DOCSLIB.ORG

2012 08 21 Cadair Idris SAC Management Plan Eng

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
2012 08 21 Cadair Idris SAC Management Plan Eng CYNGOR CEFN GWLAD CYMRU COUNTRYSIDE COUNCIL FOR WALES CORE MANAGEMENT PLAN INCLUDING CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES FOR Cadair Idris Special Area of Conservation Version: 2 (Minor map edit August 2012) Date: 31 January 2012 Approved by: Mike Willis 31 st January 2012 A Welsh version of all or part of this document can be made available on request. CONTENTS Preface: Purpose of this document 1. Vision for the Site................................................................................................................. 3 2. Site Description 2.1 Area and Designations Covered by this Plan....................................................... 4 2.2 Outline Description................................................................................................. 4 2.3 Outline of Past and Current Management……………………………………... 5 2.4 Management Units……………………………………………………………….. 5 3. The Special Features 3.1 Confirmation of Special Features......................................................................… 6 3.2 Special Features and Management Units...................................................…….. 6 4. Conservation Objectives for SAC features Background to Conservation Objectives 4.1 Clear-water lakes............................................................................................................. 9 4.2 Scree ............................................................................................................................... 12 4.3 Calcareous chasmophytic vegetation+ (combined in section 4) ……………………… 15 4.3 Siliceous chasmophytic vegetation.+ (combined in section 4) ……………………….. 15 4.3 Tall herb ledge communities+(combined in section 4) ……………………………….. 15 4.4 Dry heaths* combined in section 4 .............................................................…………...22 4.4 Wet heaths* combined in section 4.................................................................………… 22 4.5 Blanket bogs.................................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Oak woods...................................................................................................................... 32 4.7 Molinia meadows............................................................................................................ 38 4.8 Alkaline fens................................................................................................................... 42 4.9 Slender green feather moss ............................................................................................47 4.10 Marsh fritillary.............................................................................................................. 52 5. Assessment of Conservation Status and Management Requirements for SAC features: 5.1 Clear-water lakes............................................................................................................. 57 5.2 Scree ............................................................................................................................... 57 5.3 Calcareous chasmophytic vegetation+ (combined in section 5) ………………… .….. 58 5.3 Siliceous chasmophytic vegetation.+ (combined in section 5) ……………………….. 58 5.3 Tall herb ledge communities+(combined in section 5) ……………………………….. 58 5.4 Dry heaths* (combined in section 5) .............................................................………… 60 5.4 Wet heaths* (combined in section 5).................................................................………. 60 5.5 Blanket bogs.................................................................................................................... 62 5.6 Oak woods...................................................................................................................... 63 5.7 Molinia meadows**(combined in section 5)......................................................……… 64 5.8 Alkaline fens**(combined in section 5).............................................................…........ 64 5.9 Slender green feather moss**(combined in section 5).........................................…….. 64 5.10 Marsh fritillary.............................................................................................................. 66 6. Action Plan: Summary.............................................................................................………68 7. Glossary 8. References and Annexes 2 PREFACE This document provides the main elements of CCW’s management plan for the site named. It sets out what needs to be achieved on the site, the results of monitoring and advice on the action required. This document is made available through CCW’s web site and may be revised in response to changing circumstances or new information. This is a technical document that supplements summary information on the web site. One of the key functions of this document is to provide CCW’s statement of the Conservation Objectives for the relevant Natura 2000 site. This is required to implement the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended (Section 4). As a matter of Welsh Assembly Government Policy, the provisions of those regulations are also to be applied to Ramsar sites in Wales. 1. VISION FOR THE SITE This is a descriptive overview of what needs to be achieved for conservation on the site. It brings together and summarises the Conservation Objectives (part 4) into a single, integrated statement about the site but currently only covers the SAC features. Cadair Idris is a remarkable upland landscape, at the southern most limit for a number of alpine species and vegetation types in Britain. The site encompasses the mountain and lower slopes which are a mosaic of habitats including woodland and the species-rich Molinia grasslands of Tir Stent common. The low nutrient or clear-water lakes should be maintained as naturally clear and unpolluted, with hopefully reduced inputs of acid rain. The acid or base-poor nature of much of the underlying rock means that the lakes are especially vulnerable to acidification. The vegetated scree should be maintained in its current favourable condition. The tall herb ledges and chasmophytic vegetation should be maintained and preferably increased in area beyond the current ledges to which they are confined by current grazing. The dry heath, wet heath and blanket bog should be restored by grazing and water level management and be encouraged to increase at the expense of less desirable vegetation. The fragile damp, moss and liverwort rich heath should continue to flourish and increase in cover on suitable north and northeast facing slopes. In the longer term, the development of open woodland and scattered trees onto heath, as a more natural tree line develops, is considered desirable. The woodland area should remain stable or increase by trees spreading up onto the mountain and by bracken communities developing into woodland or wood pasture. The woodland condition should be restored by eradication of rhododendron and invasive species and the managed removal of most conifers and other non-natives over the longer-term. The Molinia grassland, alkaline fen and slender green feather moss should be maintained in area and location by appropriate management particularly grazing. Similarly the population of marsh fritillary at Tir Stent, (and on neighbouring habitat off the SAC), would benefit from restoration habitat management so that this butterfly meta population does not decline. 3 2. SITE DESCRIPTION 2.1 Area and Designations Covered by this Plan The coverage of this plan adheres to the boundaries of Cadair Idris SAC. Grid reference(s): centred on approximately SH710130 Unitary authority: Gwynedd County Council. Area (hectares): 3785 ha Designation covered: Cadair Idris Special Area of Conservation Map. SAC, SSSI, and NNR designations at Cadair Idris. This plan covers the green area only. 2.2 Outline Description The site is located to the south of Dolgellau and is of special interest for its biological, Ordovician/igneous bedrock geology and Pleistocene/Quaternary geomorphology features. Cadair Idris SAC is underpinned by Cadair Idris SSSI. The woodlands on the northern edge of the SSSI form part of Coedydd Derw a Safleoedd Ystlumod Meirion SAC and are not covered by this plan. The site encompasses Cadair Idris mountain and the lower slopes, which are a mosaic of broadleaved woodland, wet meadows, upland habitats and grassland. It is a truly spectacular area with very many habitats and species, which are of national and international importance. The broad range of physical conditions gives rise to a wide range of habitat types. These include dwarf scrub heath communities, montane grasslands, herb- and fern-rich communities, blanket mire, soligenous flush communities, a spring-flush habitat, open water and oak woodland. The most prevalent are acid grasslands dominated by Nardus stricta and Festuca ovina and acid dry heaths dominated by Calluna 4 vulgaris . In the context of the SSSI the site is also of special interest for its assemblage of higher plants, lichens, bryophytes and montane invertebrates. Nine higher plants are of special interest in their own right as is the (SAC feature) slender green feather moss Hamatocaulis vernicosus and an edge of range lichen species. Also of special interest are populations of the marsh fritillary butterfly, Welsh clearwing moth, and lesser horseshoe bat. Cadair Idris SAC includes five oligotrophic lakes, namely Llyn y Gadair, Llyn Gafr, Llyn Arran, Llyn Cyri, and Llyn Cau. The Cadair Idris National Nature
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aberystwyth University Connectivity Analyses of Valley Patterns Indicate
    Aberystwyth University Connectivity analyses of valley patterns indicate preservation of a preglacial fluvial valley system in the Dyfi basin, Wales Sahlin, Eva A. U.; Glasser, Neil F.; Jansson, Krister N.; Hambrey, Michael J. Published in: Proceedings of the Geologists' Association DOI: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.10.001 Publication date: 2009 Citation for published version (APA): Sahlin, E. A. U., Glasser, N. F., Jansson, K. N., & Hambrey, M. J. (2009). Connectivity analyses of valley patterns indicate preservation of a preglacial fluvial valley system in the Dyfi basin, Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 120, 245-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pgeola.2009.10.001 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Aberystwyth Research Portal (the Institutional Repository) are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Aberystwyth Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Aberystwyth Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. tel: +44 1970 62 2400 email: [email protected] Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 Connectivity analyses of valley patterns indicate preservation of a preglacial fluvial valley system in the Dyfi basin, Wales This article can be found in: Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Required Equipment - Kit Checklist
    Required Equipment - Kit Checklist The following items must be carried on all mountains by each team. Each team will be checked for all these items during registration. Subsequent checks will be made before each mountain stage of the event. Team equipment: ¨ First-aid kit (remember special needs of team members i.e. asthmatic etc.) ¨ Compass ¨ Maps (Snowdon, Cadair Idris, Pen-y-Fan) The maps you will require for each mountain are: Snowdon: Ordnance Survey Explorer OL No 17 (1 to 25,000) “Snowdon and Conwy Valley” Cadair Idris: Ordnance Survey Explorer OL No 23 (1 to 25,000) “Cadair Idris and Bala Lake” Pen y Fan: Ordnance Survey Explorer OL No 12 (1 to 25,000) “Brecon Beacons National Park – Western and Central areas” (see maps section of fundraising pack for helpful information) ¨ Note pad and pencil ¨ Mobile phone þ Bothie (will be issued at team briefing) þ Mountain Passport (will be issued at team briefing) Individual requirements: ¨ Rucksack (approx. 30-40 litres) ¨ Waterproof liner ¨ Appropriate footwear (see details below) ¨ Survival bag A survival bag is a person-sized waterproof bag, typically orange in colour, designed to avert the threat of hypothermia from exposure. It is reasonably light, made from strong, waterproof and tear-proof plastic, and provides some amount of thermal insulation and can be purchased at most outdoor stores and online for less than £5. ¨ Set of waterproofs (jacket & trousers) ¨ Hat and gloves ¨ Whistle ¨ Emergency rations (chocolate, dried fruit, nuts, cereal bars etc.) ¨ Torch ¨ Money (in case of emergency) ¨ Drink The amount of fluid required per person will change depending on the weather conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hill Walking & Mountaineering
    Hill Walking & Mountaineering in Snowdonia Introduction The craggy heights of Snowdonia are justly regarded as the finest mountain range south of the Scottish Highlands. There is a different appeal to Snowdonia than, within the picturesque hills of, say, Cumbria, where cosy woodland seems to nestle in every valley and each hillside seems neatly manicured. Snowdonia’s hillsides are often rock strewn with deep rugged cwms biting into the flank of virtually every mountainside, sometimes converging from two directions to form soaring ridges which lead to lofty peaks. The proximity of the sea ensures that a fine day affords wonderful views, equally divided between the ever- changing seas and the serried ranks of mountains fading away into the distance. Eryri is the correct Welsh version of the area the English call Snowdonia; Yr Wyddfa is similarly the correct name for the summit of Snowdon, although Snowdon is often used to demarcate the whole massif around the summit. The mountains of Snowdonia stretch nearly fifty miles from the northern heights of the Carneddau, looming darkly over Conwy Bay, to the southern fringes of the Cadair Idris massif, overlooking the tranquil estuary of the Afon Dyfi and Cardigan Bay. From the western end of the Nantlle Ridge to the eastern borders of the Aran range is around twenty- five miles. Within this area lie nine distinct mountain groups containing a wealth of mountain walking possibilities, while just outside the National Park, the Rivals sit astride the Lleyn Peninsula and the Berwyns roll upwards to the east of Bala. The traditional bases of Llanberis, Bethesda, Capel Curig, Betws y Coed and Beddgelert serve the northern hills and in the south Barmouth, Dinas Mawddwy, Dolgellau, Tywyn, Machynlleth and Bala provide good locations for accessing the mountains.
    [Show full text]
  • Inhoudsopgave
    Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord . 3 Overzichtskaart . 6 Algemene tips . 7 Symbolen . 7 TOP De mooiste wandelingen in Wales . .. 10 TOP GPS-Tracks . 12 TOP TOP Natuur en landschap van Wales. 16 TOP Informatie en adressen . 21 TOP Engels en Welsh voor wandelaars . 25 TOP TOP 1 5 .30 uur Cadair Idris . 28 TOP 2 1 .30 uur Rond de Foel Cynwch . 31 TOP 3 8 .00 uur Aran Fawddwy, 905 m . 33 TOP 4 2 .00 uur In de bossen van Coed Ganllwyd . 35 TOP 5 8 .00 uur Rhinog Fawr, 720 m . 37 TOP 6 6 .00 uur Arenig Fawr, 854 m . 40 TOP 7 6 .00 uur Cnicht, 689 m . 42 TOP 8 3 .30 uur Aberglaslyn en Cwm Bychan. .. 45 TOP 9 2 .00 uur Yr Eifl en Tre’r Ceiri . 47 TOP 10 6 .00 uur Snowdon, 1085 m, via Llanberis Path . 49 TOP 11 6 .30 uur Snowdon, 1085 m, via Y Lliwedd . 52 TOP 12 8 .30 uur Y Glyderau . 55 TOP 13 6 .30 uur Y Carneddau . 58 TOP 14 4 .00 uur Newborough Warren. 61 TOP 15 3 .00 uur Rhoscolyn . 64 TOP 16 3 .00 uur Carmel Head . 66 TOP 17 2 .00 uur Aber Falls . 68 TOP 18 3 .00 uur Great Orme . 70 TOP 19 4 .00 uur Naar de meren Llyn Geirionydd en Llyn Crafnant . 73 TOP 20 2 .30 uur Aan het meer Llyn Brenig . 76 TOP 21 5 .00 uur Clwydian Range . 78 TOP 22 8 .30 uur Llangollen . .. 81 TOP 23 3 .00 uur Aan Lake Vyrnwy .
    [Show full text]
  • CADAIR IDRIS Site Guides for Recreation Protected Landscapes of Wales 1
    CADAIR IDRIS Site Guides for Recreation Protected Landscapes of Wales 1. CADAIR IDRIS Site Guides for Recreation CADAIR IDRIS Protected Landscapes of Wales P Introducon Cadair Idris is one of Wales’s most iconic Naonal Nature Reserve (NNR) upland landscapes. As Wales’s 18th highest th Special Area of Conservaon (SAC) peak, it is regarded as the outdoor Pa y ‘honeypot' locaon of Southern Snowdonia. Pon Site of Special Scienfic Interest (SSSI) On a good day the views stretch far and Tyrrau Mawr wide: west to the Barmouth estuary, east to NB Marked areas may have mulple designaons the Cambrian Mountains, south to the Brecon Beacons, and north to the Rhinogydd and the main Snowdonia massifs. What Llyn Gafr makes Cadair Idris so special, apart from it being rich in stories, myth and legend, is its array of biological, geological and landform Cyfrwy Llyn y Gadair features. Pen y Gadair Mynydd Moel Designaon C a d a i r I d r i s Cadair Idris NNR lies within the • Special Areas of Conservaon (SACs) Snowdonia Naonal Park and is part of for a wide range of habitats and species the Cadair Idris SAC and SSSI. Covering other than birds. Cadair Idris 5500ha it is one of the largest SSSIs in In addion to these internaonal Mynydd Pencoed Llyn Cau Wales. This encompasses Cadair Idris designaons there are UK conservaon mountain and the lower slopes, which are designaons: a mosaic of sessile oak woodlands, wet • Sites of Special Scienfic Interest meadows, upland habitats and grassland. (SSSIs) are the most important sites for The reserve is managed by Natural Wales' natural heritage and are legally Resources Wales (NRW).
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Night Southern Snowdonia Big Mountain Walks
    5-Night Southern Snowdonia Big Mountain Walks Tour Style: Challenge Walks Destinations: Snowdonia & Wales Trip code: DGBGW-5 Trip Walking Grade: 6 HOLIDAY OVERVIEW Complete some of Snowdonia’s finest mountain ridges on this exciting holiday. These routes often include a bit of scrambling to add interest and finish on a pointy summit, so you know you’ve "topped out". The “Big Mountain Walks” holidays feature some absolute classics, all of which are must-do's for keen hillwalkers. And if you've done them before you know you'll never tire of this fine collection. WHAT'S INCLUDED • High quality en-suite accommodation in our country house • Full board from dinner upon arrival to breakfast on departure day • 4 days guided walking • The services of HF Holidays Walking Leaders www.hfholidays.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44(0) 20 3974 8865 HOLIDAYS HIGHLIGHTS • Discover the dramatic scenery and history of Southern Snowdonia • Tackle some of Wale's finest ridge walks • Discover the wild and rugged Rhinogs • Ascend Cadair Idris via the famous Minffordd Path • Tackle some of Snowdonia’s finest ridges • Enjoy the rocky Aran ridge and visit the highest point in Southern Snowdonia TRIP SUITABILITY Big Walks Snowdonia - The nature of these routes means that the days will be long and strenuous with considerable steep ascents and descents over rough ground, bogs and streams, and will include easy scrambling up to Grade 1. The routes also involve moving along narrow airy ridges and walking above steep slopes where a slip could have serious consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • 67$1&( :$/.(56 $662&,$7,21 ³ .Hqw *Urxs
    These photos were taken by Eric Rolfe on the Andredsweald Circuit, based at Forest Row, on July 14. O NEWSLETTER Helen Franklin and Stephanie Le Men on the morning of an overnight camp doing the pair's Across Wales Walk in August. Helen was still drinking her coffee while Stephanie was ready to go! Report and pictures inside. These excellent pictures were taken by Andy Clark on the Summerhouse Stroll, on February 2. Peter Jull kindly led the walk instead of Graham Smith, who had been called away to London and was unable to make it. Some of the pictures show Summerhouse Hill, or the view from it. One of the other pictures shows Saltwood Castle. The walk was hilly - and very wet underfoot! 2 IMPORTANT NOTICE CONCERNING CORONAVIRUS THE statement below was issued by the LDWA’s National Executive Committee on Monday March 16, in response to guide- lines issued by the Government over the coronavirus crisis. As it says, ALL LDWA walks – challenge and social – have been cancelled. The NEC statement came just as this newsletter was in the final stages of being put together, so the editor has had to make some hasty re-jigs to some of the stories – including those relating to the Y 100 Sir Fynwy, which has been cancelled (as this newsletter went to press, members of the NEC were meeting to make a decision on next year’s Hundred – there will be more about this in the August Strider). The LDWA has continued to monitor Her Majesty's Government advice in relation to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Cicerone-Catalogue.Pdf
    SPRING/SUMMER CATALOGUE 2020 Cover: A steep climb to Marions Peak from Hiking the Overland Track by Warwick Sprawson Photo: ‘The veranda at New Pelion Hut – attractive habitat for shoes and socks’ also from Hiking the Overland Track by Warwick Sprawson 2 | BookSource orders: tel 0845 370 0067 [email protected] Welcome to CICERONE Nearly 400 practical and inspirational guidebooks for hikers, mountaineers, climbers, runners and cyclists Contents The essence of Cicerone ..................4 Austria .................................38 Cicerone guides – unique and special ......5 Eastern Europe ..........................38 Series overview ........................ 6-9 France, Belgium, Luxembourg ............39 Spotlight on new titles Spring 2020 . .10–21 Germany ...............................41 New title summary January – June 2020 . .21 Ireland .................................41 Italy ....................................42 Mediterranean ..........................43 Book listing New Zealand and Australia ...............44 North America ..........................44 British Isles Challenges, South America ..........................44 Collections and Activities ................22 Scandinavia, Iceland and Greenland .......44 Scotland ................................23 Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Albania ....45 Northern England Trails ..................26 Spain and Portugal ......................45 North East England, Yorkshire Dales Switzerland .............................48 and Pennines ...........................27 Japan, Asia
    [Show full text]
  • 5-Night Southern Snowdonia Big Mountain Walks
    5-Night Southern Snowdonia Big Mountain Walks Tour Style: Challenge Walks Destinations: Snowdonia & Wales Trip code: DGBGW-5 Trip Walking Grade: 6 HOLIDAY OVERVIEW Complete some of Snowdonia’s finest mountain ridges on this exciting holiday. These routes often include a bit of scrambling to add interest and finish on a pointy summit, so you know you’ve "topped out". The “Big Mountain Walks” holidays feature some absolute classics, all of which are must-do's for keen hillwalkers. And if you've done them before you know you'll never tire of this fine collection. WHAT'S INCLUDED • High quality en-suite accommodation in our country house • Full board from dinner upon arrival to breakfast on departure day • 4 days guided walking • The services of HF Holidays Walking Leaders www.hfholidays.co.uk PAGE 1 [email protected] Tel: +44(0) 20 3974 8865 HOLIDAYS HIGHLIGHTS • Discover the dramatic scenery and history of Southern Snowdonia • Tackle some of Wale's finest ridge walks • Discover the wild and rugged Rhinogs • Ascend Cadair Idris via the famous Minffordd Path • Tackle some of Snowdonia’s finest ridges • Enjoy the rocky Aran ridge and visit the highest point in Southern Snowdonia TRIP SUITABILITY Big Walks Snowdonia - The nature of these routes means that the days will be long and strenuous with considerable steep ascents and descents over rough ground, bogs and streams, and will include easy scrambling up to Grade 1. The routes also involve moving along narrow airy ridges and walking above steep slopes where a slip could have serious consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Commission Implementing Decision
    26.1.2013 EN Official Journal of the European Union L 24/379 COMMISSION IMPLEMENTING DECISION of 16 November 2012 adopting a sixth updated list of sites of Community importance for the Atlantic biogeographical region (notified under document C(2012) 8222) (2013/26/EU) THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION, importance are reviewed. An update of the list of sites of Community importance for the Atlantic biogeographical region is therefore necessary. Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, (5) On the one hand, the update of the list of sites of Community importance for the Atlantic biogeographical Having regard to Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 region is necessary in order to include additional sites on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and that have been proposed since 2010 by Member States 1 flora ( ), and in particular the third subparagraph of Article 4(2) as sites of Community importance for the Atlantic thereof, biogeographical region within the meaning of Article 1 of Directive 92/43/EEC. For these additional sites, the obligations resulting from Articles 4(4) and 6(1) of Whereas: Directive 92/43/EEC should apply as soon as possible and within six years at most from the adoption of this (1) The Atlantic biogeographical region referred to in Decision. Article 1(c)(iii) of Directive 92/43/EEC comprises the Union territories of Ireland, the Netherlands and the (6) On the other hand, the update of the list of sites of United Kingdom, and parts of the Union territories of Community importance for the Atlantic biogeographical Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France and Portugal region is necessary in order to reflect any changes in site- as specified in the biogeographical map approved on related information submitted by Member States 20 April 2005 by the Committee set up by Article 20 following the adoption of the initial and the first five of that Directive, hereinafter the ‘Habitats Committee’.
    [Show full text]
  • Dinas Mawddwy – Brithdir
    The Uplands Initiative Dinas Mawddwy – Brithdir An Archaeological Survey by Richard Hayman and Wendy Horton for RCAHM Wales February 2013 Richard Hayman & Wendy Horton Archaeological & Historic Buildings Consultants Mount Pleasant, Harmer Hill, Shrewsbury SY4 3EA 01939 291974 Crynodeb Cafodd arolwg archaeolegol Dinas Mawddwy – Brithdir ei gynnal yn 2012 a hynny â chymorth grant Menter Archaeoleg Uwchdiroedd Comisiwn Brenhinol Henebion Cymru. Mae’n ymdrin â 31 o gilometrau sgwâr o weundir wedi’i amgáu ym Mharc Cenedlaethol Eryri, lle cafodd 555 o safleoedd archaeolegol eu cofnodi, 20 o’r rheiny wedi’u cofnodi o’r blaen yn y Cofnod Henebion Cenedlaethol. Carneddau o’r Oes Efydd oedd y safleoedd cynharaf a gafwyd, a hynny uwchben dyffryn Wnion, ac yn agos i’r rhain ceir tri lloc crwn sy’n ansicr eu dyddiad ond yn gynhanesyddol yn ôl pob tebyg. Ar un adeg bernid bod traciau ar draws y gweundir sydd wedi’u cadw’n dda yn ffyrdd Rhufeinig, yn arwain o gaer gyfagos y Brithdir, ond dim ond un adran sydd â thystiolaeth yn dangos ei bod yn ganoloesol neu’n gynt. Mae llwybrau eraill yr awgrymwyd eu bod yn Rhufeinig yn ffyrdd modern erbyn hyn a does dim nodweddion Rhufeinig i’w gweld. Cafwyd tystiolaeth o aneddiadau canoloesol ac ôl-ganoloesol mewn sawl ardal is, gan gynnwys yn agos i Fwlch yr Oerddrws, a hynny ar ffurf llwyfannau i adeiladau a chytiau hir o waith maen. Mewn rhai achosion, gellir dangos mai hafotai i ffermydd tir isel oedd yr hen anheddau uchel hyn; mewn achosion eraill mae’r ffaith eu bod yn agos at ffiniau hen gaeau yn awgrymu mai ffermdai parhaol oedden nhw.
    [Show full text]
  • Species in A
    CHAPTER 4 PHYTOSOCIOLOGY OF MONTANE LICHENS 4*1 Introduction 4*1-1 Zürich-Montpellier System 4*1*1*1 Introduction 4*1*1*2 Constants and Dominants 4*1*1*3 Estimation of Abundance 4*1*2 National Vegetation Classification 4*1 *2*1 Introduction 4*1 *2*2 Montane communities 4*1 *2*3 Communities concidered in this work 4*1*2*4 Bryophyte-dominated snow-bed communities 4*2 PhytDSoewlogy of Tenicolous Mortane Lichens 4*2*1 Introduction 4*2*2 The Communities 4*2*2*1 Introduction 4*2*2*2 H13 Calluna vuigaris-Cladonia arbuscula heath 4*2*2*3 H19 Vaccinium myrtillus-Cladonia arbuscula heath Juncus triUdus-Racomitrium lanuginosum 4*2*2*4 U9 heath 4*2*2*5 Other Communities 4*2*3 Discussion 4*2*4 Conclusions 4-3 Phytosodotogy of Saxicolous Mortane lichens 4*3*1 Introduction 4*3*2 Development of saxicolous communities 4*3*3 Data collected from Ben Lawers 4*3*4 Discussion 4*3*5 Conclusion -2 4 9 - 4*1 INTRODUCTION The approach taken to describing plant communities by British and continental European plant ecologists has developed along different lines. Since the early years of the twentieth century European ecologists have been attempting to devise systems of classification based solely upon the study of the vegetation itself (i.e. its floristic composition, structure, development and distribution) whereas British ecologists have placed more emphasis on the relationship of plants with their habitat. Phytosociology is strictly the name given to the European system but is often loosely used to refer to any system of vegetation classification.
    [Show full text]