Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(6): 490-497

E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Distribution pattern of foliage among the JEZS 2017; 5(6): 490-497 © 2017 JEZS summer vegetables viz. okra, brinjal and tomato Received: 10-09-2017 Accepted: 15-10-2017

Naureen Rana Naureen Rana, Tehmina Amin, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, Shahla Nargis, Department of Fisheries and Somia Afzal and Saira Fatima Zoology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract The vegetables are excellent source as human food and nutrition since immemorial time. Okra, brinjal Tehmina Amin and tomato are important and indigenous vegetable crops of Pakistan. Varieties of foliage insects invade Department of Fisheries and these vegetable fields and play role positively or negatively. Hence, the present research work was Zoology, University of conducted to record the distribution pattern of foliage insects among the summer vegetables viz. okra Agriculture, Faisalabad, (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Pakistan under the ecological conditions of district Faisalabad (Punjab), Pakistan along the whole season. Among tomato fields, total 108 species were recorded belonging to 09 orders, 56 families and 100 genera; while Muhammad Zafar Iqbal Department of Fisheries and among brinjal fields, total 107 species were recorded belonging to 11 orders, 52 families and 100 genera; Zoology, University of whereas among okra fields, total 96 species were recorded belonging to 10 orders, 48 families and 88 Agriculture, Faisalabad, genera. Among these three vegetable fields, total 7773 specimens were collected during entire sampling Pakistan and maximum population was recorded from okra fields 44.77% (N = 3480); followed by brinjal fields 31.20% (N = 2425) and least population was recorded from tomato fields 24.03% (N = 1868). Wherein Shahla Nargis in case of okra fields, maximum population was recorded during 2nd sampling (704±292.74), followed by Department of Fisheries and 609±225.57 (5th sampling), 416±89.10 (1st sampling), 367±54.45 (10th sampling) and so on. Whereas, Zoology, University of species abundance was recorded utmost in 2nd sampling (38) species at temperature 41 ºC and 27% Agriculture, Faisalabad, relative humidity. In case of brinjal fields, maximum population was recorded during 11th sampling Pakistan (871±473.00), followed by 270±48.02 (10th sampling), 207±3.48 (8th sampling), 188±9.96 (9th sampling) and so on. Whereas, species abundance was recorded maximum in 10th sampling (33) species at Somia Afzal temperature 28ºC and 92% humidity. In case of tomato fields, maximum population was recorded during Department of Fisheries and 9th sampling (325±120.03), followed by 187±22.45 (6th sampling), 178±16.09 (12th sampling), 160±3.36 Zoology, University of th th Agriculture, Faisalabad, (7 sampling) and so on; wherein species abundance was recorded utmost in 9 sampling (35) species at Pakistan temperature 34ºC and 62% humidity. ANOVA among three vegetables (brinjal, okra and tomato) showed non-significant results (F = 0.17; P = 0.8460). Saira Fatima Department of Fisheries and Keywords: foliage insects, summer vegetables, temperature and humidity Zoology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Introduction Pakistan Insects comprise 75 % of total and out of which, almost 1.5 million of species are [29] identified as arthropods with multi-type habitats , they show fluctuation in diversity and abundance with minor change in abiotic factor e.g. temperature and humidity. Physical characters e.g. size, life cycle, habitat and trophic status also depend upon these factors [1]. In Asia, average vegetable production contributes almost 218 million tons, highest of which is produced in China, India and Pakistan. These are categorized as leafy, stem and fruit [6] vegetables . During present decade, in Pakistan, almost 3,460,000 ha area is under cultivation for vegetables and almost 13.7 million tonnes edible vegetables are cultivated in Pakistan per annum4 which are classified as Rabi (winter) and Kharif (summer) according to growing season; and almost sixty three species are produced and utilized as winter and summer vegetables [9] e.g. Brinjal, Tomato, Ladyfinger, Pumpkin, Luffa, Bitter gourd, Cucumber, [28] Cauliflower and Pea, etc. All these are good source of both nutrition and economy , but 90% [2, 7] of their production is affected due to vulnerably of nuisance and related diseases . Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (Malvaeceae) is an edible vegetable in Pakistan having Correspondence perennial nature with hairy leaves, with variability in shape, height and color of pod etc. For Naureen Rana proper development and pod growth, it demands high temperature [30]. Its cultivation covers an Department of Fisheries and [7] Zoology, University of area of about 14780 ha in Pakistan, with annual yield of about 1, 11, 565 tonnes , and in Agriculture, Faisalabad, Punjab, cultivated over 4.3 ha with 43.4 tonnes production; and is indigenous to Asia, Africa Pakistan and Australia [26], and rich source of lipids, protein, vitamin B complex, vitamin C, retinol and ~ 490 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

minerals like magnesium, potassium, zinc, iron, calcium, . Direct hand picking method phosphorus, manganese and copper [21]. However, its . By using Sweep Net production is largely affected by the pests [38], which are . By using Forceps causing severe damage by sucking sap, pod destruction and Collection was made from 06:00 am to 08:00 am; temperature injecting their poison into plant parts [23]; which destroy its and humidity of area were also recorded as per objectives. foliage at every stage of development [14]. Damage due to Collected specimens were stored in jars containing 70:30% insect pests is recorded up to 25-55% from pre-harvest to alcohol and glycerin solution and shifted to Biodiversity post-harvest stage which can result in severe income losses to Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, small scale farmers [41]. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad for further systematic Brinjal “Egg Plant”, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae) is studies. Here, the specimens were separated and preserved in grown both at small home gardens and at large commercial separate glass vials containing 70:30% alcohol and glycerin level. In Asia, it is cultivated over an area of 6, 78,000 ha, solution. with a annual production of about 10.50 million tonnes which is about 37% of the world eggplant area [16]. It contains 92.7% Identification water, 1.1% protein and 0.02% carbohydrate and contains The collected specimens were sorted and identified with the energy contents in calories about 13016, and it is rich source aid of: of vitamin A and B. It also contains nutrients such as folate, . Microscope dietary fiber, ascorbic acid, vitamin K, niacin, vitamin B6, . Naked eye pantothenic acid, potassium, magnesium, iron, manganese, . Magnifying glass phosphorus and copper [46]. It acts as preventive agent against These specimens were identified up to species level with the many diseases as malfunction of liver, diabetes curing, aid of identification keys and description available in reliever against swelling and also a excellent appetizer35. But, literature and on the internet search engines [11]. Glass vials this vegetable is damaged by numerous insect pests from were labeled accordingly containing the date of collection, sowing stage till harvesting [5]. locality name, common name, scientific name specimens, Tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae) is an temperature, humidity and trophic status (food web status and important vegetable grown all over the world and is main related issues) [41, 43]. source of vitamin C, vitamin E, beta- carotene and natural potassium. Medically, it has the ability to reduce the Results and Discussion inflammation and minimize the risk of stroke [44]. Its vitamins A stable ecosystem is maintained by interactions of many contents have great potential to control diabetes, colon cancer inter dependent species45 and resulting food web is a key and inflammatory diseases [22]; along this, they also act as indication of stability status which demonstrate feeding antioxidant to fight against many infections. It also contains relationships between these communities [10]. This association Niacin, vitamin K and B6 and they together control is recorded very complex in vegetable crop fields. Wherein in cholesterol level. It provides favorite host site to various connection to vegetable life histories, insects are key motor of insects and they damage all parts of this vegetable, as it an ecosystem function and they can live in various ecological provides protection, shelter, food and reproduction site to circumstances e.g. peak, plus or negative temperature, them [3]. humidity, and desiccation [18]. Ecological co-relation toward Information about ecology and distribution of invading their diversity and density for primary production and ideal insects is milestone to formulate any strategy regarding their ecosystem functioning have been acknowledged by many management [31, 42, 48] – because co-existing of balanced researchers [2, 13, 27, 34, 40]. Keeping in view all these facts, the population of foliage insects can safeguard production of present research work was conducted to record the these vegetables. So, the present study was designed to record distribution pattern of foliage insects among the summer the distribution pattern of foliage insects among the summer vegetables viz. okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.), brinjal vegetables viz. okra, brinjal and tomato. (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under the ecological conditions of district Faisalabad Materials and Methods (Punjab), Pakistan along the entire season in session 2015-16. Field area After completing the whole research trials, taxa composition Experiments were conducted during summer from June to was recorded as follow: among tomato fields, total 108 August during 2015 at Horticultural Vegetable Research species were recorded belonging to 9 orders, 56 families and Fields, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad (Punjab), 100 genera, while among brinjal fields, total 107 species were Pakistan. The environmental and climatic conditions are the recorded belonging to 11 orders, 52 families and 100 genera; soil suitable for cultivation of both Rabi and Kharif crops [8]. whereas among okra fields, total 96 species were recorded Okra crop was sown in the 4th week of May in 100m2 belonging to 10 orders, 48 families and 88 genera. Among (60m×40m) and row to row and plant to plant distance was 2 these three vegetables, total 7773 specimens were collected to 2.5 inches respectively. Brinjal crop was sown in 3rd week during entire sampling (12 sampling from each category) and of May in 100m2 (60m×40m) and row to row and plant to maximum population was recorded from okra fields 44.77% plant distance was 2.5 to 3 inches respectively. Tomato crop (N = 3480); followed by brinjal fields 31.20% (N = 2425) and was sown 2nd week of May in 100m2 (60m×40m) and row to least population was recorded from tomato fields 24.03% (N row and plant to plant distance was 1.5 to 2 inches, = 1868). Wherein in case of okra fields (Table - 1), maximum respectively. The experimental crops were not treated with population was recorded during 2nd sampling (704±292.74), pesticide during the survey period. followed by 609±225.57 (5th sampling), 416±89.10 (1st The vegetables fields of okra, tomato and brinjal were sampling), 367±54.45 (10th sampling) and so on. While, least sampled after seven days intervals right from the pre-harvest values were recorded during 4th sampling (59±163.34). stage to post-harvest stage. The specimens were collected by Whereas, species abundance was recorded utmost in 2nd selecting an area of 100 m2 of field by following methods: sampling (38) species at temperature 41ºC and 27% humidity.

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However, least species abundance was recorded during 6th bug) and Aphis gossypi (cotton aphid) in brinjal comparative sampling i.e. 14 species at 36ºC temperature and 57% to cluster bean [15]. Results of present study were quite (humidity). In case of brinjal fields, maximum population was analogous with them. recorded during 11th sampling (871±473.00), followed by From okra fields, Amrasca biguttula biguttula was again 270±48.02 (10th sampling), 207±3.48 (8th sampling), 188±9.96 recorded abundantly with relative abundance of 37.07% (N = (9th sampling) and so on. While, least values were recorded 1290). Thereafter, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis 24.43% (N = during 5th sampling (75±89.86). Species abundance was 850) was most abundant species, followed by Nysius recorded maximum in 10th sampling (33) species at graminicola 14.80% (N = 515), Dysedercus cingulatus 4.71% temperature 28ºC and 92% humidity. However, least species (N = 164), Homoeocerus spp. 2.36% (N = 82), Coccinella abundance was recorded during 1st sampling i.e. 17 species at septempunctata 1.87% (N = 65), Plagiodera versicolora 25ºC temperature and 58% (humidity). In case of tomato 1.38% (N = 48), aeneum 1.03% (N = 36), fields, maximum population was recorded during 9th sampling Hippodamia convergens 0.86% (N = 30), Herpetogramma (325±120.03), followed by 187±22.45 (6th sampling), licarsisalis, Oxyopes tiengianensis 0.66% (N = 23), 178±16.09 (12th sampling), 160±3.36 (7th sampling) and so Elachiptera tuberculifera 0.57% (N = 20), Apis dorsata on. Whilst, least values were recorded during 10th sampling as 0.49% (N = 18), Thomisus lobsus 0.46% (N = 16), Brumiodes 84±50.38; wherein species abundance was recorded utmost in suturalis, Podisus maculiventris 0.43% (N = 15), Calliphora 9th sampling (35) species at temperature 34ºC and 62% vicina 0.37% (N = 13), A. florae, Megachile versicolora humidity. However, least species abundance was recorded 0.34% (N = 12), Polistes wattii, Pleuroptya ruralis 0.32% (N during 10th sampling i.e. 19 species at 25ºC temperature and = 11), Scymnus nubilus, Oxyopes salticus, Bothriembryon dux 82% (humidity). From the overall findings, significant results 0.26% (N = 09), Lucilia sericata, Volucella pellucens, were recorded in case of order Hemiptera (84.83%) and least Geocoris erythrocephalus, Dolycoris baccarum 0.23% (N = for order Neuroptera (0.04%). Wherein, Dipterans population 08), Solenopsis invicta 0.20% (N = 07), Chrysogaster densities were recorded in conflicting contribution. solstitialis and Bracon spp. 0.17% (N = 06). Results of Nonetheless, impacts of climatic changes (temperature and present study were quite analogous to previous studies25, 39. humidity) were not significant; whereas, comparative relative Whereas among tomato fields, again Amrasca biguttula abundance of each species from each vegetable was recorded biguttula was recorded with utmost relative abundance heterogeneously, some species were recorded more 20.02% (N = 374); thereafter, Nysius graminicola 13.3% (N = abundantly in one field while other fields were devoid off by 250) was most abundant species, followed by Plagiodera them or exist with very lest abundance. Because, a lot of versicolora 6.00% (N = 112), Homoeocerus spp., Oxycarenus species representing only one vegetable instead of overall hyalinipennis 5.46% (N = 102), Oxyopes tiengianensis 2.68% representation. After entire documentation (Table – 2), in (N = 50), Brumiodes suturalis 2.52% (N = 47), brinjal fields, Amrasca biguttula biguttula was recorded as an Herpetogramma licarsisalis 2.41% (N = 45), Apis florea extraordinary contributing species with relative abundance of 1.82% (N = 34), Calliopum simillimum, Elachiptera 57.03% (N = 1383). Thereafter, Nysius graminicola 4.49% (N tuberculifera 1.66% (N = 31), A. dorsata (Apidae) 1.50% (N = 109) was recorded most abundant species, followed by = 28), Metioche vittaticollis 1.45% (N = 27), Hippodamia Homoeocerus spp. 4.08% (N = 99), Dasiopes latifron, convergens 1.39% (N = 36), Pleuroptya ruralis 1.34% (N = Herpetogramma licarsisalis 2.52% (N = 61), Plagiodera 25), Coccinella septempunctata 1.18% (N = 22), Dolycoris versicolora 2.39% (N = 58), Bactrocera cucurbitae 1.73% (N baccarum, Halyomorpha halys, Mycodrosophila spp., = 42), Coccinella septempunctata 1.32% (N = 32), Calliopum Dasiopes latifron 1.02% (N = 19), Podisus maculiventris, aeneum 1.07% (N = 26), Calliphora vicina, Chilocorus Drosophila melanogaster 0.96% (N = 18), Acureperia circumdatus 0.95% (N = 23), Thaumatomyia notate 0.91% (N ceropegia 0.91% (N = 17), Bothriembryon dux 0.86% (N = = 22), Bracon spp., Brumiodes suturalis 0.87% (N = 21), 16), Spilostethus pandurus 0.75% (N = 14), Geocoris Liriomyza langei 0.70% (N = 17), Mycodrosophila spp., erythrocephalus, Bracon spp., Circulifera tenellus 0.70% (N Napomyza cichori 0.58% (N = 14), Oxyopes tiengianensis, = 13), Thomisus lobsus, Acanthomopes interjects, Drosophila Callibracon spp., Lasius alienus 0.54% (N = 13), Chrysolina suzkii, Melinda gentilis, Bactrocera cucurbitae 0.11% (N = coerulans, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, O. tarandus, Apis 12), Zizula hylex, Polistes wattii, Fannia scalaris, Liromyza dorsata, Bracon melitor 0.49% (N = 12), Menochilus langei 0.59% (N = 11), Dysedercus cingulatus 0.54% (N = semaculata 0.45% (N = 11), Pleuroptya ruralis, Metioche 10), Nomia strigata, Helophilus pendulus 0.48% (N = 09), vittaticollis, Oxyopes salticus 0.41% (N = 10), A. florae, Pyrilla perpusilla, Drosophila transversa, Chrysogaster Hippodamia convergens 0.37% (N = 09), Raphidopalpa solstitialis, Bellardia vulgaris, Musca domestica 0.43% (N = foveicollis, Lucilia cuprina, Lasius spp. 0.33% (N = 08), 08), Oxyopes salticus 0.37% (N = 07) and Crocothemis Podisus maculiventris, Dysedercus cingulatus, Polistes wattii, nigrifrons Pasammodius asper 0.32% (N = 06). These Megachile versicolora, Bothriembryon dux 0.29% (N = 07) findings were again an acknowledgement with previous and Spilostethus pandurus 0.25% (N = 6). In past studied39, studies [36]. the lepidopterous pests in potato, tomato, cabbage, okra, In case of genera level documentation, from brinjal fields cauliflower and brinjal, and reported pests population of sap relative abundance was recorded maximum (N ≥ 10) in feeder (hoppers, aphids and mites) at peak while borers and descending order for genus Amrasca, Nysius, Homoeocerus, feeders (foliage) were also eminent. However, along this, Dasiopes, Herpetogramma, Plagiodera, Bactrocera, Bracon, carmine spider mite, red cotton bug, leaf worm moth, cotton Coccinella, Calliopum, Lasius, Chilocorus, Calliphora, bollworm, cotton aphids, pink bollworm, spotted bollworm, Oxyopes, Thaumatomyia, Brumiodes, Apis, Liromyza, cotton leaf-roller, Indian cotton jassid and blister beetles were Chrysolina, Napomyza, Incertella, Eristalinus, recorded with severe damage to floral part of these vegetables Mycodrosophila, Callibracon, Oxycarenus, Oxyrachis and [25]. Brinjal shoot and fruit are damaged by Leucinodes Menochilus. From tomato fields, following genera were orbonalis (brinjal shoot and fruit borer) were significant and recorded with extraordinary abundance (N ≥ 10) – Amrasca, found lowest population of Coccidohystrix insolitus (mealy Nysius, Homoeocerus, Plagiodera, Oxycarenus, Apis,

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Oxyopes, Brumiodes, Herpetogramma, Drosophila, among them higher relative abundance (84.83%; N = 2952) Elachiptera, Calliopum, Metioche, Hippodamia, Pleuroptya, was recorded for order Hemiptera, followed by Coleoptera Coccinella, Dasiopes, Mycodrosophila, Dolycoris, (5.20%; N = 181), Diptera (3.82%; N = 133), Hymenoptera Halyomorpha, Podisus, Acureperia, Bothriembryon, (2.53%; N = 88), Araneae (1.67%; N = 58), Lepidoptera Spilostethus, Liromyza, Circulifera, Geocoris, Polistes, (1.09%; N = 38) and Orthoptera (0.34%; N = 12). However, Bracon, Bactrocera, Melinda, Acanthomopes, Thomisus, least relative abundance (N ≤ 10) was recorded for order Helophilus, Nomia, Fannia and Zizula. From okra fields, Pulmonata, Odonata and Phasmatodea. Whereas, order following genera were recorded with extraordinary abundance Neuroptera was not recorded from okra fields. Out of 11 of (N ≥ 10) – Amrasca, Oxycarenus, Nysius, Dysedercus, recorded orders, 9 orders were recorded from tomato fields Homoeocerus, Coccinella, Plagiodera, Calliopum, Oxyopes, and among them higher relative abundance (53.16%; N = Hippodamia, Apis, Herpetogramma, Elachiptera, Thomisus, 993) was recorded for order Hemiptera, followed by Diptera Brumiodes, Podisus, Calliphora, Megachile, Polistes and (12.79%; N = 239), Coleoptera (12.58%; N = 235), Pleuroptya. In past following researchers have reported Hymenoptera (7.87%; N = 147), Araneae (5.30%; N = 99), analogous findings [33, 47]. Lepidoptera (4.82%; N = 90), Orthoptera (2.09%; N = 39), Fundamental issue, relative abundance was again accessed at and Pulmonata (0.86%; N = 16). However, least relative family level to overcome these aspects. From total of 70 abundance (N ≤ 10) was recorded for order Odonata; whereas, recorded families, 52 were recorded from brinjal fields and order Neuroptera and Phasmatadata were not recorded from among them, extra ordinary relative abundance (N ≥ 10) was tomato fields. Our present findings are in agreement with recorded for family Cicadellidae, Lygaeidae, Coreidae, previous studies24, who studied the lepidopterans population Coccinellidae, Chrysomelidae, Crambidae, Lonchaeidae, in wheat, brassic, fodder and vegetables to assess the diversity Tephritidae, Calliphoridae, Chloropidae, Agromyzidae, and abundance of insects in these fields. They recorded 2811 Formicidae, , Syrphidae, Apidae, Oxyopidae, specimens belonging to 14 species and 6 families. Among Pentatomidae, Drosophillidae and Vespidae, Membricidae. these, Pieris brassicae was the dominant species, followed by However, from total of 70 recorded families, 48 were Trichoplusia spp., Spodoptera litura, Agrotis ipsilon, Plutella recorded from okra fields and among them, relatively higher xylostella, Helicoverpa zea, Helicoverpa armigera, abundance (N ≥ 10) was recorded for family Lygaeidae, Spodoptera exigua, Lymantria dispar, Pieris rapae, Galleria Cicadellidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Coccinellidae, Coreidae, mellonella, Menduca sexta and Evergestris rimosalis.This Chrysomelidae, Lauxaniidae, Oxyopidae, Chloropidae, insect’s group was phytophagous as well as pollinators, but Pentatomida, Calliphoridae, Syrphidae, Thomsidae, majority of these species were associated with vegetables Megachilidae, Vespidae, Braconidae and Formicidae. Whilst, comparative to the other fields. from total of 70 recorded families, 56 were recorded from Diversity was recorded maximum among okra fields (0.8700), tomato fields and among them, relatively higher abundance followed by brinjal fields (0.6063) and least was recorded (N ≥ 10) was recorded for family Cicadellidae, Lygaeidae, among tomato fields (0.4670). Evenness ratio was also Coreidae, Chrysomelidae, Coccinellidae, Crambidae, Apidae, recorded in same context (0.2457, 0.1791 and 0.1428, Pentatomidae, Oxyopidae, Drosophillidae, Chloropidae, respectively). Dominance was recorded maximum from okra Lauxaniidae, Formicidae, Gryllidae, Calliphoridae, fields (1.2457), followed by brinjal fields (1.1791) and least Syrphidae, Braconidae, Lonchaeidae, Araneidae, Vespidae, from tomato fields (1.1428). However, richness was a little bit Bothriembryontidae, Muscidae, Agromyzidae, Acrididae, recorded high among brinjal fields (26.8270) followed by Thomsidae, Tephritidae, Lacenidae and Fanniidae. However, tomato fields (26.5815) and least among okra fields incidence was recorded in descending order. (24.5402). Overall results of present study were similar to Wherein in case of order level presentations, total 11 orders previous findings [12], who reported that vegetables are were recorded and all the orders were recorded from brinjal affected by numerous insect pests e.g. mites, aphids, mealy fields among them, higher relative abundance (68.49%; N = bugs and scales insects and induce great damage by sucking 1661) was recorded for order Hemiptera followed by Diptera the plant sap or act as vector for many harmful agents [17, 32]. (11.96%; N = 290), Coleoptera (7.96%; N = 193), Okra is attacked by large number of insect pests, which Hymenoptera (5.73%; N = 139), Pulmonata (0.29%; N = 97), greatly reduce their quality and yield such as thrips, whitefly, Lepidoptera (3.42%; N = 83), Araneae (1.44%; N = 35), and mites and spotted boll worm from sowing till harvesting stage Orthoptera (0.49%; N = 12). However, least relative and brinjal crop is attacked by shoot borer, fruit borer, abundance (N ≤ 10) was recorded for order Odonata, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and leafhopper [20, 37]. Whereas, Phasmatadata and Neuroptera. While, from total of 11 of tomato crop is attacked by thrips, aphids, mealy bugs and recorded orders, 10 orders were recorded from okra fields and mites and their predators are ladybeetle and bugs [19].

Table 1: Population Means ± SD, Temperature and Humidity recorded from Okra, Brinjal and Tomato fields

Okra Brinjal Tomato Sampling No. Mean ± SD Species Temperature Humidity Mean ± SD Species Temperature Humidity Mean ± SD Species Temperature Humidity 1 416±89.10 30 25 58 97±74.31 17 25 58 136±13.61 29 30 41 2 704±292.74 38 39 33 139±44.61 31 39 33 115±28.46 20 38 42 3 304±9.90 21 32 48 100±72.18 25 32 48 100±39.07 28 39 33 4 59±163.34 18 31 56 68±94.81 18 31 56 145±7.25 32 27 84 5 609±225.57 29 28 70 75±89.86 25 28 70 164±6.19 33 30 68 6 315±17.68 14 28 77 184±12.79 26 28 77 187±22.45 34 36 70 7 188±72.12 25 31 75 109±65.82 24 31 75 160±3.36 33 38 55 8 163±89.80 25 28 85 207±3.48 19 28 85 149±4.42 33 33 73 9 176±80.61 23 33 61 188±9.96 20 33 61 325±120.03 35 34 62 10 367±54.45 21 28 92 270±48.02 33 28 92 84±50.38 19 33 82 11 86±144.25 27 35 65 871±473.00 32 35 65 120±24.93 32 33 76 12 93±139.30 19 27 74 117±60.16 23 27 74 178±16.09 34 27 67 ~ 493 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Table 2: Overall Relative Abundance of recorded Taxa from Okra, Brinjal and Tomato fields

Relative Abundance (%) Order Family Species Brinjal Okra Tomato Coleoptera Coccinella septempunctata 1.32(32) 1.87(65) 1.18(22) Hippodamia convergens 0.37(9) 0.86(30) 1.39(26) Scymnus nubilus 0.00(0) 0.26(9) 0.00(0) Menochilus semaculata 0.45(11) 0.14(5) 0.00(0) Coccinellidae Anisolemia dilata 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.27(5) Brumiodes suturalis 0.87(21) 0.43(15) 2.52(47) Cheilomenses sexmaculata 0.08(2) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Chilocorus circumdatus 0.95(23) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Olla v-nigrium 004(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Dermestidae Cryptorpalum trista 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Staphyliidae Paederus littoralis 0.08(2) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Plagiodera versicolora 2.39(58) 1.38(48) 6.00(112) Chrysolina coerulans 0.49(12) 0.00(0) 0.11(2)

Raphidopalpa foveicollis 0.33(8) 0.03(1) 0.21(4) Chrysomelidae Chrysolina graminis 0.12(3) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Cassida circumdata 0.21(5) 0.00(0) 0.32(6) Monolepta signata 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Phalacridae Phalacrus spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Meloidae Lytta magister 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Carambycidae Samanotus undatus 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Diaprepes abbreviatus 0.12(3) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Curculinidae Stiophilus oryzae 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.16(3) Cerylonidae Corylon castaneum 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Scarabaeidae Psammodius asper 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.32(6) Liromyza langei 0.70(17) 0.11(4) 0.59(11) Liromyza strigata 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Agromyzidae Ophimyia spp. 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Ophimyia phaseoli 0.04(1) 0.14(5) 0.00(0) Napomyza cichori 0.58(14) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Tephritidae Bactrocera cucurbitae 1.73(42) 0.09(3) 0.64(12) Musca domestica 0.16(4) 0.06(2) 0.43(8) Diptera Muscidae Antherigona spp. 0.12(3) 0.00(0) 0.21(4) Hydrotaea irritans 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Lucilia sericata 0.00(0) 0.23(8) 0.00(0) Lucilia cuprina 0.33(8) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Calliphora vicina 0.95(23) 0.37(13) 0.00(0) Calliphoridae Melinda gentilis 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.64(12) Chrysomya megacephala 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Bellardia vulgaris 0.21(5) 0.00(0) 0.43(8) Elachiptera tuberculifera 0.00(0) 0.57(20) 1.66(31) Chorops spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Chloropidae Thaumatomyia notata 0.91(22) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Incertella spp. 0.58(14) 0.09(3) 0.00(0) Melanostoma scalare 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Volucella pellucens 0.37(9) 0.23(8) 0.11(2) Eristalinus aeneus 0.58(14) 0.03(1) 0.05(1) Syrphidae Chrysogaster solstitialis 0.00(0) 0.17(6) 0.43(8) Helophilus pendulus 0.12(3) 0.09(3) 0.48(9)

Ischiodon scutellaris 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Fanniidae Fannia scalaris 0.00(0) 0.11(4) 0.59(11) Tanytarsus spp. 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Chironomidae Chironmus tuberculatus 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Lonchaeidae Dasiopes latifron 2.68(65) 0.11(4) 1.02(19) Calliopum aeneum 1.07(26) 1.03(36) 0.00(0) Lauxaniidae Calliopum simillimum 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 1.66(31) Mycodrosophila spp. 0.58(14) 0.09(3) 1.02(19) Drosophila melanogaster 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.96(18) Drosophillidae Drosophila transversa 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.43(8) Drosophila suzkii 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.64(12) Culex erraticus 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Culicidae Culex pipens 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Dysmachus trigonus 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Asilidae Efferia aestuans 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Piophillidae Mycetataulus nigrietellus 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.21(4) Amrasca biguttula biguttula 57.03(1383) 37.07(1290) 20.02(374) Hemiptera Cicadellidae Cicadulina mbila 0.00(0) 0.11(4) 0.00(0) ~ 494 ~ Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies

Ceratgallia uhleri 0.16(4) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Circulifera tenellus 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.70(13) Haplaxius xyron 0.00(0) 0.14(5) 0.00(0) Empoasca fabae 0.16(4) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Homoeocerus spp. 4.08(99) 2.36(82) 7.01(131) Coridae Piezogaster spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.27(5) Aphididae Rhopalosiphum padi 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.16(3) Nysius graminicola 4.49(109) 14.80(515) 13.3(250) Oxycarenus hyalinipennis 0.49(12) 24.43(850) 5.46(102) Geocoris erythrocephalus 0.16(4) 0.23(8) 0.70(13) Lygaeidae Spilostethus pandurus 0.25(6) 0.09(3) 0.75(14) Heterogaster uritica 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Lygaeinae kalmii 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Zelus luridus 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Triatoma rubida 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Reduviidae Apiomerus spp. 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Reduvis personatus 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Triatoma sanguisuga 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Dolycoris baccarum 0.16(4) 0.23(8) 1.02(19) Podisus maculiventris 0.29(7) 0.43(15) 0.96(18) Bagrada hilaris 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Chinavia hilaris 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Pentatomidae Halyomorpha halys 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 1.02(19) Acrosternum hilare 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Crytomens ciliatus 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Eurydema oleracea 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Pyrrhocoridae Dysdercus cingulatus 0.29(7) 4.71(164) 0.54(10) Lophoidae Pyrilla perpirilla 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.43(8) Acanthosomatidae Elasmothus interstinctus 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Membracidae Oxyrachis tarandus 0.49(12) 0.06(2) 0.11(2) Miridae Oncerometophus spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.27(5) Hymenoptera Apis florea 0.37(9) 0.34(12) 1.82(34) Apidae Apis dorsata 0.49(12) 0.52(18) 1.50(28) Xylocopa violacea 0.12(3) 0.00(0) 0.00(0)

Polistes wattii 0.29(7) 0.32(11) 0.59(11) Polistes dominulus 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Vespidae Ancistocerus alpholeratus 0.12(3) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Vespa orientalis 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.16(3) Solenopsis invicta 0.08(2) 0.20(7) 0.16(3) Lasius spp. 0.33(8) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Lasius interjectus 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.05(1) Lasius alienus 0.54(13) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Formicidae Lasius niger 0.21(5) 0.00(0) 0.21(4) Formica obscuriventris 0.16(4) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Formica cunicularia 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.27(5) Acanthomopes interjectus 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.64(12) Bracon melitor 0.49(1) 0.11(4) 0.00(0) Bracon spp. 0.87(21) 0.17(6) 0.70(13) Braconidae Doryctobracon areolatus 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.16(3) Campyloneurus spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.16(3)

Cllibracon spp. 0.54(13) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Lasioglossum caliginosum 0.21(5) 0.06(2) 0.05(1) Halictidae Lasioglossum calceatum 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Nomia strigata 0.12(3) 0.03(1) 0.48(9) Sceliphora caementarium 0.04(1) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Sphecidae Chalybion californicus 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Cerceris compare 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Megachilidae Megachile versicolora 0.29(7) 0.34(12) 0.00(0) Mymaridae Gonatocerus morilli 0.08(2) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Scolia dubia 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.11(2) Scolidae Scolia soror 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Cerceris compare 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Crabronidae Philanthus cornatus 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Pison atrum 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.16(3) Tiphiidae Meria tripunctata 0.12(3) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Tiphia spp. 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.27(5)

Icheumonidae Pterocryptus castaneus 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Odonata Coenagrionidae Ischnura aurora 0.04(1) 0.11(4) 0.21(4)

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Crocothemis nigrifrons 0.04(1) 0.09(3) 0.32(6) Pleuroptya ruralis 0.41(10) 0.32(11) 1.34(25) Crambidae Herpetogramma licarsisalis 2.52(61) 0.66(23) 2.41(45) Ocrase glaucinalis 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Pyralidae Ematheudes punctatella 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Eurema albula 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Belenoisa aurota 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Peridae Artogeia manni 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Lepidoptera Pieris rapae 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Arctiidae Utetheisa pulchella 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Lycaenidae Zizula hylex 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.59(11) Danaus plexippus 0.08(2) 0.09(3) 0.00(0) Nymphalidae Junonia coenic 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Lycanenidae Nacaduba biocellata 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Noctuiidae Redingtonis alba 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Schistocerca nitens 0.04(1) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Cedarinia costata 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Chortocetes terminifera 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.11(2) Achurum carinatum 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(1) Acrididae Orthoptera Acrida conica 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.05(1) Phaulacridium vittatum 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Melanoplus differentialis 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.27(5) Stethophyma grossum 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Gryllidae Metioche vittaticollis 0.41(10) 0.14(5) 1.45(27) Oxyopes tiengianensis 0.54(13) 0.66(23) 2.68(50) Oxyopidae Oxyopes salticus 0.41(10) 0.26(9) 0.37(7) Thomsidae Thomisus lobsus 0.00(0) 0.46(16) 0.64(12) Corinnidae Castineira zetes 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.11(2) Sparassidae Olios argelasius 0.04(1) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Thyene imperialis 0.08(2) 0.09(3) 0.16(3) Araneae Dendryphanets rudis 0.21(5) 0.00(0) 0.21(4) Salticidae Hypobelmum albovittatum 0.00(0) 0.00(0) 0.11(2) Thiodina sylvana 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Clubionidae Clubiona obesa 0.00(0) 0.03(1) 0.00(0) Teragnathidae Metellina merianae 0.00(0) 0.06(2) 0.05(1) Araneidae Acureperia ceropegia 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.91(17) Lycosidae Lycosa mackenzie 0.08(2) 0.00(0) 0.05(1) Pulmonata Bothriembryontidae Bothriembryon dux 0.29(7) 0.26(9) 0.86(16) Phasmatadata Diapheromeridae Carausius morosus 0.08(2) 0.06(2) 0.00(0) Neuroptera Crysopidae Crysopa spp. 0.04(1) 0.00(0) 0.00(0) Total 2425 3480 1868

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