~ TABLE OF CONTENTS @ INTRODUCTION ...... 357 [ 2 r; WHO EATS g., m ()o 1 ~ WHAT ANIMAL SIGNS "3 a(j) 0- ABOUT TH ISS ECTION ...... 358 -~. A GUIDE TO FOOD WEB CLUES IN WHERE TO LOOK ...... 359 '"... SCHOOLYARD HABITATS SIGNS OF ANIMALS EATING PLANTS ...... 360 HOMES, TRAI LS, AN D SCRATCH I NGS ...... 362 WEBS, EGGS, AND COCOONS ...... 363 TRACKS AND SCAT ...... 364 1 COMPILED BY: ANIMALS AND THEIR FOODS LISA MORGANSTERN KATH LEEN HOGAN ABOUTTHIS SECTION ...... 365 ALAN .B ERKOWITZ HOW TO FIGURE OUT WHAT AN ANIMAL EATS ...... 366 ILLUSTRATION: CAROL MORLEY FOOD SOU RCE CHARTS: LISA MORGANSTERN INSECTS ...... 367 OTHER ANIMALS WITHOUT BACKBONES ...... 371 ECO-INQUIRY APPENDIX A AMPH I BIANS ...... 373 © INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES, 1994 REPTI LES ...... 374 BI RDS ...... 376 "0> "0 MAMMALS ...... 379 (1) e:.::l REFERENCES ...... 382 >< >- o~ tr INTRODUCTION c:- ~ ~ Even in seemingly barren schoolyards, ~. lots of animals are busily getting the foods ~ they need to survive. Although some crab animals are visibly active during the day, many others are either nocturnal or hard ~ garter ¥~ 'snakes v to see. Fortunately, there are often telltale signs of these animals and their activities. Once your students learn where and how to look for animals and their signs, they'll ~ become aware of the wide variety of crea ~i tures within their everyday environment.
The Who Eats What guide will help you and your students find animals and their signs, and figure out what these animals eat. It will not necessarily help you identify all of the animals you find. For this you'll need field guides that provide keys, drawings, descrip ITREESI tions, and range maps for individual species. The Eco-Inquiry Module 1 "Resource List" suggests field guides for adults and young D E A D people that you can use to supplement the @ information provided here. [ aO By using the information in this Who Eats "s., tTl n What guide, your students will be able to o make a food web that shows interactions ~ "3 in a local ecosystem, even if they never see (f) 2 a single animal in the act of eating! 0- ~.
'"... This symbol means CAUTION and appears next to animals or animal signs that are potentially hazardous. They might be poisonous, transmit diseases, or cause harmful bites or stings. Students should avoid all contact with animals or signs marked with the caution symbol. ~ It's a good idea for students to avoid touching with bare hands all living and dead animals, and animal droppings. &!
@ 1. [ 2' ":;., m n o ~ ANI L "3 ~ "P- -~. ...'" SIGNS '"
ABOUT THIS SECTION
KNOWING WHERE TO LOOK FINDING THE "WHAT" AND When searching for animals and their signs, FIGURING OUT THE "WHO" students tend to look only on the ground. Once students have found an animal sign, The "Where to Look" page helps them they'll need to figure out who made it. The expand their focus. It provides tips on what signs illustrated in the animal signs pages are animals and signs they might find in many .:J. J~ ::{; labeled with the names of the animals that make locations. ""k~::;~ them. If students find a sign that's not included "'ft"" ..,,,, ~ here, they can compare it to the illustrations to KNOWING WHAT TO LOOK FOR try to narrow down the type of animal (e.g., an The "Signs of Animals Eating Plants" and insect, a bird) that could have made the sign. other animal signs pages help students develop search images for evidence of animal Some animal signs, such as a nibbled leaf or a activity. Although the signs illustrated on seed-filled scat, are direct evidence of what an these pages are only a sampling of those animal is eating. Other animals signs, such as a likely to be found at your study site, they nest or a track, simply reveal an animal's pres » provide a starting point to help your students ence. Once students trace either of these kinds '0 of signs to the animal who made them, they're '0 notice things they often overlook. This new (b ready to consult the "Animals and Their Foods" ::l perspective will help them piece together e:. chapter to complete their detective work! X clues about interactions among animals and » their food sources. WHERE TO LOOK
o~ r -- W --,,3-.> Vi" IN THE AIR ELSEWHERE o up high for flying or soaring birds on and around tree stumps, fence ~ ~ ------o ...... o around plants for flying insects ~~~----. posts, and rocks (perches) for scat, ~- - crs. nutshells, and other leftovers FS- o on fence posts and walls for birds, IN SHRUBS, CACTI, AND TREES spiders, lizards, small mammals, snails, and insects o on branches, arms, and twigs for galls, o in sunny areas for animals basking eggs, nests, browse marks, insects, o on building ledges and windowsills spiders, mammals, tree frogs, snakes, for birds, nests, and bat roosts and bird droppings o in drainpipe ends, and holes in o on trunks for woodpecker holes, bricks and cinder blocks for spiders scratch marks, cocoons, webs, and ant and insects trails o on pavement and in sidewalk cracks o in holes, pleats, and crevices in bark for insects and other animals for nests, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, o in wet areas for animals drinking beetles, daddy-longlegs, and other small organisms o on flowers and fruits for insects and signs of eating ON THE GROUND o on leaves, stems, and vines for tree o between plants for scat, worm cast frogs, insects, insect eggs, snails, galls, ings, bird droppings and pellets and signs of eating o under rocks, boards, logs, bricks, and trash for salamanders, toads, skinks, sow bugs, centipedes, millipedes, @ AMONG LOW PLANTS ants, snakes, scorpions, and beetles [ o in leaf litter and surface soil for seed §:. o in moss clumps for tiny animals it caches, earthworms, sow bugs, ~ o in grass for trails, clipped leaves, and millipedes, beetles, and other small m ()o matted bedding animals ~ o in thickets for signs of rabbits, such as it o in sandy or muddy areas for tracks 3 droppings, and clipped twigs or grass ~ o under plants for bird nests, mammal "p.. leaves tunnels, mouse holes, rabbit dens, ~~. o on stems and leaves for insects, spiders, tracks, snakes, lizards, salamanders, '".... galls, insect eggs, bird droppings, and and other animals signs of eating o in rotting logs, stumps, and under o on flowers for bees, flies, butterflies, bark for termites, beetles, insect ~= moths, and spiders larvae, ants, skinks, and lizard eggs
~i;"~,, ~';;;>o",; .• _~~,:::." •. _ SIGNS OF ANIMALS EATING PLANTS ~ =0
@ [ a t; ~ m () :;: leaf beetles, ~ caterpillars, leafcutter bees "3 a-Vl D.. ~~. ..'"
MINED
serpentine mine fly and moth larvae Look for insect larvae inside the
red and gray squirrels, chipmunks, jumping mine mice, white-footed mice, deer mice moth larvae, midges
SKELETONIZED ROLLED
"0> "0 ('b e:.::l X > white-footed mice, deer mice, fox, deer, moths, buttetflies, beetles opossum, woodchucks SIGNS O'f ANIMALS EATING PLANTS continued
o~ W CLIPPED CHEWED VI" ~ ~ j v,; ! ~ ~"'1 " , ,,' \ I (i ~ ')_ '" ','J --~ ~~ I, '1 cottontail rabbits deer /' ,:-dL:. porcupines PRUNED woodchucks, squirrels
~~ ~ rabbits, hares GALLED Look for insect larvae BORED inside the gall. goldenrod galljlies 'I'. <•• 11' •• e), t It I' ." j " /)." If ..••• /)1 ,I' Ill. ,I 6! , It, I, [ I It I' ~. sapsuckers r. bark beetles ~ "m n o ~ FROTHED GIRDLED CHEWED 3 " ~ :=l twig pruner beetles cottontail rabbits cottontails, jackrabbits, ground squirrels, tortoises, woodrats, pocket mice HOMES, TRAILS, AND SCRATCHINGS ~ ."1.1.9_'"'._"_4.1'£' I N @ [ 2· ;;- /'1 ~ m n ~il_",.?:~ o -12-15 ~ ~/::-'/ cmy/ /JJ 10;:,\;' h~ /I{ 3 ;//;/'/ .~'::': --4 ~ 1(1 "(f) /' "./' \\1 C 0- ': ::';~7:J·; )11lllli f/fl// ./ jf shrews, voles, moles, :-:/-::;;." ,'j '!II? ~. 'D ...'D chipmunks, red squirrels, woodchucks, skunks, prairie dogs, ground squirrels, raccoons, rabbits, foxes, lizards, pocket gophers opossum deer mice, voles shrews mice, gray squirrels deer mice gophers ::t> '0 '0 ('1) ::l 9:' >< » woodpeckers, owls, flickers, raccoons, opossum, squirrels, squirrels, opossum, woodpeckers skunks, squirrels, skunks rats, mice, lizards white-footed mice porcupines, raccoons chipmunks o~ tr VI" ~ ~ ~ ~ funnel web spiders hammock spiders orb spiders bagworm moths hawk moths gypsy moths (narrow v-winged (wide v-winged moths) (wide v-winged moths) moths) rlfP:~ ,. ", I /rf;';t,I#t;~ I I/~ II'J~ "'. ..-'. ~ Vl~ i!,~~ .. -- ~'f,'''II~~~t:f¥P,;1/fItj /I'~ ~\ iii /I,f ... JL(/.'&~ p~ monarch butterfly larvae webworms tent caterpillars comb clawed spiders polyphemus moths cecropia moths (other large (wide v-winged moths) (wide v-winged moths) (large silkworm moths) (large silkworm moths) butterflies) @ [ 2' ~ "m n o ~ "3 {fl 2' P- ~~. '".... ffi cicadas k{ltydids gypsy moths mantids ants termites ant lions ~'.- "".~-.-'-- -::' .~-- TRACKS AND SCAT ~ - TRACKS SCAT A TRACKS SCAT @ mice and ~..a ~,;,~~ [ shrews Je.~I< ___ _ .,--. grouse I t-' ~- ~.,:~ .P~ a.. . 5em .- .-r 2"' .- .'f-. I"_I 1 ~-~~.5em tf-~--=---" . . 2.5 em "9., m rats f.....-l.5 em "o wild turkeys IL ~ ~ ~~ 10em "3 ~rm ~ r ~ ~. ~ .. "P- squirrels -~. ,IfI//II:... PELLETS ...~. ...'" ~sm~., ~~6em regurgitated pellets ofnondigested hair, bones, and fur ~ ~..--- r'-'~""-": rabbits 1 25 em 7.;';"C",r~?y.$.'~" ~fl!;.'k'-- ~ ... ~I. • 16eS-! 1 _I• :;;i::'~~~,1i~:e~ ~- 7.5em~ 1 !-=il em 1 gem cottontail jackrabbit "I cottontail -jackrabbit.. opossum hawks ravens owls .,~ I 7.5 em 5'\~~.'" raccoons turtles ; .':.; •.. 1 3 em 1 ','11'""",,,,,,,,,,"1/"111:,",;;,;,,,,,/111111,,,111111,,,,,,,;';/1 .. ~~lf .~'" "1110, 1 1 .:.: .!~;'y 2.5 em ~ 10.5 em 7.5 em I~ I'" ·'1 . 6.25 em .., foxes ~ snakes ...... 1 1.25 em 1 ".... r...... 2em ~ 14 em 1 gem coyotes 69- ...... •• . 1 ..- ...~ > • . 1 •• "0 6em ~~<: "0 :.-- ...... :.. (b ••••. ,... ,.~!~.:::.\.,.;:-::::... ~: .. ~~;..,.\,~~'( ... ~ .... ~':::::.!':}.,.):! •• :'~hi {(" ~.... 11 em .' .... 5 ::l deer -. . ~QO.l 0- -.. :. : : : .' ... ·.1iP H em X· ~ ~ ")~-!'}o.\:""i::t~~l~:.:::.. ::e.."'i:\$.».~~":!~:.F;i::;,;~~~\'H:"":J'.:":;''''\''$t-.'t ';l> • 7 I I \~I •1.5 em centipede tracks -earthworm castings o~ c l:P 1;1" ~ .....l::> '{g ANIMALS AND ~ THEIR FOODS ABOUT THIS SECTION FINDING THE "WHO" AND When students find an animal, they can which one or two habitats characterize your FIGURING OUTTHE "WHAT" consult the charts to try to confirm what study site so that they can scan the charts type of animal they've found and what it for these icons. The "Where Found" column When students find an animal, they can use eats. Each chart provides information on the provides more detailed habitat information the "How to Figure Out What an Animal general and specific habitats of each animal, for each animal. Eats" page to hone in on clues to the animal's and on the animal's foods. food sources. By observing the animal's Food Sources. These columns list the behaviors and body parts, students can Habitat. Each chart includes a key to icons plants, animals, and other foods eaten by the speculate about the type of food the animal for six habitats that occur within or near entire family or genus of animals within a is suited to catch and eat. Since animals schoolyards: row. The word "herbs" refers to herbaceous spend most of their time near their food plants, such as wildflowers. Your students' t!I Vacant Lots @ sources, students can look around the area job is to determine which food sources the [ where they find an animal to pick out 'i) Lawns animal is likely to eat within the habitat g' plausible foods. "s;., ~ Fields they're exploring. Students will also want to m n take into account the seasonal availability of o This section also includes charts of informa ~ Wooded Areas ~ foods. A jay, for instance, will consume tion about six major groups of animals: o Deserts "3 acorns in the fall and insects in the spring ~ Insects, Other Animals Without Backbones, "P- «0 Grasslands and summer. Students should also keep in -~. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals. mind that the food source lists are not Within each of these major groups, the '"... Students can tell which habitat(s) each always exhaustive. Many animals are oppor charts are divided into subgroups of related animal is found in by looking at these icons tunists, so although their main diet consists animals. under the "Habitat" column to the right of ~ of certain foods, they'll often eat many other CO) U"I the animal name. Help your students decide things in order to survive. ••. ". ",.;'.""-",",,,=,~ .. ··",-,'w··-,,,,,·__ ",=,=,, ~,,~ ~'-"--"':.~:.o"":.~~:;.:=-,..-=':::;:;7. _-t:.-.~.,... :--:---.--:-:-"-.---.-:;- HOW TO FIGURE OUT WHAT AN ANIMAL EATS ~ en @ An animars activities and whereabouts are often How does the animal get and eat its food? Look carefully at the [ related to feeding. Where was the animal and what animal's body parts. What action does the body part look suited fOr? 2' was it doing when you found it? ~ "m n MOUTHPARTS APPENDAGES o --- ~ ;3 "Vl 2' P- J~l ~~...... :.~. :;.: .. ' '" 4>:1 ...'" .!- ~I) f digging digging -HUld- for• grasping, tear for piercing leaves, for sponging up (front legs) (back legs) ing, and crushing stems, seeds, or microorganisms for digging into for digging into parts of other the bodies of other and liquids from soil to suck plant wood for pulp animals, plant animals, to slurp decaying foods root juices (beetles, wasps) roots, stems, sap or body fluids (houseflies, bees) (cicadas, mole or digging into soil wood, leaves, (true bugs, leaf crickets) for organisms buds, and seeds hoppers, tree (spadejoot toads, (grasshoppers, hoppers, aphids, beetles) crickets, katydids, mosquitoes, some beetles) flies) note: some insects 11\~ have mouthparts for chewing and for 4 lapping flower \UJ nectar (bees, for sipping nectar grabbing wasps) from flowers for grabbing (butterflies, smaller, weaker or moths) quick-moving prey for attaching onto (mantids, food plants for grabbing small, assassin bugs) (moths, butter delicate insects and flies, beetle worms (robins, - larvae) thrashers, wrens, orioles) note: some birds drilling have beaks that can ~ '0 for drilling into crack seeds and '0 (1) tree bark for grab insects (chick for cracking seeds ::l insects (wood adees, blackbirds, (grosbeaks, card e:x peckers, nut jays, doves, inals, sparrows, for collecting ~ hatches) bluebirds) finches) pollen (bees) INSECTS ~ o Animals Other \r1 HABITAT WHERE FOUND VI" e.~ between or under plant leaves; indoors moist human .....~ $ food, pet food, as organic matter ~ e. ~ under moist soil; in high grasses and seeds, roots, seeds, roots, other Crickets, aphids, dead insects $O~ herbs; on the ground, bushes, and trees seedlings, seedlings, caterpillars berries, leaves berries, leaves Grasshoppers e. ~ in high grass or sparse vegetation; on or I stems, leaves stems, leaves leaves (illusrrated above) O~ below shrubs and trees; on the ground ~~ on the ground; in grass; on herb stems flowers, leaves flowers, leaves leaves $ ~ and leaves; on leaves of trees and shrubs ~ on herb leaves, flower heads, and low grasshoppers, caterpillars, shrubs illes, butterllies, bees, wasps, moths, spiders HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other e. ~ ~ I on plant stems and twigs stem sap stem sap twig sap $O~ I in tall trees root juices (I), $O~ limb sap, twig sap (a) -- ~ ~ I on leaves leaf sap Ileaf sap Ileaf sap Ileaf sap $0 ~ on bark, twigs, leaves, pads, and stems stem sap, twig Istem sap, twig Isap--cochineal @ $O~ of plants sap, leaf sap sap, leaf sap bug only [ 2" ~~ in a froth of bubbles on herb stems and stem sap twig sap it shrub twigs s;, $ ~ go o ~ in trees and shrubs; in grass leaves (I) leaf sap (a) leaf sap (a) Itwig sap, ~ $0 fruits (a) ita Vl;: P- ~~. ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other '".. Blowflies and e.~~ near flowers, animal carcasses, dead nectar feces, decaying J Houseflies plants, feces, and trash animals and (illustrated above) plants, fresh w ~ food ~ ~ KEY: A Caution e. Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields $ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph INSECTS continued w C') 00 Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ Frit Flies on low herbs; on highest node of grass I stems (1) dead herb and [ 'i~ g ~ stems (1) grass ieaves "0 Gall Midges and ~ on rotting plant material or fungi (1); in I Istems, leaves Ileaves dead plants, fungi ~ m Gall Flies galls on herbs and shrubs (1); in termite n ~ 0 or ant nests (1); near herbs and shrubs (a) ~ "3 Hover or ~ hovering over flowers Inectar (a) <.f) 2' Flower Flies ~ "- -~. Mosquitoes C!I'i~ near damp places fruit juices, ; _O~ flower nectar- Imammals-females only ...'" males only Robber Flies ~ resting on leaves and flowers at the lealhoppers, beetle larvae, ~ edges of woods and fields bees and other flying insects - (a), grasshopper eggs (1) ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other ~ ~ Ants C!I'i~ in mounds and underground nests; seeds nectar, pollen, nectar, pollen, termites, liquid from aphids, fungi (illustrated above) _O~ under stones; on the ground; on tree berries, seeds berries, seeds other small insects, body ~ twigs and trunks; in dead trees parts of large insects ~ Bees C!I'i~ in large patches of flowers; near hollow nectar, pollen nectar, pollen nectar, pollen A _o~ or dead trees; flying low over ground; ~ nesting under cactus arms ~ Hornets and Wasps C!I'i~ around edges of woods; on the ground; nectar (a) nectar (a) nectar, juices pre-chewed insect larvae, _o~ . on flower clusters; near food, trash, and from crushed Crickets, grasshoppers (1), ~ A picnic sites; in underground nests, mud or rotting insects, juices of beetles (a), ~ nests, or aerial paper nests; in canopies fruits (a) spiders ~ of dead trees; nesting under cactus arms ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other in dead trees, seeds, and roots of plants seeds, roots (1) inner bark (1), ~:~ fruits (a) ~ Firefly Beetles C!I ~ clinging to leaves; on tree trunks and insect larvae, slugs, snails ~ : - ~ branches; under bark; in decaying '0 plants; in moist places (1) ~ ::l Ground Beetles deep in the soil near plant roots (1); & ~ -C!I'i~ ~ caterpillars, fly larvae, X (illustrated above) _00 at the ground surface; under leaves or cutworms, other insects, >- rocks; in rotting wood (a) snails, slugs, earthworms KEY: A Caution C!I Vacant Lots " Lawns ~ Fields _ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph INSECTS continued ~ 0 Animals Other ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND VI" ~ June Beedes ~~ I in soil in grassy fields ::.. tlO~ c:g Ladybug Beedes ~~~ on plants with insects on them Iaphids, scale insects, ~ tlO~ mealybugs, mites Leaf Beedes ~ ~ in weedy, open areas; in bushes; hiding leaves (1), tlO~ on the ground; (rarely) on trees flowers (a) Longhorned Beedes on flowers; near fallen trees or logs leaves, fruits, dead wood (1) tI sap, roots, twigs (a) ~ on tree leaves, flowers, and mush- Ifly larvae, springtails, mites, Ifungi, dead tlO~ rooms; under bark; in leaf litter; under worms animals, dung stones and logs; around decaying matter TIger Beedes ~ ~ in sunny spots with dry soil and sparse ants, flies, other small tlO plants insects, caterpillars ~ on or in dead branches, stumps, and roots, stems, roots, stems, wood, needles, Idead wood, fungi tI ~ logs; on tree leaves; on woody fungi; on seeds, flowers, seeds, flowers, other leaves or in acorns, nuts and other fruits; on fruits fruits all parts of herbs HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs IShrubslVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other Bugs ~ on blossoms of goldenrod and other flies, honeybees, butterflies, herbs moths, true bugs ~ on leaves honey bees, caterpillars, @ tlO beetle larvae, other insects [ 2' Boxelder Bugs ~~ on tree trunks and buildings in sunny leaves. fruits it locations g., tI m n Damsel Bugs near plants with insects on them Iaphids, leafhoppers, tree- ~ ~ ~ hoppers, small caterpillars it 3 (j") Plant Bugs on herb and shrub leaves; near the edges leaf sap leaf sap, small 0- of woods; on chainlink fences fruits ~~.= :;; Seed Bugs in thickets; on herb leaves; in leaf litter seeds ...'"' (illustrated above) on plants berries, other Co..:» fruits 0') c.c KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields tI Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph II~~I:.'" I ~ continued ~ :r.I.1 '~'f.l'J tT4:1,'" Plants ~ Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND .•Grasses~ Herbs ~]s~rUbsl ~.. :. Trees Cacti ,~ •• Vmes I):::.11 @ Gossamer-winged ~ in open sagelands; around trees, leaves (I), leaves (I), leaves (I) [ Butterflies shrubs, and flowers nectar (a) nectar (a) ;: tilO~ ;; g., Hairstreak ~ in open wooded areas; in fields; at the leaves (I), leaves (I), leaves (I), m Butterflies edges of fields; around trees, shrubs nectar (a) nectar (a) (l til 0 o .. and flowers ~ "3 ;: Other Large ~ around trees, shrubs, and flowers leaves (I), leaves (I), (j} ;: Butterflies tilO~ nectar (a) sap (a) P.. :. ~i Satyr Butterflies ~~ flitting about grasses and shrubs; leaves, sap of nectar (a) sap, fennenting liquid from aphids (a) weaving close to the ground sedges (I) fruits, leaves (a) ...'" S.. til ~ '; Skippers ~~ visiting flowers; on wet mud leaves (I) leaves (I), fennenting ;; O~ fennenting fruits (a) ~ fruits (a) ~ Sulfur and White I!I~~ in sunny areas; around flowers leaves (I), p...; Butterflies O~ nectar (a) .:. (White illustrated above) ~ Swallowtail ~~ around damp spots and flowers leaves (I), leaves (I) leaves (I) Butterflies tilO~ nectar (a) t-• ~ Larr Silkwonn I!I ~ on leaves (I); near flowers (a) leaves leaves leaves ~ Mo s til Narrow V-winged on low herbs and cacti; in trees leaves (I), needles, pads (I) Moths O~ nectar (a) other leaves (I) Wide V-winged camouflaged on tree bark; on leaves (I) leaves (I) leaves (I) needles, pollen (a) lichens (I) Moths tilO~ lichen-covered rocks other leaves (I) H~~ ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other Antlions I!I~~ in pits in dry sandy soil espedally under ants, other small insects (I) building eaves and bridges ~ tilO~ f. Earwigs I!I~~ in damp places under bark, logs, and nectar, leaves mites, aphids, insect larvae, trash ~ (illustrated above) tilO~ stones; in soil and leaf litter; on plants, pupae r.. shrubs and trees ~ Springtails I!I~~ in leaf litter; in mosses; in rotting wood; germinating fungi, dead herb ~ in soil; on snow seeds, roots and grass leaves "'0 ~ til ~ (b ::l ,. Tennites in dead wood or soil; in cactus leaves wood dead leaves, e:. ~ til 0 carcasses and dead yucca stalks roots, vines, X wood, cacti .:P KEY: A.Caution I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields til Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph OTHER ANIMALS ~ WITHOUT BACKBONES o I Other tp WHERE FOUND Vi" Daddy-longlegs ~ on open ground; in tree bark cracks; leafhoppers, dead insects (j in wood piles; in grass larvae, spiders, t.-;. «t snails, centipedes, earth /~ •.... crs ,.. <:',.- .... -'. worms ~ Mites and TIcks A e.-~ in leaf litter and surface soil; in soil aphids and their eggs, fungi, bacteria til «t under shrubs; on plants and animals animal fluids ~a~ e.-~ in dry sand mixed with oak leaf litter; sprlngtails, ants, flies, mites, tilo«t on mosses; under loose bark; in leaf termites, caterpillars, daddy litter; under stones; in tree hollows; in spiders, sow bugs, decaying cactus boots earthworms in dark crevices; under bark of desert trees and shrubs; under stones and leaf o litter; in small, underground burrows e. among fallen branches; under trash; insects til in sheltered comers of buildings .-~ on tree bark; among debris on ground; insects tilO«t on leaves and stems of low shrubs; in tall grasses; in flower heads ~ in shrubby areas; near buildings; in insects til sheet webs spun in the grass; between @ fence posts or buildings; on lower [ branches of trees a in tall grasses and low herbs; on tree insects g., ~ "m trunks; on desert shrubs and flowers n tilO«t iil ~ "3 (f) e.-~ in tall grasses and low shrubs; hanging insects 2' 0- in or below webs; on stone walls ~~. tilO«t 'D 'D... .-~ on the soil surface between grasses; insects, beetle larvae, in burrows; under leaf litter or stones earthworms, centipedes, tilO«t millipedes, sow bugs ~ KEY: e Vacant Lots .- Lawns ~ Fields til Wooded Areas o Deserts «t Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph OTHER ANIMALS WITHOUT ~ BACKBONES to.) Animals Other continued HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ Slugs ~.,~ on soil surlace; on herbs and grasses 'I leaves Ileaves I dead leaves [ g I) «0 " <:\oC'O' ~ .~ 9" ~- tTl n ~ 0 ~ (i' I leaves Ileaves Ifungi, dead leaves 3 I~ I :~; I,noon_,nh"","".- ~ Iin rotten wood and leaf litter; under Iinsects, sow bugs, -7-,1: «0 stones and logs earthwonns ~ ~ in leaf litter at ground surlace; in soil; dead leaves, 1)0«0 under stones and logs; on and under bark, cactus desert shrubs pads ~.,~ in damp places; under logs, boards leaves, stems dead stems, I) «0 and stones; in leaf litter wood, leaves Earthwonns ~.,~ in soil and leaf litter fallen fruits, soil, dead leaves, ~ I) «0 seeds dead animals, • feces, fungi, bacteria """"~ ~ ~ KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ., Lawns ~ Fields I) Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph ~ '0 '0 ~ ::l 8:- x ~ ~ 0 Other tr ~~ 'li:'.M\"_IHABITATI WHERE FOUND VI" ~ Chorus Frogs- I!I ~ I on the ground; in damp leaf litter s:,.... and Peepers 8 Spadefoot Toads • ~ I in areas with gravelly or loose, sandy soil ~.p.. (1) .08 in leaf litter, tree cavities, and ants, beetles, grasshoppers, underground crevices; on tree limbs katydids, spiders True Frogs • in grassy areas; on the forest floor beetles, caterpillars, ~~ (illustrated above left) 8 grasshoppers, crickets, illes, • mosquitoes, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, earthworms I!I ~ ~ Iunder logs, boards, and flat stones; in ants, beetles, spiders, • 0 8 leaf litter centipedes, millipedes, earthworms ~~Ul!~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other Lungless I!I under trash, logs, bark, stones; in leaf ants and other small insects ~ Salamanders 8 litter; on moss with stingers and odors, ~ (illustrated above) • beetles, earthworms ~~ Mole Salamanders ~ in leaf litter; in underground burrows large insects, insect larvae, 8 in loose soil; in logs; under logs, boards, sow bugs, earthworms, ~ and flat rocks small mice, other amphibians ~ • ~ Newts under logs, boards, rocks, and springtails, aphids, leaf litter; along trails earthworms @ ~ 8 [ ~ • .- 2' KEY: Caution I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields • Wooded Areas Deserts Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva I nymph ;:;' A o 8 9., rn n o ~ ;:;' 3 Vl E' P- -~. ...'" ~ __ ._~--4 REPTILES ~ ~ Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ [ on rocky hillsides and dry sandy §:. til€) areas; in open wooded areas with an understory; in dens "~ tTl n Box & Water Turtles o Box1brtles at the edges of woods; in dens leaves berries fallen berries grasshoppers, cicadas, dead animals, ~ ~ (illustrated ab(J1Je) til€)0 beetles, caterpillars, slugs mushrooms 3 Ifl:I'assland and desert "Vl C only 0- ~~ . ...'" '" HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other Brown Snakes I!I in moist places; in areas with sparse soft-bodied insects, • til€) plant growth; under trash; under debris slugs, snails, earthworms on hillsides Garter Snakes ~~ under logs, boards, or plants; in leaf insects, spiders, slugs, (illustrated ab(J1Je) til€)0 litter and on the ground; sunning on centipedes, earthworms, grassy slopes. frogs, toads, fish, mice, moles, shrews Gopher Snakes A in dry areas; in mammal burrows; baby birds, bird eggs, til€)0 under rocks, logs, or boards; in areas rats, gophers, ground with grasses and shrubs; in trees squirrels, rabbits Hognose Snakes ~ I in sandy areas other snakes, lizards, toads, til o salamanders, birds King Snakes in shrubs; on rocky hillsides; under other snakes, lizards, birds, A til€) rocks eggs, mice Milk Snakes ~ under logs, boards, and leaf litter in beetles, insects, slugs, til 0 sunny places; in crevices other snakes, lizards, eggs, chipmunks, mice Racer Snakes ~ in open, brushy areas, or sparsely grasshoppers, Crickets, til€)0 wooded areas; hibernating on rocky moths, other snakes, toads, hillsides tree frogs, lizards, birds, eggs, rodents Ringneck Snakes in moist places beneath boards, rotting insects, earthworms, til o logs, stumps, rocks; (occasionally) out other snakes, skinks, tree ~ in the open frogs, salamanders "d (l (a) adult (1) larva / nymph ::l KEY: ACaution I!I Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields til Wooded Areas €)Deserts o Grasslands & ~ >- REPTILES continued ~ <:> Animals Other ~ HABITAT WHERE FOUND vr ~ ~ in rocky areas with low shrubs; in beetles, grasshoppers, 6) «0 grassy areas; in moist areas with loose crickets, leafhoppers, adult ~ soil and trees; under rocks, leaf litter, larval moths, wasp as logs, and trash spiders, sow bugs, ~ earthworms, small lizards in rock crevices, sand dunes and flats; spiders under bark, dead cactus pads, logs, o rubbish, and yucca stems; near buildings and trash ~ ~ in dry, disturbed, open areas with termites, ant lions, wasps, 0«0 sparse plants; in leaf litter; in ditches; mantids, beetles, grass near gravelly soil; under shrubs; near daddy-longlegs, trash; on fences scorpIOns, spiders Anoles ~'i on trees, fence posts, walls, and shrubs; beetles, moths, spiders 6) in tall grasses and palm fronds; in shady areas Collared lizards A basking on large rocks; in rock crevices; other lizards, small snakes, 6)0 in hilly areas; near small rock piles grasshoppers, locusts, Crickets, beetles, moths, spiders Fence lizards ~ in sunny, brushy, rocky areas; near old ladybug beetles, ants, wasps, 6)0«0 buildings; on woodpiles and fences; in leaihoppers, aphids, old woodrat nests; in banks with rodent caterpillars, spiders, snails, burrows; in burrows under brush sow bugs, millipedes Homed lizards ~ basking on rocks; in dry, open areas ants, beetle larvae, 0«0 with shrubs and loose soil; in sandy, butterflies, spiders, snails, @ gravelly drainage areas; on open sow bugs [ patches of hard-packed sand; near 2· sunny anthills ;;' ~ tTl Spiny lizards on rocks in sandy areas; in burrows buds, leaves ants, bees, wasps, flies, n o under bushes; on tree trunks and sides grasshoppers, caterpillars, ~ o of buildings true bugs, lizards ;;' 3 effl KEY: A. Caution ~ Vacant Lots 'i Lawns ~ Fields 6) Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / riymph 0- _5' '"... ~ BIRDS !d en Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ ~.,~ in open areas; on exposed poles and' grasshoppers and other trees; soaring along large cliffs insects, birds, rodents ;:~ $00 Ci ~ ~ in trees near roadsides; on telephone grasshoppers, snakes, frogs, tTl poles and fence posts; flying low over n $00 lizards, birds, mice, prairie 0 trees or desert shrubs; near edges of dogs, squirrels, rabbits ~ Ci woods; nesting in cacti 3 ~ on living and dead trees, or telephone large insects, scorpions, $00 poles; on the ground near abandoned centipedes, birds, mice, gopher or prairie dog burrows; nesting moles, shrews, squirrels, in cactus arms skunks I HABITAT I WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other in small depressions in the ground leaves seeds, leaves blossoms, Iacorns, nuts, grasshoppers, crickets $ 0 0 I beneath shrubs; near thickets and trees; leaves, buds, [ants, ladybug beetles at the edges of woods; nesting in brush twigs, berries, sage grouse only 1 fruits ill tall grass seeds seeds fruits, buds, grasshoppers, beetles, 0 leaves caterpillars, ants along grassy roadsides; near thickets; seeds seeds Iacorns ground beetles, leaf beetles, $00 under trees weevils, caterpillars, grass hoppers, crickets, spiders, snails, centipedes, sow bugs, [true bugs, leathoppers, ants-gambel's quail only 1 in wooded areas with scattered seeds Iseeds seeds, fruits Iseeds, cones, beetles, grasshoppers, $ I clearings; at the edges of woods acorns Crickets, ants, wasps, bees, flies, true bugs, caterpillars, spiders, snails, millipedes, ~ centipedes, salamanders '0 ("D ::le:. KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ., Lawns ~ Fields $ Wooded Areas o Deserts 0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph X ? "N'<"'", BIRDS continued ~ o Animals Other l:r HABITAT WHERE FOUND VI" ~~~ in places with trees and shrubs; ~ searching on ground for seeds; nesting ~ $0«0 on cactus arms, or low in shrubs ~. ~ ~~ near food trash; nesting on rock ledges, seeds, berries , earthworms window ledges, and overhangs HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other on the ground near shrubs; nesting in o I cactus arms ~ ~ ~ Ion living or dead tree trunks and Iberries Iacorns, nuts, Ifruits Iants, adult and larval $ 0 «0 branches; in areas with low shrubs; seeds, berries, beetles, termites, crickets in, on, or near cacti; on the ground near anthills-flickers only HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines I Trees Cacti Animals Other ~~~ in thick brushy areas, open areas with seeds berries- berries- bees, grasshoppers, crickets, $0«0 sparse shrubs, wet areas, and parking orioles only orioles only; caterpillars, sow bugs, snails, lots; moving through tall trees; feeding cones- earthworms, bird eggs, on the ground; near buildings and meadowlark [ants, grubs, weevils, @ trash-grackles only only cankerworms-red-winged ~ blackbirds only] [ ~ g' Chickadees, Titmice, in edges and interiors of wooded areas; berries, seeds seeds, cones, " ~ ~ ~ and Verdin on low branches; nesting in rotting tree nuts m $0 n stumps; nesting in cacti-verdin only 0 ~ ~ ;; 3 <.f) 2 ~~~ near edges of deciduous woods; in fruits, berries seeds, cones, Ibeetles, ants, bees, wasps, "- Sparrows,Grosbeili, Finches, seeds Iseeds I I -~. II $0«0 brushy undergrowth of wooded areas; I fruits, berries grasshoppers, caterpillars, .. and Cardinals in weedy, brushy, or grassy fields; flies, [aphids-finches only] 'D... (sparrow illustrated perched on tips of herb stalks or tree "' above) branches; among small saplings; near buildings and orchards; in desert I shrubs and thickets ~ KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields $ Wooded Areas o Deserts «0 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph BIRDS continued ~ co Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ Jays, Crows, Ravens, [ and Magpies 2' n; Jays ~~~ in dense thickets; pine and oak woods; berries acorns, cones ~ perched high in trees; on the ground m tlO* n o ~ n; Crows and Ravens near roadsides and orchards; in open seeds, berries acorns, berries, dead animals, 3 ~~ Vl wooded areas; feeding in grass; near fruits garbage 2' tlO* "- trash; nesting in trees or cacti ~~. ...'" Magpies ~ in open country and pine woods; near berries berries, fruits dead animals heary brush and brush piles; nesting tlO* in trees; on telephone wires Larks ~ in open areas with brushy borders; seeds and larval beetles, nesting in grass or open patches of caterpillars, grasshoppers 0* bare soil between desert shrubs Mockingbirds and ~~~ in brushy areas;· on dry hillsides; berries berries, fruits berries, fruits beetles, ants, bees, wasps, Thrashers nesting in desert shrubs; flying between grasshoppers, crickets, 0* bushes; on ground picking through lizards, salamanders, leaf litter [frogs-thrashers only 1 Nuthatches on tree trunks and branches; nesting acorns, cones beetles, weevils, ants, wasps, tI in tree cavities moth and butterfly adults, larvae, and eggs, caterpillars, scale insects, spiders Robins and ~~~ near abandoned orchards and berries berries, fruits ground beetles, weevils, Bluebirds tlO roadsides; in open woods, clearings, caterpillars, ants, snails, and lawns; on fence posts; nesting in millipedes, sow bugs, tree cavities-bluebird only [earthworms-robins only 1 Starlings ~~~ near orchards; on building ledges; berries berries, fruits ground beetles, grasshoppers, nesting in cactus cavities caterpillars, cicadas, tlO* millipedes Swallows ~ in cacti; near buildings and cOOs; flies, bees, wasps, moths, flying overhead ground and other beetles, tlO* weevils, ants, grasshoppers, spiders ~ Wrens ~ ~ on or near ground with leaf litter; seeds, berries beetles, grasshoppers, "0 tDO* in partly brush-covered areas; in rocky, seeds crickets, caterpillars, ants, ~ brushy ravines; nesting in tree cavities; wasps, flies, millipedes ::le:- nesting in cactus arms-cactus X wren only ~ KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields tI Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph LS ~ o Animals Other r\~ !HABITAT! WHERE FOUND I[fj ~1~"·""-1f.i~ ~v:- ta- .'1 • Jwiiping Mice ~ ~ Iin shrubs; under grasses; near wooded, I seeds Iseeds, fruits Iberries Icaterpillars, beetles I mushrooms ~ _ ~ rocky areas ~.... '{§ Deer Mice ~ ~ Iin open or dense areas; in abandoned seeds Iseeds, nuts, Icrickets, grasshoppers, _ 0 ~ bird nests in trees; in hollow logs; I cones, ,acorns, beetles under tree stumps; in rock piles; under seedlings - low bushes Rats ~ Iin burrows along foundations of Igarbage, house- Ale buildings; in rubbish piles and ravines; hold grains (occasionally) in fields near buildings Voles I ~~ in matted grass; in burrows; leaves, seeds leaves, seeds bark, leaves, Iinsects I mushrooms O~ underneath shrubs seeds, acorns White-footed Mice I ~ in thick, brushy, wooded and rocky seeds, acorns, areas; in trees; in hollow logs; under nuts, cones, tree stumps; in rock piles fruits, roots, - seedlings Woodrats in cone-shaped nests near cacti; in stick seeds acorns, cones, Ipads I _O~ nests on the forest floor; in crevices in nuts, berries cliffs and rocky areas Pocket Gophers ! in underground burrows in loose, roots tubers roots of O~ slightly moist soil seedlings Pocket Mice, in sandy areas with sparse vegetation; seeds, [leaves-'- seeds, [leaves-'- seeds, [leaves-'- Iinsects-'-pocket mice only Kangaroo Mice, 6l0~ in hardpacked soil; in wooded or grassy kangaroo rats kangaroo rats kangaroo rats and Kangaroo Rats foothills; in tiny burrows with entrances only) only) only) under shrubs and cacti @ Squirrels ;- Chipmunks ~ in brushy and wooded areas; on stone berries, bulbs berries cones, acorns, beetles, slugs, cankerworms, I mushrooms g _0 walls; near trash cans nuts, seedlings earthworms ;:; 0 ;;; Squirrels on branches of trees; on the ground; berries acorns, seeds, beetles, caterpillars, bird I mushrooms n e~~ 0 (illustrated above) _O~ sitting on boulders nuts, cones, buds, eggs, young birds ~ "3 Vl Ground Squirrels on sandy flats near plants; on partly I leaves, seeds Ileaves, berries, Iseeds, leaves Ifruits, seedlings Ifruits, flowers Iinsects, eggs, birds I mushrooms e, _O~ wooded slopes; in open grassland; on _f)," fence posts :; '"... Woodchucks ~~ near plants; in open woods and fields; I leaves, roots Istems, flowers, Itwigs Ifruits in ravines; along roadsides ~= KEY: ACaution e- Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields _ Wooded Areas o Deserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph ~.- ----_._-- - .------.~-- MAMMALS continued ~ = Animals Other HABITAT WHERE FOUND @ Porcupines on or in trees; in rocky dens; near roots, leaves, [ desert shrubs seeds, acorns, 2' tDO ;:; twigs, inner s;., bark, buds, rr1 n berries, fruits, o cones ~;:; 3 (fl ;:; "- HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Other ~~. D Animals '".... """"~ Moles i)~ underground in loose soil bulbs insect larvae, spiders, worms, tD fO centipedes, millipedes u..~ Shrews ~ in other animals' nests; in large masses seeds, fruits fruits, seeds, springtails, gypsy moths, ~ (illustrated abooe) tDOfO of plants; at the base of desert plants; cones, nuts, moth and beetle larvae, ~ under logs; near rocky places; on HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other ol1li Rabbits and Hares ~ Cottontails i)~ in forests and dense thickets; sitting in leaves stems, leaves twigs, bark, twigs, sapling pads ~ (illustrated abooe) small, scratched-out areas among buds buds, bark ~ tDOfO clumps of grass; in desert trees ~ Jackrabbits sitting in small, scratched-out places in leaves leaves, stems leaves, twigs pads ~ OfO shrubby areas; under desert shrubs ~ Snowshoe Hares ~ in small, scratched-out areas in leaves leaves leaves, buds, leaves, sapling tD thickets; near logs under trees; in twigs, fruits twigs, bark (;II~ hollow logs Yl HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubsIVines Trees Cacti Animals Other ~ Deer i)~ near brushy edges of woods; in fields leaves leaves leaves, twigs, leaves, twigs, mushrooms ~ ~ '0 (illustrated abooe) buds buds, bark, (b ~ tDOfO ::l fallen fruits 8:- • x ~ ~ » ~ KEY; ACaution ~ Vacant Lots (iii) Lawns ~ Fields • Wooded Areas CDeserts ~ Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph ~''''''''''''''''-'''''-'''''''''''''''''''F''"''''"''1"'''",,""., f _:q""~r''7''''J~'I'lf~~~~~·:F''!'~~f-'i'''i''<''''W",::,'~_~''-~''?'''''.·T~?'!'c .+ .,jj','~ ,AiU ,9}:;;"O!!,p;::;;z.g3?i¥¥J.-,,-A"'9~J;:!( )AJf{M!4,J§4, "WAQW.#h;tf~;,J,dAi~A MAMMALS continued ~ o Animals Other trJ HABITAT WHERE FOUND 1;1" ~ s:,..... Coyotes in dens; along brushy edges of woods berries fallen fruits fruits snakes, frogs, grouse, mice, I dead animals squirrels, rabbits, livestock ~ tl08 ~ Foxes ~ in brushy fields and dense, rocky berries, fruits fallen fruits insects, scorpions, snakes, tl08 woods; in dens; in trees lizards, frogs, toads, ground birds and their eggs, mice, voles, shrews, skunks, rabb squirrels, porcupines, deer ~~~ in trees; near trash; near streams, berries, fruits fruits insects, slugs, snails, turtles, garbage tl08 rivers, and lakes toads, frogs, salamanders, crayfish, eggs, muskrats, moles, mice, shrews, young rabbits ~ in brushy or rocky areas; eating in trees; berries berries, fruits beetles and their larvae, dead animals tl08 in hollow logs; in woodpiles spiders, centipedes, millipedes, small snakes, lizards, birds, salamanders, eggs, crayfish, mice, rats, young rabbits Striped Skunks A ~~~ in dens; on rock and brush piles; in berries berries, fruits fruits crickets, grasshoppers, Igarbage tl08 hollow logs on sunny slopes; near trash; beetle larvae, moth larvae, in grassy areas spiders, centipedes, millipedes, turtles, eggs, snakes, frogs, toads, voles, , mice, rats, chipmunks, moles @ ",- ~ ~~'I,7' [ Qf,.Ii HABITAT WHERE FOUND Grasses Herbs ShrubslVines Trees Cacti Animals Other ~ Opossum ~ ~ in wooded areas; near dty trash and berries fruits acorns, fruits insects, lizards, bird eggs, garbage g., ~ m (illustrated above) brush piles mice *n tI Sl r. ~ Annadillos in shrubby, open woods; in fruits beetles, spiders, centipedes, dead animals 3 ~ "Vl underground burrows millipedes, snakes, lizards, E:' tI 0- ~ toads, salamanders, birds -~. ~. and their eggs '"... ~~ Bats ~~ in rocky outcrops; on building ledges; nectar, pollen nectar, pollen nectar, pollen nectar, pollen moths, crickets, ants, other tlO in hollow trees; hanging from tree insects ~ branches ~ ~ ~ KEY: ACaution ~ Vacant Lots ~ Lawns ~ Fields tI Wooded Areas o Deserts 8 Grasslands (a) adult (1) larva / nymph ~ @ [ a: it 9,., rn REFERENCES n o ~ "3 '".... Benyus,]. 1989. The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Eastern United States. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. Benyus,]. 1989. The Field Guide to Wildlife Habitats of the Western United States. New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster. Brown, L. 1985. The Audubon Society Nature Guide to Grasslands. New York: Knopf. Burt, W. 1964. A Peterson Field Guide to the Mammals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Conant, R. 1958. A Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Macmahon, J. 1992. The Audubon Society Nature Guide to Deserts. New York: Knopf. Martin, A., Zim, H, & Nelson, A. 1989. American Wildlife and Plants: A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits. New York: Dover. Murie, O. 1954. A Peterson Field Guide to Animal Tracks. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Stebbins, R. 1954. Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. New York: McGraw Hill. Swan, L. & Papp, C. 1972. The Common Insects of North America. New York: Harper & Row. ~ '0 (D ::le:. ~ >- "--" 1"'"