@Elezni Vrabec the Iron Sparrow

Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 1 – 2, 2001

@elezni vrabec The Iron Sparrow

Statisti~no lahko letnik Acrocephalusa po prenovi opi{emo takole: na 296 straneh smo natisnili dve dvojni in dve enojni {tevilki. Objavili smo 24 nosilnih ~lankov, 10 kratkih ~lankov in 106 notic iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice. V letniku 2000 je sodelovalo 67 avtorjev. Obseg prispevkov se je v primerjavi z Acrocephalusom pred prenovo pove~al za 230%. Suhoparna dejstva in {tevilke? Zanesljivo! In kako lahko novo podobo revije vidi bralec? Letnik revije bo enotno barvno razpoznaven. To velja tudi za razli~ne letnike s tipiziranim barvnim sistemom naslovnic. [tevilke v letniku se bodo med seboj razlikovale po risbi na naslovnici, povezani z nosilno temo {tevilke. Podoba revije temelji na zmanj{anem {tevilu fotografij v ~lankih. Barvne slike so omejene na ilustracijo ob uvodniku, reklamni oglas in barvne priloge na koncu revije. Samostojni ~lanki, kratki ~lanki in rubrike so tipizirani, tako da jih je mo~ hitro razpoznati. Zgolj kalup za naslednjih nekaj let? Da, res je! Navznoter je revija razvila zaokro`eno, a odprto strokovno in operativno strukturo s pribli`no 30 sodelujo~imi. Formalno poenotenje za la`je delo? Natan~no tako!

Razvoj prenovljenega Acrocephalusa lahko navzven vidimo tudi takole: oblika in tipiziranost sta eni najsodobnej{ih med evropskimi ornitolo{kimi revijami. Tiskarskih napak skoraj ni bilo. Poostrili smo kriterije za sprejem rokopisov v objavo. Za opravljeno delo smo prejeli ~estitke {tevilnih doma~ih in tujih ornitologov. Revija odkriva ornitolo{ke bele lise ter niza nova spoznanja in metode za znanost. Nova kakovost? Bo kar dràlo! Acrocephalus po~asi in vztrajno prodira v nove baze podatkov in tudi po tej plati postaja privla~nej{i za doma~e in tuje pisce. Ob koncu letnika bo revija {e dostopnej{a in transparentnej{a: ob njenih korakih jo bo spremljala dvakrat prenovljena doma~a stran s svojimi napotki. A za tem se skriva {e nekaj. Spoznanje, da je za kakovost treba prese~i meje vseh vrst, ki nam jih nalaga ìvljenje. Na svetu ni ìvalske skupine ali ìvega bitja, ki bi to po~elo bolje kot prav ptice.

Zbranemu krogu piscev in bralcev letnika 21 za znanstveno in strokovno vrvenje veljajo iskrene ~estitke. Kot urednik spodbujam avtorje, da v revijo pi{ejo {e naprej, bralce pa, da s svojo pripadnostjo reviji omogo~ijo preìvetje. To je toliko pomembnej{e, ker Acrocephalus ni ve~ samo dru{tvena revija. Njegov pomen se v dràvi in vzhodno-mediteranski regiji odlo~no krepi, z njim pa tudi na{a skupna odgovornost za razvoj ornitologije dale~ proti jugovzhodu. Ko rinemo v razvito Evropo, se ne zavedamo, da so raziskave ptic, bolj ko se od nje oddaljujemo, pomembne è zato, da kdaj v prihodnosti obnovimo tisto pestrost, ki jo trenutno zgubljamo. Uni~ene ali zdesetkane populacije {tevilnih vrst na stari celini bodo ponovno kolonizirale svoja nekdanje areale prav iz njenega jugovzhoda. Zakaj so torej pomembne raziskave ptic? ê pustimo ob strani vsa druga dejstva, nam posredujejo osnovno informacijo, prepre~ujejo {pekulacije in so korektna osnova za varstvo ptic, hkrati pa omogo~ajo na~rtovanje ukrepov in njihovo uresni~evanje. Primer: ~rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor je bil v vaseh ravninskih obmo~ji Slovenije neko~ tako pogost, da so ga v Verèju ob Muri imenovali kar èlezni vrabec. Razen zapiskov in {e ìvih pri~evanj o pogostnosti pa ne 1 Uvodnik / Editorial

vemo o njem prav ni~! Ne vemo, kako je izbiral lovni habitat, ne vemo, katere strukture in krajinske elemente je potreboval za svoj obstoj, kje je gnezdil, ka{na dinamika kulturne krajine in ka{ni sistemi rabe so ohranjali mo~ne populacije, in ne vemo, kak{ne strategije je ubiral, da je bil tako uspe{en. [e pred kratkim je `ivel pred pragom domala vsake va{ke hi{e, za njim pa ni ostala niti ena sama raziskava ali kakovostna informacija! Malomarnost brez primere! Kot protiute` in grenki opomin tak{ni ornitolo{ki lahkomiselnosti naj bo v tokratni {tevilki Acrocephalusa predstavljen jemenski gril~ek Serinus menachensis.

Borut [tumberger

2 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 3 – 9, 2001

Description of nests, nestlings and breeding behaviour of a Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis population in Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman Opis gnezd, mladi~ev in gnezditvenega vedenja populacije jemenskega gril~ka Serinus menachensis v udornici Tawi Attair, Sultanat Oman

Slavko Polak Notranjski muzej Postojna, Ljubljanska c. 10, SI-6230 Postojna, Slovenia, e-mail: [email protected]

The Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis is a resident endemic bird with a range restricted to the highlands of South-west Arabia. I investigated a recently discovered and isolated breeding colony at Tawi Attair sinkhole in Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Compared to the known breeding sites in western Saudi Arabia and Yemen, the Dhofar population occurs at a noticeably lower altitude of 680 metres. In this paper, 10 nests found in October 2000 are described. The nests were colonially grouped in a great rock shelter, mainly situated beneath an overhang in a rock crevice and in two cases in empty African Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula nests. The nests were cups of sticks and grasses. The inner layer was lined with feathers and animal hairs. Characteristically dry grasses hung from the coarse nests. A downy nestling and fully fledged young are described. The nestlings were tended by both parents. Adults usually perch on rocks near the nests and mainly fly and feed in flocks at some distance. My findings suggest that Yemen Serins, at the site investigated, start breeding soon after the end of the monsoon period in late August and September. Adults show strong colonial behaviour, but the hatch- ing does not appear to be synchronised.

Key words: Serinus menachensis, Yemen Serin, nest, nestlings, breeding behaviour, Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman Klju~ne besede: Serinus menachensis, jemenski gril~ek, gnezdo, mladi~i, gnezditveno vedenje, udornica Tawi Attair, Sultanat Oman

1. Introduction Serin was discovered in the Dhofar region, Sultanate of Oman, at the Tawi Attair sinkhole 17°06´N / The Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis is a resident 54°33´E (Polak in print). The record was accepted endemic bird with a range restricted to the Endemic as a new breeding species for Oman by the Oman Bird Area (EBA 118) of the south-western Arabian Bird Group Rarities Committee on 28th February mountains (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Until 1997 1998. Thereupon other ornithologists have also its known distribution was limited to the highlands observed adults of Yemen Serin feeding their young of the south-western part of Saudi Arabia north to in March and April at the same site. 21°30´ N and the western part of the Republic of Little is known about the breeding of the Yemen Yemen east to 47° E. In this area it inhabits dry stony Serin and only a few nests have been found so far. places with variable amount of vegetation, hillsides Deetjen (1971) found a nest with eggs inside an unin- and cliffs with patches of cultivation, but also towns habited building in Sana’a in March 1970; Philips and villages (Everett 1987, Clement et al. 1993, (1982) found nest(s) in cliff clefts in late September Jennings 1995, Porter et al. 1996). 1982 in Yemen and Cornwallis & Porter (1982) In October 1997, an isolated population of Yemen recorded nests in holes of rock faces and walls in 3 S. Polak: Description of nests, nestlings and breeding behaviour of a Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis population in Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman

March and April 1982 in Yemen. The OSME found, only 2 were directly accessible and could be Expedition (Rands et al. 1987) recorded two breeding measured. Breeding birds and nests were pho- Yemen Serins in October and December 1986, both tographed with 400 mm lenses and flash. using old nests of African Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula on a rock face beneath an overhang. Records 3. Results on the ABBA database indicate nest building in April (Saudi Arabia), breeding in March (Yemen highlands) 3.1. Breeding site description and food begging juveniles in June (Saudi Arabia). The Tawi Attair sinkhole is situated near Tawi Attair 2. Methods village, east of Salalah on the high karst Samhan plateau. The area lies within the monsoon belt and is This paper is based on personal observations at the therefore relatively well vegetated. During and after breeding colony of Yemen Serins in Tawi Attair sink- the monsoon rains and mists between July and hole, Dhofar, Sultanate of Oman. Field data were col- August, the flat plateau and gentler slopes become lected between 30 October and 10 November 1997 covered by dense tall grasses usually heavily grazed by and 2 to 5 October 2000. Observations were made cattle (Sale 1980). The steep slopes and wadi sides in in the vicinity of the nests, using a 10 × 25 binocu- the surrounding area are thickly wooded with trees lars and a 32 × 80 telescope from the edge of the sink- and shrubs. The sinkhole (Figure 1) is one of the hole. The description of the nests refers to the nests largest sinkholes in the world – an imposing 211 m found in October 2000. The breeding nest sites were deep collapse doline with a diameter of 130 m. The briefly described, the main features of the nests were steep sides of the upper part of the sinkhole are dense- estimated without measuring. Among the 10 nests ly wooded. The sinkhole and its cave beneath are

Figure 1: The Tawi Attair sinkhole with marked positions of 10 Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis nest sites found in October 2000

Slika 1: Udornica Tawi Attair z vrisanimi mesti 10 gnezd jemenskega gril~ka Serinus menachensis, najdenimi oktobra 2000 4 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 3 – 9, 2001

described in detail by Hanna & Al-Belushi (1996). Nest 4: The only nest directly accessible to me. It The walls and cliffs of the sinkhole are inhabited by was on the rock wall near to the inner edge of the various other breeding birds, notably Tristram’s rock shelter, 2 m high. The nest was in a rock hole 6 Grackle Onychognathus tristramii, Rock Dove Colum- × 8 cm wide and 20 cm deep. Although relatively ba livia, Pallid Swift Apus pallidus and African Rock deeply situated in the hole, some plant material was Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula. The known breeding still visible from the outside. I caught a Yemen Serin sites in western Saudi Arabia and Yemen are at a much female with clearly visible brood patch. After taking greater altitude than the Dhofar population. The low- biometric measurements I released it. In the nest est record in those areas is 1950 m, while the Tawi there was a single 4–5 days old downy nestling Attair sinkhole is at an altitude of 680 m. The Tawi described below (see 3.3). The female returned to Attair sinkhole is at least 800 km to the east from the nest a few minutes after I left the site. The nest known breeding sites of this species in Yemen. was a densely lined cup, with inner diameter of approximately 5–6 cm. There were no droppings 3.2. Nest sites and nest description below the nest hole.

In November 1997, we found two nests and in Nest 5: Also on the bigger (20 × 30 cm) rock hole, October 2000 ten nests. They were situated in the built on the outer edge of the shelter about 5 metres northern and in the eastern faces of the cliffs, approx- high. It was situated on a small rock ledge and there- imately 90 to 100 metres below the tip of the sink- fore clearly visible. It was made of dry grass. At this hole (Figure 1). The nests were situated mainly nest I did not record visits of adult birds, but drop- beneath an overhang in a large rock shelter accessible pings found below clearly showed that the nest had by man. Although all the rocks are perforated to a been used recently. From the fresh droppings I inferred great extent, the breeding birds were nesting grouped that the nestlings had recently left the nest. only in that part of the rock shelter. Nests were approximately 5 to 15 metres apart. The position of Nest 6: Built in an old African Rock Martin’s nest all the nests found in October 2000 are marked in hanging on the rock wall in the middle of the rock Figure 1. In Figure 2, the position and shape of the shelter. I observed adults sitting on the nest many nests are shown. times. Long grasses were clearly visible hanging from the nest. When I approached the site, the adults were Nest 1: Situated in a rock hole in the middle of the disturbed and flew away, but returned soon after. The rock overhang, approximately 5 metres above the floor lack of droppings below the nest suggested that there of the shelter. The nest was inside the rock hole and were eggs or young nestlings in it. the entrance was 15 × 20 cm in diameter. The only visible nest material was dry grass hanging from the Nest 7: This nest lies also in an old African Rock hole. Above the hole a deposit of fresh bird droppings Martin’s nest (Colour appendix – Figure 1). Grass was was found. Adult birds frequently visited the nest hole. not so visible as in nest No. 6. The adults were visiting the nest frequently and begging by fully grown Nest 2: Four metres distant from the first one. It was nestlings was heard. Whenever the nest was situated in a rock cavity 20 × 30 cm wide and there- approached, the adults became nervous. They did not fore clearly visible. It was placed higher above the fly away but remained close nearby. On 4 October ground and more exposed to the sunlight. Parents this nest was examined with an aid of a metal ladder. were observed to feed the young (Colour appendix – It contained 3 fully grown nestlings, described later Figure 4), and nestlings’ calls were heard. (see 3.3.). The nest was a cup of grasses, sticks and roots. The outer coarse cup was irregular and adapt- Nest 3: Also situated in the middle of the overhang ed to the shape of the Martin’s nest and the sur- and approximately 7 m above the shelter floor. Placed rounded rock. The inner cup was dense, 5–6 cm in a in a rock cavity with two entrances. The smaller diameter and made of fine dry grasses and lined with entrance was filled with plant material and birds used plant down, hairs and feathers. The hairs were of dif- the bigger 15 × 30 cm wide hole as the entrance. Two ferent mammal species, probably of cattle, goats and young were begging for food and tended by both par- a carnivore. The feathers were mainly down and ents. Only 1.5 m from the nest, there was a nest coverts of Rock Doves and Tristram’s Grackles. Under occupied by an African Rock Martin with fully grown the nest, a deposit of fresh bird droppings was accu- nestlings. mulating. 5 S. Polak: Description of nests, nestlings and breeding behaviour of a Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis population in Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman

Figure 2: The position and shape of the 10 Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis nests in the Tawi Attair sinkhole rock shelter found in October 2000

Slika 2: Pozicije in oblike 10 gnezd jemenskega gril~ka Serinus menachensis, najdenih oktobra 2000 pod skalnim previsom v udornici Tawi Attair 6 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 3 – 9, 2001

In nest No. 7, 3 fully grown nestlings were ready to leave the nest. During the examination of the nest, one nestling left the nest. It was not able to fly properly but was agile enough to prevent me from catching it once more. There were few other flying young observed around the site. Fully fledged young are similar in colour to the adults, but noticeably duller (Figure 3). The brown streaks on the underparts and breast are more visible than those of adults. Tail feathers are much shorter. The young can be also distinguished from the adults by the noticeably yellow coloured bill and the pale white gape flanges.

Figure 3: Fully fledged nestling of Yemen Serin Serinus 3.4. Breeding behaviour menachensis, Tawi Attair sinkhole, 4 October 2000

Slika 3: Operjeni mladi~ – poletenec jemenskega gril~ka My observations of the breeding colony of Yemen Serinus menachensis, udornica Tawi Attair, 4. oktober 2000 Serins indicate strong colonial behaviour. The adult birds usually gathered in flocks of 5 to 10 birds. Nest 8: This inaccessible nest was situated on the They normally gathered for some time at the breed- outer edge of the shelter roof. We only saw the gras- ing site and then left the site as a flock. When the ses hanging down from the rock hole measuring flock returned the pairs tended the young separately. 30–40 cm in diameter. They perched near nests mainly on the rock on a higher position and occasionally on a small bush at Nests 9 and 10: Situated in part of the rock shelter the edge of the shelter. The ground dwelling behav- where the roof of overhang was 7 to 10 metres high, iour was also observed especially in the case when but could not be closely investigated due to the dan- the adults fed the recently fledged birds. At dusk one ger of slipping into the sinkhole. Under the roof of of the parents sat on the nest, whereas the other the rock shelter there were plenty of rock holes and perched on the nearby rock hole. The adults used to crevices. In two places I observed adults visiting communicate continuously by repeated characteris- holes, one with 15 × 15 cm (nest No. 9) and one with tic calls. Adults were not observed feeding in the 30 × 40 cm (nest No. 10) in diameter, from where vicinity of the breeding site, but drinking water from grasses as nesting material were seen. the cave stalactites was seen during my visit in 1997 and 2000. 3.3. Description of nestlings and fledglings Aggressive behaviour towards other species was not noticed. African Rock Martins occasionally demon- At nest No. 4, I found one altricial and downy nestling strated flight attacks against Serins. Competition for (Colour appendix – Figure 2). According to the figures the empty African Rock Martins’ nests is the most of stages in growth of an altricial nestling (in the case likely reason. of sparrows) (Harrison 1988) I estimated that the My findings suggest that this colony of Yemen nestling was approximately 4–6 days old. It was still Serins begins to breed soon after the end of the mon- blind and naked, but the plentiful, dense and rather soon period in late August and September. Despite long silver-grey down was confined to the head, from the colonial behaviour of the species, the start of the shoulders it extended along the back, as well as to breeding does not seem to be synchronised. As for the bases of wings and legs. The feathers of the wings example some nests have nestlings and probably eggs and the tail had not yet appeared (Colour appendix – whilst fully fledged young have already left the nest. Figure 2). On the underside there was no down. The rounded pale and black seeds of approximately 1 to 2 Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Lara Jogan mm in diameter were clearly seen through the trans- Polak and Siegfried Huber for assisting me during my parent skin of the gut. No insect remains were detect- field work. The help of Faraj Omar Bakeet, the tech- ed in the gut. The mouth of the chick was yellowish nician of the local Tawi Attair hospital, who provided white with pink tongue and pink-red palate. The pale me with the metal ladder, was crucial for the investi- yellow gape flanges were noticeable. gation of the nests situated beneath the overhangs. 7 S. Polak: Description of nests, nestlings and breeding behaviour of a Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis population in Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman

Our last expedition to the Sultanate of Oman was Hanna S. & M. Al-Belushi (1996): Introduction to the possible with the support of Prof. Dr. Peter Weygoldt Caves of Oman. Sultan Qaboos University, Sultanate of Oman. (Freiburg University). I would like to express my grat- Harrison C. (1988): itude to Ali bin Amer al Kiyumi, Director-General of A field guide to the Nests, Eggs and Nestlings of European birds with North Africa and the Nature Conservation (Ministry of Regional Munici- Middle East. Collins Ltd., London. palities & Environment of Sultanate of Oman) for Jennings, M.C. (1995): An Interim Atlas of the Breeding giving us official permission for biological field work Birds of Arabia. National Commission for Wildlife and Ian Harrisons (Oman Bird Group) for the logis- Conservation and Development. Saudi Arabia. tic support. I extend my sincere thanks to Michael Phillips, N. R. (1982): Observations on the Birds of Jennings (Co-ordinator of Atlas of the Breeding Birds Northern Yemen in 1979. Sandgrouse 4: 37-59. Polak, S. (in print): The first record of Yemen Serin Serinus of Arabia) for his constructive suggestions and cor- menachensis in Oman. Oman Bird News 22. Oman Bird rections. Records Committee, Sultanate of Oman. Porter, R.F., S. Christensen & P. Schiermacker- 4. Povzetek Hansen (1996): Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East. T & AD Polyser Ltd, London. Rands, M.R.W., R.F. Porter, D.J. Brooks & G.F. Rands Jemenski gril~ek Serinus menachensis je endemi~na (1987): vrsta ptice z arealom, omejenim na visokogorje J-Z The Ornithological Society of the Middle East’s Expedition to North Yemen October–December 1986. dela Arabskega polotoka. Pred kratkim je bila odkrita Introduction. Sandgrouse 9: 1-3. nova kolonija te vrste v udornici Tawi Attair v Sale, J. B. (1980): The Environment of the Mountain provinci Dhofar v Sultanatu Oman. Avtor v ~lanku Region of Dhofar. In: The Scientific Results of the opisuje obmo~je novega gnezdi{~a Tawi Attair in Oman Flora and Fauna Survey 1977. Journal of Oman podrobneje 10 gnezd, najdenih oktobra 2000. Studies, Special report No .2. 17-25. Stattersfield, A.J., M.J. Crosby, A.J. Long & D.C. Namen ~lanka je osvetliti poznavanje gnezditvene Wege (1998): biologije te endemi~ne vrste ptice, o kateri je doslej le Endemic Bird Areas of the World: Priorities for Biodiversity Conservation. BirdLife malo znanega. Obravanavano gnezdi{~e je 800 km Conservation Series No. 7. BirdLife International, vzhodneje od doslej znanih v Republiki Jemen in v Cambridge. Savdski Arabiji, kjer so gnezdi{~a na znatno vi{jih nadmorskih vi{inah. Kolonijsko grupirana gnezda v Arrived / Prispelo: 24.4.2001 velikem skalnem spodmolu so bila name{~ena Accepted / Sprejeto: 15.6.2001 ve~inoma v skalnih luknjah in {pranjah pod stropom previsa. Dve gnezdi sta bili narejeni v praznem gnezdu afri{ke skalne lastovke Ptyonoprogne fuligula. Gnezda so skledaste oblike, izdelana iz pali~ic in predvsem suhe trave, ki zna~ilno visi iz gnezdilnih lukenj. Notranji del gnezda je postlan s perjem in dlako. V ~lanku so prvi~ opisani 4–6 dni star puhasti mladi~ in mladi~i, ki so `e poleteli iz gnezd. Mladi~e hranita oba star{a. Avtor sklepa, da populacija jemenskih gril~kov v Omanu pri~ne gnezditi po monsunskem obdobju konec avgusta in septembra. Kljub izra`enemu kolonijskemu vedenju pri tej vrsti pa je videti, da izvalitev mladi~ev ni sinhronizirana.

5. References

Clement, P., A. Harris & J. Davis (1993): Finches & Sparrows. An Identification Guide. Christopher Helm, A & C Black, London. Cornwallis, L. & R.F. Porter (1982): Spring Observations on the Birds of North Yemen. Sandgrouse 4: 1-36. Deetjen, H. (1971): Ornithological notes from Yemen. Alauda 39 (1): 43-53. Everett, M.J. (1987): The Arabian and Yemen Serins in North Yemen. Sandgrouse 9: 102-105. 8 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic Status cevonoscev Procellariiformes, gnezde~ih v Jadranskem morju

Mauricio Stip~evi}1 & Gordan Luka~2 1Josipa Relje Vladovi}a 29, HR-23000 Zadar, Croatia 2National Park Paklenica, HR-23244 Starigrad-Paklenica, Croatia

Three species of the seabird order Procellariiformes are regular in the Adriatic: Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan and Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus. They have all been considered breeders on some offshore Croatian islands. The breeding of Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea was confirmed for the first time in June 1984 on Svetac Island when three adults and one egg were found. On the west slope of the island two occupied nest holes with one egg in each were found in July 1998, while in June 1999 a brooding adult and an egg in nest hole were discovered. Five occupied nest holes of Cory’s Shearwater were found on the island of Palagru`a in August and September 1997, from which three nestlings and two adult birds were extracted. We estimate that at least 20 pairs breed on this particular island. The plumage development of fledglings from Palagru`a indicates the start of egg laying between April and May and departure of full-grown juveniles between September and October. The presence of Cory’s Shearwater is more confined to the southern Adriatic. The breeding of Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan on the island of Svetac presumed on the basis of two females found in crevices by fishermen in 1962. From summer to autumn, rafts of 500 to 1,000 Yelkouan Shearwaters regularly move along the eastern Adriatic and concentrate in the Gulf of Kvarner (June), in the Gulf of Trieste (September) and in northern Dalmatia (October). The concentration of Yelkouan Shearwaters in the top corner of the Adriatic takes place in the areas of the eastern Adriatic with strong input of freshwater that attracts huge shoals of small pelagic fish. The summer/ autumn distribution of Yelkouan Shearwater reveals the importance of the highly productive northern Adriatic as a foraging and post-breeding moulting area for birds from the Adriatic colonies and other parts of the Mediterranean. Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus was found between June and November along the eastern Adriatic and has been claimed to breed on the islet of Jabuka on the basis of a single observation.

Key words: Calonectris diomedea, Cory’s Shearwater, Puffinus yelkouan, Yelkouan Shearwater, Hydrobates pelagicus, Storm Petrel, status, eastern Adriatic Klju~ne besede: Calonectris diomedea, rumenokljuni viharnik, Puffinus yelkouan, sredozemski viharnik, Hydrobates pelagicus, strako{, status, vzhodni Jadran

1. Introduction Adriatic islands. In the eastern Adriatic Croatian waters only Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea, Among the 9 species of tubenosed seabirds recorded Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan (former east in the Adriatic (Frugis et al. 1993), three breed on Mediterranean race “Levantine” Shearwater Puffinus 9 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

puffinus yelkouan, e.g. Bourne et al. 1988, Harrison Adriatic, including breeding distribution, population 1989, Walker et al. 1990, Hazevoet 1995, Heidrich estimates and seasonal occurrences, is presented. We et al. 1998, Mayol 1998) and Storm Petrel Hydrobates reviewed the so far existing historical information as pelagicus have been recorded (Kralj 1997, Luka~ well as the new data collected during recent field 1998). They are all supposed to breed on Dalmatian work carried out in the Adriatic to get a better insight offshore islands (Cramp et al. 1977, Kralj 1997, into the status and distribution of these seabirds in Luka~ 1998) but there is still no adequate confirma- the eastern Adriatic. tion as to their breeding (e.g. breeding colonies, eggs, nestlings). The Croatian population’s status is 2. Study area and methods unknown, and some other aspects of their biology have not been studied as yet. Breeding is merely pre- 2.1. Study area sumed (Massa & Lo Valvo 1986, Akriotis & Handrinos 1986) or established on the basis of the The study area covers the entire eastern Adriatic observations by Krpan (1965, 1970, 1977 & 1980). The region from the Gulf of Trieste (including the north- main source of evidence as far as breeding is con- eastern Italian coastline and the narrow coastline of cerned are local fishermen who have been tradition- Slovenia) to the coast of Montenegro, the greater part ally hunting Cory’s and Yelkouan Shearwaters on sev- of which lies within the territory of Croatia. The eral islands for food. The size of the Croatian Cory’s Adriatic Sea, 783 km long and from 102 to 355 km Shearwater’s population has been estimated by wide, is in fact a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea Tucker & Heath 1994 and Luka~ 1998, and the between the Balkans and Apennine peninsula. The Yelkouan Shearwater’s population by Luka~ 1998. eastern Adriatic coast is mainly rocky, steep and one The pattern of seasonal migration or feeding move- of the most indented in the Mediterranean. There are ments inside the Adriatic has not been ascertained as more than 700 scattered islands and islets along the yet. Some observations of Cory’s Shearwaters and the eastern Adriatic, from the mouth of the So~a river in occurrence of Yelkouan Shearwater rafts in the north- Italy down to the mouth of the Bojana river in ern Adriatic (Bernhauer 1957, Rucner 1957, [tro- Montenegro (Pomorska Enciklopedija 1976). mar 1975, Gjerke{ 1986, Bo`i~ 1994, Tome 1986, Almost all islands are Croatian and the greatest num- Rubini~ 1996, Sovinc 1997) indicate regular move- ber of them lie along the eastern Adriatic close to the ments along the eastern Adriatic. mainland (“coastal islands”). The group of the The recent data has been gathered since 1983 dur- remotest Croatian islands (“offshore islands”) in the ing the ornithological investigations in the Croatian central Adriatic region is the breeding area for regular Adriatic. In the paper some new information on the Adriatic tubenose seabirds. Several uninhabited off- status of all three tubenose seabirds breeding in the shore islands and islets (Bi{evo, Sv. Andrija, Kamik,

Table 1: Principal division of the Adriatic Sea basin in view of its main physical, chemical and biological features (BENOVI] 1983)

Tabela 1: Osnovna razdelitev jadranskega bazena glede na njegove glavne fizi~ne, kemijske in biolo{ke zna~ilnosti (BENOVI] 1983)

North Adriatic Northern Adriatic region Gulf of Trieste, W Istra, Kvarner Smaller depth (below 50m); Greater variation of temperature; Lower salinity; Lower biodiversity; Greatest biological production; Pelagic fish community – fewer species but greater biomass; Fishing industry well developed

South Adriatic Central Adriatic region Southern Adriatic region Dalmatia, offshore islands Greater depth (100–200m); Lower Greatest depth (200–1,300m); variation of temperature; Greater Lowest variation of temperature; salinity; Greater biodiversity; Lower Greatest salinity; Greatest biological production; Best fishing area biodiversity; Lowest biological around offshore islands (Jabu~ka production; Fishing industry Kotlina) scarcely developed 10 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

Figure 1: Main regions of the Adriatic Sea: 1a – Northern (N), Central (C), Southern (S) Adriatic regions; 1b – Northern Adriatic: Gulf of Trieste (A), W Istra (B), Kvarner (C); Southern Adriatic: Dalmatia (D); offshore islands (E): 1c – 1. Vis 2. Bi{evo 3. Sv. Andrija (Svetac) 4. Kamik 5. Brusnik 6. Jabuka 7. Su{ac 8. Palagru`a

Slika 1: Glavna obmo~ja Jadranskega morja: 1a – severno (N), srednje (C) in ju`no (S) obmo~je; 1b – severni Jadran: Tr`a{ki zaliv (A), zahodna Istra (B), Kvarner (C); ju`ni Jadran: Dalmacija (D); oddaljeni otoki (E): 1c – 1. Vis 2. Bi{evo 3. Sv. Andrija (Svetac) 4. Kamik 5. Brusnik 6. Jabuka 7. Su{ac 8. Palagru`a

Brusnik, Jabuka, Su{ac, Palagru`a) are very suitable 2.2. Methods for the breeding tubenose birds. Some other islands and islets in the central Adriatic between the offshore All main parts of the Croatian inshore and offshore islands and the mainland (Vis, Kor~ula, Lastovo) are waters were surveyed in all seasons. Regular observa- often quoted as the breeding ground of tubenose tions were also performed on the open sea from seabirds (Krpan 1965, 1970, 1977, 1980), although numerous boat trips, cruises and ferryboats. New data there is still no clear evidence of these birds breeding have been collected recently on the group of central there. Cory’s and Yelkouan Shearwaters also breed on Adriatic offshore islands where all three species are some Italian islets in the western Adriatic (Cramp & presumed to breed. We visited this group of remote Simmons 1977). For data presentation, the Adriatic Croatian islands on several occasions from 1996 to Sea basin was divided into the northern and southern 1999, i.e. in March and the June–October period. Adriatic (Table 1) according to the main physical, Other sources of information were various published chemical and biological features of the northern, cen- papers and several bird collections kept by the Croatian tral and southern regions of the Adriatic (e.g. Beno- Natural History Museum Zagreb (CNHM), Natural vi} 1983). For more detailed division of the study History Museum Split (NHMS), Institute of area see Figure 1. Ornithology Zagreb (IO), Institute of Biology 11 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

Table 2: Monthly number of fieldwork days in the northern and southern Adriatic and total number of records of Cory's and Yelkouan Shearwaters along the eastern Adriatic coast from 1985–1998 (number of days on which authors observed particular tubenose seabirds)

Tabela 2: [tevilo terenskih dni v mesecu v severnem in ju`nem Jadranu in celotno {tevilo opa`anj rumenokljunega in sredozemskega viharnika vzdol` ju`ne obale Jadranskega morja med letoma 1985 in 1998 ({tevilo dni, v katerih sta avtorja opazovala dolo~ene vrste cevonoscev)

1985-1998 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total North Adriatic 26 3 23 38 43 27 21 32 16 15 9 6 259 Calonectris diomedea 11 Puffinus yelkouan 21 21 6 South Adriatic 112 52 91 87 85 62 64 96 85 91 65 92 982 Calonectris diomedea 7667 26 Puffinus yelkouan 45528 226 Total 138 55 114 125 128 89 85 128 101 106 74 98 1241

Dubrovnik (BID), and Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Trieste (MCSNT).

3. Results

Cory’s Shearwater In June 1984, two bird-ringers extracted, with the aid of local fishermen, three brooding adults and a single egg from nest holes on the southern part of Svetac Island. The adult birds were ringed (Klete~ki 1988, IO). In July 1998, two active nest holes, including one egg, were found in the crevices with soft soil on the island’s steep western slope (V.[. & V.D.). In June 1999, we found an egg and a brooding bird in an occupied nest hole under a rock on the island’s western slope (Figures 2a-c).

Figure 2a: Svetac Island, NE slope, 11. June 1999 Figure 2b: Western slope of Svetac Island on which the (photo: K. Leskovar) nest hole was found, 11. June 1999 (photo: K. Leskovar)

Slika 2a: Otok Svetac, SV pobo~je, 11.6.1999 Slika 2b: Zahodno pobo~je otoka Svetac, na katerem je bil (foto: K. Leskovar) najden gnezdilni rov, 11.6.1999 (foto: K. Leskovar) 12 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

Figure 2c: Brooding Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea in a nest hole under a rock on the western slope of Svetac Island, 11. June 1999 (photo: K. Leskovar)

Slika 2c: Vale~i rumenokljuni viharnik Calonectris diomedea v gnezdilnem rovu pod skalo na zahodnem pobo~ju otoka Svetac, 11.6.1999 (foto: K. Leskovar)

On the remotest Croatian offshore island of Pala- gru`a, five occupied nest holes were found in 1997. The first active nest hole was found beneath a rock on 22nd August in the inlet of Stara Vlaka. The length of the hole was about 70 cm with a sharp right curvature. During the evening, both adults visited the hole from which a nestling responded with calls. Figure 3 a-c: Maximum daily number of observed individuals of Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea per During the evening at least 6 more calls were heard months along the eastern Adriatic (a – northern Adriatic, b – th from the surrounding rocks in the inlet. On 28/29 Dalmatia, c – offshore islands). The data are combined from August two adults were caught and ringed at the pre- the authors' fieldwork, data published from 1876 on, and viously discovered nest hole. Their wing length (354 from other sources. mm, 328 mm) suggested a male and female C. d. diomedea. From 18th to 21st September, the ringers Slika 3 a-c: Maksimalno dnevno {tevilo opazovanih found another two nest holes and eventually three rumenokljunih viharnikov Calonectris diomedea v posameznih mesecih vzdol` vzhodne obale Jadranskega morja (a – fledglings were extracted from the three nest holes. severni jadran, b – Dalmacija, c – oddaljeni otoki). Podatki so Another two occupied nest holes were found on the kombinacija terenskega dela obeh avtorjev, podatkov, following few days. Altogether, five nest holes were objavljenih od leta 1876 dalje, in drugih virov. 13 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

Figure 4: Distribution of the Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea records (combined data published from 1876 on and the authors' data) along the eastern Adriatic coast. The key for the four symbol sizes from the smallest to the largest circle is 1–10, 11–100, 101–500, 2,000 birds.

Slika 4: Opa`anja rumenokljunega viharnika Calonectris diomedea (kombinacija podatkov, objavljenih od leta 1876 dalje, in podatkov avtorjev pri~ujo~ega ~lanka) vzdol` vzhodne jadranske obale. Posamezni krogi ponazarjajo skupine po 1–10, 11–100, 101–500 in 2.000 ptic. found in 1997 in crevices with soft soil at the foot of from June to September mainly in the southern steep cliffs and in burrows beneath rocks. Adriatic between Dalmatian offshore and inshore The seasonal distribution of observations (Figures 3 islands. An exceptionally huge raft of 2,000 birds & 4) shows a regular presence of dispersed birds or assembled about 2 hours before the sunset off the island smaller rafts in the southern Adriatic, on the open sea of Svetac in July 1998 (V.[. & V.D.) In the northern around offshore islands and along the group of the great Adriatic, a small number of Cory’s Shearwater was Dalmatian coastal islands (Bra~, Hvar, Mljet, Kor~ula, recorded from May to October, including a raft of Lastovo). Greater rafts of up to 100 birds appeared 30–40 birds in Kvarner in August 1912 (Schiebl 1914). 14 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

Figure 5: Distribution of the Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan records (combined published data from 1888 and the authors' data) along the eastern Adriatic coast. (The key for the four symbol sizes from the smallest to the largest circle is 1–10, 11–100, 101–500, 501–1,000 birds).

Slika 5: Opa`anja sredozemskega viharnika Puffinus yelkouan (kombinacija podatkov, objavljenih od leta 1888 dalje, in podatkov avtorjev pri~ujo~ega ~lanka) vzdol` vzhodne jadranske obale (posamezni krogi ponazarjajo skupine po 1–10, 11–100, 101–500 in 501–1.000 ptic). There are only a few records from October to April along the offshore islands in Dalmatia, in Kvarner, along the offshore islands in Dalmatia and Kvarner. along the west coast of Istra and in the Gulf of Trieste. Notable concentrations of rafts were recorded Yelkouan Shearwater in summer and autumn between the offshore islands The seasonal distribution of observations (Figs. 4 & in the southern Adriatic (presumed breeding islands) 5) reveals regular presence of the Yelkouan Shearwater and in the Gulf of Trieste in the northern Adriatic. in the southern and northern Adriatic from April to The most remarkable were rafts numbering from few December. Rafts of various sizes were seen mostly hundred to 1,000 birds (Gjerke{ 1986) seen from 15 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

June to October in the Gulf of Trieste, in Kvarner and in northern Dalmatia. In April and in the November–December period only few birds were observed along the eastern Adriatic.

Storm Petrel There are only few published records on the Storm Petrel along the entire eastern Adriatic, all from June to November in Croatian waters. The first record was the specimen collected in August 1895, from the inshore Dalmatian island of Hvar (Rössler 1902, MCSNT). The most important record indicating possible breeding were several smaller groups or singletons seen in June 1962 around the offshore volcanic islet of Jabuka (Krpan 1965). Other records were the specimens collected all over Dalmatia (CNHM, BID), except one from western Istra (MCSNT). In the afternoon of 30th July 1998 a single bird alighted on an outcrop offshore the islet of Kamik (V.[. & V.D.).

4. Discussion

Cory’s Shearwater According to Krpan (1965), the Cory’s Shearwater breeds on Dalmatian offshore islands and islets around the islands of Vis as well as on Bi{evo, Sv. Andrija (Svetac), Jabuka and Kamik. Reports on the bird’s breeding have come from other islands as well, including Vis, Palagruà, Su{ac, Kopi{te (Lastovo) (Krpan 1970, Kralj 1997), but have not been confirmed until recently on the two offshore islands of Svetac and Palagruà. Size and distribution of colonies are unknown, but rafts observed near the presumed breeding grounds on offshore islands indicate a few hundred pairs at least. On the island of Palagruà, three nestlings and two adults were extracted from five nest holes in September 1997. Considering that the search was not particularly successful we presume that many pairs breed on the island of Palagruà especially on inaccessible cliffs. For the entire island we estimated the Figure 6 a-c: Maximum daily number of the observed size of the colony at 20 pairs at least. On the offshore Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan individuals per months along the eastern Adriatic (a – northern Adriatic, b – island of Svetac, two active nest holes with one egg in Dalmatia, c – offshore islands). The data are combined from each were found in July 1998, while in June 1999 a the authors' fieldwork, the data published from 1876, and brooding adult with one egg in a single nest hole was from other sources. discovered. However, the huge raft of 2,000 birds observed at sunset off the island of Svetac indicates Slika 6 a-c: Maksimalno dnevno {tevilo opazovanih greater size of the breeding population on the sredozemskih viharnikov Puffinus yelkouan v posameznih mesecih vzdol` vzhodne obale Jadranskega morja (a – Croatian offshore islands. The size of Croatian breed- severni jadran, b – Dalmacija, c – oddaljeni otoki). Podatki ing population was estimated at 1,000–5,000 pairs so kombinacija terenskega dela obeh avtorjev, podatkov, (Tucker & Heath 1994). Although such population obljavljenih of leta 1876 dalje, in drugih virov. size was not confirmed with a reliable colony census 16 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

or supported with appropriate counting data, it ed from the movements inside the Adriatic. Such should be a realistic figure in view of the raft of 2,000 trophic link between the northern and southern birds assembling off the island of Svetac in July 1998. Adriatic enables Yelkouan Shearwaters to exploit the In general, the breeding cycle of the Palagru`a birds rich feeding zone in the northern Adriatic. The rafts is in accordance with the data of Del Hoyo et al. observed during the breeding seasons around the off- (1992), Cramp et al. (1977) and Massa & Lo Valvo shore Dalmatian islands indicate a few hundred (1986). The plumage development of the ringed breeding pairs. This estimate is in accordance with fledglings indicates commencement of egg laying the population of several hundred pairs presumed to around April/May and departure of full-grown juve- breed off Croatia (Luka~ 1998). We can presume that niles from nesting colonies during the September– birds from other Mediterranean colonies enter the October period. landlocked Adriatic for feeding. Most probably, a proportion of birds engaged in summer/autumn feed- Movements ing movements between the offshore islands and the In the Adriatic, the Cory’s Shearwater is more con- Gulf of Trieste are non-breeders visiting the Adriatic fined to the southern Adriatic as revealed by the gath- from unknown parts of the Mediterranean (Yésou in ered data. In the breeding season they occur off lit.). Dalmatia from May to September, around the offshore islands and great inshore islands, usually in Movements small numbers or rafts reaching up to one hundred Summer/autumn movements of Yelkouan Shearwa- birds. Less often they have been encountered in the ters along the eastern Adriatic reflect a general pat- northern Adriatic. A small number of birds appear- tern of the feeding ecology of marine birds well ing in January and from May to November in adapted to highly pelagic lifestyle. From spring to Kvarner indicates movements along the eastern autumn, lower salinity and inflow of nutrients Adriatic. through the river Po and other tributaries (especially The rare observations in the winter period indicate after snow melts in the Alps) increase the primary migratory habit of the Adriatic birds. In the winter, production of the northern Adriatic, attracting huge the Mediterranean Cory’s Shearwater flies out into shoals of small pelagic fish (Sardines Clupea the Atlantic, occurring from November to May off pilchardus, Sprats Sprattus sprattus, Anchovies South Africa (Cramp et al. 1977, Del Hoyo et al. Engraulius encrasicolius). After wintering in deep off- 1992). The departure from the Mediterranean takes shore waters, shoals of small pelagic fish shift towards place between mid-October and mid-November and the shallow and nutrient rich north Adriatic to the return from mid-February to late March exploit summer planktonic blooms (Grubi{i} 1967, (Telleria 1980 & 1981, Finlayson 1992). Scarce win- Mili{i} 1994, Jardas 1996). Seasonal occurrence of ter records in the Adriatic thus fits well with the favourite fish prey attracted rafts of Yelkouan migration scheme of the Mediterranean birds. The Shearwater in the area between the presumed breed- January records from Kvarner and offshore islands ing offshore islands in the southern Adriatic and in reveal that during the winter some birds remain in the northern Adriatic where abundance of pelagic fish the Adriatic. shoals offer best fishing area in the entire Adriatic. The summer/autumn occurrence of Yelkouan Yelkouan Shearwater Shearwaters along northern Dalmatia, Kvarner, west Breeding of Yelkouan Shearwaters was claimed on the Istra and the Gulf of Trieste followed the main con- offshore islands of Vis, Bi{evo, Sv. Andrija, Jabuka, centrations of pelagic fish stocks in the Adriatic Sea. Palagru`a and on the surrounding islets (Krpan Notable concentration of pelagic fish stocks were 1965). Findings are based on two females extracted by found around great inshore islands, in channels and fishermen from nest holes on the offshore island of bays of northern Dalmatia, Kvarner and the Gulf of Svetac in April 1962 (Krpan 1965), but breeding was Trieste, largely in areas with strong input of freshwa- not confirmed on other islands. The precise breeding ter (Grubi{i} 1967, Mili{i} 1994, Jardas 1996). The distribution and colony size are still unknown. Due Yelkouan Shearwater was also common on the Italian to the common occurrence in the north Adriatic, side of the Gulf of Trieste (Perco et al. 1983). some authors wrongly reported on Yelkouan The post-breeding movements by Yelkouan Shearwater’s breeding in Kvarner (Lovri} 1971, Shearwaters are not well known (Cramp et al. 1977). Makovec 1995, Rucner 1998). Indeed, the concen- After breeding, Yelkouan Shearwaters disperse widely tration of rafts in the top corner of the Adriatic result- in a nomadic and haphazard fashion, following their 17 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

main food source – huge shoals of Anchovies and (Rossler 1902, MCSNT). Other records were the Sardines, not leaving Mediterranean in winter collected specimens scattered over Dalmatia (CNHM, (Cramp et al. 1977, Brooke 1990). Nomadism is an BID), except one along west Istra (MCSNT). The adaptive response of seabirds to the wast areas within breeding of Storm Petrel was reported along which they must seek local concentration of food Dalmatian coast (Cramp et al. 1977) on account of (Nelson 1980). A post-breeding moult of congeneric Krpan (1965). In June 1962 he observed, around the Balearic Shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus occurs at small offshore volcanic islet of Jabuka, several small the nearest most productive area with a huge concen- groups or singletons, including a “young bird trying tration of pelagic fish shoals (Cramp et al. 1977, to take off from the surface but incapable for a longer Yésou 1986, Brooke 1990). Mediterranean Shear- flight”. Published data suggested only a scarce pres- waters, as Balearic Puffinus mauretanicus, that only ence of the Storm Petrel in the eastern Adriatic from undertake a restricted migration, moult immediately June to November. As there is still not enough infor- after breeding (Brooke 1990). The summer/autumn mation on the occurrence of this bird in the eastern distribution of Yelkouan Shearwater strongly indi- Adriatic, any statement on its status is unrealistic. cates the role of the productive northern Adriatic as foraging and post-breeding moulting area for the Acknowledgements: Our appreciation goes to Mr. Adriatic birds and probably for some birds from other Pierre Yésou (Office National de la Chasse, Nantes) parts of Mediterranean. The seasonal occurrence in for many suggestions. We gratefully acknowledge the northern Adriatic seems to be identical with peak Mrs. Natalija Kajmak for correcting the English ver- occurrence in extreme western Mediterranean from sion of the manuscript and Mr. Boris Kajmak July to October (Garcia 1973, Cortes et al. 1980, (Mozart Graphic) for figure adaptation. We also Telleria 1981, de Juana & Paterson 1986), where thank the staff of the Institute of Ornithology in many moult from August to September (Harrison Zagreb for enabling us an access to the archives of the 1989). Although quoted in large numbers in the Croatian ringing centre, the Croatian Natural extreme western Mediterranean many years ago, such History Museum in Zagreb for logistic support dur- numbers no longer occur there (Paterson 1997, ing the sea-watch fieldwork, and to Mr. Ivo Bratovi} Yésou in lit.). who so many times organised pleasant sea cruises Winter scarcity of Yelkouan Shearwaters in the along the Croatian coast. For field data we are Adriatic is also similar to the winter absence in the indebted to Vlatka [~etari} (V.[.) & Vlatka extreme western Mediterranean (Cortes et al. 1980). Dumbovi} (V.D.) from Zagreb, and to Mr. Moller- Scarce records of a few birds in November to Pillot from the Netherlands. We are also thankful to December scattering over the inshore northern and Kre{imir Leskovar from Zagreb for photographs from southern Adriatic confirmed their winter presence in the island of Svetac. the Adriatic. Seasonal distribution of records suggests migratory habit of the Adriatic birds in the winter. 5. Conclusion Data for the winter occurrence indicate winter movements of Yelkouan Shearwaters in the areas around Three tubenose seabirds regularly present off the warmer southern Mediterranean along the North eastern Adriatic have been claimed to breed on the African coast or in the Black Sea (Van Impe 1975, remotest Croatian offshore island. Cramp et al. 1977, Jacob 1979, Del Hoyo et al. Cory’s Shearwater Calonectris diomedea breeding has 1992). Along the north African coast it was found to been recently confirmed on the two offshore islands be common from October to February in Algeria of Svetac and Palagruà. The first evidence were (Jacob 1979), regular in varying numbers off Libya three brooding adults and with a single egg each from December to March (Bundy 1950), and was extracted by ringers from nest holes on the island of reported as numerous off Tunisian coast in winter Svetac in June 1984. On the western slope of the (Heim de Balsac & Mayaud 1962). In the Black Sea, same island, two nest holes with one egg in each large flocks congregated near the eastern shore of were found in July 1998, and in June 1999 a nest Crimea from October to December (Cramp et al. hole with a brooding adult and an egg was discov- 1977). ered. On Palagruà, five occupied nest holes were found between August and September 1997, from Storm Petrel which three nestlings and two adults were extracted. The first record was the specimen collected in August The size of the colony on the island of Palagruà is 1895 from the inshore Dalmatian island of Hvar estimated at 20 pairs at least. The rafts observed near 18 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

the presumed breeding grounds on offshore islands Gnezdenje rumenokljunega viharnika Calonectris indicate a range from few hundred to few thousand diomedea je bilo pred kratkim potrjeno na dveh breeding pairs on Croatian islands. oddaljenih otokih v Jadranu, in sicer na Svetcu in The plumage development of ringed fledglings Palagruì. Prvi dokaz o tem so bili trije vale~i osebki s indicates the commencement of egg laying between po enim jajcem, ki so jih obro~karji potegnili iz April and May, and departure of full-grown juveniles gnezdilnih rovov na otoku Svetac junija 1984. Na from nesting colonies in Adriatic between September zahodnem pobo~ju istega otoka sta bila julija 1998 and October. The scarce winter records indicate that odkrita dva gnezdilna rova s po enim jajcem, junija some birds remain in the Adriatic Sea during the win- 1999 pa je bil najden gnezdilni rov z vale~o ptico in ter, but it seems that majority of them have the same enim jacem. Na Palagruì je bilo med avgustom in migratory habit as the Mediterranean population. The septembrom 1997 odkritih pet zasedenih gnezdilnih occurrence of Cory’s Shearwaters is confined more to rovov (3 odrasle ptice in dva mladi~a). Ocenjujeva, the southern Adriatic than to the northern Adriatic. da kolonija na Palagruì {teje najmanj 20 parov. Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan has been Glede na skupine rumenokljunih viharnikov, claimed to breed on some offshore Croatian islands, opaènih v bliìni oto{kih gnezdi{~, bi na hrva{kih but the only evidence has been the report on two otokih v Jadranu lahko gnezdilo od nekaj sto do nekaj females found in nest holes on the island of Svetac. tiso~ parov teh ptic. Rafts of 500 to 1,000 birds regularly moving along Po razvitosti perja speljanih obro~kanih mladi~ev the eastern Adriatic indicate size of several hundred bi lahko sklepali, da te ptice za~nejo valiti med breeding pairs in the Adriatic Sea. Some of the birds aprilom in majem in da mladi~i zapustijo kolonije, occurring in the Adriatic might be non-breeders or gnezde~e v Jadranu, med septembrom in oktobrom. breeders visiting the Adriatic from unknown parts of Glede na redka zimska opaànja teh ptic br`kone the Mediterranean. drì, da nekatere izmed njih pozimi sicer ostanejo na Summer and autumn concentrations of favourite Jadranu, a da ima ve~ina izmed njih enake selitvene pelagic fish prey in the northern Adriatic attract rafts navade kot viharniki sredozemske populacije. of Yelkouan Shearwaters from their breeding grounds Rumenonkljuni viharniki se pogosteje pojavljajo v on offshore islands in the southern Adriatic to forage ju`nem Jadranu kot pa v severnem. in the top corner of the Adriatic Sea. From spring to Tudi sredozemski viharnik Puffinus yelkouan naj bi autumn, the primary production of the northern gnezdil na nekaterih oddaljenih otokih hrva{kega Adriatic increases and plankton growth enables a Jadrana, toda edini dokaz o tem je poro~ilo o dveh huge shoals of pelagic fish to concentrate in the top samicah, najdenih v gnezdilnih rovih na otoku corner of the Adriatic, mainly around the areas with Svetac. Jate 500–1.000 sredozemskih viharnikov, ki strong input of freshwater. Along the eastern Adriatic, redno letajo vzdol` vzhodne jadranske obale, dajejo the largest rafts from 500 to 1,000 birds were found misliti, da v Jadranu gnezdi ve~ sto parov teh ptic. to concentrate in the Gulf of Kvarner (June), the Gulf Sicer pa utegnejo biti nekateri izmed sredozemskih of Trieste (September) and in northern Dalmatia viharnikov, pojavljajo~i se v Jadranu, negnezdilci ali (October). The summer/autumn distribution of pa gnezdilci, ki prihajajo v Jadran iz neznanih delov Yelkouan Shearwater indicates the role of productive Sredozemlja. top corner of the northern Adriatic as foraging and Poletne in jesenske koncentracije povr{inskih rib v moulting area for the birds from the Adriatic and severnem Jadranu, ki so najljub{i plen teh ptic, so probably from other parts of the Mediterranean as razlog, da sredozemski viharniki zapustijo svoja well. The seasonal distribution of records suggests a gnezdi{~a na oddaljenih otokih v ju`nem Jadranu in migratory habit in the majority of the Adriatic birds se odpravijo na lov v zgornji del severnega Jadrana. in winter. Med spomladjo in jesenjo se primarna produkcija v Storm Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus was found in the severnem Jadranu pove~a, z rastjo planktona pa se v eastern Adriatic on several occasions from June to gornjem kotu Jadrana zbirajo ogromne jate November. Although claimed to breed on the islet of povr{inskih rib, predvsem v obmo~jih z mo~nim Jabuka on the account of a single observation, there dotokom sladke vode. Vzdol` vzhodnega Jadrana so is still no adequate evidence of its breeding. bile opaène skupine sredozemskih viharnikov, ki so {tele of 500 do 1.000 osebkov, in sicer v Trà{kem 6. Povzetek zalivu (septembra), Kvarnerju (junija) in severni Na oddaljenih otokih v hrva{kem Jadranu naj bi Dalmaciji (oktobra). Glede na poletno/jesensko redno gnezdile tri razli~ne vrste cevono`cev. raz{irjenost teh ptic je produktivni gornji kot Jadrana 19 M. Stip~evi} & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Procellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic

pomembno obmo~je prehranjevanja in golitve za Hazevoet, C.J. (1995): Birds of the Cape Verde Islands. jadranske ptice in najbr` tudi za ptice iz drugih BOU Checklist 13. London. Heidrich, P., J. Amengual, M. Wink (1998): obmo~ij Sredozemlja. Sezonska raz{irjenost opaànj Phylogenetic kaè na selitvene navade pri ve~ini jadranskih vihar- relationship in Mediterranean and North Atlantic shearwaters (Aves: Procellariidae) based on nucleotide nikov v zimskem ~asu. sequences of mtDNA. Bio. Syst. Ecol. 26: 145-170. Strako{ Hydrobates pelagicus je bil v vzhodnem Heim de Balsac, H. & Mayaud, N. (1962): Les Oiseaux Jadranu odkrit ob ve~ prilo`nostih, in sicer med du North-Quest de l’Afrique. Editions Paul Lechevalier, junijem in novembrom. Glede na eno samo Paris. opazovanje naj bi sicer gnezdil na oto~ku Jabuka, del Hoyo, J., A. Elliott, & J. Sargatal (eds.) (1992): vendar pa o zanesljivem gnezdenju ni kakih Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. otipljivej{ih dokazov. Jacob, J.P. (1979): Résultats d’un recensement hivernal de Laridés en Algérie. Le Gerfaut 69: 425-436. 7. References Jardas, I. (1996): Jadranska ihtiofauna. [kolska knjiga, Zagreb. Akriotis, T. & Handrinos, G. (1986): The First Breeding de Juana, A.E. & A.M. Paterson (1986): The Status of the Case of the Storm Petrel in Greece. In: Medmaravis & Seabirds of the Extreme Western Mediterranean. In: Xaver Monbailliu (eds.) Mediterranean Marine Medmaravis & Xaver Monbailliu (eds.) Mediter- Avifauna, Population Studies and Conservation. NATO ranean Marine Avifauna, Population Studies and ASI Series, Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 12. Conservation. NATO ASI Series, Series G: Ecological Springer-Verlag, London, Paris, Tokyo. Sciences, Vol. 12. Springer-Verlag, London, Paris, Babi}, K. & Rössler, E. (1912): Beobachtungen über die Tokyo. Fauna von Pelagosa. Verhandlungen der K.K. zoologish- Klete~ki, E. (1988): Results of Bird Ringing 1983-1985, botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 25: 220-233. XXVI Report. Larus 38-39: 7-24. Benovi}, A. (1983): Biolo{ko bogatstvo Jadranskog mora. Kralj, J. (1997): Croatian Ornithofauna in the Last 200 In: Atti dell Convegno Internazionale “I Problemi del Years. Larus 46: 1-112. Mare Adriatico”, 26/27 Settembre 1983: 275-292. Ed. Krpan, M. (1965): Ptice otoka Visa i njemu bliìh oto~i~a Universita degli Studi di Trieste. (with German summary: Die Vögel der Insel Vis und Bernhauer, W. (1957): Ornithologische Beobachtungen an ihr benachbarter Inselchen). Larus 16-18: 106-150. der Adriakuste. Larus 9-10: 143-148. Krpan, M. (1970): Prilog poznavanju ornitofaune otoka Bourne, W.R.P., Mackrill, E.J., Paterson, A.M. & Lastova (with German summary: Beitrag zur Kenntnis Yésou, P. (1988): The Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus der Vogelwelt von Lastovo). Larus 21-22: 65-83. (puffinus?) yelkouan. British Birds 81: 306-319. Krpan, M. (1977): Prilog ornitofauni otoka Kor~ule (with Boì~, L. (1994): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice (From the english summary: A Contribution to the Ornithofauna ornithological notebook): Sredozemski viharnik Puffinus of the Island of Kor~ula). Larus 29-30: 93-121. puffinus. Acrocephalus 65-66: 149. Krpan, M. (1980): Srednjodalmatinska ornitofauna (with Brooke, M. (1990): The Manx Shearwater. T & AD english summary: Ornithofauna of Mid Dalmatia). Poyser, London. Larus 31-32: 97-156. Bundy, G. (1950): Birds of Lybia. BOU, London. Lovri}, A.@. (1971): Ornitogene biocenoze u Kvarneru. Cramp, S. & K.E.L. Simmons (eds.) (1977): The Birds of Larus 23: 39-72. the Western Palearctic, Vol. I. Oxford University Press. Luka~, G. (1998): List of Croatian Birds – Spatial and Cortes, J.E., J.C. Finlayson, M.A. Mosquera, E.F.J. Temporal Distribution. Natura Croatica Vol. 7, Suppl. Garcia (1980): The Birds of Gibraltar. Gibraltar 3. Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb. Bookshop, Gibraltar. Makovec, T. (1995): Pojavljanje sredozemskega viharnika Finlayson, C. (1992): Birds of the Strait of Gibraltar. T & Puffinus yelkouan na slovenski obali. Falco 9: 17-20. AD Poyser, London. Massa, B. & M. Lo Valvo (1986): Biometrical and Frugis, S., Groppali, R., Vicini, G. (1993): Aves (generi Biological Consideration on the Cory’s Shearwater. In: 400-616). In: G. Amari, F.M. Angelici, S. Frugis, Medmaravis & Xaver Monbailliu (eds.) Mediter- G. Gandolfi, R. Groppali, B. Lanza, G. Relini, ranean Marine Avifauna, Population Studies and G. Vicini: Checklist delle specie della Fauna d’Italia Conservation. NATO ASI Series, Series G: Ecological 110, Vertebrata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna. Sciences, Vol. 12. Springer-Verlag, London, Paris, Tokyo. Garcia, E.F.J. (1973): Seabird activity in the Strait of Mayol, J. (1998): Specific identity of the Balearic Gibraltar: a progress report. Seabird Report 3: 30-36. Shearwater: Puffinus mauretanicus (Lowe) 1921. Grubi{i}, F. (1967): Ribe, rakovi i {koljke Jadrana. (Catalan, English summary) An.Orn. Balear 1997: 3-11. Slobodna Dalmacija, Split. Mili{i}, N. (1994): Sva riba Jadranskog mora. NIVA, Split. Gjerke{, M. (1986): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice (From the Nelson, B. (1980): Seabirds – their biology and ecology. ornithological notebook): ^rnokljuni viharnik Puffinus Hamlyn, London. puffinus. Acrocephalus 7 (30): 58. Paterson, A.M. (1997): Las Aves Marinas de Espana y Harrison, P. (1989): Seabirds – an identification guide. Portugal. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Christopher Helm, A & C Black, London. 20 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 9 – 21, 2001

Perco, F., Musi, F. & Parodi, R. (1983): L’oasi avifaunisti- ca di Marano Lagunare. WW, Delegazioni del Friuli- Venezia-Giulia. Pomorska Enciklopedija (1976). Jugoslavenski Leksiko- grafski Zavod, Zagreb. Rössler, E. (1902): Popis ptica hrvatske faune. Glasnik Hrvatskog naravoslovnog dru{tva 14: 11-90. Rubini~, B. (1996): Ptice doline reke Mirne v Istri na Hrva{kem, 1 del Gaviiformes–Charadiiformes (Birds of the river Mirna Valley in Istria – Croatia, part 1. Gaviiformes–Charadriiformes). Falco 10: 5-42. Rucner, D. (1957): Ptice otoka Krka. Larus 9-10: 71-142. Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Croatian Natural History Museum & Ministry of reconstruction and development, Zagreb. Schiebel, G. (1914): Über die Vögel der Insel Arbe, II teil: Ein Sommeraufenthalt im Jahre 1912. Ornithol. Jahrb. 24, 16-27. Sovinc, A. (1996): Redke vrste ptic v Sloveniji v letu 1994. Poro~ilo Komisije za redkosti (Rare bird species in Slovenia in 1994. Rarities Committee Report). Acrocephalus 75-76: 76-79. Sovinc, A. (1997): Redke vrste ptic v Sloveniji v letu 1995. Poro~ilo Komisije za redkosti (Rare bird species in Slovenia in 1995. Rarities Committee Report). Acrocephalus 84: 151-156. [tromar, L. (1975): Noviji podaci o pojavi zovoja malog (Puffinus puffinus Brunn.) u Kvarnerskom podru~ju. Larus 26-28: 83-88. Telleria, J.L. (1980): Autumn migration of Cory’s Shearwater through the Straits of Gibraltar. Bird Study 27: 21-26. Telleria, J.L. (1981): La Migracion de las Aves en el Estrecho de Gibraltar. Vol. II: Aves no Planeadoras. Universidad Complutense, Madrid. Tome, D. (1986): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice (From the ornithological notebook): ^rnokljuni viharnik Puffinus puffinus. Acrocephalus 30: 58. Tucker, G.M. & M.F. Heath (1994): Birds in Europe: their conservation status. BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 3), Cambridge. Van Impe, J. (1957): Sur les mouvements du Puffinus p. yelkouan en Mer Noire. Alauda 43: 185-187. Walker, C.A., Wragg, G.M. & Harrison, C.J.O. (1990): A new shearwater from the Pleistocene of the Canary Islands and its bearing on the evolution of certain puffinus shearwaters. Historical Biology 3: 203-224. Yésou, P. (1986): Balearic Shearwaters in Western France. In: Medmaravis & Xaver Monbailliu (eds.) Mediterranean Marine Avifauna, Population Studies and Conservation. Eds.. NATO ASI Series, Series G: Ecological Sciences, Vol. 12. Springer-Verlag, London, Paris, Tokyo.

Arrived / Prispelo: 30.8.2000 Accepted / Sprejeto: 15.6.2001

21 22 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 23 – 28, 2001

Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava na Cerkni{kem polju Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava at Cerknica polje

Jana Kus-Veenvliet Gori~ice 10, SI-1384 Grahovo pri Cerknici, e-mail: [email protected]

In spring 2000, a survey of the Yellow Wagtails Motacilla flava was carried out at Cerknica polje (SW Slovenia, 35 km²). During the survey, data on the occurrence of various subspecies and numbers of males and females at the time of spring migration were gathered. In the breeding season, singing males were counted with the transect method in order to estimate the number of breeding pairs. During the spring migration, the Ashy-headed Wagtail M. f. cinereocapilla, Black-headed Wagtail M. f. feldegg and Blue-headed Wagtail M. f. flava were observed. The most numerous were Ashy-headed Wagtails. Between 12th May and 8th June 2000, the number of singing males and their distribution were surveyed. 168 males were Ashy-headed Wagtails, and only 1 a Black-headed Wagtail. Thus the estimated number of breeding pairs in the area is 200. The highest densities of singing males were recorded along the @erovni{~ica and Lipsenj{~ica streams, and at the upper part of the Str`en stream (2–3 singing males/10 ha). In the parts covered with common reed Phragmites australis (at Tr{~enke, Ponikve, Zadnji kraj), the density of singing males was lower. The bird’s avoidance of reed-beds is probably due to the water level, as reed grows at places where water remains for longer periods after spring floods. Such places are unsuitable for the Yellow Wagtail as a ground breeding bird. Other reasons, such as the vegetation structure, are also possible. The majority of singing males were distributed along the streams at a distance of 5 to 200 m from permanent waters.

Key words: Yellow Wagtail, Motacilla flava, Ashy-headed Wagtail, Black-headed Wagtail, Blue-headed Wagtail, spring migration, breeding, Cerknica polje Klju~ne besede: rumena pastirica, Motacilla flava, M. f. cinereocapilla, M. f. feldegg, M. f. flava, spomladanska selitev, gnezditev, Cerkni{ko polje

1. Uvod kot samostojne vrste (Gantlett et al. 1988, Sangs- ter et al. 1999). V Sloveniji kompleks rumenih pasti- Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava je v Sloveniji redka ric {e vedno obravnavamo kot eno vrsto, vse rase pa gnezdilka. Ve~je populacije gnezdijo le v Primorju, na imajo status podvrst. Podvrste tudi nimajo slovenskih Cerkni{kem polju, na obrobju Ljubljanskega barja, v imen (Jan~ar et al. 1999), zato jih v nadaljevanju okolici Celja ter na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju imenujem z latinskimi imeni podvrst (npr. cinereoca- (Geister 1995). V Sloveniji gnezdijo podvrste M. f. pilla namesto M. f. cinereocapilla). cinereocapilla in M. f. flava ter M. f. feldegg (Matvejev Cerkni{ko polje je najpomembnej{e gnezdi{~e pod- & Vasi} 1973, Polak 1993, Vogrin 1998). Matvejev vrste cinereocapilla v Sloveniji (Trontelj 1993). Na tem in Vasi} (1973) za obmo~je jugozahodne Slovenije obmo~ju rumena pastirica ve~inoma gnezdi na vla`nih navajata tudi hibridno populacijo podvrst M. f. cine- travnikih in v sestojih bi~ka Schoenoplectus lacustirs reocapilla in M. f. flava. (Polak 1993). V severovzhodni Sloveniji gnezdi skoraj Kompleks rumenih pastiric sestavljajo {tevilne rase, izklju~no na obdelovalnih povr{inah (Vogrin 1998). katerih taksonomski status je {e nerazjasnjen. Ve~ina Spomladi leta 2000 sem na Cerkni{kem polju opra- avtorjev rase obravnava kot podvrste, nekateri pa tudi vila popis rumenih pastiric. S popisom sem `elela 23 J. Kus: Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava na Cerkni{kem polju

ugotoviti, katere podvrste rumene pastirice se pojavlja- zgolj preleteli, nisem vpisovala v zemljevide. Prav tako jo v ~asu spomladanske selitve, oceniti {tevilo gnezde- nisem popisovala v deèvnih dneh, saj so samci manj ~ih parov ter ugotoviti, kak{na je razporeditev pojo~ih intenzivno peli (lastna opaànja). samcev in v kak{nem tipu habitata je njihova gostota Transektne linije za popis sem izbirala, kjer je bilo najve~ja. to le mogo~e, po poteh oziroma kolovozih. To je zaradi bolj{e prehodnosti bistveno olaj{alo terensko 2. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja in metode dela delo in mi omogo~ilo popis ve~jega obmo~ja. Hkrati sem se èlela v ~im ve~ji meri izogniti motenju gne- 2.1. Opis obravnavanega obmo~ja zde~ih ptic. V ~asu popisa pojo~ih samcev sem tako popisala celotno obmo~je Cerkni{kega polja razen Cerkni{ko polje je najve~je kra{ko polje v Sloveniji. Osredka. Prav tako sem iz popisa izklju~ila vse obdelo- Celotno obmo~je obsega 35 km². Prek polja te~e reka valne povr{ine pod kraji Cerknica, Martinjak, @erov- Strèn, vanj pa iz severovzhodne strani jezera prite- nica in Grahovo. Popisano obmo~je je tako obsegalo kajo {e manj{i pritoki. Ob mo~nem deèvju se reke pribli`no 25 km². Zaradi visoke gladine vode sem razlijejo po polju – nastane Cerkni{ko jezero (Gospo- osrednji del ob Strènu popisovala najkasneje. Zaradi dari~ & Habi~ 1978), ki lahko obsega do 30 km² obse`nosti popisnega obmo~ja in razmeroma kratkega ([irca 2000). Zaradi neenakomernih padavin je obdobja intenzivnega petja samcev sem vsako lokacijo lahko gladina vode v istih letnih ~asih med leti zelo obiskala le enkrat. razli~na. To vpliva tudi na razporeditev in gostoto Rezultate popisa sem obdelala z ra~unalni{kim gnezde~ih ptic (Trontelj 1993). programom ArcView 3.1. Po vnosu podatkov na Velik del Cerkni{kega polja pokriva zdru`ba jezer- DOF sem v istem programu izmerila tudi oddalje- skega bi~ja in navadnega trsti~ja Scirpo–Phragmite- nosti pojo~ih samcev od trajnih vodnih teles ter izra- tum. Na obrobju in suhih predelih polja uspevajo ~unala njihovo gostoto na posameznih obmo~jih. rastline travni{kih zdru`b (Polak 1993). Travniki so Na Cerkni{kem polju sem opravila tudi popis pre- ko{eni 1–2 krat letno, ker pa so v spomladanskem ~asu delov, kjer uspevajo strnjeni sestoji trsja. poplavljeni, se ko{nja ve~inoma ne za~ne pred za~e- tkom julija (lastna opaànja). Visoka vegetacija daje 3. Rezultati ustrezno kritje gnezde~im pticam, pozna ko{nja pa je {e posebej pomembna za talne gnezdilke, saj lahko pred 3.1. Spomladanska selitev rumenih pastiric za~etkom ko{nje speljejo mladi~e (Beije et al. 1994). V ~asu spomladanske selitve sem na Cerkni{kem polju 2.2. Metode opazovala tri podvrste rumenih pastiric: cinereocapilla, feldegg ter flava. Podvrst pri nekaterih osebkih nisem Spomladansko selitev rumenih pastiric sem sprem- mogla dolo~iti ({tevilo nedolo~enih osebkov N = 11). ljala med 22.3. in 5.5.2000 in v tem ~asu opravila 36 Prvega samca rumene pastirice sem opazovala 26.3. terenskih opazovanj. Rumene pastirice sem opazovala Pripadal je podvrsti cinereocapilla. Skupine z ve~ kot z daljnogledom 10 × 25 in s teleskopom 20–60 × 50. desetimi osebki sem opazovala {ele v 20. pentadi. Beleìla sem pojavljanje razli~nih podvrst ter {tevilo [tevilo opazovanih samcev je nara{~alo vse do 27. samcev in samic. pentade. Osebki te podvrste so ves ~as selitve mo~no Oceno gnezde~e populacije sem napravila z metodo prevladovali. transektnega {tetja pojo~ih samcev (Bibby & Burges V ~asu spomladanske selitve sem opazila le 2 samca 1992). Ker so rumene pastirice monogamne (Ditt- podvrste feldegg, in sicer v 20. pentadi (8.4.) in 25. berner & Dittberner 1984), je {tevilo pojo~ih pentadi (3.5.) Posamezne samce podvrste flava sem samcev pribli`no enako {tevilu gnezde~ih parov. Petje opazovala v 21., 22. in 23. pentadi, vendar nikoli v je najbolj intenzivno od konca aprila do konca maja skupinah z ve~ kot tremi osebki. (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1985). Popis Zaradi teàvnosti dolo~anja pri samicah podvrst pojo~ih samcev sem napravila med 12.5. in 8.6.2000. nisem dolo~ala. Posamezne samice sem opazovala v Popisovala sem v jutranjem ~asu, ob~asno tudi v 20. pentadi, v ve~jem {tevilu (skupine ve~je od 3 pozno popoldanskem ~asu. osebkov) pa so se pojavile {ele v 22. pentadi (slika 1). Pojo~e samce sem dolo~ala do podvrste. Pevska mesta samcev sem vpisovala v zemljevide obmo~ja v 3.2. [tevilo pojo~ih samcev in izbira habitata obliki DOF (digitalizirani posnetki) v merilu 1:5000 (Geodetska uprava RS 1998). Samcev, ki so transekt Ob popisu rumenih pastiric na Cerkni{kem polju 24 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 23 – 28, 2001

pentada/ obdobje/ {t.obiskov/ pentad period No. of visits 17. 21.3. – 25.3. 4 18. 26.3. – 30.3. 3 19. 31.3. – 4.4. 6 20. 5.4. – 9.4. 5 21. 10.4. – 14.4. 3 22. 15.4. – 19.4. 5 23. 20.4. – 24.4. 3 24. 25.4. – 29.4. 3 25. 30.4. – 4.5. 4

Slika 1: Prikaz zastopanosti razli~nih podvrst samcev rumenih pastiric Motacilla flava ter samic v ~asu spomladanske selitve v obdobju med 22.3. in 5.5.2000. Podvrste in spola pri nekaterih osebkih ni bilo mogo~e dolo~iti (N = 11, skupno {tevilo obiskov v vseh pentadah N = 36).

Figure 1: Graphic presentation of the occurrence of the Yellow Wagtail Motcailla flava males of different subspecies and females during spring migration (22nd March - 5th May 2000). Subspecies and sex could not be determined in some individuals (N = 11, number of visits in all pentads N = 36).

sem v gnezditvenem obdobju zabeleìla le enega Na predelih s strnjenimi sestoji trsja sem zabeleìla le samca podvrste feldegg. Vsi drugi samci so pripadali posamezne pojo~e samce (slika 2). podvrsti cinereocapilla. êprav so se osebki podvrste Ugotavljala sem tudi oddaljenost pojo~ih samcev flava v aprilu pojavljali v razmeroma velikem {tevilu od trajnih vodnih teles. Ve~ina samcev se razporeja v in sem opazovala tudi pojo~e samce te podvrste oddaljenosti 5 do 250 m od vodotokov (slika 3). (23.4.), jih v mesecu maju nisem ve~ opazila. Samci so za~eli intenzivneje peti po prihodu samic, 4. Diskusija zato sem se popisa pojo~ih samcev lotila {ele 12.5. 2000. Popisovala sem do 8.6.2000. V tem ~asu sem Pojavljanje podvrst cinereocapilla, feldegg in flava v ~asu popisala 168 pojo~ih samcev podvrste cinereocapilla spomladanske selitve v Sloveniji je ugotovil è Vogrin in 1 samca podvrste feldegg. Samica, ki se je zadrèvala (1998). V Sloveniji se pojavlja {e severna podvrsta ob tem samcu, je imela ozko belo nado~esno progo thunbergi, ki je bila opazovana na Cerkni{kem polju in rjavo obarvano glavo. Zaradi tega ne izklju~ujem ([ere pisno), v severovzhodni Sloveniji (Vogrin 1998) mo`nosti, da je {lo za me{an par podvrst feldegg in in na Ljubljanskem barju (Trontelj pisno). Sama cinereocapilla. Razporeditev pojo~ih samcev je prika- podvrste thunbergi nisem opazila, morda zato, ker se zana na zemljevidu (slika 2). seli {ele v drugi polovici maja, ko sem se è posvetila Najve~je gostote pojo~ih samcev sem zabeleìla ob popisu pojo~ih samcev. V maju 1991 je bila na Cerk- @erovni{~ici (3 samci/10 ha) ter Lipsenj{~ici (3 ni{kem polju opazovana tudi podvrsta beema ([ere samci/10 ha) ter ob Strènu od mostu na Gornjem pisno), ki sicer gnezdi v Rusiji (Cramp 1988). jezeru do mrtvega rokava Beli breg (2 samca/10 ha). âsovni odmik v selitvi podvrst se deloma ujema s 25 J. Kus: Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava na Cerkni{kem polju

Slika 2: Razporeditev pojo~ih samcev rumene pastirice Motacilla flava na Cerkni{kem polju spomladi leta 2000. Primerjava z razporeditvijo sestojev trsja Phragmites australis (podlaga: Digitalni Ortofoto na~rti, 1997, © Geodetska uprava Republike Slovenije).

Figure 2: Distribution of the Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava singing males at Cerknica polje in spring 2000. Comparison with distribution of reed stands Phragmites australis (groundwork: Digital Orthophfoto plans, 1997, © Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Slovenia). 26 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 23 – 28, 2001

Slika 3: Oddaljenost pojo~ih samcev od trajnih vodnih teles. Izmerjena je bila najkraj{a razdalja do vode, zaokro`ena na 5 m (N = 169).

Figure 3: Distance of singing males from permanent waters. The shortest distance was measured, rounded up to 5 m (N = 169).

podatki iz literature. V Srednji Evropi je na selitvi Rumena pastirica izbira habitate z gosto in nizko prva podvrsta cinereocapilla, nato flava, najkasneje pa vegetacijo, pogosto v bliìni vode. Samci potrebujejo podvrsti feldegg in thunbergi (Glutz von Blotzheim visoke steblike ali ni`ja grmovja, ki jih uporabljajo za & Bauer 1985). pevska mesta (Cramp 1988). Podobne zna~ilnosti êprav sem v ~asu selitve opazila nekaj osebkov, ki habitata sem ugotovila tudi na Cerkni{kem polju. so kazali me{ane zna~ilnosti podvrst, nobeden izmed Rezultati popisa kaèjo, da se ve~ina pojo~ih sam- teh osebkov ni ostal na obmo~ju v ~asu gnezditvene cev razporeja vzdol` teko~ih voda. Ve~ina pevskih mest sezone. Vsi pojo~i samci so kazali izrazite znake pripa- samcev je bila oddaljena od vode 5 do 250 metrov dnosti podvrsti cinereocapilla oziroma podvrsti feldegg. (slika 3). Znano je, da rumene pastirice pogosto gnez- @e v predhodnih popisih je bilo ugotovljeno, da na dijo v bliìni vode (Cramp 1988, Stiebel 1997), saj tam Cerkni{kem polju gnezdita podvrsti cinereocapilla in nabirajo hrano, ki jo v veliki meri sestavljajo li~inke in feldegg, pri ~emer prva mo~no prevladuje (Polak 1993). odrasle enodnevnice Ephemeroptera, vrbnice Pleco- Rumeno pastirico na Cerkni{kem polju je obravnaval ptera in ka~ji pastirji Odonata (Cramp 1988). Gregori (1978), ki navaja 2–3 pare na obmo~ju Dujic Pojo~ih samcev je na osrednjem delu polja ob in drugih vla`nih travnikih. V letu 1981 je na Dujicah Strènu, kjer prevladujejo gosti sestoji trsja, malo in v okolici Dolenje vasi gnezdilo najmanj 50 parov (slika 2). Glavni razlog za to je verjetno vodni reìm. ([ere 1982). O~itno je {tevilo nara{~alo, saj je bila Trsje prete`no uspeva na obmo~jih, kjer se voda ocena iz popisa v letu 1992 è 200 gnezde~ih parov zadrùje dalj ~asa (Ilijani} 1978), taka obmo~ja pa (Polak 1993). Menim, da se velikost populacije od leta rumeni pastirici kot talni gnezdilki ne ustrezajo. Ker 1992 ni bistveno spremenila, in ocenjujem, da je na trsje poène razmeroma pozno v vegetacijski sezoni obmo~ju tudi v letu 2000 gnezdilo okoli 200 parov (druga polovica aprila), je tudi mogo~e, da pastirice rumenih pastiric. Ocena v letu 2000 je narejena na na teh obmo~jih ne najdejo dovolj kritja za gnezditev, podlagi enkratnih transektov in samo v ~asu prve gnez- ki se za~ne v maju. ditve (pred drugo gnezditvijo samci pojejo bistveno Na Cerkni{kem jezeru lahko v zadnjih 30 letih manj intenzivno), zato dopu{~am mo`nost, da je zaznamo dva trenda: regulacijo pritokov s posledi~nim ugotovljeno {tevilo pojo~ih samcev (169) podcenjeno. spreminjanjem hidrolo{kega reìma jezera (Trontelj êprav predela Osredkov nisem mogla v celoti popi- 1993) ter opu{~anje ko{nje, kar omogo~a zara{~anje s sati, pa sode~ po strukturi vegetacije gostota rumenih trsjem ali krhliko Frangula alnus. Zgodnej{a osu{itev pastiric tam ni velika. ima nedvomno negativne posledice za ptice, saj se ob 27 J. Kus: Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava na Cerkni{kem polju

zgodnji ko{nji uni~ujejo gnezda na tleh gnezde~ih 6. Literatura ptic, torej tudi rumene pastirice. Kak{ne posledice ima za ornitofavno sukcesija, za zdaj {e ni jasno. Menim, Beije, H.M., L.W.G. Higler, P.F.M. Opdam, T.A.W. van da rumena pastirica na bolj suhih predelih jezera, kjer Rossum & H.J.P.A. Verkaar (eds.) (1994): Levensgem- na zara{~ajo~ih se travnikih uspevajo nizki grmi, najde meenschappen. Deel 1. Bos- en Natuurbeheer in Nederland. Backhuys Publishers Leiden, Leiden. ustrezen habitat za gnezditev. Na takih predelih sem Bibby, C.J., N.D. Burgess & D.A. Hill (1992): Bird zabeleìla razmeroma veliko gostoto pojo~ih samcev. Census Techniques. A & D Poyser, London. Samci so v ~asu gnezditve teritorialni, vendar so Cramp, S. (ed) (1988): The birds of the Western Palearctic, razdalje med gnezdi pogosto majhne (30–60 m) in Vol. 5. Oxford University Press, Oxford. lahko govorimo o ohlapni kolonijski gnezditvi (Ditt- Dittberner, H. & W. Dittberner (1984): Die Schafstelze. berner & Dittberner 1984). Tak{na je tudi razpo- Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei 559, A. Ziemsen Verlag, DDR Wittenberg Lutherstadt. reditev na Cerkni{kem polju (slika 2). Gantlett, S., S. Harrap & R. Millinghton (1988): Taxonomic progress. Birding World 9: 251-252 Zahvala: Zahvaljujem se doc. dr. Petru Trontlju za Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, nasvete o terenskemu delu, Hubertu Poto~niku za Ljubljana. nasvete pri pisanju poro~ila in dr. R.W.R.J. Dekkerju Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & K.M. Bauer (1985): (Nationall natuurhistorisch museum Leiden), ki mi Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 10/II je pokazal muzejsko zbirke rumenih pastiric. Hvala Passeriformes (1.Teil). Aula – Verlag, Wiesbaden. Gospodari~, R. & P. Habi~ (1978): Kra{ki pojavi Daretu [eretu in Andreju Bibi~u, ki sta mi omogo~ila Cerkni{kega polja. Acta carsologica 8: 7-162. obro~kanje, ter ing. Antonu Kralju z Gozdarskega Grant, C.H.B. & C.W. Mackworth-Praed (1952): On in{tituta, ki mi je svetoval pri ra~unalni{ki obdelavi the species and races of the Yellow Wagtails from podatkov. In {e najlep{a hvala Paulu Veenvlietu za vso Western Europe to Western North-America. Bull. Br. vzpodbudo in pomo~ pri terenskemu delu. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zoology 1(9): 253-268. Gregori, J. (1978): Prispevek k poznavanju pti~ev 5. Povzetek Cerkni{kega jezera in bli`nje okolice. Acta carsologica 8: 301-329. Iljani~, L. (1978): Vegetacijske razmere Cerkni{kega jezera. Spomladi leta 2000 je avtorica na Cerkni{kem polju Mo~virna, barjanska in travi{~na vegetacija. Acta carso- (35 km²) napravila popis rumenih pastiric Motacilla logica 8: 163-200. flava. Zbrala je podatke o pojavljanju razli~nih podvrst Jan~ar, T., F. Bra~ko, P. Gro{elj, T. Miheli~, D. Tome. samcev ter samic v ~asu spomladanske selitve in z T. Trilar & A. Vrezec (1999): Imenik ptic zahodne Palearktike. Acrocephalus: 20(94-96): 97-162. metodo transektnega {tetja ocenila {tevilo gnezde~ih Matvejev, S.D. & V.F. Vasi} (1973): parov. V ~asu spomladanske selitve je avtorica beleìla Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae 4(3). Aves. Ljubljana. pojavljanje razli~nih podvrst ter {tevilo samcev in Polak, S. (1993): Ptice gnezdilke Cerkni{kega jezera in samic. Opazovane so bile podvrste M. f. cinereocapilla, bli`nje okolice. Acrocephalus 14(56-57): 32-62. M. f. feldegg in M. f. flava; naj{tevilnej{i so bili osebki Sangster, G., C.J. Hazevoet, A.B. van der Berg, C.S. podvrste M. f. cinereocapilla. V ~asu med 12.5. in Roselaar & R. Sluys (1999): Dutch avifaunal list: 8.6.2000 je ugotavljala {tevilo pojo~ih samcev in species concepts, taxonomic instability, and taxonomic njihovo razporeditev. 168 samcev je pripadalo podvrsti changes in 1977-1998. Ardea 87 (1): 139-166. Stiebel, H. (1997): Habitat selection, habitat use and M. f. cinereocapilla, 1 samec pa podvrsti M. f. feldegg. breeding success of Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava in an Avtorica tako ocenjuje, da na Cerkni{kem polju gnezdi agricultural landscape. Vogelwelt 118 (5): 257-286. okoli 200 parov rumenih pastiric. Najve~je gostote [ere (1981): Rumena pastirica (Motacilla flava cinereocapil- pojo~ih samcev so bile ob @erovni{~ici, Lipsenj{~ici in la). Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice. Acrocephalus 2 (8-9): 44. zgornjem toku Strèna (2–3 samci/10ha), kjer prevla- [irca, S. (2000): Pod vodo bodo ves teden. Dnevnik 326 dujejo vla`ni travniki. Na obmo~jih, kjer uspevajo (50): 13. Trontelj, P. (1993): gosti sestoji trsja Phragmites australis (Tr{~enke, Poni- O naravovarstvenemu konceptu Cerkni{kega jezera s poudarkom na varstvu ptic. kve, Zadnji kraj), je bila gostota pojo~ih samcev ni`ja. Acrocephalus 17 (56-57): 63-80. Razlog lahko i{~emo v vodnem reìmu, saj trsje uspeva Vogrin, M. (1998): Kompleks rumena pastirica (Motacilla na obmo~jih, kjer voda po spomladanskih razlitjih flava) v Sloveniji. Falco 13 – 14: 67-70. strug zastaja dalj ~asa. To rumeni pastirici kot talni gnezdilki ne ustreza. Mo`ni so tudi drugi razlogi, kot Arrived / Prispelo: 11.1.2001 na primer vegetacijska struktura. Ve~ina pojo~ih Accepted / Sprejeto: 15.6.2001 samcev se je razporejala vzdol` strug, v oddaljenosti 5 do 250 metrov od vodotokov. 28 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 29 – 34, 2001

Pomen odvodnikov za ptice na Ljubljanskem barju The significance of drainage channels at Ljubljansko barje for birds

Davorin Tome Nacionalni in{titut za Biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, e-mail: [email protected]

In his work, the author assesses the significance of the drainage channels on the Ljubljansko barje for the birds. In the non-breeding period, the significance is minor. In the breeding period, three types of bird communities inhabit the area along these waters as a result of the changes in the riparian vegetation. The most common in all three communities is Marsh Warbler Acrocephalus palustris. The species that contribute most to the differentiation between the communities are Sylvia spp. and Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus. The drainage channels are significant for the breeding distribution of twelve species; without them, four species would have probably disappeared from the Marshes. Of the greatest significance for the birds are wide drainage channels (the rivers), such as Ljubljanica and I{~ica, and ones with abundant marsh vegetation. Other waters are only of indirect importance for the birds.

Klju~ne besede: Ljubljansko barje, odvodni jarki, avicenoze Key words: Ljubljansko barje, drainage channels, bird communities

1. Uvod Namen prispevka je predstaviti pomen barjanskih odvodnih jarkov za ptice. Pred za~etkom dela so bila êprav je bilo o pticah Ljubljanskega barja napisanega pri~akovanja velika, saj so ta vodna telesa {e edino, è precej, se je specifi~ne problematike odvodnih kar kolikor toliko spominja na nekdanjo obliko jarkov kot gnezdi{~a ali prehranjevali{~a za ptice barja. Velik poudarek v tem delu je torej predvsem dotaknilo le malo raziskovalcev. Ve~ina objavljenih del na vodnih vrstah ptic. opisuje opazovanja posameznih, redkih vrst, ki so se v odvodnikih zadrèvale (Boì~ 1992, Boì~ 1994, 2. Material in metode Rubini~ & Vrezec 1992, Rubini~ 1994, Sovinc 1989, [ere 1986a, [ere 1986b, [ere 1994, Tome 1990, Na terenu sem raziskal nekatere zna~ilnosti avicenoze Vrezec 1998). Edino sistemati~no delo s tega odvodnih jarkov na Ljubljanskem barju v gnezditve- podro~ja je predstavil Sovinc (1997). nem ~asu. Pomen odvodnikov za ptice v negnezditve- S hidrolo{kega vidika razlikujemo na Ljubljanskem nem ~asu ocenjujem na podlagi izku{enj, ki sem jih barju {tiri tipe odvodnikov, ki se med seboj razliku- nabral v ve~ kot 15-letnem obiskovanju Barja in s jejo predvsem po {irini in po koli~ini vode, ki jo pomo~jo objavljenih izsledkov drugih avtorjev. vsebujejo. Med odvodnike 0. reda {tejemo velike V okviru terenskega dela naloge sem ptice barjanske reke (Ljubljanica, I{~ica, I{ka, Borovni{~ica popisoval ob odvodnikih med 10.5. in 20.6.1999, v ipd.). Sledijo odvodniki I. reda, s {irino med 2 in 4 {irini do 5 m na obeh straneh jarka. Beleìl sem le metri, odvodniki II. reda imajo {irino 1 do 2 m. vrste, ki so po predvidevanjih v raziskovanem Odvodniki III. reda so najo`ji (navadno manj kot 1 obmo~ju tudi gnezdile. [tevilo osebkov sem dolo~al m) in so razpredeni po Barju na vsakih nekaj deset na podlagi petja samcev ali opazovanja gnezde~e metrov. Voda v njih je plitva, vegetacija v okolici razpoloènih pti~ev, gnezd nisem iskal. ve~inoma intenzivno oskrbovana (redno ko{eni Odvodnike za popisovanje sem izbral subjektivno, travniki), stene jarkov so strme. Zaradi na{tetega pri ~emer sem teìl po ~im ve~ji pestrosti biotskih in odvodniki III. reda niso privla~ni za ptice in so bili iz abiotskih dejavnikov. Popisoval sem enkrat, po terenskega dela raziskave izvzeti. potrebi (ko je bilo treba ugotoviti, ali vrsta ob 29 D. Tome: Pomen odvodnikov za ptice na Ljubljanskem barju

odvodniku gnezdi ali pa je le na selitvi) dvakrat v to~k razdelil v pet razredov, ki lo~ijo odvodnike po raziskovanem obdobju, v ugodnih vremenskih razme- pomenu za ptice v gnezditvenem obdobju: rah (suho, ne preve~ vetrovno ali megleno vreme) med 4. in 8. uro zjutraj. Ob izbranih odvodnikih je (0) nimajo pomena – vrste so ob odvodnikih zgolj bil evidentiran tudi tip vegetacije (zelnata, grmovje in naklju~no; drevesa). [irino odvodnikov sem ocenjeval na meter (1) imajo majhen pomen – odvodniki imajo za vrste natan~no. Imena odvodnikov sem povzel po karti le posreden pomen, v okolici je {e dosti primernih kanalov melioracijskih jarkov in odvodnikov, ki jih gnezdi{~; vzdrùje OVS v merilu 1:25000. (2) imajo zmeren pomen – odvodniki imajo za vrste Osnovne tipe odvodnikov glede na strukturo posreden pomen, a v okolici ni veliko primernih avicenoze sem dolo~al z metodo neobteènega kopi- alternativnih gnezdi{~; ~enja (clustering) z Bray-Curtisovim koeficientom (3) imajo velik pomen – vrste bi brez odvodnikov na razli~nosti (Clarke & Warwick 1990). Pred izra~uni Barju sicer ostale, a v znatno manj{em {tevilu; sem {tevilo osebkov posameznih vrst prera~unal na (4) imajo zelo velik pomen – vrste bi brez enotno dolìno jarka. odvodnikov z Barja hitro izginile. Zdru`bo ptic ob odvodnikih opisujem z indeksom individualne dominance (Tarman 1992). 3. Rezultati Pomen odvodnikov za gnezdilce sem ocenjeval glede na to, ali ima odvodnik za vrsto neposreden (2 to~ki), Preiskal sem 10 odvodnikov, katerih skupna dolìna je posreden pomen (1 to~ka; vrsta se pojavlja ob odvod- bila 13,5 km (tabela 1). Odkril sem 28 vrst gnezdilcev. niku zaradi zna~ilne vegetacije, ki je posledica na~ina Najpogostej{a vrsta je bila mo~virska trstnica Acro- gospodarjenja, in ne zaradi vode ali mo~virnih rastlin) cephalus palustris. Med evdominantne vrste je sodila ali pomena nima (0 to~k) in glede na razpolo`ljiva tudi siva penica Sylvia communis (tabela 2). Domi- alternativna gnezdi{~a na Barju (ni = 2 to~ki; redka = nantne vrste so bile drevesna cipa Anthus trivialis, mali 1 to~ka; veliko = 0 to~k). Vrste sem na podlagi vsote slavec Luscinia megarhynchos, ~rnoglavka Sylvia

Tabela 1: Preiskani odvodniki z opisom dol`ine (D), {irine ([) jarka in osnovnih vegetacijskih zna~ilnosti.

Table 1: The investigated drainage channels with their length (D) and width ([), and their basic vegetational characteristics.

ime odvodnika / name of watercourse D (m) [ (m) opis vegetacije / description of vegetation Strojanova 1.200 2 zelnata vegetacija, trst, grmovje/ herbaceous plants, abudant reeds, bushes I{~ica 750 >5 zelnata vegetacija, grmovje in drevesa/ herbaceous plants, bushes and trees @elimelj{~ica 1.600 3 zelnata vegetacija, grmovje in drevesa/ herbaceous plants, bushes and trees I{ka 2.300 5 zelnata vegetacija, grmovje in drevesa/ herbaceous plants, bushes and trees Matenov1 1.100 2 zelnata vegetacija, redko grmovje/ herbaceous plants, scarce bushes Matenov2 1.000 2 zelnata vegetacija, redko grmovje/ herbaceous plants, scarce bushes Pro{ca 1.250 3 zelnata vegetacija, grmovje in drevesa/ herbaceous plants, bushes and trees Cornovec pri Bevkah 2.000 2 del zelnata vegetacija, del grmovje, drevesa/ partly herbaceous plants, partly bushes and trees Pekov 1.200 2 del zelnata vegetacija, del grmovje, drevesa/ partly herbaceous plants, partly bushes and trees Zornica 1.100 2 zelnata vegetacija, redko grmovje/ herbaceous plants, scarce bushes 30 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 29 – 34, 2001

atricapilla in rjavi srakoper Lanius collurio. Sub- in ~rnoglavka. Biotski element, ki najvidneje lo~i dominantnih je bilo 8 vrst, recendentna je bila ena, Strojanovo vodo od drugih odvodnikov, je {irok pas subrecendentnih pa 13 vrst. mo~virne vegetacije na obeh bregovih. Ob tem tipu Pri analizi podobnosti pti~jih zdru`b so se izobliko- jarka je bilo odkritih 7 vrst, evdominantni sta bili bi~ja vale tri skupine odvodnikov (slika 1). V prvi so bili in mo~virska trstnica. odvodniki s prete`no zelnato vegetacijo na bre`inah (Matenov jarek 1 in 2, Zornica) in odvodnika 4. Diskusija Cornovec in Pekov jarek, ki sta napol obra{~ena z zelnato in napol z drevesno grmovno vegetacijo. V tej 4.1. Pomen odvodnikov v ~asu selitve in klatenja skupini je bilo 13 vrst, evdominantna je bila mo~virska ptic trstnica. V drugi skupini so bili odvodniki, ob katerih prevladuje grmovno drevesna vegetacija (I{~ica, Pro{ca, Za vodne ptice imajo odvodniki relativno majhno I{ka in @elimelj{~ica). Odkritih je bilo 23 vrst, uporabno vrednost. Globina vode navadno presega 10 evdominantne so bile mo~virska trstnica, siva penica cm, kar je za {tevilne manj{e vrste pregloboko, obre`ni

Tabela 2: [tevilo osebkov ptic po odvodnikih (ST – Strojanova, I[ – I{~ica, @E – @eljimelj{~ica, PR – Pro{ca. IK – I{ka, M1 – Matenov jarek 1, M2 – Matenov jarek 2, CB – Cornovec pri Bevkah, PE – Pekov jarek, ZO – Zornica) in skupaj (SK) (% = indeks individualne dominance).

Table 2: Abundance of birds per separate drainage channels (ST – Strojanova, I[ – I{~ica, @E – @eljimelj{~ica, PR – Pro{ca. IK – I{ka, M1 – Matenov jarek 1, M2 – Matenov jarek 2, CB – Cornovec pri Bevkah, PE – Pekov jarek, ZO – Zornica) and total (SK) (% = index of individual dominance).

vrsta / species ST I[ @E PR IK M1 M2 CB PE ZO SK % Tachybaptus ruficollis 0 100000000 10,4 Anas platyrhynchos 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 2 0 1 9 3,6 Falco tinnunculus 000 1000000 10,4 Galinulla chloropus 0 100000000 10,4 Streptopelia turtur 00 10000000 10,4 Jynx torquilla 0 100000000 10,4 Anthus trivialis 0142200120124,8 Motacilla alba 00022002 1072,8 Luscinia megarhinchos 02 1 3600000124,8 Saxicola rubetra 101101111183,2 S. torquata 00 1000 100020,8 Turdus merula 00002000 10 31,2 Locustela fluviatilis 000 1 10000020,8 Acrocrocephalus schoenobaenus 10000000000104,0 A. palustris 8 8 7 14 10 5 7 12 5 6 82 32,8 Sylvia communis 1 2 2 3 11 3 0 0 2 1 25 10,0 S. atricapilla 0 3 1 1900 320197,6 Phylloscopus collybita 000020000020,8 Aegithalos caudatus 000020000020,8 Parus major 022220001093,6 Oriolus oriolus 00 10000000 10,4 Lanius collurio 1 0 1 2 3 1 0 3 1 0 12 4,8 Pica pica 0 122 10000062,4 Corvus corone 00 32 10000062,4 Chloris chloris 0000000 1 1020,8 Acanthis cannabina 200000000020,8 Emberiza citrinella 0 1 1 1200420114,4 E. schoenobaenus 1000000000 10,4 31 D. Tome: Pomen odvodnikov za ptice na Ljubljanskem barju

Tabela 3: Ocena pomena odvodnikov za ptice v gnezditvenem obdobju (sivo so ozna~ene vrste, za katere imajo odvodniki velik pomen, krepko tiste, za katere imajo odvodniki zelo velik pomen). GN – vrsta ob odvodnikih potrjeno (GN) ali verjetno oz. ob~asno (VG) gnezdi. OD – odvodniki imajo za vrsto neposreden (2), posreden (1) pomen, nimajo pomena (0). AL – vrste imajo poleg odvodnikov {e veliko (0), malo (1), ni~ (2) alternativnih gnezdi{~. OP – vrsta je bila med raziskavo opa`ena (+). SK – skupna ocena pomena.

Table 3: Assessment of the significance of drainage channels for the birds in the breeding period (grey colour depicting species for which channels are highly significant, bold letters representing those for which channels are of very high significance). GN – species along channels with confirmed (GN) or probable/periodical (VG) breeding. OD – channels of direct significance for species (2), of indirect (1) significance, and of no significance (0). AL – species have along channels many (0), few (1), none (2) alternative nest-sites. OP – species observed during the survey (+). SK – joint significance assessment.

vrsta / species GN OD AL OP SK

Tachybaptus ruficollis GN 21+3 Anas platyrhynchos GN 21+3 Falco tinnunculus GN 10+1 Galinulla chloropus GN 21+3 Fulica atra GN 21-3 Slika 1: Razporeditev odvodnikov (ST – Strojanova, Streptopelia turtur GN 10+1 I[ – I{~ica, @E – @eljimelj{~ica, PR – Pro{ca. IK – I{ka, Jynx torquilla GN 10+1 M1 – Matenov jarek 1, M2 – Matenov jarek 2, CB – Cornovec 22-4 Alcedo atthis VG pri Bevkah, PE – Pekov jarek, ZO – Zornica) v dendrogramu 10+1 Anthus trivialis GN glede na podobnost avifavne Motacilla alba GN 10+1 Luscinia megarhynchos GN 10+1 Figure 1: Distribution of drainage channels (ST – Strojanova, Saxicola rubetra GN 00+0 I[ – I{~ica, @E – @eljimelj{~ica, PR – Pro{ca. IK – I{ka, Saxicola torquata GN 00+0 M1 – Matenov jarek 1, M2 – Matenov jarek 2, CB – Cornovec Turdus merula GN 10+1 pri Bevkah, PE – Pekov jarek, ZO – Zornica) in view of the Locustella fluviatilis GN 11+2similarity of the area's avifauna Acrocephalus schoenobaenus GN 22+4 Acrocephalus palustris GN 11+2pas je zaradi strmih sten zelo majhen. Neprivla~na za Acrocephalus arundinaceus VG 21-3 10+1te ptice je tudi slaba preglednost, ki je posledica Sylvia communis GN ugreznjenosti in zara{~enosti breìn. Ob odvodnikih Sylvia atricapilla GN 10+1 10+1tako le redko zasledimo manj{e skupine martincev Phylloscopus collybita GN Tome 1990 Aegithalos caudatus GN 10+1Tringa spp. ( ), kozice Gallinago spp., sloke Rubini~ & Vrezec 1992, Rubini~ Remiz pendulinus VG 22-4Scolopax rusticola ( Parus major GN 10+11994) in ~aplje Ardea spp. (Boì~ 1992, 1994c, Sovinc Oriolus oriolus GN 10+11989), ki se raje zadrùjejo na travni{kih povr{inah. Lanius collurio GN 10+1Vodne vrste se odvodnikov izogibajo, ker je voda Pica pica GN 10+1zanje preplitva in/ali odvodniki preozki. Izjeme so Corvus corone GN 10+1barjanske reke (Ljubljanica, I{~ica), kjer zasledimo Chloris chloris GN 10+1tudi kak{ne redke vrste ([ere 1986a). Carpodacus erythrinus VG 11-2 [e najprimernej{e so razmere za manj{e ptice 10+1 Acanthis cannabina GN pevke. Veliko ve~jih odvodnikov ima bregove porasle 10+1 Emberiza citrinella GN z ozkim pasom visoke vegetacije, ki pticam ob selitvi Emberiza schoenobaenus GN 22+4 zagotavlja primeren ìvljenjski prostor (Sovinc 1997). 32 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 29 – 34, 2001

Tu so bile odkrite tudi nekatere redke vrste: srpi~na vrst – so na odvodnike vezani posredno, njihova trstnica Acrocephalus scirpaceus ([ere 1986b), pla{ica gnezda najdemo tudi dale~ od odvodnikov. Ker pa Remiz pendulinus ([ere 1994), rjavoglavi Lanius velik del vegetacije, kjer se vrste zadrùjejo, raste ob senator, ~rno~eli srakoper L. minor (Vrezec 1998). odvodnikih, menim, da imajo ti zanje zmeren, Kljub temu ocenjujem, da je pomen odvodnikov posreden pomen. majhen, saj vrste privla~i vegetacija in ne sami Pet vrst (15%) je od odvodnikov odvisnih neposre- odvodniki (posreden pomen). dno, saj se na ali ob vodi zadrùjejo ve~ino ~asa. Gnezdijo prete`no ob odvodnikih 0. reda, poleg tega 4.2. Pomen odvodnikov v ~asu prezimovanja imajo na Barju tudi alternativna gnezdi{~a na ribnikih in glinokopih (Boì~ 1994a, 1994b, 1995, Pozimi je ve~ina odvodnikov zamrznjena ali pod 1999). Ker pa je alternativnih gnezdi{~ malo, snegom in tako za ptice nedostopna. Posamezne ocenjujem, da imajo odvodniki zanje velik pomen. prezimujo~e vrste lahko opazimo le na najve~jih, Vodomec, bi~ja trstnica, pla{ica in trstni strnad nezamrznjenih odvodnikih, kot sta Ljubljanica in (12% vrst) so vrste, ki jih najdemo izklju~no ali I{~ica (Ljubljanica: mali ponirek Tachybaptus rufi- prete`no le ob odvodnikih; podobnih, alternativnih collis 20–30, siva ~aplja Ardea cinerea 1–5, mlakarica gnezdi{~ na Barju nimajo. Ocenjujem, da bi brez Anas platyrhynchos 100–150, liska Fulica atra 10–40; odvodnikov te vrste z Barja izginile! Pomembna zanje I{~ica: mali ponirek 2–5, siva ~aplja 2–4, mlakarica pa ni samo voda, temve~ tudi oblika zara{~enosti 50–100 osebkov; neredno se pojavljajo {e druge vrste breìn, kar je povezano z na~inom vzdrèvanja rac in mo~virnikov; [tumberger 1998, 1999, Gre- odvodnikov (Sovinc 1997). Vodomec in pla{ica se gori 1987, Kmecl & Ri`ner 1995). Vrednosti niso pojavljata predvsem vzdol` odvodnikov 0. reda, bi~ja izjemno visoke, kar potrjuje podatek, da v istem ~asu trstnica in trstni strnad pa ob odvodnikih I. in II. na nekajkrat kraj{em odseku Save, v bliìni Trboj- reda z bogato mo~virno vegetacijo na breìnah. skega in Zbiljskega jezera, prezimuje prek 100 malih ponirkov, prek 300 mlakaric, prek 200 lisk itd. 5. Sklep

4.3. Pomen odvodnikov za gnezdilce Za ptice imajo najve~ji pomen {iroki, vodnati odvodniki, kot sta Ljubljanica in I{~ica, ter Osemindvajset vrst ptic, ugotovljenih na barjanskih odvodniki, zara{~eni z mo~virno vegetacijo (primer odvodnikih, sestavlja dobro ~etrtino vseh na Barju Strojanova voda). To so pomembna ali celo edina ugotovljenih gnezdilcev (Sovinc, Tome, Trontelj gnezdi{~a nekaterih vodnih, obvodnih in mo~virnih 1998). V kon~no analizo pomena odvodnikov za ptic na Barju, zadnje oaze neko~ zna~ilnega in ptice sem vklju~il tudi pet redkih ali ob~asnih gne- prevladujo~ega barjanskega elementa – mo~virja. zdilcev, ki med samo raziskavo niso bili opaèni Zaradi majhne povr{ine, ki jo pokrivajo, in zaradi (Boì~ 1994b, 1999, Sovinc 1997, [ere 1994, Tome pogostih ~lovekovih posegov so tudi dale~ najbolj 2000). ogroèna oblika biotopa na Ljubljanskem barju. Repalj{~ica in prosnik (skupaj 6% vrst) se ob Pomen drugih odvodnikov za ptice je bolj ali manj le odvodnikih pojavljata naklju~no. Vrsti gnezdita na posreden. odprtih travni{kih povr{inah, ~e so le-te v bliìni odvodnika, obstoja mo`nost za njuno gnezdenje. Zahvala: Raziskava je bila narejena kot del projekta Ocenjujem, da odvodniki za vrsti nimajo nikakr{nega “Izdelava katastra barjanskih odvodnikov po pomena. njihovem ekolo{kem pomenu”, ki ga je financirala Devetnajst vrst (58%) je na odvodnike vezanih Mestna ob~ina Ljubljana. posredno, saj jih pritegne drevesno grmovni pas, ki je razvit na breìnah nekaterih jarkov, in ne sama voda ali 6. Povzetek vodna vegetacija. Vrste zelo verjetno gnezdijo enako uspe{no tudi v mejicah (vrste dreves in grmovja, ki na V delu ugotavljam pomen barjanskih odvodnikov za Barju lo~ujejo parcele razli~nih lastnikov) brez ptice. V negnezditvenem obdobju je le-ta majhen. V odvodnih jarkov, v gozdovih, grmi{~ih in na gozdnem ~asu gnezdenja ob odvodnikih lo~imo tri tipe robu. Ker je tak{nih biotopov na Barju {e veliko, avicenoz, ki so posledica razlik v obre`nem rastju. V menim, da imajo odvodniki za te vrste majhen pomen. vseh treh je najpogostej{a vrsta mo~virska trstnica Re~ni cvr~alec Locustella fluviatilis, mo~virska Acrocephalus palustris. Vrste, ki najbolj prispevajo k trstnica in {krlatec Carpodacus erythrinus – skupaj 9% razlikovanju med zdru`bami, so penice Sylvia spp. in 33 D. Tome: Pomen odvodnikov za ptice na Ljubljanskem barju

bi~ja trstnica Acrocephalus schoenobaenus. Odvodniki Tome, D. (1990): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Re~ni galeb so pomembni za gnezditveno raz{irjenost dvanajstih Lams ridibundus in pikasti martinec Tringa ochropus. Acrocephalus 11 (43-44): 30-31. vrst, {tiri vrste bi brez njih z Barja verjetno izginile. Tome, D. (2000): Polak, S. Najve~ji pomen za ptice imajo {iroki, vodnati Ljubljansko barje. V: (ur.) Mednarodno pomembna obmo~ja za ptice v Sloveniji. odvodniki (reke) in tisti, obra{~eni z mo~virno DOPPS, Monografija {t. 1. Ljubljana 85-96. vegetacijo. Drugi imajo za ptice le posreden pomen. Vrezec, A. (1998): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Rjavoglavi Lanius senator in ~rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor. Acro- 7. Literatura cephalus 19 (86): 25-25.

Boì~, I.A. (1992): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: ôpasta ~aplja Arrived / Prispelo: 15.5.2001 Ardeola valloides. Acrocephalus 13 (54): 151-151. Accepted / Sprejeto: 15.6.2001 Boì~, I.A. (1994a): Gnezditvena biologija malega ponirka Tachybaptus ruficollis na ribnikih v Dragi pri Ljubljani. Acrocephalus 15 (65-66): 116-122. Boì~, I.A. (1994b): Gnezdenje ~rne liske (Fulic atra) v Dragi na Ljubljanskem barju. Acrocephalus 15 (63): 38- 45 Boì~, I.A. (1994c): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Rjava ~aplja Ardea purpurea. Acrocephalus 15 (64): 97-97. Boì~, I.A. (1995): Gnezdenje zelenonoge tukalice Gallinula chloropos na ribnikih v Dragi na Ljubljanskem barju. Acrocephalus 16 (73): 187-191. Boì~, I.A. (1999): Gnezditvena biologija rakarja Acrocephalus arundinaceus na ribnikih v Dragi pri Igu. Acrocephalus 20 (97): 177-188. Clarke K.R. & R.M. Warwick (1990): Lecture notes pre- pared for the training workshop on the statistical treat- ment and interpretation on marine community data, Split, 26 June - 6 July 1990, part II. - Long-term Programme for Pollution Monitoring and Research in the Mediterranean Sea (MED POL - Phase II), FAO, UNESCO, UNEP, Split. Gregori, J. (1987): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Navadna prosenka Pluvialis apricaria. Acrocephalus 8(34): 61-61. Kmecl, P, & K. Ri`ner (1995): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Siva gos Anser anser. Acrocephalus 16 (71): 124-124. Rubini~, B. (1994): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Sloka Scolopax rusticola. Acrocephalus 15 (63): 56-56. Rubini~, B. & A.Vrezec (1992): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Pukle` Lymnocryptes minimus. Acrocephalus 13 (52): 88-88. Sovinc, A. (1989): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: âplje. Acro- cephalus 10 (41-42): 58-59. Sovinc, A. (1997): Vpliv ~i{~enja trsti~nih jarkov na gnezdenje ptic. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 133-142. Sovinc, A., D. Tome, P. Trontelj (1998): Ljubljansko barje. DOPPS – zgibanka. [ere, D. (1986a): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Rjavovrati ponirek Podiceps grisegena. Acrocephalus 7 (29): 36-36. [ere, D. (1986b): Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice: Srpi~na trstnica Acrocephalus scirpaceus. Acrocephalus 7 (29): 44-44. [ere, D. (1994): Selitev pla{ice prek Slovenije. Acrocepha- lus 15 (64): 73-96. [tumberger, B. (1998): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1998 v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 19 (87-88): 36-44. [tumberger, B. (1999): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1999 v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 6-15. Tarman, K. (1992): Osnove ekologije in ekologija ìvali. DZS. Ljubljana. 34 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 35 – 39, 2001

The nesting of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons on the Drava River in Croatia and Hungary Gnezdenje male ~igre Sterna albifrons na reki Dravi na Hrva{kem in Mad`arskem

Arno Mohl WWF Austria, Reitschulgasse 23, A-8010 Graz, e-mail: [email protected]

1. Introduction

In former times, the Little Tern Sterna albifrons was a typical breeding bird of the natural Drava river in Slovenia, Croatia and Hungary. Due to the con- struction of dams, the braided river zone of the Drava has nearly been destroyed. Thus the Little Tern’s extinct as a breeding bird in the early 80’s s from the Slovenian Drava ([tumberger 1981, Schneider-Jacoby 1996). Today only the 50 km long border section between Croatia and Hungary downstream the Mura confluence offers appropriate gravel and sand banks and feeding grounds (both the river and its backwaters) for this European widely endangered species. Pictures of the dynamic landscape can be found in the overview of the state of the biological and landscape diversity in Croatia (Radovi} 2000). The area is part of the most threat- ened ecosystem in Croatia, and in Hungary already Figure 1: The area of investigation and occurence of the preserved as National Park Danube–Drava. The area Little Tern Sterna albifrons – study area in the square was part of the Iron Curtain and little had been presented on satellite picture – Figure 2 (map credit: Mohl & known about it until 1990 (Schneider-Jacoby Schwarz) 1996 ). Since the first observations of the Little Tern Slika 1: Obmo~je raziskave in pojavljanja male ~igre Sterna have been made in the breeding period of 1992 in albifrons – izrez obmo~ja raziskave je predstavljen na the Hungarian part of the Drava near Vízvár satelitskem posnetku na sliki 2 (priprava karte: Mohl & (Fenyösi et al. 1992), several records in the follow- Schwarz) ing years are proof of a steady occurrence of this bird in this area (Bécsy 1994, 1995, Fenyösi & 3. Results Horváth 1995, Radovi} 1996). Subsequent investigations by the author resulted in 3.1 Breeding the discovery of two further breeding sites in this area. Two further breeding sites on the Drava were discovered. The 10–15 pairs of the Little Tern were breed- 2. Method and Area ing in three mixed colonies together with Common Terns. The records were made during the author’s thesis – In July 1994, the author recorded between 30–35 work “Investigation of the landscape and hydro-mor- pairs of Common Terns and 4 pairs of Little Terns in phological structure of the Drava river between the border stretch near Vízvár. At the same time Legrad and Ferdinandovac” in the years between 30–35 pairs of Common Terns were recorded near 1994 and 1999 (e.g. Mohl & Schwarz 1997c, Legrad. 1998a,b). Birds nesting on suitable gravel banks dur- – In July 1997, the author recorded 5 pairs of Little ing the breeding season were recorded in the area Terns in the company of 40–45 pairs of Common between Legrad and Ferdinandovac (Figure 1 & 2). Terns on a gravel bank near the Croatian village of 35 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

Repa{. At the same time, further observations of Drava River, but also oxbows with stagnant water and several Little Terns together with Common Terns in reed beds. Adults fly six kilometres and more to the border stretch near Legrad and Vízvár were made. search for food in sites with clear water and plenty of – In 1998, M. Zeugin (personal comm.) found 3 young fish. On July 17 1997, for example, one or two pairs of Little Terns in the company of Common Little Terns and few Common Terns were always Terns in the border stretch near Vízvár. present at noontime in oxbow Djambina at the – In June 1999, the author observed 5–8 Little Terns Croatian-Hungarian border, approaching and leaving in the braided river zone of the border stretch near the site over some 40 m high Repas forest (Schnei- Legrad. A colony of Common Terns was also present der-Jacoby in lit.). on a gravel bank. 4. Conclusions 3.2 Feeding habitat The 50 km river section between Legrad and The dynamic and diverse riverine landscape is impor- Ferdinandovac is the best preserved section with tant for the survival of the Little Tern. Feeding habi- extended gravel and sand islands and banks on the tats are shallow water zones and branches of the Drava River. It is therefore the most valuable area for

Table 1: Occurrence of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons and Common Tern Sterna hirundo on the Drava between Legrad and Ferdinandovac

Tabela 1: Pojavljanje male ~igre Sterna albifrons in navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo na Dravi med Legradom in Ferdinandovcem

Breeding pairs or individuals/ [t. gnezde~ih parov ali osebkov Site / Kraj Sterna albifrons Sterna hirundo Year / Leto Source / Vir Vízvár 2 indiv. / os. several indiv. / nekaj os. August / avgust 1992 L. Fenyösi, Z. Horváth, J. Stix Vízvár 8 indiv. / os. - July / julij 1994 L. Bécsy Vízvár 4 pairs / pari 30-35 pairs / parov July / julij 1994 A. Mohl Legrad -30-35 Legrad -30-35 pairs / parov July / julij 1994 A. Mohl Vízvár 4 pairs / pari 32 pairs / parov July / julij 1995 L. Bécsy Vízvár 10–15 indiv. (adult & juv.)/ 100–120 indiv. (adult & juv.)/ August / avgust 1995 L. Fenyösi, os. (odrasli in mladi) os. (odrasli in mladi) Z. Horváth ? 5-6 pairs / parov 50 pairs / parov 1996 D. Radovi} Legrad several indiv. / nekaj os. several indiv. / nekaj os. July / julij 1997 A. Mohl Repa{, 5 pairs / parov 40-45 pairs / parov July / julij 1997 A. Mohl downwards the bridge Repa{, 2 pairs / para -July / julij 1997 M. Schneider- upwards Jacoby the bridge Vízvár several indiv. / nekaj os. several indiv. / nekaj os. July / julij 1997 A. Mohl Vízvár 3 pairs / pari 1998 M. Zeugin Legrad 5-8 indiv. / os. several indiv. / nekaj os. June / junij 1999 A. Mohl 36 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 35 – 39, 2001 onatur. Map credit: Mohl/Schwarz) onatur. ndacije Euronatur; priprava karte: Mohl & Schwarz) Satellite picture of the Drava river with the planned Novo Virje dam 1000 (KFA satellite image sponsored by Dornier through Eur Satelitski posnetek reke Drave z na~rtovano zajezitvijo Novo Virje (satelitski posnetek 1000 KFA je sponzoriral Dornier prek Fo Slika 2: Figure Figure 2: 37 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

nearly the entire ensemble of the riverine pioneer bird species (Tucker & Heath 1994) should be immedi- species: the Little Tern, the Common Tern Sterna ately stopped by the responsible authorities, e.g. hirundo, the Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius Ministry of Environment – HR and HU, State and the Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos. Directorate for Water – HR. Especially the occurrence of the Little Tern, which is currently one of the few in the entire Pannonian Summary basin, underlines the high ecological value and the international importance of this area. Hungary has The article gives an overview of the last remaining already protected the habitat at the Drava along the breeding sites of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons on Croatian border as a National Park. Furthermore, the the Drava river in the border section between Legrad Strategy and Action Plan for Landscape and and Ferdinandovac. These are the last breeding pop- Biodiversity has adopted the protection of the natu- ulations that regularly occur in the Pannonian basin. ral river banks of Mura and Drava as a high priority Due to habitat loss, only 10–15 pairs in three in Croatia (Radovi} 2000). colonies have survived on the gravel and sand banks Nevertheless, the fact is that all remaining colonies of the river. All pairs were found in mixed colonies of the Little Tern are faced with serious problems together with Common Terns Sterna hirundo. Their (Mohl & Schwarz 1997c, 1998a,b, Schneider- survival on the Drava is very unsure. Particularly Jacoby 1994, 1996, 1998): habitat loss, caused by still ongoing river regulation 1. The most important threat is habitat loss due to activities and human disturbance, is seriously threat- alterations of the natural dynamic processes by the ening the existence of this European highly endan- ongoing river regulation activities, e.g. recently in the gered species. specially protected area of the Mura confluence “Veliki Pazut”. Further regulations have been planned. Povzetek 2. Excavation of sand and gravel even from the active colonies and destruction of breeding sites in ^lanek obravnava zadnja {e obstoje~a gnezdi{~a male Croatian territory and at the border (e.g. between ~igre Sterna albifrons na reki Dravi v mejnem obmo- Botovo and the specially protected area Veliki Pazut). ~ju med Hrva{ko in Madàrsko med Legradom in 3. After the fall of the Iron Curtain, human distur- Ferdinandovcem. Gre za zadnjo populacije ptic, ki bance of the colonies on the gravel and sand banks redno gnezdijo v Panonski niìni. Zaradi izgube (water sport tourism, anglers, swimmers) is an habitata je na prodnato–pe{~enih otokih Drave increasing threat. preìvelo le 10 do 15 parov male ~igre v treh lo~enih 4. The Croatian hydropower plant “Novo Virje” kolonijah. Vsi pari so bili odkriti v me{anih kolonijah, (HEP 1997), which would have a negative impact on in sicer skupaj z navadno ~igro Sterna hirundo. the entire breeding area, is still planned and the Obstanek male ~igre na Dravi je nadvse negotov, saj Environmental Assessment Study has been recently izguba habitata – kot posledica nezmanj{anega approved by the responsible commission in Croatia reguliranja reke in drugih ~lovekov posegov – resno (pre-release 22.2.2001 of the Ministry of Environ- ogroà obstoj te v Evropi mo~no ogroène vrste. ment and Spatial Planning “HE Novo Virje”). A middle- to long-term disappearance of the Little References Tern can be expected if the ongoing impact of the water management in Croatia is not stopped and no Bécsy, L., L. Fenyösi & Z. Horváth (1995): The nesting appropriate nature conservation efforts including of Little Terns Sterna albifrons on the River Drava. river restoration measures and visitor regulation are Aquila 102: 237-238. Euronature (1999): European Lifeline Drava-Mura. Map carried out. The concept of a transboundary protect- 1: 500 000. PIN Matra Programme, Radolfzell. ed area (e.g. the proposed “Biosphere Reserve Drava- Heath M.F. & M.I. Evans (2000): Important Bird Areas– Mura” (e.g. Euronature 1998, Schneider-Jacoby Priority sites for conservation. BirdLife Conservation 1996, 1998) for the survival of the dynamic river land- Series No. 8, 2 vols. Cambridge, U.K. scape and the occurrence of the Little Tern in future HEP (1997): Novo Virje HPP. Hrvatska Elektroprivreda, Zagreb. would be an important step. As the site is registered Mohl, A. & U. Schwarz (1997c): as an IBA –Croatia 011, Hungary 007– (Heath & Ein Wildfluß vor der Evans 2000 Zerstörung – Kraftwerkspläne gefährden Nationalpark ) and the preservation is a priority in Drau. In: Nationalpark 4/97. Croatia and Hungary, the impact on the habitat and Mohl, A. & U. Schwarz (1998a): Landschafts- und the colonies of this European widely endangered Gewässerstrukturkartierung an der kroatisch-ungarischen 38 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 35 – 39, 2001

Drau (Flußkilometer 226–185,5), im Gebiet des geplanten kroatischen Wasserkraftwerks “Novo Virje”, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung naturschutzrelevan- ter und gewässerökologischer Frage-stellungen. Diplomarbeit an der Universiät für Bodenkultur (BOKU)/ Wien und Universität Wien. Mohl, A. & U. Schwarz (1998b): Einfluß der Wasser- wirtschaft auf den Flußlauf der Drau zwischen Botovo und Ferdinandovec. International “Conference Sustain- able Economic Use of the Lowland Rivers and the Protection of Nature and Environment“, May 1998, Zagreb, Proceedings of Papers, Hrvatsko [umarstvo Drustvo, Zagreb 1998: 118-134, Engl. summary 165- 166. Radovi}, J. (2000): An overview of the state of biological and landscape diversity of Croatia with protection strategy and action plans. Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning (Croatian edition: 1999: Pregled stan- ja biolo{ke i krajobrazne razlikonosti Hrvatske. Dr`avna uprava za za{titu prirode i okoli{a). The official gazette, NN 81/99, August 3th 1999, Zagreb. Radovi}, D. (1996): Ornitolo{ka {tudija za potrebe KSUO HE Novo Virje. Zagreb. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1994): Sava and Drava - Ecological Value and Future of the Two Main Rivers in Croatia. Period. biol. 96 (4): 348-356. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1996): Drau und Mur – Leben durch Flußdynamik. Naturerbe Verlag Jürgen Resch, Überlingen. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1998): Sustainable use of the Drava-Mura Lowland as a border region of Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary. International Conference “Sustainable Economic Use of the Lowland Rivers and the Protection of Nature and Environment“, May 1998, Zagreb, Proceedings of Papers, Hrvatsko Sumarstvo Drustvo, Zagreb 1998: 70-82, Engl. summary 154-155. [tumberger B. (1981): The Little Tern Sterna albifrons also found nesting in Slovenia (in slov.). Acrocephalus 3 (11- 12): 13-14. Tucker, G.M. & M.F. Heath (1994): Birds in Europe: their conservation status. Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 3).

Arrived / Prispelo: 9.1.2001 Accepted / Sprejeto: 15.6.2001

39 40 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 41 – 43, 2001

Popis velikega srakoperja Lanius excubitor na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju v decembru 2000 Survey of the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor at Dravsko and Ptujsko polje in December 2000

Dominik Bombek Pre{ernova 1, SI-2250 Ptuj, e-mail: [email protected]

1. Uvod Samwald (1990) in izdelali popisni obrazec. Popisovali smo tako, da smo vsako obmo~je popisa prevozili z Okvirni podatki o prezimovanju velikega srakoperja v avtomobilom; ustavljali smo se na mestih, kjer smo Sloveniji za obdobje 1979/80 do 1992/93 so zbrani v imeli dober pregled nad prevoènim obmo~jem. Z Zimskem ornitolo{kem atlasu Slovenije, kjer je daljnogledom in telesko-pom smo natan~no pregledali prezimujo~a populacija ocenjena na 300 do 700 izpostavljena mesta, ki jih veliki srakoperji uporabljajo osebkov. Najbolj redna prezimovali{~a vrste so za lov ali po~itek (posamezna drevesa, mejice, grmi, ravninske kulturne krajine severovzhodne Slovenije, steblike koruze, zelike in elektri~ni vodniki). V topo- notranjska in ribni{ka kra{ka polja, Ljubljansko polje grafsko karto v merilu 1 : 50.000 smo vnesli to~ke in Barje ter vla`ni travniki v Obsotlju (Sovinc 1994). lovnih mest velikega srakoperja in kraj opazovanja Za popis velikosti populacije velikega srakoperja velikega srakoperja zapisali v popisni obrazec. sem se odlo~il, ker v Sloveniji {e ni bil opravljen Med popisom smo beleìli tudi tip in pribli`no kvantitativni popis te vrste. O prezimujo~i populaciji vi{ino lovnega mesta. Lovni tipi so elektri~ni vodnik, velikega srakopera in njenih zahtevah vemo bolj malo. drevo, grm, zelika, drugo. V raziskavi smo beleìli V ~lanku predstavljam rezultate prvega popisa vrste. tudi prehranjevalne tipe habitatov velikega srakoperja. Te smo razdelili na: p{eni~no polje, polje s 2. Obmo~je raziskave plevelom, preorano polje, intenzivni in ekstenzivni travnik, pa{nik, rob med poljem in travnikom in Za Dravsko in Ptujsko polje je zna~ilno zmerno gramoznice. celinsko podnebje. Zime so hladne. Povpre~na januarska temperatura v Mariboru je –1,3° C. Letna 4. Rezultati koli~ina padavin se giblje med 950 in 1.050 mm na m2. Pozimi debelina sne`ne odeje le redko preseè 50 Opravili smo popis prezimujo~e populacije na cm. V celoti pokriva gozd samo {e petino povr{ine obmo~ju Dravskega polja s povr{ino 195 km2 in (Perko et al. 1998), polja zavzemajo 39% in travniki Ptujskega polja s povr{ino 86 km2. Skupna povr{ina 26% povr{ine Dravsko–Ptujskega polja (Bernot obmo~ja popisa je bila 281 km2. 1998). Obmo~je raziskave na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju je na severu omejeno z reko Dravo (od Maribora 4.1. [tevilo do Ptuja), na vzhodu z linijo Podvinci–Mostje– @amenci–Tibolci–Podgorci–Velika Nedelja, na zaho- [tevilo pre{tetih velikih srakoperjev na Ptujskem du z avtocestno povezavo Maribor–Slovenska Bistrica, polju je bilo 16. Na Dravskem polju smo pre{teli medtem ko je na jugu omejeno z gri~evjem Haloz, na 15 osebkov. Vseh srakoperjev na obmo~ju raziskave jugovzhodu pa z reko Dravo. je bilo 31, gostota prezimujo~e populacije pa 11 osebkov / 100 km2 (tabela 1). 3. Metoda dela 4.2. Tip in vi{ina lovnega mesta Popisovali smo od 5.12. do 25.12.2000. Pri teren- skem delu je sodelovalo osem (8) popisovalcev. Veliki srakoperji so najpogosteje lovili z elektri~nih Obmo~je popisa smo razdelili na 12 manj{ih popis- ìc in dreves. Ocena vi{ine elektri~nih vodnikov se je nih obmo~ij. Metodo za popis prezimujo~e popula- gibala med 6 in 20 m. Tako je lovilo 11 srakoperjev. cije velikega srakoperja smo povzeli po Samwald & Prav toliko jih je oprezalo za plenom z dreves. Ocenili 41 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

Tabela 1: [tevilo velikih srakoperjev na obmo~ju Dravsko–Ptujskega polja v obdobju med 5. in 25.12.2000

Table 1: Number of Great Grey Shrikes in the area of Dravsko–Ptujsko polje during December 5th and 25th 2000

Dravsko polje Ptujsko polje Dravsko in/and Ptujsko polje {tevilo osebkov/ {tevilo osebkov/ {tevilo osebkov/ {tevilo osebkov (100 km2)/ no. of individuals no. of individuals no. of individuals no. of individuals (100 km2) 15 16 31 11

smo, da je bila vi{ina lovnih mest na drevesu med 4 5. Diskusija in 18 metri. Sedem srakoperjev je za lovno mesto upora-bilo grmovje. Vi{ina grmov se je gibala med Deutschmann (1993) je popisal velike srakoperje na 1,5 in 3 m. En (1) srakoper pa je lovil z zelike, visoke obmo~ju vzhodno od Brandenburga. [tetje je pote- 1 m. Drugi (1) srakoper pa je plenil s kupa komposta. kalo v letih 1992/1993. Na kontrolnem obmo~ju 100 Vi{ina kupa je bila 1 m (slika 1). km2 je popisal 13 osebkov. Velike srakoperje so popisali tudi na obmo~ju ju`ne Avstrije. V sezoni 1989/90 4.3. Tip prehranjevalnega habitata so na obmo~ju Fürstenfelda na{teli 4,55 os. / 100 km2, na obmo~ju Güssinga 6,59 os. / 100 km2 in na obmo- Najve~ velikih srakoperjev (18) je iskalo plen na ~ju Jennersdorfa 9,08 os. / 100 km2 (Samwald & poljih. Od teh so se 4 osebki prehranjevali na p{eni- Samwald, 1990). Gostota prezimujo~ih velikih srako- ~nem polju. Tudi na polju, ki ga je prerasel plevel, so perjev na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju je 11 os. / 100 se prehranjevali 4 osebki. Na preoranem polju pa je km2. Raziskave na [vedskem so pokazale, da posame- iskalo hrano 10 velikih srakoperjev. Na travnikih jih zni osebki vedno zasedejo iste zimske teritorije. Zapu- je plenilo 9, in sicer 4 na intenzivnem travniku, 5 pa stijo jih le v primeru ekstremnih sne`nih padavin na ekstenzivnem travniku. Na pa{niku je preàl na (Olsson 1984 v Cramp 1994). Glede na prezimujo~e plen 1 osebek. Na robu med poljem in travnikom je populacije na obmo~ju Brandenburga je gostota prezi- plenil 1 osebek. Dva (2) velika srakoperja pa smo mujo~e populacije velikih srakoperjev na Dravskem in opazili v gramoznici (tabela 2). Ptujskem polju manj{a, vendar je razlika v gostoti majhna. Gostota prezimujo~e populacije na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju pa je ve~ja kot na obmo~jih ju`ne Avstrije. Pozimi veliki srakoperji radi posedajo visoko na kak{ni odmrli veji drevesa ali na grmovju. Vi{ina teh mest se giblje med 1,3 in 10 m (Olsson 1984 v Cramp 1994). Iz raziskave, ki so jo opravili na jugovzhodu [vedske, so ugotovili, da kar 65% lovnih mest sestavljajo listnata drevesa ali pa grmovje, 9% elektri~ne ìce, 9% ograde, 9% velike zelike, 6% iglavci in 1% hi{e (Halliday 1970 v Cramp 1994). Iz popisa na Dravsko–Ptujskem polju sem ugotovil, da je 35,5% srakoperjev lovilo z dreves. Z elektri~nih ìc jih je preàlo za plenom 35,5%, na grmovju jih je posedalo 23%, po 3% velikih srakoperjev pa so bili opazovani na zeliki ali drugih lovnih mestih. Veliki srakoperji so raje izbirali vi{ja lovna mesta, posebej drevesa in elektri~ne ìce. Ocena vi{ine le-teh je bila med 4 in 20 m. Olsson (1984) je ugotovil, da si veliki Slika 1: [tevilo osebkov velikega srakoperja glede na tipe lovnega mesta srakoperji izberejo zimski teritorij tam, kjer je dovolj plena, po teritoriju morajo biti razporejena Fig. 1: No. of Great Grey Shrike individuals in view of izpostavljena lovna mesta z dovolj zarasti za kritje v hunting post types primeru nevar-nosti. ê na obmo~ju ni lovnih mest 42 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 41 – 43, 2001

Tabela 2: [tevilo osebkov velikih srakoperjev, razporejenih po tipu prehranjevali{~a

Table 2: No. of Great Grey Shrike individuals per separate types of feeding sites

polje/ travnik/ pa{nik/ rob polja in travnika/ gramoznica/ field meadow pasture field and meadow edge gravel pit p{enica / plevel/ preorano/ ekstenzivni/ intenzivni/ wheat weed ploughed up extensive intensive 44104 5 1 1 2

in dovolj zarasti, je obmo~je kljub zadostni koli~ini (1990) method. Their density was 11 ind. / 100 km2). plena nezasedeno. Na osnovi popisa sklepam, da Most of the shrikes (22) were preying from high posts kr~enje mejic in podiranje osamelih dreves na poljih (trees, overhead power line supports), their height negativno vpliva na gostoto prezimujo~e populacije, ranging from 4 to 20 m. The birds were hunting in saj so osrednji predeli Dravskega in Ptujskega polja fields (58%), meadows (29%), gravel pits (7%) as skoraj prazni. Negativno vpliva na {tevilo velikih well as in pastures and on field/meadow edges (3%). srakoperjev tudi sodobno kmetovanje, zlasti izsu{evanje mo~virij, vla`nih travnikov, intenzifikacija kmetij- Zahvala: Za pomo~ pri popisu se zahvaljujem Luku skih povr{in, preoblikovanje ekstenzivnih travnikov v Boì~u, Francu Bra~ku, Matjaù Ker~ku, Luku intenzivne travnike in obse`ne monokultere (Bezzel Koro{cu, Jakobu Smoletu, Borutu [tumbergerju in 1995). Tadeju Trstenjaku. Na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju je najve~ velikih srakoperjev (58%) iskalo plen na polju, 29% na Literatura: travniku, 7% v gramoznici in po 3% na pa{niku ter na robu polja in travnika. Bernot, F. (1998): Geografija Slovenije. Slovenska matica, Z ve~letnim spremljanjem velikih srakoperjev na Ljubljana. Bezzel, E. (1995 jugu [vedske so ugotovili, da ti vsako leto zasedejo ): Vögel. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Olsson 1984 v Cramp 1994 München. iste zimske teritorije ( ). Bra~i~, V. (1975): Ptujsko polje, Zalo`ba obzorja Maribor, Na osnovi lastnih opazovanj v letih 1998 do 2000 na Maribor. Ptujskem polju sem ugotovil, da je enako tudi pri nas. Cramp, S. (1994): Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Srakoperji so v tem obdobju lovili celo z istih lovnih Middle and Northh Africa. The Birds of the Western mest. Menim, da je lahko vrsta kazalec pri vredno- Palearctic, Vol 7. Oxford University Press, London. Deutshmann, H. (1993) tenju kakovosti ravninskih obmo~ij Slovenije. : Wintering great grey shrikes (Lanius excubitor) in eastern Brandenburg. Beiträge zur Vogelkunde 39 (4): 201-204. Povzetek Melik, A. (1957): [tajerska s Prekmurjem in Meì{ko dolino. Slovenska matica, Ljubljana. Na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju (281 km2, SV Perko, D., B. Belec, J. Fridl, M. Gabrovec (1998): Slovenija) smo v decembru 2000 z metodo Samwald Slovenija – pokrajine in ljudje. Zalo`ba Mladinska & Samwald (1990) popisali 31 velikih srakoperjev. knjiga, Ljubljana. Samwald, O. & F. Samwald (1990 Gostota je bila 11 os / 100 km2. Najve~ velikih ): Winterbestand des Raubwürgers (Lanius excubitor Linne 1758) in srakoperjev (22) je plenilo z visokih mest (drevesa, Südostösterreich. Egretta 33(2): 86-88. elektri~ni vodniki). Vi{ina teh lovnih mest se je gibala Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. med 4 in 20 m. Veliki srakoperji so lovili na poljih Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana. (58%), travnikih (29%), v gramoznicah (7%) ter na pa{niku in robu polja in travnika (po 3%). Prispelo / Arrived: 3.3.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 15.6.2001 Summary

In December 2000, 31 Great Grey Shrikes were counted at Dravsko and Ptujsko polje (281 km2, NE Slovenia) with the aid of the Samwald & Samwald 43 44 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 45 – 46, 2001

A case of early breeding of Grey Heron Ardea cinerea in North Italy Primer zgodnje gnezditve sive ~aplje Ardea cinerea v severni Italiji

Marco Gustin1, Alberto Sorace2 1LIPU, Conservation Department, Via Trento 49, I-43100 Parma, e-mail: [email protected] 2Section of Behavioural Pathophysiology, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy

Grey Herons Ardea cinerea are sedentary in the Data from the British Trust for Ornithology (BTO) Mediterranean (Knief et al. 1997). They breed earlier have shown a trend for several species to start breed- in the year than migrating species of colonial herons ing earlier in UK over the past twenty-five years, (Snow & Perrins 1998). although such trend was not observed in the Grey In Italy, Grey Herons are engaged in courtship Heron (Crick et al. 1997). In many species of passer- between February and the end of March (Fasola & iformes earlier breeding is correlated with climatic Alieri 1992). Egg-laying usually takes place between factors, such as an increase in temperature and rain- March 10th and April 10th (Brichetti & Fasola fall (Crick & Sparks 1999). Similar trends have been 1986), although isolated cases of egg-laying as early as found in North American bird species (Root & the end of February have been reported (Fasola & Weckstein 1994). Alieri 1992). This pattern is consistent with the pat- Information on reactions of Mediterranean birds to terns observed in other European populations of climate change is currently lacking. Anecdotal obser- Grey Herons, where most of the egg-laying occurs in vations of recent early breeding by Grey Herons in March, although some can take place in winter northern Italy (this study) and in Sicily (mouth of the (Snow & Perrins 1998). river Simeto, Ciaccio & Siracusa 1989; lake Lentini, European populations of Grey Herons have under- Ciaccio & Priolo 1997), and by Woodpigeons, gone a steady increase since the beginning of the 20th Columba palumbus, in Sicily (La Mantia 1994), are century, possibly due to increased protection of the reported. breeding colonies and breeding sites but also to the increasingly warmer climate (Knief et al. 1997). Summary In 1998, we monitored the winter presence of Grey Herons at a site of a 90 pair-strong breeding colony The Grey Heron is the earliest breeder among the at the Secchia river Reserve (northern Italy: 44°39’N- colonial herons. It’s reproductive activity starts already 10°48’E, Gustin 1998). On January 20th we found in March and can last until May. The species appears 15 Grey Herons sitting on nests and possibly incu- to be constantly growing in its numbers over the past bating. A second visit on March 3rd revealed that at few decades both in Italy and Europe. In 1998 we least 3 of these nests contained about 15 days old observed, in the Secchia floodplains of the Regional chicks. Because the mean incubation time in Grey Nature Reserve, 15 Grey Heron pairs occupying their Herons is 25–26 days (Cramp & Simmons 1977), the nests as early as on January 20th. In March, 3 nests eggs must have been laid between January 15th and contained about 15 days old chicks, so the eggs must 20th. This is one of the earliest cases of breeding ever had been laid around January 15th– 20th. No temper- reported for this species in Italy. ature increases have been registered during the last 10 In the 1961–1989 period, the mean temperature years for the month of December and January, while in the study area was 2.3°C in December, 1.2°C in such an increase has certainly been signalled for January, and 4.2°C in February. The December and February. This is one of the earliest breeding records January mean winter temperatures in the last 10 years for the species. (1990–1999) have not been increasing (Spearman Rank Test Order correlation: mean December temp. Povzetek vs year; R = -0.11, P < 0.77; mean January temp. vs year; R = 0.48, P < 0.23) while there has been a Med kolonialnimi ~apljami je siva znana kot steady increase in the February temperatures najzgodnej{a gnezdilka v letu. Z razmnoèvanjem (Spearman Rank Test Order correlation: mean za~ne è v marcu, ki potem lahko trajajo do maja. February temp. vs year; R = 0.83, P < 0.01). Sicer pa {tevilo te vrste vztrajno raste è nekaj 45 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

desetletij tako v Italiji kot drugod po Evropi. Leta 1998 smo v lokah Serchia Regionalnega naravnega rezervata opazili 15 sivih ~apelj, ki so svoja gnezda zasedle è 20. januarja. V mesecu marcu smo v treh gnezdih na{li kakih 15 dni stare mladi~e, kar pomeni, da so bila jajca izleèna med 15. in 20. januarjem. V zadnjih desetih letih niso bile v decembru in januarju zabeleène nobene pove~ane temperature, pa~ pa so bile ugotovljene v mesecu februarju. Zgoraj omenjeno gnezdenje je eno najzgodnej{ih, kar zadeva to vrsto.

References

Brichetti, P. & M. Fasola (1986): Distribuzione geografi- ca degli uccelli nidificanti in Italia, Corsica ed isole Maltesi. 4. Famiglia Ardeidae (generi Nycticorax, Ardeola, Egretta, Ardea). Natura bresciana. Ann. Mus. Civ. Sci. Nat. Brescia 22: 41-102. Ciaccio, A. & M. Siracusa (1989): Nidificazione di Airone cenerino, Ardea cinerea, e Sgarza ciuffetto, Ardeola ralloides, e status degli Ardeidi in Sicilia. Riv. Ital. Orn. 59: 75-79. Ciaccio, A. & A. Priolo (1997): Avifauna della foce del Simeto, del lago di Lentini e delle zone umide adiacen- ti (Sicilia, Italia). Naturalista sicil., S. IV, XXI (3-4): 309-413. Cramp, S. & K.E.L. Simmons (1977): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crick, H.Q.P., C. Dudley , D. Glue & D. Thomson (1997): UK birds are laying eggs earlier. Nature 388: 526. Crick, H.P.Q. & T.H. Sparks (1999): Climate change related to egg-laying trends. Nature 399: 423-424. Fasola, M. & R. Alieri (1992): Airone cenerino Ardea cinerea. In: Brichetti P. et al. (eds.) – Fauna d’Italia. XXIX. Aves. I. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna. Gustin, M. (1998): Risultati finali della ricerca ornitologi- ca effettuata c/o la Riserva Naturale Orientata delle casse di espansione del fiume Secchia, nel corso del 1998. Rel. Ined. Knief, W., P. Ulenaers & J. van Vessem (1997): Grey Heron Ardea cinerea. In: E.J.M. Hagemeijer & M.J. Blair (eds.). The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their distribution and Abundance. T & AD Poyser, London. La Mantia, T. (1994): Regolare nidificazione di Colombaccio, Columba palumbus, in gennaio in Sicilia. Riv. Ital. Orn. 64: 77-78. Root, T.L. & J.D. Weckstein (1994): Changes in distribution patterns of select wintering North American birds from 1901 to 1989. Studies in Avian Biology 15: 191-201. Snow, D.W. & C.M. Perrins (1998): The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Concise Edition Volume I. Non Passerines. Oxford University Press.

Prispelo / Arrived: 23.2.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 15.6.2001 46 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 47 – 50, 2001

[e eno gnezdenje navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe na nizki nadmorski vi{ini v Sloveniji Another lowland breeding site of the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe in Slovenia

Bo{tjan Surina @upan~i~eva 22, SI-6250 Ilirska Bistrica, e-mail: [email protected]

1. Uvod

V Sloveniji velja navadni kup~ar Oenanthe oenanthe za redkega gnezdilca (Geister 1995). Tako na selitvi kot tudi v gnezditvenem ~asu se zadrùje v odprtih habitatih od obmorskih goljav do montanskih, subalpinskih in alpinskih travi{~ in kamni{~ oziroma gru{~natih predelov. V {vicarskih Alpah gnezdi do vi{ine 2.500 m (Clement 1988). Glutz von Blotz- heim & Bauer (1988) ugotavljata, da kup~ar potrebu- je odprte in pregledne predele, kjer je ru{a nizka (npr. pa{nik), ali predele s skopo razvito vegetacijo. Pomembna so dvignjena mesta (skale, posamezni grmi), s katerih kup~ar preì za plenom, po~iva in poje. Znani so tudi habitati antropogenega izvora, npr. voja{ki poligoni, gradbi{~a, èlezni{ki in re~ni nasipi (ibid.). êprav v Sloveniji izbira ptica gnezdilni Slika 1: Gnezdilni habitat navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe habitat navadno nad drevesno mejo, jo v gnezditve- oenanthe pri Jel{anah nem obdobju lahko opazujemo tudi v ni`jih predelih. Splo{no oznako o raz{irjenosti in taksonomiji nava- Figure 1: Breeding habitat of the Northern Wheatear dnega kup~arja kot tudi o problematiki izbire gne- Oenanthe oenanthe near Jel{ane zdilnega habitata sta podala Gregori in [ere (1999), ko sta pri Velenju na okoli 400 m potrdila najni`jo nizkim {a{em in skalnim glavincem Carici humilis- gnezditveno lokacijo te ptice v Sloveniji. Omenjata {e Centaureetum rupestris, okolico pa pora{~a gozd drugo “niìnsko” gnezdenje pri Ba~u nad Ilirsko jesenske vilovine in ~rnega gabra Seslerio autumnalis- Bistrico (540 m). V prispevku podajam nove podatke Ostryetum. [ir{e obmo~je so v preteklosti pokrivale o izbiri gnezdilnega habitata navadnega kup~arja na ko{enice. Obmo~je JZ od mejnega prehoda, ki zajema osnovi novih gnezditev na nizki nadmorski vi{ini. tudi gnezditveno prebivali{~e kup~arja, je bilo leta 1940 popolnoma o~i{~eno kra{kega grmovja zaradi 2. Opis obmo~ja in metoda varnostnih ukrepov v zvezi z govorni{kim nastopom diktatorja B. Mussolinija. Del gnezditve-nega Gnezditvena lokacija kup~arja je blizu Jel{an pri prebivali{~a je bil spremenjen v pa{nik, ki je tu in tam Ilirski Bistrici (14°27’61”E, 45°48’22”N, UTM do ìvega popa{en, del pa v ko{enico (skupaj 2,2 ha). VL43) na nadmorski vi{ini 460 m, na JZ delu Znotraj pa{nika uspeva nekaj objedenih grmov re{eljik Slovenije oziroma v SV delu Istre, od dràvne meje s Prunus mahaleb ter malega jesena Fraxinus ornus, Hrva{ko pa jo lo~i le pot, ki od mejnega prehoda travni{ko povr{ino pa prekinjajo manj{a okna ogolelih Jel{ane vodi mimo komunalnega smeti{~a dalje proti kamni{~. Manj{i SV predel pa{nika naredko pora{~ajo [apjanam na Hrva{kem. Obmo-~je leì v posamezna drevesa ~rnega bora Pinus nigra, ki ne submediteranskem fitogeografskem obmo~ju presegajo 5 m vi{ine in katerih veje so odstranjene do (Wraber 1969) oziroma vipavsko-kra{kem distriktu vi{ine 2 m. Pa{nik obdaja ì~nata ograja, pritrjena na (Zupan~i~ et al. 1987). Gre za kra{ko travi{~e z lesene kole. Na JZ delu meji pa{nik neposredno na 47 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

komunalno odlagali{~e odpadkov, vse skupaj na Naslednjega leta, 14.4.1997, sem se vrnil na isto vodozbirnem obmo~ju, seveda. lokacijo. Tokrat je bilo mo~ opazovati 5 osebkov Med 5.4.1996 in 10.6.1999 sem obmo~je v vseh navadnega kup~arja, in sicer dva samca in tri samice, letnih ~asih obiskal 56-krat, pogosteje v pomladan- le da so jim to pot dru`bo namesto repalj{~ic delali skem ~asu. Pri opazovanjih sem uporabljal predvsem belovrati muharji Ficedula albicollis. Isti dan sem daljnogled pove~ave 7×50. kup~arje namre~ opazoval tudi v dolini Reke, kjer so v tem ~asu obi~ajni selilci (Surina 1999). Dne 16.4. 3. Rezultati in diskusija sem na istem mestu opazoval le {e tri osebke, pri ~emer mi je pozornost pritegnilo vedenje samca z Dne 5.4.1996 mi je na pa{niku med repalj{~icami naglimi vertikalnimi vzleti ter frfotajo~im spu{~a- Saxicola rubetra pozornost vzbudila nekoliko ve~ja njem. Ponovno sem se vrnil 20.4.; na lesenem drogu ptica, ki je ~epela na lesenem kolu ograje in sem lahko ì~nate ograje je ~epel le {e en samec in vztrajno brez teàv ugotovil, da gre za samca navadnega prepeval. Dne 2.5. sem v neposredni bliìni mesta, kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe. Na podlagi datuma kjer je samec pel, v votlinici v skalni {pranji, ob opazovanja sem ga imel za selilca. Na istem pa{niku popolnoma ogolelem malem jesenu, brez teàv na{el sem na{tel {e dva samca in dve samici te vrste, tretji gnezdo s 5 jajci. @e 5.5. pa je bilo mo~ opazovati par, samec pa se je zadrèval na smeti{~u. [tevilo in spolna ki je mladi~em prina{al hrano. sestava se v naslednjih nekaj dneh nista spreminjala, V letu 1998 sem lokacijo prvi~ preveril 17.4.; pri ~emer je samec {e vedno vztrajal na smeti{~u. V opazil sem eno samico in tri samce, od tega enega spet tem letu se na lokacijo nisem ve~ vra~al. na smeti{~u. V vedenju ptic ni bilo opaziti ni~

Slika 2: Gnezditvena raz{irjenost navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe v Sloveniji (povzeto in prirejeno po GEISTER 1995, GREGORI & [ERE 1999).

Figure 2: Breeding distribution of the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe in Slovenia (derived from GEISTER 1995, GREGORI & [ERE 1999). 48 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 47 – 50, 2001

nenavadnega. Dne 10.5. mi je pozornost vzbudil (Geister 1995). Ravno opazovanjem poznih osebkov samec, ki je spet vneto prepeval na lesenem kolu kup~arjev smo do sedaj posve~ali premalo pozornosti, ograje. Ravno ko sem se ga naveli~al opazovati, sem saj smo verjetno marsikatero gnezditev kratko malo na samem robu pa{nika zagledal {e samico, ki se zanj spregledali. Kot kaè, je bistven dejavnik, ki omejuje o~itno ni zanimala. V naslednjem trenutku je drugi gnezdenje kup~arja, ravno izbira ustreznega gne- samec s hrano v kljunu odletel med manj{e skale, kjer zditvenega habitata, kjer gre po pravilu za odprte sem ponovno na{el gnezdo s {estimi mladi~i, in sicer habitate razli~nih tipov. Nadmorska vi{ina o~itno v tleh pod manj{im skalnatim spodmolom. Medtem nima tako odlo~ilne vloge. Iz preteklosti ni znanih pa je prvi samec kak{nih 200 metrov pro~ {e vedno gnezdi{~ na ni`jih nadmorskih vi{inah. Gnezdenje vneto prepeval. 12.5. zjutraj sem med opazovanjem kup~arja pri Jel{anah je tretje te vrste v Sloveniji. para, ki je hranil svoje mladi~e, opazil {e eno samico s hrano v kljunu. [ele popoldne mi je, kak{nih 300 m Povzetek stran od prvega, z daljnogledom uspelo pribli`no najti tudi drugo gnezdo, na ko{enici, dobro skrito V bliìni Jel{an pri Ilirski Bistrici (JZ Slovenija) sem med skalami. V njem je bilo {est mladi~ev. v letih 1997 in 1998 na nadmorski vi{ini 450 m Leto kasneje, 19.4.1999, sem na lokaciji opazoval zabeleìl gnezdenje navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe enega samca in dve samici. [tevilo in spolna sestava oenanthe. Gnezditveni habitat se razprostira na suhem ptic sta ostala nespremenjena {e 5.5. in 13.5., kasneje kra{kem travi{~u zdru`be Carici humilis-Centaure- pa jih na obravnavani lokaciji nisem ve~ opazoval. etum rupestris, ki je tu in tam spremenjeno v pa{nik z V letu 2000 obravnavane lokacije nisem obiskal. do ìvega popa{eno vegetacijo. Pa{nik in ko{enico Vpra{anje o gnezdenju kup~arjev na obravnavani prekinjajo manj{e povr{ine kamni{~, zelo na redko pa lokaciji pred letom 1997 ostaja odprto. Dopolnjeno sta porasla s prav tako objedeno grmi{~no vegetacijo. gnezditveno raz{irjenost navadnega kup~arja prika- V letu 1997 je gnezdil en par, v letu 1998 pa dva. Vsa zuje slika 2. gnezda so bila na tleh, in sicer v globelici na dnu Zabeleìti je vredno {e nekaj drugih vrst ptic, {pranje v skali (dve gnezdi) in pod manj{im skalnim opaènih v okolici kup~arjevega gnezdilnega habitata: spodmolom (eno gnezdo). Navadni kup~arji so se v rjava cipa Anthus campestris, podhujka Caprimulgus gnezditvenem ~asu zadrèvali v obravnavanem europaeus, smrdokavra Upupa epops, prosnik Saxicola habitatu in na bli`njem smeti{~u tudi v letih 1996 in torquata, rjavi srakoper Lanius collurio, slegur 1999, vendar gnezditve ni bila ugotovljena. V Monticola saxatilis. Obmo~je je pravi “strnadorado”, Sloveniji gnezdi{~a navadnega kup~arja na nizkih kjer je mo~ opazovati ali poslu{ati rumenega nadmorskih vi{inah do nedavnega niso bila znana. Emberiza citrinella, plotnega E. cirlus, skalnega E. cia, Gnezdi{~e navadnih kup~arjev v Jel{anah je tretje vrtnega E. hortulana in velikega strnada Miliaria novo gnezditveno prebivali{~e te vrste v Sloveniji. calandra. Opazovanja po Sloveniji kaèjo, da kup~ar tako na Summary selitvi kot tudi v gnezditvenem ~asu po pravilu izbira zelo odprte habitate: v visokogorju (travi{~a in kam- In 1997 and 1998, breeding of the Northern ni{~a pod ali nad drevesno mejo Geister 1995, Ko{ir Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe was recorded in the 1996), na ni`jih nadmorskih vi{inah (400 m: okolica vicinity of Jel{ane near Ilirska Bistrica (SW Slovenia) Velenja, 540 m: Ba~ nad Ilirsko Bistrico, 800–1.000 at an altitude of 450 m. The breeding habitat is situ- m: Gure nad dolino Reke, 460 m: Jel{ane pri Ilirski ated in a dry Karst grassy patch with Carici humilis- Bistrici) (êlik 1993, Gregori & [ere 1999, Polak Centaureetum rupestris association, which has been 1991, Gregori 1995, Ko{ir 1997, Senega~nik 1997, here and there transformed into a pasture with virtu- Surina 1999). Gnezdilni habitat kup~arja na visokem ally totally grazed up vegetation. The pasture and the in nizkem krasu pri vseh primerih (Ba~ nad Ilirsko hay meadow are interrupted by small rocky surfaces Bistrico, Gure, Jel{ane pri Ilirski Bistrici) je travi{~e and are sparsely overgrown with equally grazed up in kamni{~e zdru`be nizkega {a{a in skalnega glavinca scrub vegetation. In 1997, one pair was breeding Carici humilis-Centaureetum rupestris s.l., pri ~emer je there, in 1998 a pair more. All nests were built on the bistveno, da se fizionomsko ne razlikujejo dosti od ground, i.e. in a cup at the bottom of a rock crevice travi{~ nad gozdno mejo. Ve~ pozornosti bi morali (two nests) and under a small rock shelter (one nest). posvetiti zlasti opazovanjem kup~arjev na ni`jih Northern Wheaters were seen in the dealt with habi- nadmorskih vi{inah pozno spomladi, ko so osebki tat during the breeding season in 1996 and 1999 as lahko le selivci, ~eprav so gnezditveno razpoloèni well, but no breeding was confirmed in those years. 49 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

In Slovenia, the Northern Wheatear’s lowland nest- sites have not been known until recently, and the one at Jel{ane is only the third of this kind in Slovenia.

Literatura

Clement, P. (1988): Wheather Oenanthe oenanthe. V: Hagemeijer E.J.M. & M.J. Blair (eds.) The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. T & AD Poyser, London. ^elik, T. (1993): Navadni kup~ar Oenanthe oenanthe. Acrocephalus (14) 60: 170. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & K.M. Bauer (1988): Handbuch der Vogel Mittelleuropas. Band 11/I (2. Teil), AULA-Verlag, Wiesebaden. Gregori, J. (1995): Naravovarstveno vrednotenje pti~ev Banj{~ic. Acrocephalus 16 (71): 101-107. Gregori, J. & D. [ere (1999): Novo gnezditveno prebivali{~e navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 22 (93): 39-44. Ko{ir, M. (1996): Navadni kup~ar Oenanthe oenanthe. Acrocephalus 18 (75-76): -86. Ko{ir, M. (1997): Zanimivosti od koderkoli: Sava pri Ljubljani. Acrocephalus 18 (83): 121-124. Polak, S. (1991): Rjava cipa Anthus campestris gnezdi tudi na Notranjskem. Acrocephalus 12 (49): 137-138. Senega~nik, K. (1997): Zanimivosti od koderkoli: Farma Gmajnice. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 161-162. Surina, B. (1999): Ornitofavna zgornjega dela doline Reke in bli`nje okolice. Annales, Series historia naturalis 17 (2): 303-314. Wraber, M. (1969): Pflanzengeographische Stellung und Gliederung Sloweniens. Vegetatio 17 (1-6): 176-199. Zupan~i~, M., L. Marin~ek, A. Seli{kar & I. Puncer (1987): Considerations on the phytogeographic division of Slovenia. Biogeographia 8: 89-98.

Prispelo / Arrived: 9.1.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 15.6.2001

50 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 51 – 52, 2001

Nova gnezditvena kolonija navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Pomurju New breeding colony of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo in Pomurje region

@eljko [alamun Stara Nova vas 3/b, SI-9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru

Akumulacijsko jezero Gaj{evci v Pomurju je nastalo Kronolo{ko so opazovanja gnezditve navadne ~igre leta 1976 z zajezitvijo reke [~avnice. Povr{ina jezera na poloju potekala takole: je 1,1 km2. Gozd in sadovnjak obdajata 730 m obre- – 25.5.: {tirje (4) osebki in dve (2) gnezdi `ja, 2.980 m jezerskega obre`ja pa obdaja travnati – 31.5.: {tirje (4) osebki, od tega dva (2) na gnezdih; nasip, ki ga redno kosijo. Jezero je priljubljena ribi{ka – 22.6.: 22 osebkov in 6 zasedenih gnezd to~ka. Ribolov je dovoljen ob nasipu in ob delu – 7.7.: 30 odraslih osebkov in 18 begavcev, nekaj gozda, kopati se v jezeru ali se voziti s ~olnom po mladi~ev je bilo `e v zraku, vendar ni znano, ali so se njem pa ni dovoljeno. Lepi dnevi obi~ajno privabijo speljali na Gaj{evskem jezeru tudi veliko sprehajalcev. – 22.7.: 14 begavcev, precej prvoletnih mladostnih [~avnica na svojem ustju v jezero odlaga pesek in osebkov je bilo `e v zraku (za odrasle osebke ni blatne delce. Tako so pribli`no 60 m od izliva nastali podatkov) blatni poloji. Ti so podolgovate oblike, delno pora- – 11.8.: na jezeru samo {e 4 osebki, od tega 1 {~eni s pionirsko vegetacijo, najve~ji meri pribli`no mladosten 15 × 2 metra. Po lastnih podatkih (od 1996 naprej) Na poloju je gnezdilo okoli 15 parov navadne ~igre, so se navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo na jezeru pojavljale speljalo pa se je najmanj 18 mladi~ev. Natan~nega vsako leto, tudi v ~asu gnezditve. Na najve~jem {tevila gnezd ni bilo mogo~e ugotoviti zaradi pora{~e- poloju so leta 2000 prvi~ gnezdile navadne ~igre. nosti poloja. Nova gnezditvena kolonija navadnih

Slika 1: Kolonija navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo na poloju [~avnice na Gaj{evskem jezeru dne 6.7.2000 (foto: B. [tumberger)

Figure 1: A colony of Common Terns Sterna hirundo on a mudflat of the [~avnica stream at Gaj{evsko jezero on July 6th 2000 (photo: B. [tumberger) 51 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles

~iger na Gaj{evskem jezeru je zelo razveseljujo~a, {e Literatura zlasti, ker je od zadnje dokumentirane gnezditve navadne ~igre v pore~ju Mure minilo skoraj 120 let. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Leta 1882 je Washington poro~al o vsakoletni Ljubljana. Hable, E. (1979) gnezditvi na reki Muri pri Wildonu (nad Lipnico, : Eine steirische Zentralkartei ornitologis- cher Daten (Aves). Mitt. Abt. Zoll. Landesmus. Avstrija), l. 1885 pa je z obàlovanjem ugotovil, da so Joanneum 8 (2): 43- 68. gnezdi{~a po regulaciji Mure opu{~ena (Hable 1979 Praesent 1974 po ). Prispelo / Arrived: 30.9.2000 V ~asu gnezditve je kolonijo potencialno najbolj Sprejeto / Accepted: 15.6.2001 ogroàl dvig gladine vode, na sre~o pa ni bilo ve~jih padavin. Na ribi~e in sprehajalce so se navadne ~igre kar navadile, le ob~asno so sproìle kak{en preplah in se hitro umirile. Ve~ja nevarnost bi lahko bila, kljub prepovedi, vo`nja s ~olni po jezeru. Zato bi bilo smiselno v primerni razdalji od kolonije postaviti predstavitveno tablo o navadni ~igri in njeni ogroènosti. Blatni poloj se je precej hitro zara{~al s pionirsko vegetacijo, zato bo za vzdrèvanje kolonije verjetno treba opraviti vsakoletno ~i{~enje. Novo gnezditveno kolonijo navadnih ~iger na Gaj{evskem jezeru morda lahko poveèmo z najbli`jo in trenutno populacijsko najmo~nej{o kolonijo ~iger na Dravi pri Ormoù. Na Dravi (Ptuj, Trèc, Ormo`) je DOPPS–BirdLife Slovenia z umetnimi ukrepi s ~i{~enjem in oblikovanjem otokov, postavitvijo spla- vov ipd. obdràl njeno populacijo na okroglih 100 parov. Ormo{ka kolonija je od Gaj{evskega jezera oddaljena vsega 15 kilometrov.

Zahvala: Za pomo~ se zahvaljujem Ani in Gorazdu Klemen~i~u, ki sta pripevale terenske podatke, in Borutu [tumbergerju pri iskanju zgodovinskih virov.

Povzetek

Na blatnem poloju na izlivu [~avnice v Gaj{evsko jezero je bila v gnezditveni sezoni 2000 najdena nova gnezditvena kolonija navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Sloveniji. Gnezdilo je okoli 15 parov, speljalo pa se je najmanj 18 mladi~ev navadnih ~iger. Od zadnje dokumentirane gnezditve navadnih ~iger v pore~ju Mure je preteklo 120 let.

Summary

In the breeding season 2000, a new breeding colony of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo was found on a mudflat at the outflow of the [~avnica stream into Gaj{evsko jezero (NE Slovenia). Some 15 pairs bred there and eventually at least 18 young were fledged. The last documented breeding of Common Terns in the Mura basin took place no less than 120 years ago. 52 Acrocephalus 22 (104-105): 53, 2001

First observation of the desert wheatear Oenanthe deserti in bulgaria Prvo opazovanje pu{~avskega kup~arja Oenanthe deserti v Bolgariji

Peter S. Shurulinkov & Rosen T. Tsonev Bulgarian Ornithological Centre, Institute of Zoology, BAS,Boul. Tzar Osvoboditel 1, BG-1000 Sofia, Bulgaria

An adult male Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti in surprising. It is probable that some birds change the summer plumage was observed on 1.11.1997 along direction of their autumn migration and appear in the shore of Gorni Dabnik reservoir, 4 km from the the north-western part of Europe during October and village of Telish (Pleven, North Bulgaria). The bird November instead of in their wintering areas. The was watched for more than 2 hours, admitting peo- record was accepted by the Bulgarian Rarities ple to approach it to some 10–12 m and flying away Committee. with reluctance. It looked exhausted, probably to the bad weather. The wheatear was observed with 10×50 Summary and 16×50 binoculars. The plumage of the bird is described – it was with fully black tail, white rump, A Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti was observed for black wings with white scapulars, black throat and the first time in Bulgaria. A male was observed near ear coverts, cream-coloured back, nape and under- Pleven on November 1st 1997 in adult summer parts. It stood close to the slimy shore of the reser- plumage. The record was accepted by the Bulgarian voir, overgrown with weeds Xanthium strumarium Rarities Committee. and Bidens tripartitus. The weather was calm, cloudy, without snow, the temperature was 4–5°C. It must Povzetek be emphasised, however, that during the period from October 25th to 31st the weather had been windy, Dne 1.11.1997 je bil v bli`ini mesta Pleven v with heavy snowfall and low temperatures. On Bulgariji prvi~ opazovan pu{~avski kup~ar, in sicer October 28th and 29th the snow cover was more than samec v letnem perju. Pojavljanje te vrste v Bolgariji 20–25 cm thick in North Bulgaria. je potrdila tudi nacionalna komisija za redkosti. This is the first observation of this species in Bulgaria. Until now it has been considered as likely References to be found in the country (Nankinov 1992). This is a polytypic species with 4 described subspecies. One of Cramp, S. et al. (1988): Handbook of the birds of Europe, the subspecies –O. deserti atrogularis– nests to the the Middle East and North Africa, vol. 5. Oxord west of Georgia, Armenia and Iran and to Alashanya University Press, Oxford. Dementiev, G.P., N.A. Gladkov, (1954): Ptici Sovetskogo in Central Asia to the east. It winters in Africa. It flies Sojuza, tom 6: 500-504. away from Central Asia (Semirechie, Kazakhstan) Nankinov, D. (1992): Check list of bird species and sub- from mid-August (sometimes it is numerous at the species in Bulgaria. Avocetta 16: 1-17. end of August) by October 20th , although mostly by September 20th. It arrives to its wintering areas in Prispelo / Arrived: 16.10.2000 Africa most often in November, but the first migrants Sprejeto / Accepted: 15.6.2001 appear in Africa and Arabia even at the end of August (Dementiev & Gladkov 1954). Many Desert Wheatears have been found away from their breeding and wintering grounds. They reach the Canary Islands to the west, to Sweden to the north and to the Curile Islands, Russia to the east. The species has been recorded several times in many European countries as well, including Turkey and Cyprus (Cramp et al. 1988). According to this information, the observation of the Desert Wheatear in Bulgaria in November is not 53 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice From the ornithological notebook

Rubrika Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice je odprta za kraj{e ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra favnisti~ne, etolo{ke in ekolo{ke notice o pticah iz dràv Black Stork – 2 in a field near Ljutomer on Novem- jugovzhodne Evrope in vzhodnomediteranske regije. Notice ber 6th 2000 (NE Slovenia) naj imajo 5-10 vrstic, ~e je le mo`no z navedbo reference. Pri redkih vrstah naj bo navedeno ali je opazovanje potrdila Z novembrom se pri~ne gozdarsko delo na terenu z nacionalna komisija za redkosti. V primeru, da komisija v odkazilom in ozna~evanjem drevja za posek v zasebnem dràvi ne obstaja naj bo notici priloèn dokument (npr. sektorju. Tako sem se zjutraj 6.11.2000 ob 8.15 napotil v fotografija), ki potrjeje avtenti~nost podatka. Bu~kovce in pri vo`nji med Ljutomerom in Cezanjevci na njivah kakih 80 metrov od ceste zagledal dve ve~ji ptici. The column “From the ornithological notebook” is open Takoj sem ustavil in nedvoumno ugotovil, da gre za ~rni to any short faunistic, ethological and ecological notices {torklji Ciconia nigra. Dru`bo jima je delala siva ~aplja about birds from countries in Southeastern Europe and Ardea cinerea. Eastern Mediterranean. Notices should comprise 5–10 lines, together with suitable references, if at all possible. Borut Ficko, Spodnji Kamen{~ak 10F, SI-9240 Ljutomer When dealing with rare species, a mention should be made whether the sighting was confirmed by the National Rarities Committee. If there is no such Commission in the @li~arka Platalea leucorodia country, the notice should be accompanied by a document Eurasian Spoonbill – one in waste water basin at (e.g. photograph) that confirms the authenticity of the Ormo` on August 28th 1998 (Drava, NE Slovenia) sighting. Dne 28.8.1998 sem z Danilom Ker~kom obiskal ormo{ke Slovenija / Slovenia bazene za odpadne vode. Pisana dru{~ina resni~no {tevilnih vodnih ptic nama je vzela kar precej ~asa. Ko sva vse Pritlikavi kormoran popisala, sva se naposled le odlo~ila usmeriti teleskop {e k Phalacrocorax veliki beli ~aplji, ki je osamljena `dela v zadnjem bazenu. pygmeus Vendar na najino presene~enje v okularju nisva zagledala Pygmy Cormorant – 1 adult roosting with a group pri~akovane podobe, temve~ `li~arko v zimskem perju. of 94 Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo on float- Previdno sva se ji sku{ala nekoliko pribliàti, a je takoj ing trees at Ptujsko jezero (Lake Ptuj) on September odletela in pri~ela kroìti nad lagunami. êz ~as je pristala 12th 2000 (Drava river, NE Slovenia) v sosednjem bazenu ter se pridruìla skupini mlakaric Anas platyrhynchos in dvema sivima ~apljama Ardea cinerea. Ko sem se dne 12.9.2000 ob 17. uri povzpel na nasip @li~arka pa se je, kot da bi vedela, da je prva te vrste, ki sva Ptujskega jezera, me je presenetila velika gostota vodnih jo imela prilo`nost opazovati, na vso mo~ pretegovala in ptic. Svojo pozornost sem usmeril h kormoranom, z ~istila perje, tako da sva se je lahko dodobra nagledala. namenom, da jih pre{tejem in ugotovim, kolikojih premore jezero v tem ~asu. S teleskopom sem pre~esal vodno Matja` Ker~ek, Kungota 44, SI-2325 Kidri~evo povr{ino, naplavljene veje dreves in oba daljnovoda. Pre{tel sem 94 kormoranov Phalacrocorax carbo. Na naplavljenih vejah v neposredni bliìni velikega otoka pa sem pa opazil @li~arka Platalea leucorodia kormorana, ki se je po svoji velikosti mo~no razlo~eval od Eurasian Spoonbill – small spring influx of Eurasian drugih kormoranov. Opazovani kormoran je bil za polovico Spoonbills with flocks of up to 10 birds across manj{i in takoj mi je bilo jasno, da je opazovana ptica Slovenia between mid May and early June 2000, pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. Bil je v dominated by adult birds as far as their sex structure poletnem perju: v jasnem vremenu je bilo lepo videti is concerned njegovo rjavo obarvano glavo in ble{~e~e ~rno–zeleno telo. Torej odrasel osebek, ki je na jezeru preno~eval s S {vicarskimi kolegi sem dne 12.5.2000 opazoval doslej kormorani. najve~jo skupino `li~ark na reki Dravi. Deset (10) ptic je priletelo po reki navzgor, kroìlo nad bazeni za odpadne Dominik Bombek, Pre{ernova 1, SI-2250 Ptuj vode pri Ormoù in se nato obrnilo proti toku navzdol. Sedem (7) ptic je bilo odraslih, tri (3) pa spolno nezrele s temnimi konicami primarnih letalnih peres. @li~arke so bile 54 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Kratkokljuna gos Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose – second record for Slovenia (confirmed by the National Rarities Committee): one at roost in the company of 1550 Bean Geese Anser fabalis and 35 White-fronted Geese A. albifrons at Lake Ormo` (Drava, NE Slovenia)

Decembra 1997 se je k preno~evanju na Ormo{kem jezeru zbirala skupina do 3200 gosi. Zgodaj zjutraj dne 14.12.1997 sem na{tel sicer najman{e decembersko {tevilo gosi, a {e vedno 35 osebkov belo~elih gosi Anser albifrons in 1550 njivskih gosi A. fabalis. Ker so bile opazovalne razmere odli~ne, sem s teleskopom natan~no pre{tel in pregledal prav vse gosi. Na koncu jate na plitvini sredi jezera pa je moj pogled zastal na neznani gosi. V nasprotju z njivskimi gosmi je bila za kakih 20% manj{a, manj{a je bila tudi od najmanj{ih belo~elih gosi. Trdovratno se je v tem ~asu opaène tudi drugod po Sloveniji: 13.5. je bil dràla repa plavajo~e jate. Opazoval sem jo 20 minut, spolno nezrel osebek (1) opazovan v Hra{ah ([ere & potem pa je skupaj z drugimi gosmi odletela proti severu. Cigli~ ustno), 3.6. pa trije (3) odrasli osebki v Med naslednjimi obiski Ormo{kega jezera te gosi, za katero [kocjanskem zatoku (Miheli~ & Mozeti~ ustno). menim, da je bila kratkokljuna, nisem ve~ opazil. Zanimivo bi bilo vedeti, ali je bila ta vrsta takrat opaèna {e Opazovanje je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti kot kje drugje v Sloveniji. drugi podatek za Slovenijo.

Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41 Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41

Labod grbec Cygnus olor Njivska gos Anser fabalis & Belo~ela gos Mute Swan – 96 in one of the meanders of the Mura A. albifrons river below Murska {uma near Lendava on February Bean Goose & White-fronted Goose – on January 8th 2001; the largest flock in the Prekmurje region 22nd 1999, some 2380 geese landed in 15 minutes in in the last 20 years (Prekmurje, NE Slovenia) the fields near Podgorci. The flocks numbering from 250 to 1370 birds came from different directions and Ve~krat obi{~em rokav na zavoju reke Mure pred Mursko descended through low lying clouds. There was {umo, ki je na na{em obmo~ju prava ornitolo{ka zakla- apparently no visual contact between them (Ptujsko dnica. @e nekaj let zaporedoma prezimuje v tem rokavu Polje, NE Slovenia). velika jata labodov grbcev. Jata je sestavljena iz odraslih osebkov in mladi~ev in kljub njihovemu velikemi {tevilu Dne 22.1.1999 ob 9. 55 uri sem se peljal po cesti skozi vas nisem v jati opazil nobenega rivalstva. Zanimivo je, da so ti Podgorci. Mojo pozornost je pritegnil veliki srakoper labodi, v nasprotju s tistimi, ki ìvijo in gnezdijo pri nas, Lanius excubitor, ki je oprezal za plenom z ìce na zelo pla{ni. ê se jim preve~ pribliàm (na 20 do 30 m), elektri~nem drogu. Ob podrobnem ogledu okolice sem brez obotavljanja poleti vsa jata. Letos so labodi prileteli na{el {e enega velikega srakoperja. Da pa je bil dan res okoli 20.1.2001. Dne 8.2. sem v rokavu pre{tel kar 96 popoln, so poskrbele gosi, ki so se ogla{ale v zraku. Jata 250 osebkov. Jata je bilo tako {tevilna vse do 15.2. Zadnje {tetje ptic je letela iz smeri Ptuja proti Ormoù. Opazoval sem sem opravil 25.2.2001, vendar sem tedaj na{tel le 27 jih s teleskopom, ko so se pri~ele spu{~ati na polje, in osebkov. Pa~ pa sem opazil veliko jato rac mlakaric Anas presene~en ugotovil, da je na polju è kar nekaj gosi. Te so platyrhinchos, ki je {tela okrog 500 osebkov. V obdobju postale nemirne, ko se je prej omenjena jata spustila na zadnjih 20 let [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas njivo. Tako je zdruèna jata gosi na polju {tela kar 1010 Slovenije. TZS, Ljubljana, [tumberger, B. (1997-2000): osebkov. Med natan~nim opazovanjem teh ptic sem Rezultati januarskih {tetij vodnih ptic v Sloveniji. ugotovil, da se jih pribli`no ~etrtina prehranjuje, druge pa Acrocephalus] je dne 8.2.2001 opazovana jata labodov da po~ivajo. Kmalu sem ponovno opazil nemir med gosmi doslej najve~ja v Prekmurski regiji. na polju – podoben tistemu, ko se gosi pripravljajo, da se bodo dvignile z jezera, in ko dobesedno predvidi{, kdaj Igor Kolenko, Dolga vas 26a, SI-9220 Lendava bodo odletele. Vendar se gosi niso dvignile, pa~ pa je na moje presene~enje priletela nova jata gosi, tokrat iz smeri 55 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Ormoà, in se spustila na prej omenjeno polje. [tela je Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus 1370 osebkov. Tako je bilo na polju 2380 njivskih in Red Kite – adult circling above Kungota on October belo~elih gosi. Kako o teh pticah vemo veliko, a tudi zelo 15th 1998 (Dravsko polje, NE Slovenia) malo hkrati, ponazarjata naslednji dve vpra{anji: a) zakaj se je ve~ina gosi zbrala na polju, ki je razmeroma blizu @e kar nekako obrabljeno ornitolo{ko pravilo je, da na njihovim preno~i{~em, vendar zelo oddaljeno od njihovih najve~je zanimivosti naletimo takrat, ko to najmanj obi~ajnih pa{nih obmo~ij? in b) kako to, da so se gosi, ki so pri~akujemo. Dne 15.10.1998 je bil prijetno topel jesenski priletele iz razli~nih smeri, vse spustile v 15 minutah na isto dan, kot nala{~ za obisk reke Drave, ki je nekaj dni pred polje? tem mo~no poplavljala. Vendar me je glavna atrakcija dneva ~akala è kar pred doma~im pragom, v Kungoti. V zraku Dominik Bombek, Pre{ernova 1, SI-2250 Ptuj nad vasjo je kroìla ujeda, ki se je è na prvi pogled razlikovala od kanje. Po {karjastem repu, prevladujo~i rjasto rde~i barvi in belih, skoraj prosojnih poljih na perutih ni Dolgorepa raca Anas acuta bilo te`ko prepoznati odraslega rjavega {karnika Milvus Pintail – a number of sightings of up to 6 individu- milvus. Po kak{ni minuti opazovanja se je na nebu prikazala als between May 27th and June 12th 1997 at Draga {e kanja Buteo buteo in ga za~ela napadati. V primerjavi s ponds near Ig (Ljubljansko Barje, C Slovenia) {karnikom je dajala kanja zelo ~okat videz. Njeni napadi so kmalu prestopili meje {karnikove potrpe`ljivosti in je raje V letu 1997 sem se z dolgorepo raco na ribnikih v Dragi nadaljeval svojo pot proti zahodu. pri Igu sre~al kar nekajkrat. Dne 27.5., ko sem se zadrèval ob izlivu Dra{~ice v Veliki ribnik, sem opazoval mimo mene Matja` Ker~ek, Kungota 44, SI-2352 Kidri~evo lete~a samca in samico. Ponovno sem bil presene~en dne 5.6., ko sem na Srednjem ribniku opazil samca (samice ni bilo). Te dolgorepke sem imel prilo`nost vnovi~ opazovati Kragulj Accipiter gentilis 12.6. na ribniku Rakovnik, tokrat kar {est osebkov (tri Northern Goshawk – praying on and badly injuring samice, tri samce). Kasneje jih nisem ve~ videl in gnezditve a Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major; the ne morem potrditi. Kljub vsemu pa se mi pojavljanje woodpecker crawled under an ice plate, out of the dolgorepih rac v Dragi zdi zanimiva, kajti v prej{njih letih goshawk’s reach, Zadlaz – Tolmin, on February 2nd se z njimi v gnezditvenem obdobju tam nisem sre~eval, pa 1997 (W Slovenia) ~eprav zahajam v Drago è vse od leta 1980. Pri popisovanju za zimski ornitolo{ki atlas TNP sem pri Ivo A. Boì~, Na jami 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana vasi Zadlaz v tolminskih hribih zasli{al nenavadno ogla{a- nje, ki je prihajalo nekje od spodaj. Ko sem si {el zadevo ^rni {karnik podrobneje ogledat, sem zagledal kragulja, ki je nemo sedel Milvus migrans na tleh in brskal po snegu. Ko me je zagledal, je prepla{eno nd Black Kite – one attacked on June 2 2000 by odletel, nenavadno ogla{anje pa se je {e kar nadaljevalo. Na Common Terns Sterna hirundo from the breeding kraju dogodka sem na{el razmesarjenega velikega detla colony at Gaj{evsko jezero (NE Slovenia) Dendrocopos major, ki se je bil zavlekel v {pranjo pod ledeno ploskev, kjer ga kragulj ni mogel ve~ dose~i. Ob~utek sem Ko sva 2.7.2000 opazovala ptice na zahodnem delu imel, da sem se è preve~ vtikal v njuno razmerje, Gaj{evskega jezera, je iznad gozda priletela temno rjavo- kakr{nokoli è je bilo, in nadaljeval svojo pot. ~rna ujeda pribli`no kanjine velikosti, vendar bolj elegantna in ne tako okrogla. Na svoji desni je imela jato razdraènih Primo` Kmecl, Riharjeva 28, SI-1000 Ljubljana navadnih ~iger Sterna hirundo, ki so med svojim gnezdi{~em in ujedo naredile nekak{en “ìvi zid”. Zanje ni kazala posebnega zanimanja, a je vendarle zavila proti Koconoga kanja Buteo lagopus zahodu. Ena izmed ~iger se je pognala proti njenemu repu, Rough-legged Buzzard – 1 appearing in the fields ki je bil zna~ilno lepo konkavno vrezan, tako da ni bilo between Turni{~e and Dobrovnik on January 13th dvoma, da imava pred sabo odrasel osebek ~rnega {karnika. and March 2nd 2001 (Prekmurju, NE Slovenia) Lagodno je odjadral proti zahodu in izginil ravno tako nenadoma, kakor se je bil tudi prikazal. 13.1.2001 je bil eden hladnej{ih v tem letu, ker pa je to dan namenjen {tetju vodnih ptic, z èno nisva niti malo Ana & Gorazd Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka cesta 45, SI-9240 Ljutomer odla{ala in se zjutraj odpravila na predvideni odsek. Pregle- dovala sva reko Ledavo. V predelu med Turni{~em in Dobrovnikom, kjer se razprostirajo obse`na polja, pa sva postala pozorna na nizko lete~o ujedo, ki è na prvi pogled 56 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

ni bila videti kot navadna kanja. Zdela se nama je za kaj, da ne bi pomislil, da si je bil za `rtev izbral prav spoznanje ve~ja in morda za odtenek temnej{a. Po dalj{em povodnega kosa. opazovanju sva vendarle opazila bistveno razliko v primerjavi z navadno kanjo, in sicer belo progo na hrbtni Henrik Cigli~, Likozarjeva 7, SI-4000 Kranj strani repa, po ~emer sva potem ugotovila, da gre za koconogo kanjo. Potem sva opazovala njen let, dokler ni pristala na njivi in nama izginila spred o~i. Pozneje sva se {e ^rna prosenka Pluvialis squatarola enkrat vrnila na mesto, kjer sva jo opazovala è zjutraj, a je Grey Plover – moulting adult catching a fish in shal- nisva ve~ na{la. Se pa je (ta?) koconoga kanja zadrèvala na low water and taking it to a mudflat, a Common poljih {e 2.3.2001. Tokrat se mi je zdela manj srame`ljiva Coot Fulica atra took it virtually from its beak and kot prvi~, saj je zakroìla prav okoli mene v ne prav velikem swallowed it; Medvedce reservoir, October 24th 1999 krogu. (Dravsko Polje, NE Slovenia)

Janez Kolenko, Mala Polana 62, SI-9225 Velika Polana Dne 24.10.1999 sva se z Jakobom Smoletom odlo~ila za obisk akumulacije pri Medvedcah na ju`nem robu Dravskega polja. Najin namen je bil fotografirati beloli~no Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga trdorepko Oxyura jamaicensis, ki se je tukaj zadrèvala è Spotted Eagle – ninth record for Slovenia (con- nekaj dni. Na nasipu naju je pri~akal neprijeten, zelo firmed by the National Rarities Committee): an mo~an veter. V bliìni iztoka akumulacije sva v letu immature individual sighted at Ormo{ko jezero on zagledala ~rno prosenko, ki jo je eden izmed orkanskih March 19th 1982 (Drava, NE Slovenia) sunkov vetra prinesel na plitvino v najini bliìni. Medtem se je pri~ela prehranjevati in z rutinskim pogledom skozi Dopoldne dne 19.3.1982 sem s travnikov ob nasipu teleskop sva nemudoma ugotovila, da imava opraviti z Ormo{kega jezera pod Ameriko nehote prepla{il spolno odraslim osebkom v golitvi iz poletnega v zimsko perje. nezrel (verjetno drugoleten) osebek velikega klinka~a. Ker Nekoliko kasneje pa sva bila pri~a nevsakdanjemu sem orla opazoval z nasipa navzdol, in to iz razdalje 30 dogodku. @e prej so najino zanimanje vzbudili prvoletni metrov, je bilo resni~no ~udovito videti ~rno perje zgornje ~rni martinci Tringa erythropus, ki so brodili po plitvi vodi polovice peruti, posejano z belimi bisernimi ogrlicami in in se prehranjevali z majhnimi ribami. Temu vedenju je pozornost zbujajo~o belo trtico. Klinka~ je mirno, s sledila tudi prosenka, ki pa je ubrala druga~no taktiko. po~asnimi zamahi peruti odletel v smeri bazenov za Ujeto ribo je takoj prenesla »na varno«, na blaten poloj odpadne vode tovarne sladkorja in kmalu izginil v Panoniji. pribli`no pet metrov od vode in se tam lotila plena. Pri tem Kanja Buteo buteo, ki mu je v letu prekriàla pot, je bila v je bila videti precej nespretna, saj ji je spolzka riba nenehno uhajala iz kljuna in se premetavala po blatu. Tedaj pa je primerjavi s klinka~em videti prav groteskno. proti prosenki nenadoma stekla liska Fulica atra, ki je njeno po~etje è nekaj ~asa opazovala z obale. Pri tem se je Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41 dobesedno zakadila vanjo, pograbila ribo in jo odnesla prosenki dobesedno spred kljuna. Pogoltnila jo je {ele Sokoli~ potem, ko se je ponovno pridruìla svojim vrstnicam v Falco columbarius vodi. Merlin – adult male on February 1st 2001 on the Kokra river near the village of Poto~e above Preddvor Luka Boì~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor (NW Slovenia), most probably preying on a Dipper Cinclus cinclus Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata Ko sem 1.2.2001 v son~nem, a mrzlem in vetrovnem dnevu Eurasian Curlew – 1 in the Muri{a backwater on pre{teval povodne kose na reki Kokri nad Preddvorom, je February 8th 2001 (Mura river, Prekmurje region, kaki dve sekundi zatem, ko je reko diagonalno preletel NE Slovenia) povodni kos Cinclus cinclus, tik nad vodno gladino z veliko hitrostjo priletel {e eden, vsaj prvi hip se mi je zdelo tako. Svoje potepe in ornitolo{ka opazovanja zelo rad usmerim A je bil malce prevelik, tudi preve~ modrosiv in na mojo za Mursko {umo, na obmo~je mrtvice Muri{e. Na sre~o je v trenutku, ko me je zagledal, stoje~ega med tamkaj{njem jezeru, doma~ini mu pravimo »Szent király grmovjem, silovito zavrl in se usedel na ve~jo skalo tik ob tó« (Jezero svetega kralja), sem 8.2.2001 v dopoldanskih bregu na drugi strani reke. In potem sva se gledala. Jaz sem urah opazoval velikega {kurha. Zadrèval se je na sicer zrl v prelepega sokoli~jega samca z vsem ob~udova- zamo~virjenem robu jezera v plitvi vodi. Prepla{il ga je njem in spo{tljivostjo, on pa vame tako grdo, kot da bi mi kmet, ki se je s traktorjem pripeljal po bli`njem kolovozu. bil hotel re~i, da sem ga prikraj{al za kos mesa. Kakor koli è, potem ko je ~ez kako minuto odletel, si nisem mogel Igor Kolenko, Dolga vas 26a, SI-9220 Lendava 57 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata dodobra pregoljen v prvoletno zimsko perje, saj je imel na Eurasian Curlew – 1 at Ptujsko jezero (Lake Ptuj) hrbtu med ~rnimi `e tudi precej sivih peres. Isti osebek je on December 24th 2000 (Drava river, NE Slovenia), dan prej opazoval tudi Borut Rubini~. 1 at Ljubljansko barje during December 25th and 26th 2000 (C Slovenia) Luka Bo`i~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor

S Karmen in Luko Koro{cem sem dne 24.12.2000 opazoval Veliki galeb velikega {kurha, ki se je tako zna~ilno ogla{al ter podolgem Larus marinus in po~ez preletaval Ptujsko jezero. Vreme je bilo jasno, Great Black-backed Gull – adult on Ptujsko jezero th temperatura okoli 5° C. Zanimivo je, da sta pri I{ki Loki (Ptuj reservoir) on January 11 1997 (Drava river, na Ljubljanskem barju velikega {kurha v naslednjih dneh, NE Slovenia) 25. in 26.12.2000, opazovala kolega Andrej Sovinc in Dare [ere (vir: internetna skupina Ljubitelji-ptic). Med tradicionalnim januarskim {tetjem vodnih ptic 11.1.1997 sva z Jakobom Smoletom {tela na Ormo{kem in Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41 Ptujskem jezeru. Toda vreme je bilo {tetju tega dne vse prej kot naklonjeno. Na Ptujskem jezeru, kjer sva {tela nazadnje, je {e komaj sneìlo, pihal je rahel severni veter in nad Ozkokljuni liskonoèc Phalaropus jezerom so viseli nizki oblaki. [tela sva z desnega nasipa. lobatus Temperatura je bila –3°C, spodnja polovica jezera je bila Red-necked Phalarope – first year individual in win- zamrznjena. Po pravilih {tetja sva {tela vsak odsek jezera ter plumage between October 16th and 17th 1999 at posebej. Zadnji odsek na jezeru, ~e {tejemo iz smeri Markovcev, kjer so {tevila vodnih pti~ev {e precej velika, je Se~ovlje Salina (SW Slovenia) odsek {t. 19, ki leì med Ranco in za~etkom manj{ega zaliva na levem bregu. V tem odseku sva opazovala 15 Po nekaj è objavljenih opazovanjih ozkokljunega rumenonogih galebov Larus cachinnans (predvsem odraslih) liskono`ca Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice, Acrocephalus 14 (58- [ in 20 re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus. Med rumenonogimi 59): 126-127 in Acrocephalus 17 (78-79): 164-165 sem ] galebi sva takoj opazila tudi precej velikega in po postavi se leta 1999 v ormo{kih bazenih za odpadne vode ponovno mo~nej{ega galeba. Na podlagi zna~ilnosti sva opazovanega sre~al s to redko vrsto pobre`nika. Prvi~ dne 8.8.1999. Z galeba dolo~ila za odraslega velikega galeba Larus marinus. Matjaèm Premzlom in Ale{em Tomaì~em smo imeli kak{ne pol minute prilo`nost opazovati odraslega samca v Damijan Denac, Pintarjeva 14, SI-2106 Maribor poletnem perju. V primerjavi z obarvanostjo samice iz leta 1992 je bila oran`na lisa na vratu precej blede barve. Liskonoèc se je prehranjeval v prvem bazenu (pri tem je ^rnonoga ~igra plaval v krogu) med mnoìco drugih pobre`nikov, nato pa Gelochelidon nilotica je skupaj z njimi odletel neznano kam. To se je dogajalo Gull-billed Tern – 1 in flight upstream the Drava th lepega, son~nega dne okoli 19. ure. Kasneje sem od Boruta river at Ptujsko jezero on May 17 1997 (NE [tumbergerja zvedel, da je omenjenega liskono`ca opazoval Slovenia) è 22. in 25.7.1999 v zadnjem lagunskem bazenu. Ve~ kot zanimivo pa je, da je Borut 8.8.1999 zgodaj popoldne ^rnonoga ~igra nedvomno spada med vrste, ki se v (torej le nekaj ur pred zgoraj opisanim mojim notranjosti Slovenije zelo redko pojavljajo. Sam sem se z opazovanjem) videl mladostni osebek liskono`ca prav tako njo na obmo~ju reke Drave sre~al le enkrat. Z Jakobom v zadnjem bazenu. Torej sta bila tega dne opazovana dva Smoletom sva 17.5.1997 obiskala Ptujsko jezero. Predvsem razli~na osebka. Z liskono`cem sem se sre~al {e 26.8.1999. naju je zanimalo, kako poteka selitev ~rnih ~iger Chlidonias Tokrat sem opazoval zna~ilni mladostni osebek, ki je niger, ki je v tem ~asu obi~ajno na vi{ku. Po nekaj sto po~ival na plitvini zadnjega bazena. V è nekoliko slabi metrih hoje vzdol` desnega nasipa naju je {e pred velikim ve~erni svetlobi je med pobre`niki zbujal pozornost po otokom skorajda preletela ~rnonoga ~igra, ki je mojo izrazito sne`no beli obarvanosti trupa, na hrbtu pa je bilo pozornost vzbudila zaradi svoje velikosti. Brez ustavljanja je dobro videti rumene vzdol`no potekajo~e proge. Pa {e letela po toku reke navzgor, a sva kljub temu dobro videla nekoliko pozabljen podatek o opazovanju ozkokljunega njene zna~ilnosti: popolnoma ~rn, masiven kljun, robustno liskono`ca v Se~oveljskih solinah: obla~nega in ob~asno postavo in ob tem presenetljivo dolge peruti. deèvnega dne 17.10.1993 sva se v aktivnem delu solin z Jakobom Smoletom sprva ~udila velikemu {tevilu Luka Boì~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor ~rnoglavih galebov Larus melanocephalus, nato pa naju je povsem prevzel liskonoèc. Na enem izmed mnogih ozkih blatnih nasipov, ki prepredajo Lero, je majhna bela ptica povsem neopazno zdrsnila z roba ve~jega bazena in pri~ela naglo plavati proti sredini. Opazovani liskonoèc je bil è 58 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Koza~a Strix uralensis pogosti so melanisti~ni osebki v slovenski populaciji koza~, Ural Owl – sighting of a melanistic Ural Owl on je vpra{anje, ki bi ga bilo dobro raziskati. Torej {e ena October 19th 2000 on Mt. Krim near Ljubljana zanimiva tema iz poglavja o koza~i v Sloveniji. (C Slovenia) at an altitude of 530 m. The individual was accompanied by a normally pigmented female, Al Vrezec, Praàkova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana which was detected thanks to the agitated calls by Mistle Thrushes Turdus viscivorus. In view of the êbelar Merops apiaster more recently published data from Slovenia, the European Bee-eater – 1 above the forest at Ig on May melanistic Ural Owls are nowadays rather rare. th th th 6 2000, eight (8) above ^rna vas scared away into According to the data from the 19 and early 20 an alder tree by a low flying cuckoo on May 13th 2000 centuries, 9% melanistic birds were recorded in the (Ljubljansko barje, C Slovenia), 50 at Hrva{ki brod Ural Owl’s population of that time (N = 103). near Krakovski gozd on August 28th 2000 (S Slovenia) Koza~e v Sloveniji pripadajo karpatsko-dinarski populaciji Dne 6.5.2000 sem obro~kal meni{~ke v umetni gnezdilnici podvrste Strix uralensis macroura. Ta je med vsemi v gozdu nad Igom. Nenadoma sem nad seboj v zraku podvrstami koza~e najve~ja, njena posebnost pa je tudi zasli{al sicer zelo znan glas, ki se v tistem trenutku nikakor melanisti~na oblika, ki se pri drugih podvrstah ne pojavlja ni ujemal z gozdom in njegovo okolico. Kljub trenutni König, C., F. Weick & J. H. Becking (1999): Owls. Pica [ zmedi v mojem “ogla{evalnem ra~unalniku” se je ~ebelar {e Press, Sussex. . Dne 19.10.2000 sem bil z Daretom ] nekajkrat oglasil in odletel proti vzhodu v smeri Drage. Fekonjo na Ljubljanskem vrhu, kjer sva pregledovala Prav mogo~e je, da ~ebelar ni bil sam, ~eprav je bilo sli{ati gnezdilnice za koza~o in koconogega ~uka. @al v nobeni ni eno samo ogla{anje. Mislim, da gre v tem primeru pri nas bilo zaznati sledov sov. Dare se je moral zaradi slu`benih za enega zgodnej{ih spomladanskih podatkov. V koloniji obveznosti posloviti, sam pa sem {el pregledat {e nekaj ~ebelarjev ob Krakovskem gozdu sem bil 4.5.2000, vendar gnezdilnic na Krim. Ko sem se è odpravljal, sem ob gozdni ~ebelarjev {e ni bilo opaziti. @e 13.5. ob 9.30 sem imel spet cesti na nadmorski vi{ini 530 metrov opazil koza~o, ki se je prilo`nost opazovati jato osmih (8) ~ebelarjev na elektri~ni bila ravno spla{ila in odletela v go{~avo. Zanimivo je bilo, ìci ob Ljubljanici v ^rni vasi na Ljubljanskem barju. V da je bila povsem ~okoladno rjavo obarvana. Opazoval sem zraku so lovili ùèlke in se nato vra~ali na ìce. Ko sem torej melanisti~no obliko. Sova je bila po moji oceni naredil dokumentacijski posnetek ~ebelarjev na ìci, je od manj{a, zato sem ji pripisal spol samca. Nisem si mogel kaj, nekod v nizkem letu priletela kukavica Cuculus canorus. Te da si ne bi zanimivega osebka {e pobliè ogledal, zato sem plahe in ~udovite ptice pa so se kukavice tako prestra{ile, se pe{ odpravil za njim v gozd. Poskusil sem ga priklicati z da so se poskrile v bli`njo jel{o. Ko so se ~ebelarji za~eli opona{anjem koza~inega petja, vendar se je na moje presene~enje namesto samca oglasila samica s hre{~e~imi vnovi~ spreletavati, se je usula ploha in odleteli so proti klici. Sledil sem ogla{anju, pri iskanju sove pa sem si Ljubljani. To je moje ~etrto opazovanje ~ebelarjev na pomagal tudi s poslu{anjem razburjenega ogla{anja cararjev Ljubljanskem barju. Moja jesenska opazovanja teh ptic so Turdus viscivorus, ki so koza~o odkrili. Po kraj{em iskanju {e bolj redka, pa vendar sem jih 28.8.2000 opazoval kar sem kakih 40 metrov pred seboj zagledal veliko samico petdeset (50) na travniku pri Hrva{kem brodu ob koza~e, ki je brezskrbno ~epela na veji. Bila je normalno Krakovskem gozdu. Posedali so po grmovju in suhih vejah obarvana. Koza~i sem nato sledil {e kakih 30 minut, ko je ter se ob tem tudi prehranjevali. S pomo~jo teleskopa sem letala po gozdu. Dnevna aktivnost, ura je bila okoli 14.00, ugotovil, da gre za odrasle in mladostne osebke. je za koza~o sicer povsem normalen pojav, {e posebej v negnezditvenem obdobju. Vsaki~, ko je odletela, so mi jo Dare [ere, Langusova 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana ponovno pokazali razburjeni cararji, ki so zganjali vik in krik okoli nje. Temno obarvanega samca pa àl nisem ve~ Mali detel videl. S koza~o sem se v Sloveniji sre~al è mnogokrat, Dendrocopos minor vendar je bilo to moje prvo opazovanje melanisti~nega Lesser Spotted Woodpecker – first winter record for osebka. O redkosti melanisti~nih koza~ v Sloveniji pri~a SE Slovenia, Kuk above Movra` on January 1st 2001 tudi podatek, da sta bila doslej v novej{i slovenski ornitolo{ki literaturi objavljena le dva prispevka o Na novega leta dan smo se z druìno odpravili na na{o sveto opazovanju melanisti~nih koza~ [Senega~nik, K. (1997): goro – Kuk. Bilo je presenetljivo toplo, pri postanku za Koza~a Strix uralensis. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 158-159; malico so iz trave celo skakale kobilice. S seboj sem imel [ere, D. (2000): Koza~a Strix uralensis. Acrocephalus 21 kasetofon s posnetkom àlobne sinice Parus lugubris, ki sem (98/99): 94]. Iz starej{ih podatkov o koza~i v Sloveniji ga imel namen predvajati na poti nazaj. Ko sem ga res [Poneb{ek, J. (1917): Na{e ujede, I. del: Sove. Muzejsko vklopil, àlobne sinice sicer ni bilo na spregled, pa~ pa me dru{tvo za Kranjsko, Ljubljana] je mogo~e razbrati, da je je pri{la pogledat obi~ajna me{ana jata – velika sinica, bilo od 103 koza~ 9 melanisti~nih, torej okoli 9%. Kako mo~virska sinica, dva plav~ka, veliko rde~eglavih kralji~kov 59 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

ter gost dneva – mali detel. Ni se mi zdelo ni~ posebnega, bilo sli{ati tudi meni {e nepoznano ~ivkanje, ki pa ga takrat doma pa sem se pou~il, da med kartiranjem za ornitolo{ka nisem pripisal detlu. Na bli`njem deblu bresta Ulmus atlasa ta detel ni bil opaèn ne pozimi ne v gnezditvenem glabra, posu{enega zaradi holandske bolezni, sem zagledal ~asu. Tako si je bilo ta podatek seveda vredno zapisati. samico triprstega detla, ki je zavzeto iskala hrano. Pribliàl sem se ji na slabe tri korake, se naslonil na drevo in uìval v Primo` Kmecl, Riharjeva 28, SI-1000 Ljubljana opazovanju njenega po~etja. Vsaki~, ko je na{la kaj uìtnega, je izginila na drugo stran debla. Hkrati z njenim premikom je utihnilo tudi nepoznano ~ivkanje, ki pa se je Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus spet za~elo v trenutku, ko je pokukala izza debla. Izvor tega Three-toed Woodpecker – male on April 29th 1999 ~ivkanja je bil kmalu jasen. Njen mladi~ se je odlo~il, da ne at Ljubljanski vrh, 819 m in Abieti-Fagetum dinar- bo ve~ ~akal na samico, ampak da bo hodil kar za njo in tako prej pri{el do hrane. Vsaki~ ko je samica na{la zalogaj, icum (Krim mountain chain, C Slovenia) se je srdito pognal proti njenemu kljunu in si izboril hrano. Kmalu se je neutrudnemu paru pridruìl {e samec. Urno se Dne 29.4.1999 smo se ekipa v sestavi Dare Fekonja, Miran je lotil iskanja hrane. Mladi~u so se “delovne obveznosti” Temlin in avtor notice odpravili pregledovat gnezdilnice za mo~no pove~ale, saj je moral biti pozoren tako na sami~in koza~o in koconogega ~uka, ki smo jih postavili na kot na sam~ev kljun. Med glasnim prosja~enjem je skakal Ljubljanskem vrhu. êprav v nobeni nismo na{li od enega do drugega in uti{ala ga je samo zajetna li~inka, pri~akovanih gostov, nas je v eni izmed gnezdilnic za ki mu je za nekaj trenutkov zaposlila kljun. Ko sem se koconogega ~uka razveselil redek drevesni polh Dryomys premaknil, sta jo mladi~ in samec jadrno odkurila, samica nitedula. Z Daretom sva se z iskanjem gnezdilnic tako pa je ostala na deblu in stoi~no nadaljevala z iskanjem zamotila, da na pti~ji ìvelj nisva bila pozorna. K sre~i je bil hrane. Njeno trkanje na les je bilo sli{ati {e nekaj ~asa po nanj bolj pozoren Miran, ki je najino iskanje prekinil z mojem odhodu. opombo o zanimivem detlu, ki ima malce rumenkasto glavo in sedi na eni izmed su{ic. Oba sva sko~ila, saj bi to Leon Kebe, Partizanska 8, SI-1380 Cerknica utegnilo biti najino prvo sre~anje s triprstim detlom. Pritekla sva do su{ice, kjer je na najino navdu{enje ~epel samec triprstega detla. Triprsti detli so znani po svoji Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus nepla{nosti in tudi ta ni bil nikakr{na izjema. Lenobno je Three-toed Woodpecker – female at Trije èblji lu{~il ko{~ke lubja od debla in se vsake toliko malce (1,250 m), another female between Rogla and odpo~il. Nekajminutno sre~anje se je zaklju~ilo z na{im Lovren{ka jezera (Lovrenc Lakes) (1,520 m) on May nadaljevanjem iskanja gnezdilnic, detel pa je s svojim th navidez lenobnim po~etjem nadaljeval na su{ici. 6 2000, and nest hole with young (being fed by Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki both parents) above Ribni{ki vrh (1,500 m) on June [ rd atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana] triprstega detla za obmo~je 3 2000 (Pohorje, NE Slovenia) Krimskega hribovja, kamor spada tudi Ljubljanski vrh, ne omenja. Zato je opisano opazovanje eno prvih na tem Triprsti detel velja po dosedanjih ugotovitvah na Pohorju obmo~ju. Omenim naj, da je bilo pred karatkim na za precej redko vrsto. Znanih je le nekaj opazovanj z Ljubljanskem vrhu najdeno tudi gnezdo (Miheli~ ustno) obmo~ja Osankarice. V notici pa navajam nekaj novej{ih te v Sloveniji slabo poznane vrste. opazovanj, ki kaèjo, da je vrsta vendarle bolj pogosta in raz{irjena, kot je kazalo spo~etka. Prvo opazovanje je iz Al Vrezec, Praàkova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana »klasi~ne« lokalitete - pri Treh èbljih (okoli 1.250 m). Tukaj sva 6.5.2000 s kolegom Smoletom opazovala samico triprstega detla, ki je kljuvala v suho vejo odmrle jelke, tako Triprsti detel da je trkanje odmevalo dale~ naokoli. @e ~ez nekaj ur pa Picoides tridactylus sva samico triprstega detla videla ob poti, ki vodi od Rogle Three-toed Woodpecker – pair with fledged young proti Lovren{kim jezerom (okoli 1.520 m). V poznem at Jurjeva dolina (Veliki Sne`nik Mt., 950 m) on July popoldnevu sva najprej postala pozorna na njeno sicer st 21 1999 (The Karst, SW Slovenia) precej tiho trkanje. Najbolj zanimivo opazovanje pa je z dru{tvenega izleta, ko smo v zgodnjih popoldanskih urah Jurjeva dolina (Atlas Slovenije, 182/B2) je zna~ilno dne 3.6.2000 po naklju~ju odkrili aktivno duplo triprstega razgibana visoka kra{ka planota, ki leì severno od Velikega detla nekaj sto metrov pod Ribni{kim vrhom (okoli 1.500 Sne`nika na prehodu med sne`ni{kim in javorni{kim m). Duplo je bilo v deloma posu{eni smreki, manj kot {tiri masivom, kjer prevladujejo dinarski jelovo–bukovi gozdovi metre od tal, in sicer v presvetljenem, prete`no smrekovo– Omphalodo–Fagetum s. lat. (950 m n.v.). Slu`bene obvezno- bukovem gozdu, z opaznim razmeroma visokim deleèm sti mi nalagajo, da sem tam kar pogosto. Na obhodu dne mrtvih (suhih) dreves. Par je priletaval na gnezdo v 21.7.1999 mi je pozornost pritegnilo ogla{anje triprstega intervalih do 10 minut. Pri tem se samec in samica nista detla, ki se je me{alo z zna~ilnim trkanjem. Poleg tega je zaporedno izmenjavala. Preden sta zapustila gnezdo, sta 60 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

pogosto nekaj ~asa oprezala skozi vhodno odprtino, nato opazil drobno ptico, ki je priletela v bliìno. Videti je bilo, pa naglo odletela. Drevo z duplom stoji pribli`no 20 kot da je priletela prav v gnezdo. Kraj{e opazovanje je metrov od dokaj prometne planinske poti, vendar detla pokazalo, da ptica redno priletava in odletava iz stene, tik zaradi {tevilnih obiskovalcev nista bila videti pretirano ob sokolovi gnezdilni polici. V èlji, da uganko razvozlam, razburjena. Mladi~i so bili v ~asu opazovanja verjetno {e sem se pribliàl steni na slabih sto metrov. [marnica je precej majhni, saj jih je bilo mo~ sli{ati le iz neposredne hranila mladi~e v luknji, ki je leàla pol metra nad bliìne. Na osnovi opisanih opazovanj lahko sklepamo, da sokolovim gnezdom. Med priletavanjem in izletavanjem je je triprsti detel verjetno raz{irjen po celotnem najvi{jem morala {vigniti prav mimo glav sokoljih mladi~ev, katerih osrednjem delu Pohorja, kjer prevladujejo iglavci in {e bliìna je o~itno ni motila. Ali so se {marnice kasneje najdemo dovolj velik odstotek trhlega drevja. Zanimivo bi uspe{no speljale, ne vem, uspe{no pa so se speljali sokolji bilo vedeti, do katere najni`je nadmorske vi{ine sega ta mladi~i. vrsta. Toma` Miheli~, [t. Jurij 125, SI-1290 Grosuplje Luka Boì~, Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor Brinovka Turdus pilaris Kme~ka lastovka Hirundo rustica Fieldfare – feeding on earthworms together with Barn Swallow – 1 individual in a flock of Barn Common Starlings Sturnus vulgaris (the mixed flock Swallows with deep rusty-red belly of the type of numbering some 740 Fieldfares and 400 Starlings) H. r. savignii ssp. at Vev~e on April 3rd 1997 on March 10th 1999 at Ra~e (Dravsko polje, NE (Ljubljana, C Slovenia) Slovenia)

Karin mi je sporo~ila, da je opazila v jati kme~kih lastovk, Na travniku in zorani njivi med Ra~ami in Hotinjo vasjo ki so se spreletavale nad Ljubljanico pri papirnici Vev~e, sem 10. 3. 1999 opazoval me{ano jato brinovk in {korcev tudi nenavaden osebek s temno ope~nato rde~im Sturnus vulgaris, ki so se skupaj hranili z deèvniki. trebuhom. Takoj sem odhitel na prizori{~e dogajanja in si Razpotegnjena jata je bila dolga pribli`no tristo metrov, imel prilo`nost ptico temeljito ogledati. Barva je bila zelo {tevilo brinovk je bilo 740, {korcev pa 400. temna in intenzivna. Priznam – najprej sem bil prepri~an, da gre za kak{no eksoti~no vrsto. Po pregledu literature pa Damijan Denac, Pintarjeva 14, SI-2000 Maribor sem ugotovil, da je {lo najverjetneje za eno od sredozemskih podvrst: transitiva iz vzhodnega Sredozemlja ali pa savignii iz Egipta. Po temini in intenzivnosti barve sklepam na Povodni kos Cinclus cinclus podvrsto savignii. Ne morem pa tudi (razen verjetnostno) Dipper – 1 in the Ledava stream on January 14th izklju~iti pojava podvrst erythrogaster iz Novega sveta ali 2001; first record from the transborder area between tytleri iz vzhodne Sibirije, te`ko pa si predstavljam, da bi Slovenia and Hungary (NE Slovenia, Prekmurje {lo zgolj za odklonski osebek soimenske podvrste rustica. region) Podatek je dodatno zanimiv, ker je status podvrste savignii v Egiptu stalnica ali klate` in ne selivka. Pisalo se je Dne 14. januarja 2001 sem opravljal zimski popis vodnih 3.4.1997. ptic. V dopoldanskih urah sem se zadrèval na potoku Ledava pri ^rnem logu. Na odseku Ledave pri novi Primo` Kmecl, Riharjeva 28, SI-1000 Ljubljana lendavski obvoznici, kjer se stekata Kobiljski potok in Ledava, sem opazil povodnega kosa, kar je za na{e niìnske razmere dokaj neobi~ajno. [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros Black Redstart – nest in the wall about half a meter Igor Kolenko, Dolga vas 26a, SI-9220 Lendava above active nest of the Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus on May 7th 2000 in the Krim mountains (C Slovenia) Komatar Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel – nest on beam of a hunting lodge at V nedeljo popoldne 7.5.2000 sem se odpravil k enemu Planinc (1,500 m) on May 24th 1997 (Sne`nik izmed gnezdi{~ sokola selca Falco peregrinus v Krimskem mountain chain, SW Slovenia) hribovju, kjer vsako leto spremljam uspeh gnezditve. Kot ponavadi sem s teleskopom z razdalje nekaj sto metrov Z namenom, da bi fotografiral alpskega kosmatinca, sem se opazoval dogajanje v gnezdu. Mladi~i, stari okrog tri tedne, 24.5.1997 odpravil na Sne`nik (1.796 m). Ko sem zapustil so stikali po gnezdu za ostanki plena. V pri~akovanju, da bukov gozd in se pri~el vzpenjati med ru{evjem, mi je uzrem {e star{a, sem gledal skozi teleskop. Kmalu sem pozornost vzbudilo petje sam~ka sive pevke Prunella 61 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

modularis, ki je ~epel na vrhu jerebike. Na JZ strani pobo~ja Acrocephalus 21 (100): 107-134]. Vrednotenje velikosti (predel med Malim in Velikim Sne`nikom ter Obra~ali{- gnezde~e populacije in celo mo`nost gnezdenja grmov{~ice ~em) sem kasneje na{tel {est (6) pojo~ih sivih pevk, ki so na nekem obmo~ju je zato lahko zelo varljivo [Geister, I. posedale po ru{evju. [e istega dne sem se povzpel na (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana]. Kljub Planinca (1.500 m), kjer sem pri lovski ko~i prepla{il temu pa nekaj samcev poje {e junija in ti pari pri nas komatarja Turdus torquatus. Ker se je ptica vedla zelo nemara tudi gnezdijo. V juniju pojo~a samca grmov{~ic razburjeno, pri tem pa sploh ni bila tako pla{na, sem sem zabeleìl na Krimu med 3. in 4.6.2000, ko sta pela ob pomislil na bliìno gnezda. Tega mi ni bilo treba dolgo gozdni cesti pod samim vrhom Krima na nadmorski vi{ini iskati, saj se je v naslednjem trenutku iz gnezda, ki je leàlo okoli 1.000 m. V gozdu, kjer sem opazoval grmov{~ice, na tramu pod streho, dvignila {e druga ptica o~itno istega dominira sicer bukev Fagus sylvatica, vendar se z ve~jim para. Na podlagi predhodnih opazovanj te ptice v deleèm pojavlja tudi ~rni gaber Ostrya carpinifolia, kar gnezditvenem obdobju (28.4., 4.5. in 10.5.1996) in tudi poudarja termofilni zna~aj pobo~ja, ki ima na tem delu kasneje (23.9. in 4.10.1996) na razli~nih predelih Sne`nika prete`no ju`no ekspozicijo. Dne 4.6.2000 sem enega od sklepam, da je komatar precej pogosta ptica na Sne`niku. samcev poskusil izzvati s posnetkom petja grmov{~ice. Na moje presene~enje se je samec zelo burno odzval, saj je v Bo{tjan Surina, @upan~i~eva 22, SI-6250 Ilirska Bistrica bliìno kasetofona priletel nemudoma in s petjem neutrudno odgovarjal navideznemu vsljivcu. Pri tem ni deloval prav ni~ pla{no. Domnevam, da so grmov{~ice v Vinski drozg Turdus iliacus letu 2000 glede na pozni datum petja in tudi na burni odziv Redwing – 1 observed in the company of Song samca na posnetek na Krimu tudi gnezdile. Thrushes Turdus philomelus in Ptuj on January 14th 2000 (NE Slovenia) Al Vrezec, Praàkova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana

Z vinskim drozgom Turdus iliacus sem se prvi~ sre~al Skalni strnad 14.1.2000. Na Ptuju poznam kar nekaj bli`njic, zato sem Emberiza cia jo mahnil po eni izmed njih mimo doma upokojencev, kjer Rock Bunting – male observed in an opening of a sem na mladih posajenih drevesih opazil okrog 10 cikovtov dense woodland consisting mainly of Scotch Pine Turdus philomelos. Be`no sem jih pogledal, ko je mojo Pinus nigra and White Oak Quercus pubescens on pozornost pritegnil vinski drozg Turdus iliacus. Imel je April 7th 1996 at the village of Klanec near Kozina okrasto obrv, ki se je jasno lo~ila od zgornjega temnej{ega, (The Karst, SW Slovenia) rjavega dela glave. Prav tako je imel svetel dvojni brk. Poprsje in trebuh sta bila belkaste barve z jasnimi, temnimi Pozno popoldne 7.4.1996 sem se odpravil na teren v vas pegami. Opazoval sem ga lahko le nekaj sekund, saj se je s Klanec pri Kozini. Ustavil sem se na jasi v gozdu ~rnega cikovti prepla{il in odletel. Tako zaradi hitrosti nisem opazil bora Pinus nigra, hrasta Quercus pubescens in {e nekaterih rjasto rde~ih prog pod pazduhama, delno verjetno tudi drugih listavcev v bliìni omenjene vasi. Ve~erilo se je è, zato, ker je bil obrnjen stran od mene. Za vsak primer sem ko sem vrh nekega, takrat {e golega listavca opazil strnada, {e pogledal v priro~nik, da ne bi pri{lo do kak{ne zamenjave ki se je ogla{al s kratkimi zvene~imi piski. Pogledal sem s cikovtom ali cararjem in takoj izklju~il to mo`nost, ker skozi teleskop in uzrl lepega samca skalnega strnada, ki je nobeden od njiju nima obrazne maske. vrh drevesa potem ~epel {e kakih dvajset minut. Zanimivo je, da sem ga opazoval na zanj nenavadnem, gozdnatem Tadej Trstenjak, Ul. Borisa Kraigherja 18, SI-2325 Kidri~evo obmo~ju. Ko se je stemnilo, sem poslu{al {e petje slavca Luscinia magarhynchos, nekje v daljavi pa se je oglasila tudi mala uharica Asio otus. Grmov{~ica Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler – two males singing in June 2000, Al Vrezec, Praàkova 11, 1000 Ljubljana and probable breeding of this species on Mt. Krim (C Slovenia) at 1,000 m a.s.l. in thermophilous forest with Fagus sylvatica and Ostrya carpinifolia as the Veliki strnad Miliaria calandra dominant tree species Corn Bunting – three pairs at mud and cinders dump of the Bauxite and Aluminium Factory near Grmov{~ica je ena tistih ptic, pri kateri med popisi nikoli Kidri~evo in June 2000 (Dravsko polje, NE Slovenia) ne vemo, ali pojo~i samec pomeni gnezde~i par ali ne. Grmov{~ica namre~ prepeva tudi na selitvi, zato se Veliki strnad je postal v niìnah SV Slovenije è zelo redek nemalokrat zgodi, da pojo~i osebki, ki smo jih zaznali v gnezdilec, {e zlasti pa to velja za Dravsko polje. Prava ironija aprilu ali maju, konec maja ali junija izginejo [Jan~ar, T. & je, da so verjetno zadnji gnezde~i pari kolonizirali njegovo M. Trebu{ak (2000): Ptice Kozjanskega regijskega parka. neko~ najve~jo rano – odlagali{~e rde~ega blata in pepela 62 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

pri Kidri~evem, doma~inom bolj znanima kot »Halda« in so bili prime{ani {e rumenonogi galebi (okoli 1.000 »Kicverk«. Blato in pepel sta bila stranska produkta pri osebkov) in posamezni vranjeki Phalacrocorax aristotelis, ki proizvodnji glinice v Tovarni glinice in aluminija. Z sva jih ob koncu dneva na{tela 30. opustitvijo proizvodnje glinice se je nehalo tudi odlaganje Naslednjega dne, 30.4.2000, sva opazovala ptice na blata in pepela. Sledile so neuspele »ekolo{ke« sanacije zahodni strani Kor~ule, v okolici Vele Luke. Na podobno (pogozdovanje), sedaj pa na tem obmo~ju gospodari narava jato kot prej{njega dne sva naletela blizu rta Velo Dance, po svoje. Haldo, ki meri pribli`no 30 ha, prera{~ajo zdaj è ko se je jata zbrala le kak{nih 50 do 100 m od obale ob ~eri pove~ini suhi travniki, le ponekod se {iri robinija Robinia ân~ir. Tudi tokrat je bil vzrok za zgostitev ptic verjetno pseudoacacia. Kicverk prera{~a grmovno rastje, ob vzno`ju ve~ja jata rib, v kateri so poleg ptic plenile tudi ve~je ribe. nasipa je tudi nekaj fragmentov sekundarne loke z Te so se poganjale iz vode kar med jato na vodi plavajo~ih obveznim ~rnim odlagali{~em odpadkov. Obmo~je leì ptic. Tokrat so prevladovali viharniki, saj sva v jati na{tela sredi {irnih monokulturnih polj, le na severni strani je v prek 500 rumenokljunih in 100 sredozemskih viharnikov. bliìni me{an gozd. Petje velikega strnada sem na Kicverku Svoj dele` plena pa je poleg rumenonogih galebov jemalo prvi~ poslu{al 8.6.2000. Sam~ek je v zna~ilni strnadji pozi {e deset (10) vranjekov in en (1) ~rnoglavi galeb Larus neutrudno pel na vrhu bezgovega grma Sambucus nigra. melanocephalus. Zanimivo je, da se viharniki, ki smo jih Kasneje mi je M. Vogrin povedal, da sta dva para gnezdila sicer vajeni na odprtem morju, ob slabem vremenu in tudi v zahodnem delu odlagali{~a rde~ega blata. razburkanem morju lahko zelo pribliàjo obalam. Poleg tega pa lahko te pove~ini no~ne ptice o~itno ob tak{nih Matja` Ker~ek, Kungota 44, 2325 Kidri~evo prilo`nostih lovijo tudi podnevi. V jatah so bili rumenokljuni viharniki precej {tevilnej{i od sredozemskih. S slovenskega stali{~a je torej zanimivo dejstvo, da so bili na Hrva{ka / Croatia na{i obali, ki je od zgoraj opisane kor~ulanske obale oddaljena kakih 400 km, opaèni le sredozemski viharniki, Rumenokljuni viharnik Calonectris medtem ko rumenokljunega viharnika v Sloveniji za zdaj {e diomedea & sredozemski viharnik nismo zabeleìli [Sovinc, A. (1999): Redke vrste ptic v Puffinus yelkouan Sloveniji v letu 1996. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 26-30]. Cory’s Shearwater & Mediterranean Shearwater – observation of two shearwater species in mixed flocks Al Vrezec, Praàkova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana together with Yellow-legged Gulls Larus cachinnans, one Mediterranean Gull L. melanocephalus and sever- Egiptovski jastreb al Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis near the coast of Neophron percnopterus th th Egyptian Vulture – 4 in June 1977 and 5 on June Kor~ula Island between 29 and 30 April 2000. In th a flock near the village of Pri`ba 300 ex. of Cory’s and 24 1978 above the channel near Mali Lo{inj 20 ex. of Mediterranean Shearwaters, and in flock (Quarnero Bay, NW Croatia) near the Cape of Velo Dance 500 ex. of Cory’s and Z druìno sem bil doslej na Lo{inju dvakrat, prvi~ junija 100 ex. of Mediterranean Shearwaters were observed leta 1977. Ko smo takrat med 10. in 11. uro z barko (S Dalmatia, Croatia). pre~kali preliv pri Malem Lo{inju, sem nad njim opazil {tiri (4) egiptovske jastrebe Neophron percnopterus, ki so kroìli Med 29. in 30.4.2000 sva se s kolegom Borutom Rubini- v termi~nem vzgorniku. Starosti ptic nisem mogel ~em mudila na otoku Kor~ula. Oba dneva je zaznamovalo ugotoviti. Z druìno smo imeli namre~ probleme z velikimi obla~no in vetrovno vreme, zato sva se odpravila opazovat ùèlkami, ki so ravno takrat vdrle v avto. Leto pozneje, morske ptice na ju`ni obali otoka in tam za~ela s 24.6. pa smo na poti domov na istem mestu ob 15.30 uri teleskopom pre~esavati odprto morje. Valovita in opazovali pet (5) egiptovskih jastrebov. Starosti opazovanih razburkana morska gladina je lahko zelo primerna za ptic tudi tokrat nisem mogel ugotoviti. opazovanje morskih ptic, zlasti cevonoscev Procellariifor- mes. Prvi dan, 29.4.2000, sva pregledala morje ob obali od Max Dumpelnik, Dammweg 15, A-8605 Kapfenberg Pri`be do Karbunov. Med (pol)oto~kom Oto~ac in oto~kom Vrhovnjak pri Pri`bi sva poleg {tevilnih rumenonogih galebov Larus cachinnans opazila tudi ^rna prosenka posamezne rumenokljune in sredozemske viharnike, Pluvialis squatarola rd {vigajo~e med valovi. Pozneje sva ugotovila, da so se ptice Grey Plover – juvenile on February 23 2001 on zbirale v veliki me{ani jati med ~erjo êrin in oto~kom Srakane Vele Island, Cres–Lo{inj Archipelago (NW Stupa nasproti Pri`be. O~itno jih je privabila kak{na ve~ja Croatia) jata rib. S premikanjem plena (rib) se je naprej proti zahodu premikala tudi jata ptic. V njej sva med viharniki na{tela Triindvajseti februar je bil son~en, hladen in vetroven dan. 300 rumenokljunih in 20 sredozemskih viharnikov, jati pa Ko sem se okrog poldneva sprehajal po slemenu otoka (ni~ 63 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

ve~ kot pribli`no 20 m nad morjem), sem zasli{al kratki Pu{~avec Monticola solitarius pliu-i v zraku, a nepri~akovane obiskovalke nisem ujel v Blue Rock Trush – Three (3) individuals, one (1) daljnogled. êz nekaj minut se je vnovi~ oglasila, vendar singing in the centre of the old Dubrovnik on sem bil vnovi~ prepo~asen. êz dobrih pet minut pa se je 12th October 2000 (C. Dalmatia, Croatia). nenadoma prikazala kar na tleh pred mano – ni~ ve~ kot 20 m dale~. Potem ko sem si jo dodobra ogledal, sem se ji Dne 12.10.2000 sem s prijatelji na stradunu v Dubrovniku za~el po~asi bliàti. Zelo druàbno bitje, sem si rekel, saj je nisem spla{il, le veselo in koketno je tekala pred mano, in pil kapu~ino. Nenadoma sta dve ptici, druga za drugo {vig- sicer tako, da je ves ~as ohranjala razdaljo pribli`no 15 nili le kak meter mimo moje glave. »Ti nori kosi«, sem si metrov med nama. Da sem imel opraviti z mladostnim rekel in pil naprej. Nenadoma pa sem si notranje odgovo- osebkom ~rne prosenke, sem lahko ugotovil {ele potem, ko ril: »Pu{~avca!«. Da bi svojo suverenost podkrepil {e neko- sem se vrnil domov in pobrskal po treh razli~nih liko bolj, sem v skoraj istem trenutku opozoril na tretjega priro~nikih. pu{~avca, ki je v isti sekundi za~el peti na anteni nasproti stoje~e hi{e. V vseh mojih {tevilnih dosedanjih obiskih je to Henrik Cigli~, Likozarjeva 7, SI-4000 Kranj prvi~, da sem jih opazoval sredi mesta. [e vedno mi namre~ ni jasno kolik{en del jadranske populacije pu{~avcev se poz- ^rno~eli srakoper imi odseli ju`neje, oziroma katere populacije se sploh selijo Lanius minor in katere ostanejo na gnezdi{~ih. Menim, da je {lo v Lesser Grey Shrike – Spanish Sparrows Passer his- opisanem primeru za pri{leke od drugod, ki verjetno v paniolensis from a newly formed colony taking nest mestu tudi prezimijo, gnezdijo pa vsaj v strogem sredi{~u material from the nest of the breeding Lesser Grey mesta po vsej verjetnosti ne. Shrike with 10-day old young in cypress at Labin th Dalmatinski on June 17 2000. Their parents spent Borut Rubini~, Praàkova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana most of the time to chase the sparrows away, and not for the feeding of their offspring (S Dalmatia, Croatia)

Skupaj s kolegom Robijem Crnkovi}em sva stikala za zanimivi vrstami ptic po notranjosti ju`ne Dalmacije. V kraju Labin Dalmatinski sva 17.6.2000 odkrila na novo oblikovano kolonijo travni{kih vrabcev Passer hispaniolensis. Da je {lo za pionirsko naselitev, je bilo videti, ko je od pet do deset samcev travni{kih vrabcev vztrajno nosilo suho in ovenelo travo na ciprese na va{kem pokopali{~u. Ob `ivahnem, glasnem cvr~anju je bilo videti komaj kak{no samico travni{kega vrabca, ki pa je vzbujala silno vznemirjenje v celi jati samcev. Da gre za za~etno kolonijo, je bilo o~itno, ker so nekateri samci v silni zagnanosti nosili gnezdilno gradivo na ve~ primernih krajev hkrati. Poleg tega je kolega Robi zatrdil, da prej{nje leto na tej lokaciji travni{kih vrabcev {e ni bilo. Sredi vrab~je dru{~ine pa sta se zadr`evala ~rno~ela srakoperja Lanius minor, oba s hrano v kljunu. S pozornim opazovanjem sva tudi hitro ugotovila, v ~em je problem. ^rno~ela srakoperja sta pod vrhom ene izmed pokopali{kih cipres imela gnezdo z mladi~i, po najini oceni starimi pribli`no 10 dni. Razposajeni vrabci so vztrajno kradli travnate bilke iz srakoperjevega gnezda. O~itno je bilo, da sta odrasla srakoperja velik del energije porabila za odganjanje vrabcev, namesto da bi hranila odra{~ajo~e mladi~e.

Peter Gro{elj, Godovi~ 124, SI-5280 Idrija

64 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook

Nove knjige biarmicus). Lep primer te odlo~itve je tudi beloli~na trdorepka Oxyura jamaicensis, ki je bila v Sloveniji New books opazovana le nekaj mesecev po izidu klju~a. Po drugi strani pa spet presene~a odlo~itev, da na seznam niso Kry{tufek, B. & F. Janèkovi~ (1999): Klju~ za uvrstili nekaterih vrst (predvsem alohtonih), ki so v dolo~anje vreten~arjev Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Sloveniji è bile opazovane (npr. ~rni labod Cygnus 544 str. ISBN 86-341-1803-7. atratus, zlati vrabec Passer luteus, re~na astrilda Estrilda astrild, rde~eprsi kardinal Pheucticus Ob Mali flori Slovenije smo kon~no dobili tudi Klju~ ludovicanus idr.), kot tudi ne ene izmed domnevno za dolo~anje vreten~arjev Slovenije, ki sta ga s avtohtonih vrst, verjamem da po pomoti, bradate sodelavci pripravila Boris Kry{tufek in Franc Janè- sove Strix nebulosa, ki je bila opazovana {e pred kovi~. Klju~ je dragocen prispevek k poznavanju izidom klju~a (1995). Menim, da pri klju~u takega slovenske favne vreten~arjev in bo zagotovo, kot je v formata alohtonih vrst ne bi smeli izpu{~ati oziroma uvodu zapisal Boris Kry{tufek, “dvignil raven jih obravnavati le parcialno. Povsem druga~na je bila zoolo{ke razgledanosti in s tem pomagal k bolj{emu odlo~itev avtorja pri sesalcih, kjer je dosledno poznavanju in u~inkovitej{emu ohranjanju nacio- upo{teval vse v Sloveniji registrirane vrste, tudi nalne diverzitete”. Klju~ nam poleg drugih kvalitet alohtone (npr. rakun Procyon lotor in doma~a ma~ka). prina{a tudi popoln seznam vreten~arskih vrst Kljub temu pa so avtorji vendarle sku{ali z izborom Slovenije. Uporabnost klju~a je seveda te`ko opiso- vrst ~imbolj slediti seznamu opaènih vrst v Sloveniji, vati; to bo verjetno pokazala {ele ve~kratna uporaba. saj so obravnavali tudi nekatere pred kratkim Z gotovostjo pa lahko trdim, da je klju~ napisan opazovane vrste (npr. mali rumenonogi martinec jasno, medtem ko so teksti primerno podprti s ~rno- Tringa flavipes, dolgorepa govna~ka Stercorarius belimi risbami, kar natan~nost dolo~evanja {e longicaudus, bledi hudournik Apus pallidus idr.). Pri izbolj{a. Klju~ je dihotomen in bralec lahko brez opisih so se avtorji omejili na vrste in le izjemoma teàv sledi opisom do èlenega cilja, torej dolo~itve tudi na podvrste (npr. pegasta sova Tyto alba in vrana vrste. Risbe so delo razli~nih avtorjev, med bolj{e pa Corvus corone), kar je {koda, saj so ravno podvrste gotovo sodijo risbe rib in sesalcev, med katerimi velja tista taksonomska kategorija, za katero je lahko tak {e posebej izpostaviti risbe morskih kostnic in tip klju~a v ornitologiji najbolj uporaben. Opisi v hrustan~nic (avtorja: Bojan Mar~eta in Tihomir klju~u so zapisani jasno, pri dolo~anju pa se bralec Makovec). Dokaj dobre, vendar bolj shematske so vendarle lahko znajde v zagati. Kot primer naj tudi risbe dvoìvk in plazilcev. navedem klju~ za galebe. Pri razlikovanju srebrnega V klju~u sem si podrobneje ogledal pti~e. Poglavja Larus argentatus od rumenonogega galeba L. o pti~ih so napisali Franc Janèkovi~, Lovrenc Lipej cachinnans in rjavega L. fuscus od velikega galeba L. in Davorin Tome, risbe pa sta prispevala Slavko Polak marinus avtor kot prvi lo~evalni znak navaja barvo in Dare [ere. Na splo{no je pri pti~ih tako, da so za nog, ki je sicer pri ìvih osebkih povsem o~itna njihovo dolo~evanje dale~ najbolj uporabni slikovni (opozorim naj {e, da barva nog pri soimenski podvrsti klju~i, kar so v uvodu k poglavlju o pti~ih ugotovili rumenonogega galeba L. c. cachinnans, ki se v Sloveniji è avtorji. V sodobni ornitologiji je pa~ tako, da ptice tudi pojavlja, ni rumena, vendar rahlo ro`nata do opazujemo in preu~ujemo v naravi oziroma na bledo rumena). Druga~e je pri prepariranih terenu, kjer uporaba tekstovnega dihotomnega klju~a primerkih, s katerimi se bodo uporabniki klju~a povsem odpove. Tak{en klju~ je tako uporaben le pri verjetno najve~krat sre~evali. Pri teh se med su{enjem opazovanju ìvega pti~a ali muzejskega preparata v barva nog spremeni v ro`nato, zato je po tem znaku roki. Zaradi tega me je presenetila odlo~itev avtorjev, te vrste med seboj nemogo~e lo~evati. Na koncu pa da so v klju~u opisovali le zunanje morfolo{ke naj se na kratko ustavim {e pri ornitolo{kih risbah. Te zna~ilnosti ptic, ne pa tudi nekaterih bolj podrobnih, dobro in korektno podpirajo opise v klju~u in s tem kot so kosti, lobanje in peresa, kjer so lahko tak{ni veliko prispevajo k ve~ji jasnosti. @al pa so risbe, klju~i nadvse uporabni, {e zlasti pri razli~nih razen nekaterih shematskih, ki kaèjo na posamezne taksonomskih, ekolo{kih in drugih raziskavah. V tem podrobnosti, tehni~no slabo izrisane. Opisane smislu je v pri~ujo~i knjigi izdelan le klju~ za sesalce pomanjkljivosti klju~a vrednosti le tega v ni~emer ne (avtor: Boris Kry{tufek). Pohvalna pa je pri pti~ih zmanj{ujejo. Pri~ujo~i klju~ je temeljno in zares odlo~itev avtorjev, da so na seznam opisanih vrst “klju~no” delo o favni vreten~arjev Slovenije in ima dodali {e nekatere v Sloveniji pri~akovane vrste (npr. kot tak na knji`ni polici vsakega ornitologa, biologa kravja ~aplja Bubulcus ibis in ju`ni sokol Falco in naravoslovca lahko poseben poloàj. Vsekakor velja 65 Nove knjige / New books

vsem avtorjem ~estitka za veliko opravljeno delo in za njihov dragoceni prispevek k slovenski zoolo{ki literaturi.

Al Vrezec

Najave in obvestila Announcements

Cenjeni kolegi ornitologi in ljubitelji ptic!

Zavod za ornitologijo v Zagrebu pripravlja vrsto publikacij, ki bodo v veliki meri prispevale k poznavanju in za{~iti pti~jega sveta Hrva{ke. @al so mnoga hrva{ka obmo~ja ornitolo{ko {e vedno slabo raziskana. Glede na dejstvo, da so mnogi slovenski ornitologi in ljubitelji ptic pogosto na obisku pri nas in br`kone imajo kak neobjavljen podatek, iskreno upamo, da bomo vsaj nekatere nejasnosti re{ili z va{o pomo~jo. Zato prosimo vse tiste, ki `elite sodelovati s podatki, zbranimi na Hrva{kem, da nam sporo~ite (po e-po{ti, s pismom, po telefonu ali faksu), za katere ptice gre in ali podatki zadevajo njihovo gnezdenje, selitev ali prezimovanje. Potem vam bomo sporo~ili, za katere izmed teh vrst ali obmo~ij bi nam bili ti podatki potrebni. Za vsak podatek, ki ga bomo uporabili, bomo citirali ime avtorja. Upamo, da se boste odzvali v kar najve~jem {tevilu!

Na{ naslov: Zavod za ornitologiju Ilirski trg 9 10000 Zagreb, Hrva{ka tel./faks 00385 1 485 13 22 e-mail: [email protected]

66 barvna priloga / colour appendix

Figure 1: text

Slika 1: tekst

Figure 2: text

Slika 2: tekst 67 barvna priloga / colour appendix

Figure 1: Adult Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis tending nestlings at nest No. 7, Tawi Attair sinkhole, 4 October 2000

Slika 1: Odrasel jemenski gril~ek Serinus menachensis pri hranjenju mladi~ev v gnezdu {t.7, udornica Tawi Attair, 4. oktober 2000

Figure 2: 4-6 day old Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis altricial nestling from nest No. 3, Tawi Attair sinkhole, 4 October 2000

Slika 2: Puhasti mladi~ jemenskega gril~ka Serinus menachensis, star pribli`no 4-6 dni, v gnezdu {t. 3, udornica Tawi Attair, 4. oktober 2000 68