Mach's Principle to Hubble's Law and Light Relativity
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Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis. -
Possible Matter and Background Connection
Do Cosmic Backgrounds Cyclical Renew by Matter and Quanta Emissions? The Origin of Backgrounds, Space Distributions and Cyclical Earth Phenomena by Two Phase Dynamics Eduardo del Pozo Garcia Institute of Geophysics and Astronomy, Havana, Cuba, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] August 2018 Abstract: A numerical coincidence p=-0.000489 was found between the ratios of proton emission at 459-keV and cosmic background at 0.25-keV respect to proton and to electron proper energy respectively. Multiplying 459-keV and 0.25-keV by p, two more numerical coincidences were found with 0.1-keV background and 0.06-eV of relic neutrino energy, respectively. Global criticality phenomena plus “c” and “G” discontinued decreasing provoke small cyclical reorganization of particles and quanta originating background emissions every 30-Myr are propose. At the beginning of each cycle, gradually emissions from electrons lasting 0.1 Myr originate the 0.25-keV background and, a possible 459-keV background from proton emissions. At following cycle, the 459-keV quanta makes two emissions of 0.1-keV originating a diffuse background, and 0.25-keV quanta makes two of 0.06-eV originating the relic neutrinos. The p is a possible physical constant that characterize the threshold, which trigger cyclical phenomena at space and Earth every 30-Myr. This hypothesis explains: The about 30 Myr cyclic phenomena observed in tectonic, Mass Extinction, crater impact rate, and some features of space global distribution: quantized redshift, change of galaxy fractal distribution at 10 Mpc scale, galaxy average luminosity and the luminosity fluctuation of galaxy pairs are enhanced out to separations near 10 Mpc. -
Is the Universe Really Expanding?
Is the Universe really expanding? J.G. Hartnett School of Physics, the University of Western Australia 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley 6009 WA Australia; [email protected] (Dated: November 22, 2011) The Hubble law, determined from the distance modulii and redshifts of galaxies, for the past 80 years, has been used as strong evidence for an expanding universe. This claim is reviewed in light of the claimed lack of necessary evidence for time dilation in quasar and gamma-ray burst luminosity variations and other lines of evidence. It is concluded that the observations could be used to describe either a static universe (where the Hubble law results from some as-yet-unknown mechanism) or an expanding universe described by the standard Λ cold dark matter model. In the latter case, size evolution of galaxies is necessary for agreement with observations. Yet the simple non-expanding Euclidean universe fits most data with the least number of assumptions. From this review it is apparent that there are still many unanswered questions in cosmology and the title question of this paper is still far from being answered. Keywords: expanding universe, static universe, time dilation I. INTRODUCTION eral relativity, which has been successfully empirically tested in the solar system by numerous tests [74], and with pulsar/neutron star and pulsar/pulsar binary pairs Ever since the late 1920’s, when Edwin Hubble discov- [16, 45, 62] in the Galaxy, is a very strong point in its fa- ered a simple proportionality [40] between the redshifts vor, and strong evidence for an expanding universe [69]. -
Einstein's Role in the Creation of Relativistic Cosmology
EINSTEIN'S ROLE IN THE CREATION OF RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY CHRISTOPHER SMEENK 1. Introduction Einstein's paper, \Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativ- ity" (Einstein 1917b), is rightly regarded as the first step in modern theoretical cosmology. Perhaps the most striking novelty introduced by Einstein was the very idea of a cosmological model, an exact solution to his new gravitational field equations that gives a global description of the universe in its entirety. Einstein's paper inspired a small group of theorists to study cosmological models using his new gravitational theory, and the ideas developed during these early days have been a crucial part of cosmology ever since. We will see below that understanding the physical properties of these models and their possible connections to astro- nomical observations was the central problem facing relativistic cosmology in the 20s. By the early 30s, there was widespread consensus that a class of models de- scribing the expanding universe was in at least rough agreement with astronomical observations. But this achievement was certainly not what Einstein had in mind in introducing the first cosmological model. Einstein's seminal paper was not simply a straightforward application of his new theory to an area where one would ex- pect the greatest differences from Newtonian theory. Instead, Einstein's foray into cosmology was a final attempt to guarantee that a version of \Mach's principle" holds. The Machian idea that inertia is due only to matter shaped Einstein's work on a new theory of gravity, but he soon realized that this might not hold in his “final” theory of November 1915. -
The Nature of the Redshift
The Nature of the Redshift William G. Tifft Professor Emeritus, Retired Steward Observatory, University of Arizona Abstract This paper presents an illustrated introduction to an alternate cosmology, Quantum Tem- poral Cosmology (QTC), an updated review based upon extensive observational data con- cerning the nature of the redshift and the structure of time. 1 Introduction This is a modified version of a paper (Tifft 2013) presented at the "Origins of the Expanding Universe: 1912-1932" Conference in September 2012 held in honor of V. M. Slipher, the first person to measure redshifts of external galaxies in 1912 at Lowell Observatory. The redshift itself was not (and probably could not have been), carefully tested to see if it was consistent with the concept of a dynamical expansion of space much before I began a study in 1970. In the meantime, the concept of expanding dynamical spatial cosmologies was widely accepted. Subsequent study was dedicated to defining the character of spatial expansion and rarely to questioning the nature of the redshift itself. Many problems have emerged including dark matter and dark energy, which can be addressed in an alternate cosmology. My dissertation at Caltech and continued studies at Lowell Observatory in 1963-1964 in- volving photometry as a function of radius indicated that some galaxies had abnormally blue or red nuclei (Tifft 1963, 1969). This was early evidence of active nuclear studies to come. A 1970 paper reported unexpected possible correlations of nuclear photometry with redshifts of Virgo Cluster galaxies (Tifft 1972a). The concept that there could be any re- lationship between an intrinsic property of galaxies (nuclear photometry) and an extrinsic property (redshift) was clearly inconsistent with classical views, but ultimately led to a new approach to cosmology. -
Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe
CSIRO PUBLISHING www.publish.csiro.au/journals/pasa Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, 2004, 21, 97–109 Expanding Confusion: Common Misconceptions of Cosmological Horizons and the Superluminal Expansion of the Universe Tamara M. Davis and Charles H. Lineweaver University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]) Received 2003 June 3, accepted 2003 October 10 Abstract: We use standard general relativity to illustrate and clarify several common misconceptions about the expansion of the universe. To show the abundance of these misconceptions we cite numerous misleading, or easily misinterpreted, statements in the literature. In the context of the new standard CDM cosmology we point out confusions regarding the particle horizon, the event horizon, the ‘observable universe’ and the Hubble sphere (distance at which recession velocity = c). We show that we can observe galaxies that have, and always have had, recession velocities greater than the speed of light. We explain why this does not violate special relativity and we link these concepts to observational tests. Attempts to restrict recession velocities to less than the speed of light require a special relativistic interpretation of cosmological redshifts. We analyze apparent magnitudes of supernovae and observationally rule out the special relativistic Doppler interpretation of cosmological redshifts at a confidence level of 23σ. Keywords: cosmology: observations — cosmology: theory 1 Introduction description of the expanding universe using spacetime The general relativistic (GR) interpretation of the redshifts diagrams and we provide a mathematical summary in of distant galaxies, as the expansion of the universe, is Appendix A. -
Hubble's Diagram and Cosmic Expansion
Hubble’s diagram and cosmic expansion Robert P. Kirshner* Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 Contributed by Robert P. Kirshner, October 21, 2003 Edwin Hubble’s classic article on the expanding universe appeared in PNAS in 1929 [Hubble, E. P. (1929) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 15, 168–173]. The chief result, that a galaxy’s distance is proportional to its redshift, is so well known and so deeply embedded into the language of astronomy through the Hubble diagram, the Hubble constant, Hubble’s Law, and the Hubble time, that the article itself is rarely referenced. Even though Hubble’s distances have a large systematic error, Hubble’s velocities come chiefly from Vesto Melvin Slipher, and the interpretation in terms of the de Sitter effect is out of the mainstream of modern cosmology, this article opened the way to investigation of the expanding, evolving, and accelerating universe that engages today’s burgeoning field of cosmology. he publication of Edwin Hub- ble’s 1929 article ‘‘A relation between distance and radial T velocity among extra-galactic nebulae’’ marked a turning point in un- derstanding the universe. In this brief report, Hubble laid out the evidence for one of the great discoveries in 20th cen- tury science: the expanding universe. Hubble showed that galaxies recede from us in all directions and more dis- tant ones recede more rapidly in pro- portion to their distance. His graph of velocity against distance (Fig. 1) is the original Hubble diagram; the equation that describes the linear fit, velocity ϭ ϫ Ho distance, is Hubble’s Law; the slope of that line is the Hubble con- ͞ stant, Ho; and 1 Ho is the Hubble time. -
III EO Lawrenc
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CERN Document Server OBSERVATION OF COSMOLOGICAL TIME DILATION USING TYPE IA SUPERNOVAE AS CLOCKS The Supernova Cosmology Project : III G.GOLDHABER1, S. DEUSTUA, S. GABI, D. GROOM, I. HOOK, A. KIM, M. KIM, J. LEE, R. PAIN2, C. PENNYPACKER, S. PERLMUTTER AND I. SMALL E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory & Center for Particle Astrophysics, University of California, Berkeley A. GOOBAR University of Stockholm R. ELLIS AND R. MCMAHON Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge University B. BOYLE, P. BUNCLARK, D. CARTER, K. GLAZEBROOK3 AND M. IRWIN Royal Greenwich Observatory H. NEWBERG Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory A. V. FILIPPENKO AND T. MATHESON University of California, Berkeley M. DOPITA AND J. MOULD MSSSO, Australian National University AND W. COUCH University of New South Wales . Abstract. This work is based on the first results from a systematic search for high redshift Type Ia supernovae. Using filters in the R-band we dis- covered seven such SNe, with redshift z =0:3 0:5, before or at maximum light. Type Ia SNe are known to be a homogeneous− group of SNe, to first order, with very similar light curves, spectra and peak luminosities. In this 1Presented by G. Goldhaber, e-mail address:[email protected] 2Current address: CNRS-IN2P3, University of Paris 3Current address: Anglo-Australian Observatory 2 talk we report that the light curves we observe are all broadened (time dilated) as expected from the expanding universe hypothesis. Small vari- ations from the expected 1 + z broadening of the light curve widths can be attributed to a width-brightness correlation that has been observed for nearby SNe (z<0:1). -
Observational Evidence Favors a Static Universe
1 Observational evidence favors a static universe David F. Crawford Sydney Institute for Astronomy, School of Physics, University of Sydney. Correspondence: 44 Market St, Naremburn, 2065, NSW, Australia email: [email protected] Abstract The common attribute of all Big Bang cosmologies is that they are based on the assumption that the universe is expanding. However exam- ination of the evidence for this expansion clearly favors a static universe. The major topics considered are: Tolman surface brightness, angular size, type 1a supernovae, gamma ray bursts, galaxy distributions, quasar dis- tributions, X-ray background radiation, cosmic microwave background ra- diation, radio source counts, quasar variability and the Butcher{Oemler effect. An analysis of the best raw data for these topics shows that they are consistent with expansion only if there is evolution that cancels the effects of expansion. An alternate cosmology, curvature cosmology, is a tired-light cosmology that predicts a well defined static and stable uni- verse and is fully described. It not only predicts accurate values for the Hubble constant and the temperature of cosmic microwave background radiation but shows good agreement with most of the topics considered. Curvature cosmology also predicts the deficiency in solar neutrino pro- duction rate and can explain the anomalous acceleration of Pioneer 10. Note: The editor of the Journal of Cosmology required this paper to be divided into three parts. Except for the abstracts, introductions and conclusions the text of the -
Hubble's Cosmology
2nd Crisis in Cosmology Conference, CCC-2 ASP Conference Series, Vol. 413, c 2009 Frank Potter, ed. Hubble’s Cosmology: From a Finite Expanding Universe to a Static Endless Universe A. K. T. Assis,1 M. C. D. Neves,1,2 and D. S. L. Soares3 1. Institute of Physics “Gleb Wataghin,” University of Campinas UNICAMP, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil email: assis@ifi.unicamp.br 2. Departamento de F´ısica, Funda¸c˜ao Universidade Estadual de Maring´a — FUEM, 87020-900 Maring´a, PR, Brazil email: [email protected] 3. Departamento de F´ısica, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, C. P. 702, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil email: dsoares@fisica.ufmg.br Abstract. We analyze the views of Edwin Hubble (1889–1953) as regards the large scale structure of the universe. In 1929 he initially accepted a finite ex- panding universe in order to explain the redshifts of distant galaxies. Later on he turned to an infinite stationary universe and a new principle of nature in order to explain the same phenomena. Initially, he was impressed by the agreement of his redshift-distance relation with one of the predictions of de Sitter’s cosmological model, namely, the so-called “de Sitter effect,” the phenomenon of the scattering of material particles, leading to an expanding universe. A number of observa- tional evidences, though, made him highly skeptical with such a scenario. They were better accounted for by an infinite static universe. The evidences he found were: (i) the huge values he was getting for the “recession” velocities of the neb- ulae (1,800 km s−1 in 1929 up to 42,000 km s−1 in 1942, leading to v/c = 1/7), with the redshifts interpreted as velocity-shifts. -
An Observer-Based Referential That Is Consistent with Cosmological Observations Théophile Caby
An observer-based referential that is consistent with cosmological observations Théophile Caby To cite this version: Théophile Caby. An observer-based referential that is consistent with cosmological observations. 2021. hal-02149955 HAL Id: hal-02149955 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02149955 Preprint submitted on 22 Apr 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. An observer-based referential that is consistent with cosmological observations Théophile Caby LAMIA, Université des Antilles [email protected] Abstract We propose an alternative explanation for the redshift of cosmological objects. In this approach, the wavelength of a photon is affected by the spatial curvature in- tegrated along its trajectory from the source to the observer. We explain this effect by postulating that all measurements are performed in an observer-based represen- tation referential that has the geometrical properties of flat space, resulting in a distortion of lengths associated to distant objects. Applying these considerations in the Einstein’s static universe, we obtain a redshift/distance relationship that is consistent with observations. We are also able to explain the existence and charac- teristics of the Cosmic Microwave Background. -
Arxiv:1701.08720V1 [Astro-Ph.CO]
Foundations of Physics manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Tests and problems of the standard model in Cosmology Mart´ın L´opez-Corredoira Received: xxxx / Accepted: xxxx Abstract The main foundations of the standard ΛCDM model of cosmology are that: 1) The redshifts of the galaxies are due to the expansion of the Uni- verse plus peculiar motions; 2) The cosmic microwave background radiation and its anisotropies derive from the high energy primordial Universe when matter and radiation became decoupled; 3) The abundance pattern of the light elements is explained in terms of primordial nucleosynthesis; and 4) The formation and evolution of galaxies can be explained only in terms of gravi- tation within a inflation+dark matter+dark energy scenario. Numerous tests have been carried out on these ideas and, although the standard model works pretty well in fitting many observations, there are also many data that present apparent caveats to be understood with it. In this paper, I offer a review of these tests and problems, as well as some examples of alternative models. Keywords Cosmology · Observational cosmology · Origin, formation, and abundances of the elements · dark matter · dark energy · superclusters and large-scale structure of the Universe PACS 98.80.-k · 98.80.E · 98.80.Ft · 95.35.+d · 95.36.+x · 98.65.Dx Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 85A40 · 85-03 1 Introduction There is a dearth of discussion about possible wrong statements in the foun- dations of standard cosmology (the “Big Bang” hypothesis in the present-day Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Departamento de Astrof´ısica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain arXiv:1701.08720v1 [astro-ph.CO] 30 Jan 2017 Tel.: +34-922-605264 Fax: +34-922-605210 E-mail: [email protected] 2 Mart´ın L´opez-Corredoira version of ΛCDM, i.e.