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Ground-Water Recharge Areas and Traveltimes to Pumped Wells, Ponds, Streams, and Coastal Water Bodies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts

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Ground-Water Recharge Areas and Traveltimes to Pumped Wells, Ponds, Streams, and Coastal Water Bodies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Prepared in cooperation with the SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS MAP I–2857 U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MASSACHUSETTS DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Ground-Water Recharge Areas and Traveltimes to Pumped Wells, Ponds, Streams, and Coastal Water Bodies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts—PLATE- Walter, D.A., Masterson, J.P., and Hess, K.M., 2004 70o41'45" 69o54'31" 42o05'07" Introduction EXPLANATION The coastal waters of Cape Cod, Massachusetts modeling software SEAWAT (Gou and Langevin, 2002) to bodies, because subsurface attenuation mitigates the amount Harbaugh, A.W., Banta, E.R., Hill, M.C., and McDonald, M.G., (fig. 1), are important economic and recreational simulate ground-water flow and to represent the dynamic of nitrogen originating from a source area that reaches an 2000, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S Geological Survey modular RECHARGE AREAS position of the freshwater/saltwater interface. Detailed estuary. ground-water model—User guide to modularization concepts 4 resources for the region. In addition to tidal exchanges of and the ground-water flow process: U.S. Geological Survey 6 ATLANTIC Provincetown documentation of the models, including descriptions of model Traveltimes in the Cape Cod aquifer range from essentially saltwater, coastal waters receive freshwater from both Open-File Report 2000-92, 121 p. o 71 OCEAN 6 Atlantic Ocean design and calibration, are included in Walter and Whealan zero (in areas adjacent to discharge locations) to more than 73o o 4 surface- and ground-water inflows. Marine and estuarine 72 A (2004) and Masterson (2004). 100 years near ground-water divides (areas generally at Department of Environmental Protection, 2004, The Estuaries TLANTIC OCEAN ecosystems are adversely affected by excessive nitrogen 6 The particle-tracking algorithm MODPATH (Pollock, greater distances from discharge locations) (fig. 7) with a Project: Southeastern Massachusetts Embayments 4 Buzzards Bay inputs associated with development and urbanization 1994) was used to simulate advective transport in the aquifer, median of about 10 years. The locations of natural hydrologic Restoration, accessed August 27, 2004, at o Pilgrim 42 30' within the freshwater recharge areas to coastal water to delineate the areas at the water table that contribute water to boundaries (ponds, streams, and coastal water bodies) and http://www.mass.gov/dep/smerp/ 6 8 MASSACHUSETTS Cape Cod 4 Cape Cod Bay bodies. Increases in nitrogen, which originate from coastal and freshwater bodies, and to estimate total traveltimes regional ground-water divides affect the regional pattern of 70o Pamet Masterson, J.P., 2004, Simulated interaction between freshwater o anthropogenic sources, such as wastewater and fertilizers, of water from the water table to discharge locations. Cell-by- traveltimes. Areas at the water table where recharged water and saltwater and effects of ground-water pumping and sea 42 6 4 Cape Cod Canal can cause eutrophication in coastal waters. cell flow information from the model simulations was used in discharges to a pond, stream, or coastal water body within 10 level change, Lower Cape Cod aquifer system, Massachusetts: Eutrophication is associated with enhanced growth of MODPATH to calculate flow-velocity vectors within model years of recharge account for about 51 percent of the total U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report Chequesset 8 2004-5014, 72 p. 0 50 MILES Nantucket and Martha's undesirable algae and the loss of important marine cells. The post-processing software suite MODTOOLS (Orzol, recharge area on Cape Cod (fig. 7). These areas are adjacent 41o30' EXPLANATION 0 50 KILOMETERS Vineyard Sounds habitats. Currently (2004), eutrophication has adversely 1997) was used to convert information from the models and to ponds, streams, and the coast. Most traveltimes exceeding Masterson, J.P., Stone, B.D., Walter, D.A., and Savoie, Jennifer, TRAVELTIME, IN YEARS MODPATH to georeferenced data layers to be used in a 100 years are near regional ground-water divides as illustrated 1997, Hydrogeologic framework of western Cape Cod, 12 4 affected various coastal water bodies on Cape Cod. The 6 Inland Estuaries geographical information system. by the configuration of the water table (fig. 7). In some cases, Massachusetts: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic 8 effects include an increase in the magnitude and Nauset 16 water that recharges the aquifer near a coastal water body or Atlas HA-741, scale 1:50,000, 1 sheet. CAPE COD BAY 8 frequency of algal blooms, a decrease in water clarity, stream in the vicinity of a local ground-water divide can have Less than 10 Streams and a loss of eelgrass beds. Recharge Areas Oldale, R.N., 1992, Cape Cod and the islands—The geologic story: Monomoy Water from precipitation recharges the aquifer and then a traveltime longer than 100 years. Parnassus Imprints, East Orleans, Massachusetts, 205 p. 6 Communities on Cape Cod are taking measures to Sagamore 4 flows through the aquifer to the receiving surface-water Ponds mitigate the discharge of nitrogen within the recharge 10 10 to less than 20 body—a pond, stream, or coastal water body—or to a pumped Oldale, R.N., and O'Hara, C.J., 1984, Glaciotectonic origin of A Conclusions C NAL the Massachusetts coastal end moraines and a fluctuating D 20 areas to coastal water bodies at risk for nitrogen-related O Pilgrim well. The area at the water table through which water Estimating nitrogen-loading rates to coastal water bodies 8 late Wisconsinan ice margin: Geological Society of C eutrophication. The Massachusetts Department of 30 recharges and ultimately discharges to the surface-water body requires an understanding of the recharge areas to the water E 6 Pumped Wells America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 61-74. C A P 10 20 to less than 30 Environmental Protection (MDEP), in association with 4 is the recharge area to that surface-water body. A recharge area bodies. This understanding includes (1.) the locations of areas 30 Monomoy Nauset Truro 50 Area Not the University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth School of contributes water to a coastal water body either through direct contributing recharge to a coastal water body, (2.) the Orzol, L.L., 1997, User's guide for MODTOOLS—Computer 110.6 Modeled Marine Science and Technology, has initiated the ground-water discharge or through discharge to a stream that traveltimes of water through the aquifer between the water- programs for translating data of MODFLOW and MODPATH into geographic information systems files: 30 to less than 40 flows into the coastal water body. In ground-water-dominated Mgal/d Pamet Massachusetts Estuaries Project (MEP) (Massachusetts table recharge and discharge locations, and (3.) the effects of U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 97-240, 86 p. 20 Department of Environmental Protection, 2004) to assist systems, such as Cape Cod, surface drainages, as defined by surface waters—ponds and streams—on both recharge areas 10 12.5 Mgal/d TOWN BOUNDARY 20 topography, cannot be used to delineate areas at the land and traveltimes. Recharge areas to coastal water bodies on Pollock, D.W., 1994, User's guide for MODPATH/MODPATH- 60 30 10 19.0 Mgal/d local communities in developing sound nitrogen- Y 40 to less than 50 WATERSHED BOUNDARY management strategies; the MEP also includes surface that contribute water to a surface-water body. Instead, Cape Cod are dominated by ground-water flow; surface PLOT, version 3—A particle tracking post-processing package 50 12.4 Mgal/d Chequesset for MODFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey finite-difference 30 NANTUCKET (Figures 4 and 5) the ground-water-recharge area is the watershed to the surface- drainages, as defined by topography, cannot be used to 40 regional and local agencies, such as the Cape Cod ground-water flow model: U.S. Geological Survey Open- 24.2 Mgal/d water body. delineate areas at the land surface that contribute water to a SOUND PUMPED WELL Commission (CCC). File Report 94-464, 248 p. 30 50 to less than 100 In simple cases, the recharge area to a coastal water body coastal water body. Delineating recharge areas under such The MEP evaluates the current status of coastal water 20 includes only areas that contribute recharge directly from the flow regimes requires evaluation of three-dimensional ground- Uchupi, Elazar, Giese, G.S., and Aubrey, D.G., 1996, The 10 bodies in southeastern Massachusetts in regard to BUZZARDS BA MARTHA'S EXPLANATION water table. This case is illustrated conceptually in figure 3, water-flow patterns in the aquifer. Ground-water-flow patterns late Quaternary construction of Cape Cod, Massachusetts: VINEYARD Greater than or equal to 100 nitrogen-related health and collects data needed to where freshwater inflow to Estuary 1 originates only from on Cape Cod are affected primarily by the geometry of the A reconsideration of the W.M. Davis model: Geological Sagamore Society of America Special Paper 309, 69 p. SOUND 10 LINE OF EQUAL SIMULATED WATER- 16 develop Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) of ground water recharged at the water table; ground water coast and the locations of ponds and streams. As a result, TABLE ALTITUDE, IN FEET ABOVE Area Not 269.2 nitrogen to the coastal water bodies. Because the TMDLs recharged at point A flows directly into Estuary 1. In more recharge areas to coastal water bodies consist of multiple 0 4 8 MILES NGVD 29. CONTOUR INTERVAL IS Walter, D.A., and Whealan, A.T., 2004, Simulated water sources provide a target nitrogen load based on consistent complex cases, as illustrated by the recharge area of Estuary 2 components and have complex traveltime patterns. and effects of pumping to wells and surface waters, VARIABLE Modeled 12 Mgal/d 0 4 8 KILOMETERS scientific methods, communities will use them to guide on figure 3, the total recharge area to that estuary includes four Sagamore and Monomoy flow lenses, Cape Cod, implementation of wastewater-management strategies to distinct subareas: (1.) the area (point B) contributing shallow Massachusetts: U.S.
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