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The Phyllophorid Sea Cucumbers of Southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae)

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The Phyllophorid Sea Cucumbers of Southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae) Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 269–308 (2012) ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/About/Books-and-Journals/Journals/Memoirs-of-Museum-Victoria The phyllophorid sea cucumbers of southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae) P. MARK O’LOUGHLIN1, SHARI BARmos2 AND DIDIER VANDENSPIEGEL3 1 Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (pmoloughlin@ edmundrice.org) 2 Marine Biology Section, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia (shari_barmos@hotmail. com) 3 Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Section invertebrés non-insectes, B–3080, Tervuren, Belgium (dvdspiegel@ africamuseum.be) Abstract O’Loughlin, P. M., Barmos S. and VandenSpiegel D. 2012. The phyllophorid sea cucumbers of southern Australia (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida: Phyllophoridae). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 269–308. A new monotypic Phyllophoridae (Phyllophorinae) genus Phyllostauros, with author O’Loughlin, is erected for Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. We raise Phyllophorella Heding and Panning (subgenus of Phyllophorus Grube) to generic rank. The holotype and three paratypes of Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed are conspecific with Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. We make Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed a subjective junior synonym of Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. One paratype of Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed is conspecific with Phyllophorus thyonoides H. L. Clark. We reject the synonymy of Thyone okeni Bell with Thyone venusta Selenka. Twelve new species of Phyllophoridae are described for southern Australia, with author O’Loughlin: Lipotrapeza eichleri, Lipotrapeza litusi, Massinium melanieae, Massinium vimsi, Massinium watsonae, Phyllophorella notialis, Thyone flindersi, Thyone joshuai, Thyone kerkosa, Thyone spenceri, Thyone tourvillei, Thyonidiella kungi. Phyllophoridae species reported previously for southern Australia are reviewed: Lipotrapeza ventripes (Joshua and Creed); Lipotrapeza vestiens (Joshua); Neothyonidium dearmatum (Dendy and Hindle); Phyrella thyonoides (H. L. Clark); Thyone nigra Joshua and Creed; Thyone okeni Bell; Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed. Species Phyrella thyonoides (H. L. Clark) is re-assigned to genus Phyllophorella Heding and Panning. A key is provided for the southern Australian species of Phyllophoridae. We acknowledge the rejection for nomenclatorial purposes by the ICZN (Opinion 417) of the publication by Oken 1815, and hence the current invalid status of genus Thyone Oken. A petition has been sent to the ICZN for re-validation of Thyone Oken and we retain the use of Thyone Oken provisionally. The petition includes a similar request for re-validation of Psolus Oken. Keywords Sea cucumber, Dendrochirotida, Phyllophoridae, Lipotrapeza, Massinium, Neothyonidium, Phyllophorella, Phyrella, Psolus, Thyone, Thyonidiella, new genus, new species, synonymies, Australia, key, ICZN. Introduction been reported for southern Australian waters, two with mistaken identities. We review the systematic status of these species. The first phyllophorid species described for southern Australia During 1981 the former Victorian Institute of Marine (Victoria) was Phyllophorus vestiens Joshua, 1914. This species Sciences conducted a survey of the benthic fauna of eastern Bass subsequently became the type species for Lipotrapeza H. L. Strait using the Taiwanese FRV Hai Kung and the then New Clark, 1938. The following year species Phyllophorus ventripes Zealand Oceanographic Institute RV Tangaroa. Collecting and Joshua and Creed, 1915 and Thyone nigra Joshua and Creed, sorting yielded specimens as small as a few millimeters in 1915 were erected for South Australia. Phyrella thyonoides H. L. length. Many small phyllophorid specimens were collected, Clark, 1938 was erected for southwest Australian specimens. A representing four new phyllophorid species. We describe the new second Thyone Oken, 1815 species occurring in the rocky species in this work. The Museum Victoria south-east Australia shallows of southern Australia has been mistakenly identified as continental slope survey on RV Franklin yielded a small the New South Wales (Port Jackson) species Thyone okeni Bell, phyllophorid from off the Freychinet Peninsula in eastern 1884. And Joshua (1914) and Hickman (1978) mistakenly Tasmania that is described here. During 1986 and 1987 the South identified specimens from southeast Australia as the New Australian Department of Fisheries collected many small Zealand species Neothyonidium dearmatum (Dendy and Hindle, phyllophorid specimens from the upper Spencer Gulf that are 1907). Thus at the time of writing six phyllophorid species have lodged in the South Australia Museum and were available for 270 P.M. O’Loughlin, S. Barmos & D. VandenSpiegel this study. We describe two new species from this collection. aluminum stubs, and coating with gold. Observations were And we examined relevant collections of southern Australian made using a JEOL JSM-6480LV SEM. Measurements were phyllophorid specimens from the Australian Museum, South made with Smile view software. Photos of the preserved Australian Museum, Western Australian Museum and specimens were taken by Shari Barmos with a Nikon 300s Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery. DSLR camera, using a Nikkor 105 mm lens and 2x adaptor / Recently the new phyllophorid genus Massinium Samyn and teleconverter. The photo of a live juvenile specimen of Thandar, 2003 was erected for some former Neothyonidium Lipotrapeza vestiens was taken by Leon Altoff and Audrey Deichmann, 1938 species. We have found three new species of Falconer using a Pentax K10D with bellows mounted Massinium in southern Australian waters. There has been Olympus 38mm lens and dual flashes. The photo of a live considerable uncertainty about the systematic status of the two specimen of Thyone nigra was taken by John Eichler using a species Phyllophorus ventripes Joshua and Creed , 1915 and Pentax W30. Thyone vercoi Joshua and Creed, 1915 and we have attempted to resolve the issues. Abbreviations We are attempting a comprehensive review of southern Australian phyllophorid species and have therefore described AM Australian Museum (registration number prefix J). new species based in some cases on limited and damaged ICZN Appropriately the International Commission on specimens that nonetheless have distinguishing morphological Zoological Nomenclature, or the International Code characters. We have recognized and noted some cases of what we of Zoological Nomenclature. consider to be inappropriate species assignments to higher taxa MRG Marine Research Group of the Field Naturalists Club such as species to genera and genera to sub-families, but we have of Victoria. generally refrained from altering current assignments until more NMV Museum Victoria (registration number prefix F). comprehensive revisions are possible with the aid of emerging NIWA New Zealand National Institute of Water and genetic data. One such current revision that we are aware of is a Atmospheric Research (est. 1992). review by François Michonneau and Gustav Paulay (University PPS Port Phillip Survey (1957–1963). of Florida) of genus Phyrella Heding and Panning, 1954. SAM South Australian Museum (registration number We have noticed throughout this work that for a particular prefix K, photo index number prefix PK). species the number of polian vesicles and the form of the TMAG Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery (registration calcareous ring may vary considerably for individual number prefix H). specimens. These realities are significant for attempts to VIMS Victorian Institute of Marine Sciences (1974–1998). distinguish species systematically. WAM Western Australian Museum (registration number We acknowledge the rejection for nomenclatorial purposes prefix Z). by the ICZN (Opinion 417, 42 pp., 1956) of the publication by Numbers in brackets after registrations refer to numbers of Oken 1815, and hence the current invalid status of genus Thyone specimens in lots. Oken, 1815. Pawson and Miller 1981 consequently referred Thyone to author Jaeger 1833 with type species Holothuria fusus Müller, 1776 (following Jaeger 1833). This maintained the type Order Dendrochirotida Grube, 1840 species of Oken for Thyone. But the first author after Oken to use genus Thyone validly was Lesson 1830, not Jaeger 1833. Lesson Family Phyllophoridae Öestergren, 1907 (sensu Pawson and 1830 used Thyone as a sub-genus in Holothuria for one new Fell 1965) Aspidochirotida species (Holothuria (Thyone, Oken) edulis) and Diagnosis (after Pawson and Fell 1965). Dendrochirotida with for a new Echiura (spoon-worm) species (Holothuria (Thyone, calcareous ring composite with posterior extensions to the Oken) eaouari). Neither species would be satisfactory as a type plates, the extensions composed of small pieces. species for Thyone. Rowe (in Rowe and Gates 1995) retained Oken 1815 as author of Thyone as a nomen conservandum, Remarks. Pawson and Fell 1965 abandoned tentacle number as following H. L. Clark 1946. This retention has not been validated the principal diagnostic criterion for family Phyllophoridae, by the ICZN. On the grounds of anticipating considerable and based their new diagnosis on the presence of a composite uncertainty and instability in holothuroid literature if Thyone calcareous ring as described in the diagnosis above. Oken remains invalid and has to be replaced, a petition has been sent by Gustav Paulay and Mark O’Loughlin (July 2012)
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