The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park Grimsbury Farm, Kingswood South Gloucestershire

THE PROPOSED KINGSWOOD REMEMBRANCE PARK GRIMSBURY FARM, KINGSWOOD SOUTH GLOUCESTERSHIRE

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

CA PROJECT: 1601 CA REPORT: 04007

Author: Kate Cullen

Approved: Simon Cox

Signed: …………………………………………………………….

Issue: 01 Date: 15 January 2004

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission.

The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

CONTENTS

SUMMARY...... 3

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 4

The site ...... 4 Archaeological background...... 4 Archaeological objectives ...... 5 Methodology ...... 6

2. RESULTS ...... 6

Trench 1...... 7 Trench 2 ...... 7 Trench 3...... 7 Trench 4 ...... 8 Trench 7 ...... 8 Trench 8...... 9 Trench 9 ...... 9 Trenches 5, 6 and 10 ...... 9 The Finds ...... 9 The Biological Evidence...... 9

3. DISCUSSION...... 10

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 11

5. REFERENCES ...... 11

APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...... 12

APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS...... 15

APPENDIX 3: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES...... 16

1 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features Fig. 3 Trench 3; section showing infilled boundary ditch

2 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

SUMMARY

Site Name: The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Grimsbury Farm Location: Kingswood, South Gloucestershire NGR: ST 663 731 Type: Evaluation Date: 6-8 January 2004 Location of Archive: To be deposited with Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery Accession no. BRSMG 2004/1 Site Code: GFK 04

An archaeological evaluation was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in January 2004 at the request of South Gloucestershire Council at Grimsbury Farm, Kingswood. In compliance with an approved project design, a total of 10 trenches were excavated across the proposed development area.

There appear to have been two phases of post-medieval mining activity, separated by a period of arable farming of the site, as indicated by the 1841 Tithe Map. The mining activity was confined to the northwest part of the site, its eastern extent defined by 19th-century field boundary ditches revealed during the evaluation.

No earlier activity, relating either to prehistoric settlement (as postulated from the geophysical survey and place-name evidence), or any later use of the site, was identified.

3 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 In January 2004 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation for South Gloucestershire Council at the site of the proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Grimsbury Farm, Kingswood (centred on NGR: ST 663 731; Fig. 1). The evaluation was undertaken prior to the determination of an application for development of a new burial ground.

1.2 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with a brief for archaeological evaluation (SGC 2003) prepared by David Evans (Archaeology and HER Officer, Environment and Conservation Section, South Gloucestershire Council), and with a subsequent detailed project specification produced by CA (2003b) and approved by the LPA acting on the advice of David Haigh (Archaeology and Conservation Officer, South Gloucestershire Council). The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (1999). It was monitored by David Haigh, including a site visit on the 7 January 2004.

The site

1.3 The proposed development area encloses an area of approximately 3ha, and comprises land in two fields to the south and west of Grimsbury Farm, on the eastern side of Kingswood (Fig. 1). The site lies between approximately 66m and 76m AOD, the ground sloping downwards to the east and north.

1.4 The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Middle coal measures of the Carboniferous period (Geological Survey of Great Britain 1965).

1.5 The land is currently under pasture.

Archaeological background

1.6 A desk-based assessment and geophysical survey was undertaken by CA in August-September 2003 (CA 2003a), the results of which are summarised here. Place name evidence, and the presence of slight undated earthworks have led to the suggestion that the site may contain remains of possible prehistoric activity.

4 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

However, no direct archaeological evidence is available to support this. The geophysical survey revealed a number of sub-circular and linear features, the latter of which appeared to relate mainly to historic boundaries and plough scars left as a result of arable cultivation, as indicated on the 1841 Tithe Map. The sub-circular features were interpreted as the possible remains of prehistoric ring ditches, although equally the geophysical survey appeared to indicate that some of these were superimposed upon the later plough-scars, and they may simply relate to agricultural activity. Grimsbury Farm itself may be of medieval origin, the existing farmhouse is of 16th or 17th-century construction but has been much altered. A small cottage, present on an 18th-century map of the site but gone by 1841, formerly lay in the western part of the proposed development area, opposite the Wraxall Road/Cock Road junction.

1.7 The substantial deposits of coal across the area led to the development of significant manufacturing works, most notably Warmley Brassworks, in the area. These were sited to take advantage of the resources provided by local collieries such as ‘Grimsbury Pit’ which was located to the north-east of the site. This colliery was worked from the 1770s until 1840 and a number of associated shafts have been identified (CA 2003a).

1.8 Two further collieries have been identified to the west of the site. The First Edition Ordnance Survey Map of 1882 marks an ‘Old Coal Pit’ immediately to the west of the site across Wraxall Road. Several further shafts associated with this pit have been identified through aerial photography. A further 300m to the south-west was Cock Road Colliery, which had shafts on either side of the road (CA 2003a).

Archaeological objectives

1.9 The objectives of the evaluation were to establish the character, quality, date, significance and extent of any archaeological remains or deposits surviving within the site. This information will assist the Local Planning Authority in making an informed judgement on the likely impact upon the archaeological resource by the proposed development.

5 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

Methodology

1.10 The fieldwork comprised the excavation of 10 trenches, each 1.5m wide, in the locations shown (Fig. 2). Trenches were located to investigate anomalies detected in the geophysical survey, the small cottage present on an 18th-century map of the site, and blank areas in between.

1.11 All trenches were excavated by mechanical excavator equipped with a toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the natural substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 1: Excavation Recording Manual (1996).

1.12 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other samples from Archaeological Sites (2003). However, no samples were taken. All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with the CA Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (1995).

1.13 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Kemble. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the site archive (including artefacts) will be deposited with Bristol City Museum under accession number BRSMG 2004/1.

2. RESULTS

2.1 Several features relating to mining activity and post-medieval field boundaries were excavated, located in the north and west of the development area.

2.2 This section provides an overview of the evaluation results; detailed summaries of the recorded contexts and finds and are to be found in Appendices 1 and 2. Details of the relative heights of the principal deposits and features expressed as metres above Ordnance Datum (m AOD) appear in Appendix 3. Features from the prior geopysical survey are indicated on Fig. 2.

6 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

Trench 1(Fig. 2)

2.3 In trench 1 the natural substrate 104, consisting of orange/brown sandy clay, was revealed at approximately 0.98m below present ground level. A shallow, ephemeral linear feature 107 was also observed, possibly relating to a former hedgerow or boundary orientated on a north-west/south-east alignment.

2.4 Boundary ditch 107 was overlain by substantial deposits (102 and 103) of what appears to be industrial waste, most likely to be connected with nearby coal mining activity. This material contained dark grey ashy lenses, with charcoal, coal and burnt stone blocks. These deposits were sealed by approximately 0.3m of topsoil 101, which also contained quantities of this material.

Trench 2 (Fig. 2)

2.5 In trench 2 the natural substrate, 204, consisting of orange/brown clay with shale, was noted at approximately 0.98m below present ground level. The earliest activity recorded was that of two shallow amorphous features 210 and 208. These contained debris which appears to have originated through mining activity. A north- east/south-west ditch 206 could be seen to cut 208. This ditch contained a possible primary fill, 211, which was only partially excavated due to the depths involved. Two deposits (202 and 203/205), similar in appearance to that seen in trench 1 (102 and 103) were also recorded. Deposit 203/205 contained 18th to 19th-century pottery and partially filled the ditch, as well as covering the remainder of the trench. It is probable that the ditch relates to the boundary seen both on the Tithe Map of 1841 and the geophysical survey, and was also noted as a ditch in trench 4 (406, see 2.9 below).

Trench 3 (Figs 2 and 3)

2.6 Trench 3, in contrast was not covered by these thick industrial deposits. The natural substrate, 303, was observed at 0.5m below the present ground level, consisting yellow/brown sandy clay.

2.7 In the northern end of the trench a large feature, 312, was uncovered. This appears to be an infilled boundary ditch aligned north-west/south-east, again as indicated on

7 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

the Tithe Map of 1841. Several deposits (308-311, 315 and 316) had been dumped within in it, the tip lines clearly visible (Fig. 3). The material within it contained burnt red clay (308 and 310), as well as stone fragments, possibly from demolished buildings or walls, and some mining waste. It appeared that an attempt had been made to fill in this boundary ditch and to raise the area to the level of that surrounding it. Although not fully excavated due to the depths involved, the boundary did not exist on a map of the area from 1766, first appearing on the 1841 Tithe Map, so is not of any great antiquity. This is further supported by the artefactual evidence, all the material retrieved dating to the 18th to 19th-centuries.A notable depression in this area can still be seen today.

2.8 Modern agricultural activity, 304, in the form of burning and charcoal was observed in the southern end of the trench, and is likely to correspond to the activity indicated in the geophysical survey (Fig. 2, f2). A small linear feature 306 is of similar character, both features visibly originating from below the topsoil, and is probably a plough scar seen on the geophysical survey (Fig. 2, f5).

Trench 4 (Fig. 2)

2.9 The natural substrate 403 was identified at 0.41m below present ground level in the eastern end of trench 4. Ditch 406 appears to be the continuation of the boundary seen in trench 2 (206, see 2.5 above), and contained two fills, 407 and 408 with pottery dating to between the 17th and 19th-century.

2.10 The western part of the trench was covered by 17th to 18th-century mining waste 405, as seen in trenches 1 and 2. This material filled a large cut feature, 404, that a machine excavated sondage revealed to be approximately 1.5m in depth. No relationship between 405 and ditch 406 existed. No evidence of the cottage (discussed in 1.6) was noted.

Trench 7 (Fig. 2)

2.11 In trench 7, the natural substrate, 703, was identified at approximately 0.26m below present ground level. This was overlain by 0.17m of dark brown silty clay subsoil 702, and 0.09m of topsoil 701. Curvilinear deposit 704 appeared to relate to modern agricultural activity.

8 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

Trench 8 (Fig. 2)

2.12 The natural substrate, 803, was identified at approximately 0.26m below present ground level in trench 8. One possible posthole, 804, was excavated. It remains undated, but the modern activity identified close by suggests that it is in all likelihood modern.

Trench 9 (Fig. 2)

2.13 The natural substrate, 903, was identified at approximately 0.35m below present ground level in trench 9. Two features, 904 and 906 were excavated, both of which were irregular in shape and showed evidence of rooting, suggesting a natural, rather than archaeological, origin.

Trenches 5, 6 and 10 (Fig. 2)

2.14 No archaeological features or deposits were identified within these trenches. The natural substrate was identified at approximately 0.3m below present ground level in all three trenches.

The Finds

2.15 The pottery dates entirely to the post-medieval or modern period with the earliest pottery likely to date to the 17th or 18th century. The majority of the pottery can be sourced to the Bristol region and includes Bristol yellow slip ware, Tin-glazed earthenware and locally produced earthenwares.

The Biological Evidence

2.16 No samples were taken during the course of the evaluation.

9 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 There appear to have been two phases of post-medieval mining activity, separated by a period of arable farming of the site, as indicated by the 1841 Tithe Map and Apportionment (CA 2003a; Fig. 3). The greater depths, and the large cut feature seen in trench 4, suggest that not only dumping of the waste material, but mining itself may have occurred here.

3.2 The mining debris was confined to the north-west part of the site, its eastern extent defined by 19th-century field boundary ditches revealed during the evaluation.

3.3 The earliest evidence for mining activity exists in trench 2, with shallow scoops cut by a field boundary ditch. Although no dating evidence was retrieved from these features it seems likely that they date to the 18th-century, and may represent exploratory or small-scale mining activity. The boundary ditches located in trenches 2, 3 and 4 can all be related to the 1841 Tithe Map with a good degree of certainty, and would seem to indicate the limit of the dumping and mining activity to the west. This evidence suggests that the ‘Grimsbury Pit’ colliery (see 1.7 above) perhaps owned this area of land. The disappearance of Richard Townshend’s cottage (where trench 4 was sited) by 1841 supports this theory, and offers an explanation as to why no trace of it was found: the cottage may well have been demolished to allow mining on its site. The evaluation work also supports the evidence from the Tithe Map of 1841 that the area to the east was used for arable farming.

3.4 In trench 1, the boundary present on the Tithe Map of 1841 in the same place as feature 107 appears to be on the wrong alignment, being instead north-east/south- west orientated. Whilst the Tithe Map cannot be relied on to be of great accuracy, it does seem unlikely that feature 107 is the same ditch and could perhaps more accurately be interpreted as a hedgerow of unknown date.

3.5 The remaining trenches contained nothing that indicated any form of prehistoric activity as has been suggested in the past. The ‘arcuate’ anomalies indicated on the geophysical survey appear to represent modern agricultural activity rather than ring- ditches or hut circles. The somewhat exposed nature of the site also makes it an unlikely place for settlement, and it would seem more probable that any centre for

10 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

settlement would exist closer to the current farmhouse on more sheltered and level ground.

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

Fieldwork was undertaken by Kate Cullen, assisted by Kelly Saunders, Jon Webster and Chris Reese. The report was written by Kate Cullen. The illustrations were prepared by Lorna Gray. The archive has been compiled by Kate Cullen, and prepared for deposition by Ed McSloy. The project was managed for CA by Simon Cox.

5. REFERENCES

CA 2003a Land at Grimsbury Farm, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment. CA Report. 03119

CA 2003b Land at Grimsbury Farm, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Written Scheme of Investigation.

Geological Survey of Great Britain 1965 Bath: Sheet 265 Scale 1:50,000

SGC 2003 Brief for the Prior Archaeological Evaluation of Proposed Cemetery at Grimsbury Farm, Warmley, Kingswood.

Cartographic Sources 1841 Oldland parish Tithe Map and Apportionment. (Bristol RO: FCTM/Old/1)

1881 First Edition Ordnance Survey 25” Series map, Gloucestershire sheet LXXII 15

1881 First Edition Ordnance Survey 25” Series map, Gloucestershire sheet LXXVI 3

11 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Trench 1 Maximum depth 1.07m 101 Topsoil. Black silt, occasional medium sub-angular stones, some coal fragments and charcoal staining. Much root action. 0-0.3m. 102 Subsoil. Dark grey industrial waste deposit, including coal, charcoal, some large sub-angular blocks of ironstone. Very mixed. 0.3-0.63m 103 Subsoil in centre of trench. Dark grey cream clay with 70% industrial waste including coal and charcoal, iron stone and brick fragments. 0.63-0.98m. 104 Natural. Mid brown orange clay/ marl with frequent flecks of iron panning. 105 Cut for services, running NE-SW. Cut into 102. 2.7x0.63m. 106 Fill 105. dark grey coal and charcoal deposit containing a metal pipe 0.04m diameter. 107 Cut for linear. Shallow and regular concave sides and base. Appears to relate to an historic boundary. 0.68m wide, 0.05m deep. 108 Fill 107. Grey/yellow brown clay silt, frequents flecks and fragments of charcoal.

Trench 2 Maximum depth 1.12m 201 Topsoil. Dark brown grey slightly clay silt with occasional medium sub-angular stones. 0-0.31m 202 Subsoil. Dark grey brown silty clay with occasional medium sub-angular stones and flecks of iron panning. 0.31-0.53m. 203/ Dark grey silty industrial deposit with 80% coal and charcoal fragments. Secondary excavated fill 206. 205 0.53-0.98m 204 Natural. Mid orange brown clay with 30% shale inclusions. 206 Cut for linear. West edge, slightly stepped, 45 degrees. Base not excavated. 0.92m wide and 0.43m depth excavated. Probably a field boundary ditch. 207 Fill 208. Dark grey brown clay with dark grey patches. Contains 70% charcoal and coal fragments and flecks and some shale. 208 Cut for sub circular feature. Shallow uneven sides with slightly concave base. 1.2x1m, 0.09m deep. Possibly caused by plant action. 209 Fill 210. Mid grey clay with dark patches. Contains 70% charcoal and coal fragments and flecks and some shale. 210 Cut for amorphous feature. Shallow uneven sides to uneven base. 1.5x1.15m, 0.12m deep. Possibly caused by plant action. 211 Primary excavated fill 206. Mid grey clay silt with frequent charcoal fragments and flecks, and frequent small stones.

Trench 3 Maximum depth 0.6m 301 Topsoil. Mid brown clay silt with occasional small stones. 0-0.2m 302 Subsoil. Grey brown clay silt. 0.2-0.5m 303 Natural. Yellow brown sandy clay. 304 Cut for modern agricultural disturbance. Very shallow. 305 fill 304. Dark brown black silty clay, gritty texture. Contains some burnt material. 306 Cut for linear. Very shallow and slightly concave. at right angles to 304. 1.5x0.5m, 0.02m deep. 307 Fill 306. Grey black and yellow mottled clay silt. Gritty burnt appearance. 308 Dumping deposit. Mid orange red silty clay with small gravel inclusions and occasional flecks of burnt industrial waste. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 to level the land. 309 Dumping deposit. Mid brown silty clay with occasional burnt flecks throughout. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 to level the land. 310 Dumping deposit. Mid orange red silty clay with occasional small gravel inclusions, and occasional flecks of burnt industrial waste. >1.5x>1.13m, >1.2m deep. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 to level the land. 311 Dumping deposit. Mid brown silty clay with large stones near the base and burnt flecks throughout. >1.5x2.4m, >1.2m deep. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 to level the land. 312 Cut for large linear. Regular 40-degree slope, base not excavated. >1.5x>4.44m, >1.2m deep. 313 Cut for modern linear. >1.5x0.78m, 0.5m depth excavated. 314 Fill 313. Dark grey clay silt, high percentage gravel, and medium-large stones. 315 Dumping deposit. Mottled yellow grey silty clay to gravel, with occasional flecks of burnt industrial waste

12 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

throughout. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 and to level the land. 316 Dumping deposit. Light greyish brown silty clay to gravel, with occasional flecks of burnt material throughout. Appears to have been used to backfill 312 and to level the land.

Trench 4 Maximum depth 0.8m 401 Topsoil. Dark brown to brown black silt, much root action. 0-0.27m. 402 Subsoil. Dark brown clay silt, some root action. 0.27-0.41m. 403 Natural. Medium brown orange sandy marl with large sub-angular natural stone blocks. 404 Cut of large feature only partially visible. Regular 50 degree slope, base not excavated. >19x1.5m, >0.28m. 405 Fill 404. Dark grey/black loose silty clay with 80% coal and charcoal fragments and ironstone, some form of industrial waste. 406 Cut for linear. Concave sides, c.25 degrees, and concave base, slightly pitted. >1.5x4.6m, o.33m deep. 407 Primary fill 406. Medium cream brown slightly silty clay with occasional large fragments of natural stone. >1.5x4.6m, 0.26m deep. 408 Secondary fill 406. Dark cream grey silty clay with 70% charcoal throughout, with some charcoal lenses. >1.5x2.68m, 0.18m deep.

Trench 5 Maximum depth 0.48m 501 Topsoil. Mid brown clay silt with occasional small stones. 0-0.15m. 502 Subsoil. Grey brown clay silt with occasional small stones. 0.15-0.29m. 503 Natural. Yellow brown clay silt with moderate stones.

Trench 6 Maximum depth 0.54m 601 Topsoil. Dark brown clay silt with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0-0.22m. 602 Subsoil. Dark mid brown silty clay with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0.22-0.35m. 603 Natural. Mid brown orange clay/marl.

Trench 7 Maximum depth 0.38m 701 Topsoil. Dark brown clay silt with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0-0.09m. 702 Subsoil. Dark brown silty clay with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0.09-0.26m 703 Natural. Mid brown orange clay marl. 704 Cut for irregular slightly curvilinear feature. c.45 degree irregular sides and base. Cut from under 701. 705 Fill 704. Dark brown silty clay with charcoal flecking and some shale from natural marl.

Trench 8 Maximum depth 0.35m 801 Topsoil. Dark brown clay silt with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0-0.12m. 802 Subsoil. Dark brown silty clay with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0.12-0.26m. 803 Natural. Mid brown orange clay marl. 804 Cut for posthole. Circular with steep concave sides and a concave base. 0.15m diameter, 0.08m deep. 805 Fill 804. Light grey sandy clay with rare charcoal flecks.

Trench 9 Maximum depth 0.41m 901 Topsoil. Dark brown clay silt with rare medium sub-angular stones and much root action. 0-0.18m. 902 Subsoil. Dark brown silty clay with rare medium sub-angular stones. 0.18-0.35m. 903 Natural. Mid brown orange clay marl. 904 Cut. Irregular sides and base, probably due to root action. 0.74x0.5m, 0.08m deep. 905 Fill 904. Mid cream grey sandy silty clay. 906 Sub circular cut, concave sides and base. Probably due to root action. 0.15m diameter. 907 Fill 906. Mid cream grey sandy silty clay.

13 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

Trench 10 Maximum depth 0.5m 1001 Topsoil. Dark brown clay silt with occasional medium sub-angular stones. Much tree root action. 0- 0.14m. 1002 Subsoil. Dark brown silty clay with rare medium sub-angular stones. Much tree root action. 0.14-0.32m. 1003 Natural. Medium grey brown orange clay marl. Much tree root action.

14 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

APPENDIX 2: THE FINDS

By Sam Inder

During excavations at Grimsbury farm, Kingswood small quantities of pottery, clay pipe, tile, slag and coal were recovered. A total of nine sherds of pottery, weighing 132g were recovered and all appear highly abraded.

The pottery dates entirely to the post-medieval or modern period with the earliest pottery likely to date to the 17th or 18th century. The majority of the pottery can be sourced to the Bristol region and includes Bristol yellow slip ware, Tin-glazed earthenware and locally produced earthenwares.

Due to the relatively late date of this material it is deemed to be non-archaeologically significant and has been discarded.

Finds Concordance:

108 2 fragments of animal bone (8g)

205 3 sherds of pottery (58g); glazed earthenware 1 piece of coal (8g) Spot-date: 18th to 19th Century

308 1 sherd of pottery (25g); stoneware 1 clay pipe stem (4g) Spot-date: 18th to 19th Century

309 1 sherd of pottery (4g); white china 1 piece of slag (7g) Spot-date: 19th Century

314 1 sherd of pottery (6g); transfer print white china

401 1 sherd of pottery (20g); yellow slip ware Spot-date: 18th Century

405 1 sherd of pottery (7g); Delft ware Spot-date: 17th to 18th Century

408 1 sherd of pottery (12g); misc glazed red earthenware 2 animal bones (179g) Spot-date: 17th to 19th Century

15 The Proposed Kingswood Remembrance Park, Kingswood, South Gloucestershire: Archaeological Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology

APPENDIX 3: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS AND STRUCTURES

Levels are expressed as metres below current ground level and as metres above Ordnance Datum, calculated using the benchmark located at the Tennis Court Pub (54.97m AOD).

Trench 1 Current ground level 0.00m (61.90m) Top of 108 0.78m (61.12m) Limit of excavation 0.70m (c.61.20m)

Trench 2 Trench 3 Current ground level 0.00m S. end 0.00m (c.71.40m) (71.20m) N. end 0.00m (69.69m) Top of 205 0.79m (70.69m)

Top 207 1.15m (70.25m)

Top 209 1.19m (70.21m) Limit of excavation 1.00m S. end 0.52m (c.70.40m) (70.68m) N. end 0.86m (68.83m)

Trench 4 Trench 5 Trench 6 Current ground level 0.00m S. end 0.00m 0.00m (73.71m) (75.81m) (72.30m) N. end 0.00m (74.50m) Top 405 0.91m (72.80m)

Top 408 0.92m (72.79m) Limit of excavation 0.86m S. end 0.46m 0.50m (72.85m (75.35m) (71.80m) N. end 0.30m (74.10m)

Trench 7 Trench 8 Trench 9 Trench 10 Current ground level W. end 0.00m 0.00m W. end 0.00m S. end 0.00m (73.40m) (72.25m) (70.62m) (66.95m) E. end 0.00m E. end 0.00m N. end 0.00m (72.91m) (68.94m) (68.20m) Limit of excavation W. end 0.38m 0.30m W. end 0.47m S. end 0.31m (73.02m) (71.95m) (70.15m) (66.64m) E. end 0.32m E. end 0.46m N. end 0.55m (72.59m) (68.48m) (67.65m)

Upper figures are depth below modern ground level; lower figures in parentheses are metres AOD.

16 Site

Fig. 1 Site location plan Reproduced from the Ordnance Survey digital mapping with the permission of 663 664 Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office, c Crown copyright Licence number AL 100036678

732

Wall corner

?former hedgerow AREA 1 107 102/103 1

731

Brambles

Fence Brambles end

f3 f1 f1 boundary modern ditch service Gate 312 313 210 202/ 203 agricultural 208 activity 306 f5 boundary 3 les 2 ditch 206 4 agricultural Bramb f1 activity AREA 2 405 boundary f2 304 ditch 404 406 f6 730 6 f2 5 f8

f7 f3 tree throw 904 f9 f10 8 ?posthole 804 9 f4 ?posthole EP 'A' 906

f11 7 Drain

agricultural activity 704 AREA EP 'B' WRAXALL R 10 3 f1

OAD f1

729 f1 f1 site Geological survey results: evaluation trench soil filled ditch archaeological feature wall or drain mining debris iron or brick debris boundary shown on Tithe map of 1841 ST 0 100m

Fig. 2 Trench location plan showing archaeological features (1:1000) SW 70.00m AOD 301

305 agricultural activity 302 304

NE topsoil 301

subsoil 302 307 302 311 burnt clay 308 316 315 modern ?ploughscar 309 service trench 306 boundary 313 ditch 314 312 burnt clay 310

05m

Fig. 3 Trench 3; section showing infilled boundary ditch (1:50)