were prepared. The density and spring seasons, and in summer only 15 species found at NNP. abundance was calculated as per [36, 37]. Percentage Hence, Pieridae family members also showed seasonal compositions of the different families at different Nagarahole variation in their distribution at NNP (Table 5). National Park were calculated by following standard methods Altogether, 138 butterfly species from 94 genera which and the data were graphically plotted. belongs to five families such as Hesperiidae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae and Pieridae and whose density Results and Discussion and abundance and seasonal distribution varied considerably Hesperiidae family members: Twenty nine butterfly species at different forest ranges of NNP (Tables 1 to 5). Further, were recorded at NNP (Table 1). Of all, 24 species were Amongst 94 genera, Junonia have highest (six) species (Table found at all the forest ranges and five species viz., 3) followed by Papilio and Eurema with five species each Odontoptilum angulate, Gerosis bhaghava, Calaenorrhinus (Tables 4 and 5). Interestingly, 113 butterfly species were ambareesa, Tagiades gana and Cupitha punrreea were didn’t present commonly at all the forest ranges by constituting found at all the places, but confined to certain forest ranges. 81.9% out of 138 butterfly species amidst NNP. Remaining Further, density and abundance varied considerably among 29 25 butterfly species (i.e., 18.1%) were found only at certain butterfly species at NNP. Moreover, 20 butterfly species forest ranges of NNP (Table 6). Further, Nymphalidae family found during both rainy and winter seasons and it was members were high (47 species) (Table 3) compared to others followed by 11 and six during spring and summer seasons (Tables 1, 2, 4 and 5). However, Papilionidae family members respectively. Hence, Hesperiidae family butterflies are not were very less (12 species only) in their existence at NNP uniformly distributed during different seasons at NNP (Table (Tables 4 and 6). The density, abundance and seasonal 1). occurrence of butterfly species of different families are depicted in Table 6. Fig. 2 shows the per cent occurrence of Lycaenidae family members: Thirty butterfly species were different butterfly families at NNP. recorded at NNP (Table 2). Of all, 21 species were found at The results from the present investigation clearly indicated all the forest ranges and nine species such as Curitis acuta, that 113 butterfly species distributed commonly at all the Jamides celeno, Horaga onyx, Freyeria trochylus, Curetis forest ranges excepting 25 butterfly species which were thetis, Rathinda amor, Neopithecops zalmora, Prosotas uncommon but, found at only few forest ranges of NNP. dubiosa and Zizula hylax were confined to few forest ranges. Further, highest (113) butterfly species were observed during Butterflies of Lycaenidae family showed considerable winter and rainy seasons and good number of species found

~ 1969 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

even during spring season also. However, butterfly species amidst NNP created favorable microhabitats such as ‘Hadlus’ were very less during summer season at NNP. Since, NNP which are characterized by open grassy swamps, perennial receives rainfall from both south-west monsoon and north- moist clayey soil, supported with luxuriant growth of grasses east monsoon for a period of six months i.e., from rainy and sedges might have provided stopover sites for many season to till the end of winter. This has favored diversified migratory butterfly species [1, 41] to rest and accomplish food vegetation which is represented by different species of flora with adequate minerals during different stages of butterflies with moist deciduous forests, semi-evergreen forests, dry till the end of spring season [3, 38]. Similar types of deciduous forests, grasslands with sparsely distributed trees, observations were reported in other parts of India by previous bamboo mixed forests, silviculture, scrubby vegetation at all researchers [42]. Hence, butterfly species density and the forest ranges [38]. Amongst them, Leguminosae (136 abundance was good in rainy and winter followed by spring species), Poaceae (104 species), Cyperaceae (62 species), seasons at NNP. However, during summer, ground is totally Asteraceae (56 species), Orchidaceae (46 species), devoid of flora, soil becomes dry due to less moisture and Euphorbiaceae (44 species) along with other 35 families most of the river courses become dry due to less rainfall. represented by 157 genera and 333 species of Perhaps, these dry conditions might have not favored the monocotyledons plants are occurring amidst NNP [38]. butterfly fauna much. Since, butterfly species are very Perhaps, this entire flora might have provided suitable food sensitive to changing biotic and abiotic environmental plants for continuous feeding to the larval forms, host plants conditions [7], disfavored the assemblage of different butterfly for egg laying and for chrysalis of various butterfly species species during summer. Hence, butterfly species density and during rainy and winter seasons at NNP. As adult butterflies abundance was less during summer. Our observations [39] [2, 3, 10, 11, 24]. require good host plants for egg laying , larvae depend on corroborate the findings of All these reports diversified flora, become monophagous or polyphagous and instigated to study the seasonal variation, status, diversity and feed voraciously to transform into chrysalis [40]. Moreover, biology of butterfly species further for their conservation at perennial rivers and small to medium sized streams and canals NNP.

Fig 1: Map showing the study areas at Nagarahole National Park

~ 1970 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Fig 2: Per cent occurrence of different butterfly families at Nagarahole National Park

Table 1: Hesperiidae family butterflies common name, scientific name, density, abundance and their seasonal appearance at different forest ranges of Nagarahole National Park

Sl. Season Common Name Scientific Name Range Density Abundance No. Rainy Winter Spring Summer 1. Angled Flat Tapena twaithesi Moore All 6.73 7.76 + + - - 2. Bevan’s Swift Pseudoborbo bevani Moore All 2.43 2.60 + + - - 3. Brown Awl Badamia exclamationis Fabricius All 1.73 2.47 - + + - 4. Bush Hopper Amittia dioscorides Fabricius All 12.40 12.40 - + - - 5. Chestnut Angle Odontoptilum angulate C. & R. Felder KFR &NFR 0.23 1.75 + - - + 6. Chestnut Bob salsala Moore All 19.60 19.60 - + + - 7. Common Banded Awl Hasora chromus Cramer All 1.93 2.63 - + - - Notocrypta paralysos 8. Common Banded Demon All 8.33 8.33 + + - - Wood-Mason & de Niceville 9. Common Dart let Oriens goloides Moore All 2.13 2.78 + + + - 10. Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius Fabricius All 3.20 3.20 + - + - 11. Common Small Flat Sarangesa dasahara Moore All 9.43 9.44 + + + + 12. Yellow Breasted Flat Gerosis bhagava Moore NFR & KFR. 0.17 0.18 + - - - 13. Coon Sancus fuligo Mabille All 6.57 6.56 - + - - 14. Fulvous Pied Flat Pseudocoladenia dan Fabricius All 7.20 8.00 + + - + 15. Golden Angle Caprona ransonnetti C. & R. Falder All 3.20 0.30 - + + - 16. Grass Demon Udaspes folus Cramer All 12.67 12.66 - + - - 17. Indian Ace Halpe homolea Hewitson All 4.63 4.96 - + - + 18. Indian Palm Bob Suastus germinus Fabricius All 3.87 3.866 + - - - 19. Indian Spialia galba Fabricius All 7.67 7.66 + - + - MFR, AFR, KFR. 20. Malabar Spotted Flat Calaenorrhins ambareesa Moore 0.33 1.66 + + - - NFR & DBKFR 21. Paintbrush swift Baoris farri Moore All 2.80 3.00 + + - - 22. Pygmy Scrub Hopper Aeromachus pygmaeus Fabricius All 4.50 4.65 + - - - 23. Restricted Demon Notocrypta curvifascius C. & R. Felder All 15.00 15.00 + + + + 24. Rice Swift Borbo cinnara Wallace All 3.43 3.44 + - + - 25. Small Branded Swift Pelopidas mathias Fabricius All 4.27 4.92 + + - - NFR, KFR & 26. Suffused Snow Flat Tagiades gana Moore 0.37 1.22 - + + - DBKFR 27. Tamil Grass Dart Taractrocera ceramas Hewitson All 6.57 6.56 + - - + 28. Water Snow Flat Tagiades litigiosa Moschler All 1.97 2.56 + + + - 29. Wax Dart Cupitha punrreea Moore DBKFR 0.07 1.00 + - - - Note: VRF: Veeranahosahalli Forest Range; MFR: Mattikuppe Forest Range; KFR: Kallahalla Forest Range; NFR: Nagarahole Forest Range; AFR: Antharasanthe Forest Range; DBKFR: D. B. Kuppe Forest Range: All: All the six ranges; +: Present; -: Absent.

~ 1971 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Table 2: Lycaenidae family butterflies common name, scientific name, density, abundance and their seasonal appearance at different forest ranges of Nagarahole National Park

Sl. Seasons Common Name Scientific Name Ranges Density Abundance No. Rainy Winter Spring Summer 1. Angled Pierrot Caleta caleta Hewison All 8.97 8.97 - + - - 2. Angled Sunbeam Curitis acuta Moore DBKFR 0.07 2.00 + - - - 3. Banded Blue Pierrot Westwood All 5.30 5.48 - + - - 4. Common Cerulean Jamides celeno Cramer KFR, NFR, DBKFR & AFR 4.33 6.19 - + - - 5. Common Ciliate Blue Anthene emolus Godart All 8.03 8.92 + + - - 6. Common Hedge Blue Acytolepis puspa Horsefield All 7.17 7.17 + + + + 7. Common Line Blue Prosotas nora C.Felder All 4.47 6.09 + + + - 8. Common Onyx Horaga onyx Moore KFR 0.03 1.00 + - - - 9. Common Pierrot rosimon Fabricius All 8.60 8.89 + + + - 10. Dark Grass Blue Zizeeria karsandra Moore All 6.13 6.34 + + + + 11. Forget Me Not Catochrysops strabo Fabricius All 15.23 15.23 + - - - 12 Gram Blue Euchrysops cnejus Fabricius All 4.93 5.28 + + - - 13. Grass Jewel Freyeria trochylus Freyer MFR 6.90 7.66 + + + + 14. Indian Cupid Everes lacturnus Godart All 5.83 8.33 + + - - 15. Indian Sunbeam Curetis thetis Drury KFR, NFR & MFR 4.63 5.79 + - + - 16. Leaf Blue Amblypodia anita Hewitson All 3.80 5.42 + - + - 17. Lesser Grass Blue Zizina otis Fabricius All 4.93 7.04 + + + + 18. Lime Blue lajus Stoll All 4.60 4.75 + + + + 19. Malayan Megisba malaya Horsefield All 10.00 10.00 + + - - 20. Monkey Puzzle Rathinda amor Fabricius MFR & AFR 0.27 2.00 - + - - 21. Pale Grass Blue Pseudozizeeria maha Kollar All 2.20 4.40 + + + - 22. Pea Blue Lampides boeticus Linnaeus All 4.00 5.45 + + + + 23. Plain Cupid Chilades pandava Horsefield All 7.47 7.72 - + - - 24. Plum Judy echerius Stoll All 5.20 5.37 + + + + 25. Quaker Neopithecops zalmora Butler NFR, KFR & DBKFR 4.77 6.21 - + - - 26. Red Pierrot nyseus Guerin-Meneville All 10.70 12.84 + + + + 27. Slate Flash Rapale monea Hewitson All 2.83 3.54 - + - - 28. Tailless Line Blue Prosotas dubiosa indica Evans MFR, KFR, NFR & DBKFR 0.97 1.52 - + - - 29. Tiny Grass Blue Zizula hylax Fabricius MFR & AFR 7.77 7.77 + + + + 30. Zebra Blue Leptotes plinius Fabricius All 3.87 5.27 + + - - Note: VRF: Veeranahosahalli Forest Range; MFR: Mattikuppe Forest Range; KFR: Kallahalla Forest Range; NFR: Nagarahole Forest Range; AFR: Antharasanthe Forest Range; DBKFR: D. B. Kuppe Forest Range: All: All the six ranges; + : Present; -: Absent.

Table 3: Nymphalidae family butterflies common name, scientific name, density, abundance and their seasonal appearance at different forest ranges of Nagarahole National Park

Sl. Seasons Common Name Scientific Name Ranges Density Abundance No. Rainy Winter Spring Summer 1. Angled Castor ariadne Linnaeus All 14.63 14.63 + + + + 2. Bamboo Tree Brown Lethe europa Fabricius NFR, KFR & DBKFR 1.47 4.00 + + - - 3. Baronet Euthalia nais Forster All 12.80 12.80 + + + + 4. Blue Pansy Junonia orithiya Linnaeus All 14.60 14.60 + + + + 5. Blue Tiger Cramer All 21.83 21.83 + + + + 6. Chestnut-Streaked Sailer Neptis jumbah Moore DBKFR, AFR & NFR 0.63 2.37 + + - - 7. Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Cramer All 18.43 18.43 + + + + 8. Commander Moduza procris Cramer All 13.53 13.53 + + + + 9. Common Bush Brown perseus Fabricius All 11.60 11.60 + + + + 10. Common Castor Cramer All 18.33 18.33 + + + + 11. Common Crow core Cramer All 14.07 14.07 + + + + 12. Common Evening Brown leda Linnaeus All 2.70 2.89 + + + + 13. Common Five Ring baldus Fabricius All 20.00 20.00 + - + + 14. Common Fourring Ypthima huebneri Kirby All 13.40 13.40 + + + + 15. Common Lascar Pantoporia hordonia Stool All 15.07 15.07 + + - - 16. Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Drury All 22.20 22.20 + + + + 17. Common Map Cyrestis thyodamas Boisduval NFR & KFR 0.17 1.66 + + + + 18. Common Nawab Polyura athamas Drury All 6.60 6.60 + + + - 19. Common Palm fly Linnaeus VFR, KFR& MFR 0.37 1.37 + + - - 20. Common Sailer Neptis hylas Linnaeus All 14.77 14.77 + + - - 21. Common Sergeant Athyma perius Linnaeeus All 10.03 10.03 + + + - 22. Common Tree Brown Lethe rohria Fabricius All 2.10 3.00 + + + - 23. Danaid Egg fly misippus Linnaeus All 19.97 19.97 + + + + 24. Dark Blue Tiger Tirumala septentrionis Butler All 25.13 25.13 - + - - 25. Dark Brand Bush Brown Linnaeeus All 12.37 12.37 + + + + 26. Double Banded Crow Fabricius All 10.90 10.90 - + - - 27. Gladeye Bush Brown Mycalesis patina Moore All 14.77 14.77 + + + +

~ 1972 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

28. Glassy Tiger Pantica aglea Stoll All 15.80 15.80 + + + + 29. Great Egg fly Linnaeus All 13.43 13.43 + + + + 30. Great Evening Brown Melanitis zitenius Herbst All 4.63 5.79 + + - - 31. Grey Count Tanaecia lepidea Butler NFR & KFR 0.13 1.33 + - + - 32. Grey Pansy Junonia atlites Linnaeus All 4.50 5.44 - + + - 33. Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Linnaeus All 24.73 24.73 + + + + 34. Long Brand Bush Brown Mycalesis visala Moore All 9.77 9.77 + + - - 35. Nigger Orsotrioena medus Fabricius All 18.30 18.30 + + - - 36. Nilgiri Fourring Ypthima chenui Guerin-Meneville All 0.33 1.25 - + + - 37. Peacock Pansy Junonia almanac Linnaeus All 4.33 5.90 - + - - 38. Plain Tiger chrysipppus Linnaeus All 16.30 16.30 + + + + 39. Rustic Culha erymanthis Drury All 14.37 14.37 + + + + 40. Staff Sergeant Athyma selenophora Kollar NFR, DBKFR & AFR 1.73 4.72 + + - - 41. Striped Tiger Cramer All 20.37 20.37 + + + + 42. Tamil Tree Brown Lethe drypetis Hewitson All 1.97 3.77 + + + + 43. Tamil Yeoman Cirrochroa thais Fabricius NFR, MFR, KFR & DBKFR 1.53 4.08 - - + - 44. Tawny Caster Acraea violae Fabricius All 17.27 17.27 + + + + 45. Tawny Rajah Charaxes bernardus Fabricius MFR & NFR 0.93 3.11 + + - - 46. White Fourring Ypthima ceylonica Hewitson All 14.80 14.80 + + + + 47. Yellow Pansy Junonia hierta Fabricius All 11.13 11.13 + + + + Note: VRF: Veeranahosahalli Forest Range; MFR: Mattikuppe Forest Range; KFR: Kallahalla Forest Range; NFR: Nagarahole Forest Range; AFR: Antharasanthe Forest Range; DBKFR: D. B. Kuppe Forest Range: All: All the six ranges; + : Present; - : Absent.

Table 4: Papilionidae family butterflies common name, scientific name, density, abundance and their seasonal appearance at different forest ranges of Nagarahole National Park

Sl. Season Common Name Scientific Name Range Density Abundance No. Rainy Winter Spring Summer 1. Blue Mormon Linnaeus All 15.80 15.80 + + + + 2. Common Bluebottle Graphium sarpedon Linnaeus All 10.13 11.25 - - + - 3. Common Jay Graphium doson C.&R. Felder All 18.13 18.13 + - + + 4. Common Mormon Papilio polytes Linnaeus All 21.27 22.00 + + + + 5. Common Rose Atrophaneura aristolochiae Fabricius All 24.43 24.43 + + + + 6. Crimson Rose Atrophaneura hector Linnaeus All 18.83 18.83 + + + + 7. Lime Butterfly Linnaeus All 22.87 22.86 + + + + 8. Malabar Banded Peacock Papilio buddha Westwood NFR & KFR 0.60 3.00 + + - - 9. Red Helen Linnaeus All 1.93 2.14 + - + + 10. Southern minos Cramer All 1.07 2.46 + + - - 11. Spot Swordtail Graphium nomius Esper DBKFR 1.87 11.20 - - + + 12. Tailed Jay Graphium agamemnon Linnaeus All 17.07 17.06 + - + + Note: VRF: Veeranahosahalli Forest Range; MFR: Mattikuppe Forest Range; KFR: Kallahalla Forest Range; NFR: Nagarahole Forest Range; AFR: Antharasanthe Forest Range; DBKFR: D. B. Kuppe Forest Range: All: All the six ranges; + : Present; -: Absent.

Table 5: Pieridae family butterflies common name, scientific name, density, abundance and their seasonal appearance at different forest ranges of Nagarahole National Park

Sl. Season Common Name Scientific Name Range Density Abundance No. Rainy Winter Spring Summer 1. Chocolate Albatross Appias lyncida Cramer All 6.00 6.92 + + + + 2. Common Albatross Appias albina Fabricius MFR, NFR & KFR 1.50 3.00 - - + + 3. Common Emigrant pomona Fabricius All 16.57 16.56 + + + + 4. Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecaba Linnaeus All 15.63 15.63 + + + + 5. Common Gull Cepora nerissa Fabricius All 16.93 16.93 + + + + 6. Common jezebel Delias eucharis Drury All 9.03 9.03 + + + + 7. Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Cramer All 8.37 8.37 + - + + 8. Crimson Tip Colotis danae Fabricius All 18.13 18.13 + + - - 9. Great Tip Hebomoia glaucippe Linnaeus All 9.73 9.73 - + + - 10. Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Linnaeus All 19.10 19.10 + + + + 11. One Spot Grass Yellow Eurema andersoni Moore All 28.03 28.03 + + + + 12. Pioneer Belenois autrota Fabricius All 7.33 8.14 - - + + 13. Plain Orange Tip Colotis eucharis Fabricius All 2.90 3.34 + + - - 14. Psych Leptosia nina Fabricius All 12.47 12.74 + + + + 15. Small Grass Yellow Eurema brigitta Cramer All 13.30 13.30 + + + + 16. Small Salmon Arab Colotis amatta Fabricius All 12.03 12.03 + + + + 17. Spotless Grass Yellow Eurema laeta Boisduval All 7.40 7.92 + + - - 18. Three Spot Grass Yellow Eurema blanda Biosduval All 13.87 13.86 + + + + 19. White Orange Tip Ixias marianne Cramer All 15.67 15.67 - + - - 20. Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene Linnaeus All 11.37 11.37 + + + + Note: VRF: Veeranahosahalli Forest Range; MFR: Mattikuppe Forest Range; KFR: Kallahalla Forest Range; NFR: Nagarahole Forest Range; AFR: Antharasanthe Forest Range; DBKFR: D. B. Kuppe Forest Range: All: All the six ranges; + :Present; -: Absent.

~ 1973 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Table 6: Butterfly families, species, density, abundance and their seasonal distribution amidst Nagarahole National Park

No. of species Recorded species found during Sl. found at Density Abundance Family Total No. Six Few (in range) (in range) Rainy Winter Spring Summer Forest Ranges Forest Ranges 1. Hesperidae 24 05 29 0.07 – 19.60 0.18 – 15.00 20 20 11 06 2. Lycaenidae 21 09 30 0.03 – 15.23 1.00 – 15.23 22 25 16 09 3. Nymphalidae 39 08 47 0.13 – 25.13 1.25 – 25.13 41 44 31 27 4. Papilionidae 10 02 12 0.60 – 22.87 2.14 – 24.43 10 07 10 09 5. Pieridae 19 01 20 1.50 – 28.03 3.00 – 28.03 16 17 16 15 Total 113 25 138 0.46 – 22.17* 1.51 – 21.56* 109 113 84 66 Note: Data is based on Tables 1 to 5. * indicates the average values.

Conclusion Introduction. Holarctic . 1998; 5:148. The present study revealed 138 butterfly species, which 10. Kunte K. Butterflies of Peninsular India. IISc., B’lore belongs to five families of Lepidoptera, distributed amidst Uni. Press, Bangalore, 2000, 1-100. Nagarahole National Park. Existing butterfly species density, 11. Kunte K. Butterfly diversity of Pune city along the abundance and seasonal occurrence varied considerably at human impact gradient. Journal of Ecological Science. different forest ranges and provided a platform for further in 2001; (13-14):40-45. depth research for their conservation in the years to come. 12. Padhye A, Shelke S, Dahanukar N. Distribution and composition of butterfly species along the latitudinal and Acknowledgement habitat gradients of Western Ghats of India. Check List. We acknowledge our sincere gratitude to The Principal Chief 2012; 8(6):1196-1215. Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) & Chief Wildlife Warden, 13. Gunathilagaraj K, Perumal TNA, Jayramm K, Kumar Karnataka for granting the permission to conduct field survey MG. Some south Indian butterrflies. Resources at Nagarahole National Park. We thank the Deputy Ccommunications Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore. 1988, 1-50. Conservator of Forests, Nagarahole Forest Range, Hunsure, 14. Gaonkar H. Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India, Mysore and Kodagu Districts for their help, assistance and including : A biodiversity assessment of a support without which this work was not possible to complete threatened mountain system. Centre for Ecological on time. Financial assistance extended by Nagarahole Sciences, IISc, B’lore and Bombay Natural History Conservation Society, Bangalore is greatly acknowledged. Society Museum, , UK. 1996, 89. We thank the Chairperson, DOS in Zoology, University of 15. Rajagopal T, Sekar M, Manimozhi A, Baskar N, Mysore, Mysore for encouragement. Archunan G. 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