Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape

CHAPTER 5 Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape

The Swamp Creek Landscape stretches from the Zieglersville area in Lower Frederick to around Gilbertsville in Douglass Township, following the main stem, Minister Creek, and West Branch of the Swamp Creek. The landscape features extensive forest cover extend- ing along the stream corridor. Ripar- ian areas remain in natural vegetation throughout most of the stream length. Forested slopes border the stream on the south side from Delphi to New Hanover Square Road. Farther upstream extensive ﬂ oodplain forests are present on both sides of the stream, contributing no doubt to the naming of the creek. Falkner Swamp, the oldest settlement in New Hanover Township, was located near Route 663 and Swamp Pike, and Old stone arch bridge over Swamp Creek at Zieglerville was named for Daniel Falkner, who was granted the patent for the Frankfort Land Company in 1701. The landscape includes rolling pas- tures and ﬁ elds along the stream corridor as well as historic bridges, mills, and farmsteads.

Description Location The Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape occupies 9,383 acres in northwestern Montgomery County. It includes portions of Douglass, New Hanover, Lower Frederick, Upper Frederick, and Limerick Townships (Figure 5.1). It adjoins the Stone Hill Conservation Landscape on the south.

Geology Brunswick Formation siltstones and shales underlie almost all of this landscape. However, several diabase dikes cross the region and it is bounded on the south by the Stone Hill diabase ridge. The heat of molten diabase intrusions modifi ed the adjoining shales to form a rock known as hornfels, which is harder and darker in color. The landscape is characterized by broad, fl at fl ood- plains underlain by Brunswick shale. Along Swamp Creek there are steep forested slopes which refl ect the infl uence of hornfels (Figure 5.2).

Forest Cover Analysis of aerial photographs of the Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape reveals that 2,567 acres (27 percent) of the region is currently covered by forest. Seven hundred and seventy-nine

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 93 94 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 95 96 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 97 (779) acres qualify as interior forest (Figure 5.3). The most densely forested areas are Sunrise Mill Park, Camp Laughing Waters, Camp Joy, and Camp ArthuReeta. Of these sites, only Sun- rise Mill Park is currently in public ownership.

Hydrology The landscape lies in the Swamp Creek watershed; it extends from Route 663 to the confl uence of Swamp Creek with the Perkiomen Creek at Delphi. Portions of Minister Creek and a second, unnamed, tributary of Swamp Creek are included. Swamp Creek is classifi ed by the Pennsylva- nia Department of Environmental Protection as TSF, MF (trout stocked fi shery, migratory fi shes).

Past Uses According to Bean’s 1884 History of Montgomery County, the waters of the Swamp Creek Cor- ridor “abounded with fi sh, and they are yet frequented by lovers of fi shing from near and far.” Bean lists a great diversity of fl ora, including the American chestnut, which has long been re- duced to minor status in East Coast forests due to the chestnut blight. He also mentions a large species of hickory with huge nuts and a thick shell, which most likely is the shellbark hickory still found along the banks of the creek. However, Bean also believed that the “primitive forest” surrounding Swamp Creek had already “almost entirely disappeared.” The most mature forests in the region today are not much more than one hundred years old. The waters of Swamp Creek once powered mills all along the corridor. In 1884 four gristmills and three saw mills operated along the creek in New Ha- nover Township. In 1736 Henry Antes built a four-story mill on the corner of Fagleysville and Colonial Roads, which stood until 1951 when it was razed. The Sunrise Mill gristmill, now owned by Sunrise Mill on Swamp Creek Montgomery County as part of Sunrise Mill Park, was constructed in 1767.

Critical Features The Swamp Creek landscape includes three sites identifi ed in the 1995 Natural Areas Inven- tory as having local signifi cance. New Road Swamp in New Hanover Township was included because of its well-developed swamp forest and potential amphibian breeding habitat. A population of forked rush (Pennsylvania endangered) was found in a wet meadow at New Road Swamp in 2006. Swamp Creek at Sunrise Mill was cited for the complex of stream, fl oodplain and upland habitats present, while Laughing Waters Hemlocks was noted for the mature stand of Canada hemlock on steep slopes along the south side of Swamp Creek.

98 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 In addition a Great Blue Heron rookery has been present in the ﬂ oodplain of Swamp Creek in the upper portion of the landscape for at least 20 years, according to local resident, Richard Mulstay. The Great Blue Heron is a Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program-listed species. Although no ofﬁ cial mammal studies have been completed for this site, the caretaker of Camp Joy, Steve Staub, reported seeing six river otters swimming in Swamp Creek on several occa- sions. The river otter is listed by the Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program as vulnerable. Plant Diversity – Three-hundred-and-eight native and 86 non-native species of plants were observed during 2006-2007 inventory of the Swamp Creek Landscape (Appendix 5.A). Reptiles and Amphibians – Sixteen species of reptiles and amphibians were documented in the Swamp Creek Landscape by Marlin Corn during this study (Table 5.1).

Table 5.1 — Reptiles and Amphibians of the Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape (from surveys during 2006-2007 by Marlin Corn)

Salamanders Northern redback salamander Northern dusky salamander Northern two-lined salamander Longtail salamander Toads and Frogs Green frog Pickerel frog Bullfrog American toad Turtles Eastern painted turtle Eastern box turtle Common snapping turtle Common musk turtle Snakes Northern ringneck snake Eastern garter snake Northern water snake Eastern milksnake

Birds – Data from the 1984-1989 Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas blocks 81B63 and 81B66 listed 74 species as conﬁ rmed or probable breeders within the Swamp Creek Corridor. These sightings include indicators of signiﬁ cant forest interior habitat such as Blue-gray Gnatcatcher, Veery, Wood Thrush, Yellow-throated Vireo, Red-eyed Vireo, Ovenbird, Louisiana Waterthrush, and Scarlet Tanager (Table 5.2).

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 99 Table 5.2 — Breeding Birds of the Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape (based on data from 1984—1989 Breeding Bird Survey Atlas blocks 81B63 and 81B66)

Confi rmed House Wren Brown Thrasher American Crow Indigo Bunting Chimney Swift American Goldfi nch Killdeer Eastern Screech-Owl American Robin Mallard Grasshopper Sparrow Baltimore Oriole Mourning Dove Great Crested Flycatcher Barn Swallow Northern Cardinal Great Horned Owl Black-capped Chickadee Northern Flicker Louisiana Waterthrush Blue Jay Northern Mockingbird Prairie Warbler Blue-winged Warbler Northern Rough-winged Swallow Red-eyed Vireo Brown-headed Cowbird Ovenbird Red-tailed Hawk Canada Goose Pileated Woodpecker Rose-breasted Grosbeak Carolina Chickadee Red-bellied Woodpecker Scarlet Tanager Carolina Wren Red-winged Blackbird Veery Chipping Sparrow Red-necked Pheasant Warbling Vireo Common Grackle Rock Pigeon Willow Flycatcher Common Yellowthroat Song Sparrow Yellow-throated Vireo Downy Woodpecker Tree Swallow Possible Eastern Bluebird Tufted Titmouse Acadian Flycatcher Eastern Kingbird Upland Sandpiper American Woodcock Eastern Meadowlark White-breasted Nuthatch Black-billed Cuckoo Eastern Phoebe White-eyed Vireo Cedar Waxwing Eastern Towhee Wood Thrush Chestnut-sided Warbler Eastern Wood-Pewee Yellow Warbler Great Blue Heron European Starling Kentucky Warbler Field Sparrow Probable Orchard Oriole Gray Catbird American Kestrel Ruby-throated Hummingbird Green Heron Belted Kingfi sher Turkey Vulture Hairy Woodpecker Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Wood Duck House Finch Bobolink Worm-eating Warbler House Sparrow Broad-winged Hawk Yellow-billed Cuckoo

Preservation Status and Other Designations Publicly-owned or permanently protected lands in the landscape include 316.9 acres. The largest single parcel is Sunrise Mill Park (Figure 5.4).

Core Areas Sunrise Mill Park Sunrise Mill Park is located on both sides of Swamp Creek above and below the Neiffer Road bridge. The county owns 135.9 acres, the large majority of the property. Limerick Township owns 8.5 acres at the western end of the park.

100 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Plant Diversity – Overall, surveys during the 2006 and 2007 seasons resulted in a list of 248 species of plants in Sunrise Mill Park, of which 192 (77 percent) were native to Pennsylvania (Appendix 5.A). Plant Communities – Sunrise Mill Park is characterized by a dry hemlock – oak forest community on steep north-facing slopes along the creek. The forest community maintains a healthy canopy layer at present; hemlock and chestnut oak create dense shade in the understory. The future of this stand, however, is in serious danger. An analysis of data collected from transects shows that although hemlock and beech saplings are present, oaks are not represented in the sapling or seedling layers (Figure 5.5). Intense winter deer browse is resulting in a total lack of oak regeneration. The spread of hemlock wooly adelgid, which threatens the dominant hemlock trees, is another threat to the forest community.

Figure 5.5 Relative Importance Values* of Canopy Trees of the Dry Hemlock – Oak Forest at Sunrise Mill Park

* Relative Importance Value (RIV) is a calculated measure of dominance based on data on cover, frequency and abundance.

Where the slopes are less steep red oak - mixed hardwood forest dominates. The most mature stands include a diverse community of trees. Sugar maple dominates the highest points while beech is more common on the lower slopes. Red oak, black birch, ash, and hickory also hold a strong presence with a wide variety of other deciduous trees in smaller numbers. While red oak is present, it is not seen in the large numbers typical of this forest type. The present lack of red oak suggests that selective logging probably occurred about 50 years ago. The forest on lower slopes on the south-facing side of the creek is currently in an early successional stage, which makes the forest highly susceptible to invasion. The sparse canopy is dominated mostly by sugar maple and eastern red cedar. Box-elder, black walnut, ash, and several hickories are also present. Norway maple, a major invader of hardwood forests, was observed spreading throughout the slope. Very few seedlings, with the exception of black birch, seem capable of growing fast enough to reach beyond the browse line. Scattered dogwood seedlings were observed with severe deer damage.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 101 Floodplain terrace borders the creek and covers a large island just east of the Neiffer Road bridge. The canopy layer of this community is extremely diverse; sixteen species were observed in a 100-meter transect. Bitternut hickory, white ash, American elm, and white oak were the dominant native tree species. The fl ood-scoured zones along the creek bank and back channels also contain sycamore, black walnut, and shellbark hickory. Below the canopy, the fl oodplain understory is the most disturbed region of the park as fl ood- waters bring a continual supply of seeds and other propagules. Deer browse is so intense that in places even the multifl ora rose and spicebush, two shrubs usually not pal- atable to deer, are suffering. Another threat to the fl oodplain community is the growing presence of invasive earth- worms. Castings from these worms extend far beyond the banks of the creek and in some places are three inches deep. There is almost no leaf litter layer where the worms are active and some regions of the creek bank are now barren mud- fl ats in midsummer. Deer Status – The forest understory and Thin-leaved sunfl ower is abundant along the banks of Swamp Creek in herbaceous layers on both the north- and mid-summer south-facing slopes is almost entirely decimated by over browsing. While saplings and seedlings of the dominant trees were observed, their numbers were far too few to sustain healthy forest regeneration. The most biologically diverse regions of Sunrise Mill Park remain the areas with the steepest slopes and the rockiest terrain where access by deer is limited. Invasive Plants – Multifl ora rose, Japanese honeysuckle, Japanese stilt grass, and garlic mustard are the most abundant invasive plants in Sunrise Mill Park. With the exception of garlic mustard, all were present in the park as early as 1975 when the fi rst plant inventory was completed by Ann Newbold. Tree-of-heaven has been growing in Sunrise Mill Park for at least the past twenty years, but is still at a manageable stage of invasion. Norway maple is only present north of the creek, but will likely spread if not checked. Mile-a-minute, Japanese barberry, and winged euonymus are all highly invasive plants that are just beginning their invasions of Sunrise Mill Park. They are scattered throughout, but have not yet reached great numbers. Lesser celandine is invading the forest fl oor along the fl oodplain of Swamp Creek.

Other Protected Open Space Swamp Creek Park New Hanover Township owns 34.29 acres along Swamp Creek on Reifsnyder Road. While most of the park is used as athletic ﬁ elds, it also includes a section of Swamp Creek. Virginia blue- bells and the non-native tulip known as “Dutch lily” were blooming along the creek bank in early April. A small area of ﬂ oodplain forest is present on the north side of the creek.

102 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Additional Sites Requiring Protection Camp Joy Camp Joy, which is privately owned, covers 60.7 acres in Limerick Township on Swamp Creek Road, just west of Sunrise Mill Park. The geology of the property is composed primarily of hornfels formations. The remains of barbed wire and electrical fencing are evident throughout, suggesting that the entire site was once pastured.

Plant Diversity – Surveys of Camp Joy during the 2006 and 2007 seasons resulted in a list of 93 native species and 106 species overall (Appendix 5.A).

Plant Communities – The vegetation along Swamp Creek at Camp Joy is characteristic of sycamore – (river birch) – box-elder fl oodplain forest. Although sycamores make up 50 percent of the canopy layer, they account for only four percent of the sapling layer. Not a single sycamore seedling was observed. Shellbark hickory, which is on the PNHP suggested watch list, was observed along the creek. The shrub layer consists of vigorous stands of spicebush, multifl ora rose, and poison ivy. As in Sunrise Mill Park immediately downstream, an active invasive earthworm population is present in the fl oodplain soils.

The south-facing slope along the creek supports a dry oak–mixed hardwood forest. White oak makes up 31 percent of the canopy layer with red oak and bitternut hickory each accounting for 15 percent. Within a 100-meter transect of the region, eleven species were observed including the chestnut oak, shagbark hickory, and sugar maple. Unfortunately, Norway maple is scattered throughout the forest. It is in an early stage of invasion, however, and is currently only making up about ﬁ ve percent of the canopy layer.

The future of this diverse forest, much like the future of the ﬂ oodplain, appears endangered. While oaks make up about 50 percent of the canopy, they only make up ﬁ ve percent of the sapling layer. Not a single oak seedling was observed. Despite the lack of oaks and heavy deer browse, the understory and shrub layers remain diverse. Twenty-three differ- ent species were observed including dogwood, red maple, basswood, hop-hornbeam, and shagbark hickory.

The ground layer is also still diverse in spots. The most ecologically interesting area is the upper slope adjacent to Swamp Creek Road. Naked-ﬂ owered tick-trefoil, pipsisse- wa, hepatica, Solomon’s seal, and Virginia snakeroot were all observed (Appendix 5.A). Upland areas of the Camp

Joy property were farmed in the past and today contain Cardinal ﬂ ower blooming along Swamp Creek early successional forest dominated by eastern red cedar.

Deer Status – The deer in Camp Joy are suppressing the oak regeneration and dramatically alter- ing the future composition of the forest.

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 103 Invasive Plants – Japanese stilt grass and multiﬂ ora rose are abundant on the ﬂ oodplain. In addition, mile-a-minute vine has become established at a few spots and will undoubtedly expand if control is not initiated.

Camp ArthuReeta The Camp ArthuReeta property consists of 140.9 acres immediately downstream from Sunrise Mill Park; it is privately owned. The creek channel divides repeatedly throughout this area creat- ing a number of islands and back channels, which make excellent amphibian breeding areas. The geology of the region is primarily hornfels (Figure 5.2). Plant Diversity – Surveys during the 2006 and 2007 seasons resulted in a list of 103 native species and 121 species overall (Appendix 5.A). Plant Communities – Sugar maple - basswood forest rises above the creek on the north and south-facing slopes of Swamp Creek in Camp ArthuReeta. Floodplain terraces in this part of the creek valley support a sugar maple - bitternut hickory fl oodplain forest community. This area is unusual in that, despite the heavy deer browse, there are not many invasive species in the understory. The islands within the Camp ArthuReeta property are the most disturbed regions of the camp. There are a few areas of spicebush and scattered multifl ora rose and Japanese barberry, but beyond these isolated instances, no understory exists. The canopy layer, however, is notable Flower-covered bank along Swamp Creek in Camp ArthuReeta; white for a large grove of shellbark hickory, a wood aster and bluestem goldenrod, the species present, are not highly plant suggested for the watch list by the preferred by deer. Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program. No regeneration of this tree was observed. Deer Status – The total lack of oak and ash in the sugar maple - basswood forest suggest that deer are impacting even the steep slopes above the banks of Swamp Creek. The islands and banks of the creek, however, are suffering from the greatest impact. Here, the understory has all but disappeared. Invasive Plants – Multifl ora rose and Japanese barberry are the most persistent invasive species. Scoured areas along the creek are particularly susceptible to invasion as natural fl ood-scouring occurs frequently and the creek brings a constant supply of seeds and other propagules. Heavy browsing by deer on native plants also increases the areas available for colonization by invasives.

Camp Laughing Waters Camp Laughing Waters, which is owned by the Girl Scouts of Southeastern Pennsylvania, covers 573.1 acres just east of New Hanover Square Road where Minister Creek ﬂ ows into Swamp Creek.

104 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Plant Diversity – Surveys during the 2006 and 2007 seasons resulted in a list of 166 native species and 213 species overall. The forest types include dry hemlock - oak forest, dry oak– mixed hardwood forest, and bottomland oak–hardwood palustrine forest. Plant Communities – Much like the hemlock forest in Sunrise Mill Park, the Camp Laughing Waters dry hemlock - oak forest is profoundly affected by deer. Because hemlock is one of the few available food sources for deer in the winter, hemlock seedlings and saplings are among the fi rst trees to suffer from over browsing. At Camp Laughing Waters, 75 percent of the hemlock forest canopy is hemlock and 21 percent is white oak. But despite dominant canopy populations, not a single hemlock or oak sapling or seedling was observed along our transect. Instead, black birch and sugar maple, which are less preferred by deer, are replacing the hemlocks and oaks. Similarly, the bottomland oak – hardwood palustrine Dry hemlock – oak forest at Camp Laughing forest has a canopy dominated by pin oak, but not a single Waters pin oak sapling was observed. Severe browsing by deer is resulting in dominance by multifl ora rose in the lower levels of the forest. A 100 foot-wide sewer line right-of-way parallel to Swamp Creek was constructed during the past year. The pipeline clearing was seeded with perennial rye grass and is being mowed. With proper management, this area could be permitted to develop into a wet meadow, which could support a variety of plants and animals. The management necessary to achieve this goal, however, would be intense. Simply cutting back on mowing would only encourage invasive plants like multifl ora rose. Another potential use of the pipeline is for a trail corridor.

New Road Swamp New Road Swamp is a privately owned property located west of New Hanover Square Road be- tween Route 73 and New Road. The property was listed by the 1995 Natural Areas Inventory as a site of high county signifi cance because of its rich vegetation and amphibian breeding habitat. Plant Communities – Wet meadows on the eastern portion of the property are edged with oak, elm, red cedar, Russian olive, red maple, and ash. In the late summer New York ironweed, milkweeds, and goldenrods are abundant. Deer tongue and reed canary grass are the dominant grasses. Forked rush (Pennsylvania endangered) is also present. The wooded area to the west of the fi elds represents a signifi cant bottomland oak - hardwood forest dominated by pin oak, red maple, shagbark hickory, and ash. In the summer, these woods are severely overrun with poison ivy. In the spring, however, a diverse herbaceous layer is vis- ible including jack-in-the-pulpit, spring-beauty, mayapple, trout lily, and wood geranium. Invasive Plants – The most signifi cant threats to the biodiversity of the New Road Swamp landscape are Russian olive and reed canary grass. Russian olive is both dominating the shrub layer

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 105 of the forest edge and creeping into the open ﬁ elds. Reed canary grass is extremely dense in places and limits the growth of native grasses, sedges, and rushes in the wet meadow habitat.

Swamp Creek Heron Rookery A Great Blue Heron rookery has been present along Swamp Creek in New Hanover Township for the past twenty or more years. Containing 30 - 60 active nests annually, the rookery is located in several large sycamore trees on an island in the creek downstream from the intersection of Routes 73 and 663. The site is surrounded by extensive wet ﬂ oodplain forest and former agricultural ﬁ elds that are now fallow. The Swamp Creek rookery is the only sizeable heron rookery known in Mont- gomery County and one of the largest in southeastern Pennsylvania. The rookery is located on land owned by Heritage Building Group, Inc., who plan to build a 973-unit adult retirement Swamp Creek heron rookery community on the site. The Pennsylvania Game Commission is overseeing the protection of the heron nesting site and a 100-meter buffer has been agreed upon. The closest disturbance to the nests will be a water line easement that comes right up to the edge of the buffer zone. The noise, air, and light pollution caused by the construction are major concerns. The Game Commission, therefore, is asking that the construction of the water line avoid the breeding sea- son, which lasts from February through July to try to minimize disturbance of the birds. In addition to the retirement community, commercial development is planned for the west side of Route 663 barely half a mile from the rookery.

View toward Swamp Creek from Swamp Creek Road

106 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Recommendations Connectivity and Land Protection Priorities • Extend Sunrise Mill Park to include the now privately-owned slopes beyond the park. These areas offer a signiﬁ cant level of biodiversity and are too steep for development. • Work to place all camp properties under conservation easements. • Elicit the support of Camp Joy to place a public trail running from Sunrise Mill Park through Camp Joy. • Create a trail along the sewage line corridor at Camp Laughing Waters. • Connect Sunrise Mill Park and the three camp properties through conservation easements to create a continuous protected riparian corridor along Swamp Creek.

Management Priorities • Evaluate and implement one or more actions to reduce deer population. • Actively manage invasive species by fi rst targeting species in early stages of invasion. In most of Swamp Creek’s core areas, these plants include: – Norway maple – Winged euonymus – Japanese barberry – Tree-of-heaven – Mile-a-minute Garlic mustard, Japanese stilt grass, and non-native honeysuckles are also affecting the integrity of the forest ecosystem. The removals of these invasive plants, however, would be extremely costly. It is therefore recommended that management begin with targeting the less established invasive species. Also, multifl ora rose dominates the shrub layer throughout the corridor. Removal of this shrub would be extremely costly. Rose rosette disease, which is thought to be caused by a virus, is currently spreading throughout the east coast is affecting multifl ora rose in this area. In time it may result in nearly com- plete eradication of this invasive.

Bibliography Anonymous. 2004. Shaping Our Future: Open Space, Natural Features, and Cultural Resources Plan. Montgomery County Planning Commission, Norristown, PA. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 2005. Pennsylvania Code, Title 25, Chapter 93. Water Quality Standards. Harrisburg, PA. Fike, Jean. 1999. Terrestrial and Palustrine Forest Communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Harrisburg, PA. Lundgren, J.A., A. F. Davis, B. Barton, J.R. Belfonti, D.J. Cameron, N. Clupper, J.L. Farber, and J.R. Kunsman. 1995. A Natural Areas Inventory of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. The

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 107 Pennsylvania Science Ofﬁ ce of The Nature Conservancy, Middletown, PA. Newbold, Ann. The Flora of Sunrise Mill Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Bartonia 44:32-36. Pennsylvania Breeding Bird Atlas http://bird.atlasing.org/Atlas/PA/Main, accessed 1/23/2007. Socolow, Arthur A. 1980. Geologic Map of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Deparrtment of Conser- vation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, PA.

108 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 APPENDIX 5.A Flora of the Swamp Creek Conservation Landscape

Sunrise New Camp Camp Camp Species Mill Road Laughing Native Joy Arthu-Reeta Park Swamp Waters Acer negundo X X X X Y Acer nigrum X X X Y Acer platanoides X X N Acer rubrum X X X X X Y Acer saccharum X X X X X Y Acer sacharinum X X X X Y Acorus calamus X X N Actaea racemosa X Y Actea pachypoda X X Y Aethusa cynapium X N Agrimonia parviﬂ ora X X Y Agrimonia perennans Y Agrimonia striata X Y Agrostis perennans X X Y Ailanthus altissima X X X X N Albizia julibrissin X N Alisma subcordatum X X Y Alliaria petiolata X X X N Allium canadense X Y Allium tricoccum X X Y Allium vineale X X X N Alnus serrulata X Y Amaranthus albus X N Ambrosia artemisifolia X X Y Ambrosia sp. X Y Ambrosia triﬁ da X X X Y Amelanchier arborea X Y Amphicarpa bracteata X X X X Y Anagallis arvensis X X Y Andropogon virginicus X Y Anemone americana X X Y Anemone virginiana X Y Apocynum cannabinum X X Y Aralia nudicaulis X X Y

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 333 Aralia racemosa X X Y Arisaema triphyllum X X X Y Aristolochia serpentaria X Y Arthraxon hispidis X X X N Asarum canadense X X Y Asclepias incarnata X X Y Asplenium platyneuron X Y Aster macrophyllus X Y Athyrium ﬁ lix-femina var. angustum X Y Berberis thunbergii X X X N Betula lenta X X X X Y Betula nigra X X X Y Bidens bipinnata X Y Bidens comosa X Y Boehmeria cylindrica X X X Y Botrychium dissectum X Y Botrychium virginianum X X Y Callitriche heterophylla X Y Calystegia hederacea X N Cardamine concatenata X Y Cardamine hirsuta X N Cardamine impatiens X N Carex amphibola var. amphibola X Y Carex annectens X Y Carex appalachica X Y Carex caroliniana X Y Carex cephalophora X Y Carex crinita X X Y Carex davisii X Y Carex frankii X X Y Carex grayi X X X Y Carex intumescens X Y Carex laxiculmis var. laxiculmis X Y Carex lupulina X Y Carex lurida X Y Carex normalis X Y Carex pellita Y Carex pensylvanica X X Y Carex radiata X Y Carex rosea X Y Carex scoparia X Y

334 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Carex squarrosa X X Y Carex stipata X Y Carex tribuloides X Y Carex trichocarpa X X Y Carex virescens X Y Carex vulpinoidea var. vulpinoidea X Y Carpinus caroliniana X X X X Y Carya cordiformis X X X X Y Carya glabra X Y Carya laciniosa X X X X Y Carya ovata X X X X X Y Carya sp. X Y Carya tomentosa X Y Castanea dentata X Y Catalpa sp. X N Celastrus orbiculatus X X N Celtis occidentalis X X Y Cephalanthus occidentalis X X Y Cerastium arvense var. arvense X Y Cercis canadensis X Y Chamaecrista nictitans X X Y Chelidonium majus X N Chelone glabra X X X Y Chenopodium album var. album X N Chenopodium ambrosioides X N Chimaphila maculata X X Y Chimaphila sp. X Y Cichorium intybus X N Cicuta bulbifera X Y Cicuta maculata var. maculata X Y Cinna arundinacea X X X X Y Circaea lutetiana X X X Y Cirsium arvense X N Claytonia virginica X Y Clematis virginiana X X Y Collinsonia canadensis X X X Y Commelina communis X X X X N Cornus amomum X X X Y Cornus ﬂ orida X X X X Y Cornus racemosa X X Y Coronilla varia X X N

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 335 Corydalis fl avula X Y Crataegus crus-galli X X Y Cryptotaenia canadensis X X X X Y Cunila origanoides X Y Cuscuta gronovii X X X N Cyperus brevifolioides X Y Danthonia spicata X Y Daucus carota X N Dennstaedtia punctilobula X X X Y Desmodium canescens X Y Desmodium nudifl orum X X Y Desmodium paniculatum X X Y Dichanthelium acuminatum X Y Dichanthelium clandestinum X X X Y Digitaria ciliaris X N Dioscorea villosa X Y Dryopteris carthusiana X X Y Dryopteris marginalis X X X Y Duchesnea indica X N Echinochlea crusgalii X N Echinocytis lobata X Y Elaeagnus umbellata X X X N Eleocharis erythropoda X Y Eleocharis obtusa var. obtusa X X Y Elymus hystrix X X X X Y Elymus riparius X X Y Epifagus virginiana X X Y Epilobium coloratum X Y Equisetum sylvaticum X Y Eragrostis pectinacea X Y Erechtites hieraciifolia X Y Erigeron strigosus var. strigosus X Y Erythronium americanum X X Y Euonymus alatus X X X X N Eupatorium perfoliatum X Y Euphorbia maculata Y Euphorbia nutans X Y Eurybia divaricata X X X X Y Eurybia macrophylla X Y Euthamia graminifolia X X X Y Eutrochium fi stulosum X Y

336 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Eutrochium maculatum X Y Fagus grandifolia X X X X Y Fallopia convolvulus X N Fallopia dumetorum X N Fallopia japonica X N Festuca obtusa X Y Floerkea proserpinacoides X Y Fraxinus americana X X X X X Y Fraxinus pennsylvanica X X Y Galium aparine X Y Galium circaezans X X X Y Gaura biennis X Y Geranium maculatum X X X Y Geum canadense X X X X Y Glechoma hederacea X X N Gleditsia tricanthos X X X X Y Glyceria septentrionalis X Y Glyceria striata X X X Y Goodyera pubescens X Y Gratiola neglecta X Y Gymnocladus dioicus X Y Hamamelis virginiana X X Y Hedeoma pulegioides X Y Hedera helix X X N Helenium autumnale X Y Helianthus decapetalus X X X Y Hemerocallis fulva X X X X N Hesperis matronalis X X N Heteranthera reniformis X Y Hieracium venosum X Y Houstonia caerulea X Y Humulus japonicus X X N Hydrangea arborescens X Y Hydrophyllum virginianum X Y Hypericum punctatum X Y Ilex opaca X Y Ilex verticillata X Y Impatiens capensis X X X X Y Impatiens pallida X X X Y Juglans nigra X X X X Y Juncus dichotomus x

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 337 Juncus dudleyi X N Juncus effusus X X Y Juncus marginalis X Y Juncus tenuis var. tenuis X Y Juniperus virginiana X X X Y Kalmia latifolia X X X Y Lactuca canadensis X X X Y Laportia canadensis X X X X Y Leersia virginica X X X Y Leonurus cardiaca X N Lepidium campestre X N Lespedeza repens X Y Lespedeza violacea X Y Ligustrum obtusifolium X N Lindera benzoin X X X X X Y Liriodendron tulipifera X X Y Lobelia cardinalis X X Y Lobelia siphilitica X X Y Lolium perenne X N Lonicera japonica X X X X N Lonicera maackii X X N Lonicera morowii X X X N Ludwigia alternifolia X Y Ludwigia palustris X X X Y Lycopus americanus X X Y Lycopus uniﬂ orus X Y Lycopus virginicus X Y Lygodium palmatum X Y Lysimachia ciliata X X X Y Lysimachia nummularia X X X X Y Lythrum salicaria X X N Maclura pomifera X N Maianthemum canadense X X Y Maianthemum racemosum X X X X Y Malus sp. X N Matricaria matricoides X N Mertensia virginica X Y Microstegium viminium X X X X X N Mimulus alatus X X Y Mimulus ringens X Y Mitchella repens X X X X Y

338 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Monotropa uniﬂ ora X X Y Morus alba X N Muhlenbergia sobolifera X Y Muscari botryoides X X N Nuphar advena X X Y Nyssa sylvatica X X Y Oenothera biennis X X X X Y Oenothera fruticosa ssp. fruticosa X Y Onoclea sensibilis X X X Y Osmorhiza longistylis X Y Osmunda regalis X Y Ostrya virginiana X X X X Y Oxalis stricta X N Panicum dichotomiﬂ orum X Y Paronychia canadensis X X Y Parthenocissus quinquefolia X X X X X Y Penstemon digitalis X X Y Penthorum sedoides X Y Persicaria arifolia X X Y Persicaria longiseta X X X X Y Persicaria orientalis X X N Persicaria pensylvanica X X Y Persicaria perfoliata X X X X N Persicaria punctata X X X Y Persicaria sagittata X X X Y Persicaria virginiana X X X X X Y Phalaris arundinacea X X N Phegopteris hexagonoptera X Y Phleum pratense X N Phlox paniculata X Y Phragmites australis X N Phryma leptostachya X X Y Physalis subglabrata X Y Phytolacca americana X X X Y Picea abies X X N Pilea pumila X X X X Y Pinus strobus X Y Pinus sylvestris X N Pinus virginiana X Y Plantago lanceolata X N Platanus occidentalis X X X X Y

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 339 Poa trivialis X N Podophyllum peltatum X X X Y Polygonatum pubescens X X X Y Polygonatum bifl orum var. bifl orum X Y Polygonum arenastrum X N Polypodium virginianum X X Y Polystichum acrostichoides X X X X Y Populus grandidentata X Y Potentilla norvegica ssp. monspeliensis X Y Potentilla simplex X Y Prenanthes altissima X Y Prunella vulgaris X X N Prunus avium X X X X N Prunus serotina X Y Prunus virginiana X Y Pycnanthemum tenuifolium X X Y Pyrola americana X Y Pyrola elliptica X Y Quercus alba X X X X Y Quercus bicolor X Y Quercus montana X X X Y Quercus palustris X X Y Quercus rubra X X X X X Y Quercus velutina X X Y Ranunculus abortivus var. abortivus X X Y Ranunculus fi caria X X X N Rorippa palustris X Y Rosa carolina X X Y Rosa multifl ora X X X X X N Rosa palustris X Y Rubus allegheniensis X Y Rubus occidentalis X X X Y Rubus pensilvanicus X Y Rubus phoenicolasius X X X X N Rudbeckia laciniata X X X Y Rumex obtusifolius X N Sagittaria latifolia X X Y Salix fragilis X N Salix nigra X X X Y Sambucus canadensis X Y Sanguinaria canadensis X X Y

340 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 Sanicula marilandica X Y Sassafras albidum X X Y Saururus cernuus X X X X Y Saxifraga virginiensis X Y Schedonorus arundinaceus X N Scirpus cyperinus X X Y Scirpus georgianus X X Y Scrophularia marilandica X X Y Sedum sarmentosum X N Setaria faberi X N Sicyos angulatus X X Y Smilax rotundifolia X X Y Solanum nigrum X N Solidago altissima X Y Solidago bicolor X Y Solidago caesia X X X Y Solidago canadensis X X X X X Y Solidago fl exicaulis X X X Y Solidago gigantea X X X Y Solidago juncea X Y Solidago rugosa X X Y Solidago ulmifolia X X Y Sonchus asper X X N Staphylea trifolia X X Y Stellaria pubera X X Y Symphyotrichum cordifolium X X Y Symphyotrichum lanceolatum X X Y Symphyotrichum laterifl orum X X X X Y Symphyotrichum pilosum var. pilosum X Y Symphyotrichum prenanthoides X Y Symplocarpus foetidus X X Y Teucrium canadense var. boreale X X N Thalictrum dioicum X Y Thalictrum pubescens X X Y Thalictrum thalictroides X Y Thelypteris noveboracensis X X Y Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens X Y Tilia americana X X X X Y Toxicodendron radicans X X X X X Y Tragopogon dubius X N Tridens fl avus X X Y

Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007 341 Tsuga canadensis X X X X Y Typha latifolia X Y Ulmus americana X X X X Y Ulmus rubra X X X X Y Uvularia sessilifolia X Y Vaccinium pallidum X X Y Verbascum blattaria X N Verbascum thapsus X N Verbena hastata X Y Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia X Y Vernonia noveboracensis X Y Veronica hederifolia X N Veronica ofﬁ cinalis X N Viburnum acerifolium X X X Y Viburnum dentatum X X Y Viburnum prunifolium X X X X X Y Viburnum recognitum X Y Vicia sp. X N Vinca minor X N Viola labradorica X X X Y Viola pubescens X X X Y Viola sororia X Y Viola striata X Y Vitis riparia X X Y Vitis vulpina X Y Xanthium strumarium var. strumarium X X N Zizia aurea X X Y Total species 247 106 121 79 213

Total native species 192 93 103 55 166

342 Natural Areas Inventory Update 2007