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10-15-1887 Report of the Governor of Washington Territory, 1887
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Recommended Citation H.R. Exec. Doc. No. 1, 50th Cong., 1st Sess. (1887)
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OF THE GOVERNOR OF WASHINGTON TERRITORY.-
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, GOVERNOR'S OFFIOE, . . Olympia,· October 15, 1887. Sm: I have the honor to transmit herewith the annual report from this office to the Interior Department for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887. It is not a~ full or as complete as I wished it to be·, but is as much so as it could be made from the materials that came to hand up to its date. ' The fiscal year of this Territory ending on the 30th September, re ports of Territorial officers are not required to be forwarded before the 10th of that month, and although such officers, in response t,o urgent re quests from this office, appear to have made great exertions to have tb_eir reports on file earlier, still a few of the counties, for causes un known, but probably unavoidable, were late, and this office could not complete its report at the time required in your letter of August 11, 1887, without entirely omitting the important tables exhibiting the pop ulation and property returus for the year just closed. As it is, a few counties are behind at this date, and their position in the tables of prop erty returns is necessarily the same as last year. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, EUGENE SEMPLE, Governor. To the SECRETARY OF THE °INTERIOR, Washington, D. 0.
GEOGRAPHY. Washington Territory is a large subdivision of the Republic, lying between 45° 40' and 49° north latitude, and 1170 and 1240 44' west longitude. It has an approximate area of 66,880 square miles of land surface. Tlie Cascade Mountains, a continuation of the Sierra Nevadas of Cali fornia, run nearly north and south across the Territory between the one hundred aud twenty-first and one hundred and twenty-second de grers of west longitude, dividing it into two unequal sections, with quite
Compa1·ative population of the Territory from 1878 to 1887.
Year. Population. Increase. Year. Population. Increaso.
t21, 780 1878 ··-······· .....•.... 50,514 . ~ ...... -.. -.... 1883 .. --··············· 92,508 1879 .•••.••...•.•••..••. 57,784 *7, 270 1885. ··•··••···•··•·•·· 127,292 t 34, 784 66,979 *9, 195 1887 ..•...••..••..••••. l~,669 tl6, 377 ~:~~ :: : : : . :: : : : :: :: ~:::: 70,728 *3, 749
* One year. tTwoyears.
Statement Bhowing abstract of censu,s returns of each county for the year 1887, together with the total population of Washington Territo1·y.
I ..:. i, ..... Q;) , i, i, 0 ~~ oil ,_; Ct) .,; i, g Q;) ~ qi Counties. rti ...... Ct) Q;) .::: =c;: Ct) ce ~ !ll <:) ...... = ... bf) s ] "i3 .s 'O.Q ~ Ct) ~ .Cl ~ .s ~ las l:i= ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 00 ------Adams .•••.•.••.••••••••••.. 585 405 990 ...... 355 . 635 Asotin ..•..•••••••••••.••.•. 947 715 1,621 ...... 6 35 ·-·· 611 1,051 Chehalis ..•..••..••.•••..... 1,981 1,261 3,221 ...... 17 4 ...... 1,056 2,186 Clallam ...••••..•.••.•....•. 600 362 894 2 10 56 ··-· 299 663 Clarke ...•••.....••...••..... 3,829 3,336 7,108 3 ·--· 45 9 ---- 2,465 4,700 Columbia. ..••••..••..••..••. 3,106 2,651 5,688 ------...... 69 ·····--· . .... 2,076 3,681 Cowlitz ...••••...••...... •. 1,773 1,424 3, 163 13 1 8 12 ·--· 1,113 :.l, 081 541 297 819 ·----- ..... 17 2 ---- 265 573 ~i~i!fi~~::::: ::: ::::: :: : :: : 13'8 61 176 ...... 23 ...... ---- 63 136 Garfield .•...•.•••...... 1,919 1,530 3,448 1 --·· ·····--· ...... 1,344 2,105 I sland 677 393 Pf77 1 5 6 . 181 ..... 315 755 J efferaon .••.• _•• - .•••.•.... 2,398 995 2,883 7 4 209 288 2 446 2,947 K 9,258 6,694 14, 959 41 16 142 790 . 4 5,568 10,384 K 2,254 834 2,651 81 4 86 262 4 739 2,349 Kitf:i~::::::::~::::::::::: 3,773 1,673 4,554 1 ...... 875 16 ---- 1,470 3,967 Klikitat .....•...••••.••...•. 3,016 2,329 5,337 ---· 2 6 ...... 1,912 3,433 L ewis .....•• .•••••..•••••.•. 2,927 2,509 5,312 14 110 ---- 1,833 3,603 .L incoln ..•••...••••...... 3,800 2,287 5,597 2 1 25 14 ...... 1,900 3,739 M ason .....•..••••••...... •. 753 382 1,023 ...... 12 100 .. ... 302 833 p acme ...••.•...•••••••...•. 1,441 p 871 2,251 ...... 41 20 ---- 728 1,584 ierce ...•.•.••...... 6,970 5,024 11,742 33 .... 1 190 28 4,503 7,491 san,Tuan ...... ••...•.•. 639 486 801 ------· 324 ...... 361 764 s 2,326 1,360 3,466 23 57 140 ·--- 1,099 2,587 s~:t!~{i::::::::::::::::::: 447 273 648 1 1 69 1 246 474 snohomish .....••...... ••. 1,967 1,164 2,913 5 5 2 205 1 1,011 2,120 s pokane ...... •...•...•..••. 6,514 4,801 11,201 16 20 73 5 ...... 4,253 7,062 s tevena ....•••.•••••..•...•. 806 472 990 470' 278 ...... 350 928 T hurston . ..•.....•••...... 2,781 1,894 4,458 9 1 113 91 3 1,579 3,096 w ahkiakum ..•...•...... ••. 974 549 1,385 ·---- - ..... 136 2 -- -- 466 1,057 w alla Walla. .••.•••••...•••. 5,147 3,782 8,452 4 9 464 3,104 5,825 w hatcom ..•••••••••••...••• 1,776 1,428 3, :J35 ...... 69 ---- 1,157 2,047 w hitman . ...•••.••..•...... ------·- y 7,201 5,691 12,800 ...... 89 2 1 4,623 8,269 akima. ..•••••.....•...•••.. 1,654 1,266 2,867 ...... ---- 45 8 ...... 1,026 1,894 ------Tota.I ..•••••.••..••••• 84,470 59,199 137,430 254 69 2,5M 3,288 -44 --48,647 95,022
INT 87-VOL 1-59 9'30 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Statement showing abstract of census 1·etur11s of each county, etc.--Continucd.
;.,
TAXABLE PROPERTY. I present below a table showing the amount of taxable property in the Territory for the year 1887, with comparisons showing increase over 1885, the date of the last report. The counties of King, Spokane, and Skamania had not reported their different returns at the date of closing this report, and they are therefore represented by the figures of 1886, or of one year ago. Twenty-four counties show increase aggregating $7,448,657, and nine counties a decrease aggregating $1,755,631. The net increase for the period under consideration would therefore be, on the face of the returns, $5,693,026. The county of King, with the large city of Seattle, and the county of Spokane, with the large city of Spokane Falls, if their returns had been in, would undoubtedly have largely in creased this aggregate, as the affairs of both cities have been in the most thrifty condition. TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 931
,Statement showing the number of acres of land ai;sessed, the total amounts and assessed value of allpropertyreturned by the several counties in kind, ancl tota,lsfor the yea1· 1887, to gether with the increase or decrease thereon in two yea1·s.
TotaL Total value Total Total value of all per. number of Total of improve. rate of of sonal prop· Counties. tax acecs of value ments on land as· real estate. real estate. erty as· levy. sessed. sessed.
Mills. Adams .••.••.•••••.•••...... •.•••...... ••. 21¾ 82,301 $90,424 $11,687 $235,706 Asotin ...... 20½ 71,860 208,142 68,924 256,839 Chehalis .•••• : •••.•.•••....•••..•••.•.••..••. 20½ 368,492 1,061,063 104,693 337,874 ClaUam .•••••••••••...•••••••••.•••••..•..... 17½ 67,914 151,178 75,069 77,233 Clarke ...... 16½ 157,879 995,020 489,685 616,500 Columbia ...... 15½ 120,655 1,002,200 482,430 1,002,830 Cowlitz ...... 19 123,171 415,064 100,942 307,722 Douglas ...... 16½ 20,695 3,665 231,374 Franklin .•••••••••••.•••••.••••••...•.••.•.. 12½ F,m 1,557 5,204 133,464 Garfield ...... *14½ *151, 267 83!, 011 252,684 716,427 Island ...... 18 107,954 183, 107 105,781 138,101 Jefferson .•.•••.•••.•••••.•..•.••.•••...... 18 64,319 385,727 343,701 288,367 *16 *201, 365 *5, 129,885 *l, 071, 095 *l, 367,130 ~nt~sa·::: ::: :::::: :::::: :::::: ~~:::::::::: 17A ""25, 584 1,186,150 169,510 785,531 16½ 84,765 213,580 375,220 422,840 ilritrac::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::~::::: 17½ 10, 4311 367,634 185,073 1,029,209 Lewis ...... 21! 180,374 676,384 171,750 319,964 Lincoln .•••••..•.••••••.•.•••••••••..•.••••.. 16 253,933 789,560 209,060 1,070,465 Mason ...... 18½ 116,448 427,646 58,281 68,007 Pacific ...... 19 85,641 194, l22 138,129 264,854 Pierce 17½ 186,655 3,807,829 984,291 1,090,010 San .Tuan .••••••••...•..••••....•••.••••••••. 17½ 38,131 71,100 82,160 119,949 16~ 157,303 690,784 184,082 381,146 ~~!f!i{i;;:: :: : : ::: ::: :::: :: : ::: :: :: :: : ::: : : : *17¾ '15,962 *45, 681 *12, 303 *71, 425 Snohomish .•••••.•••••.•••••.•••••.•••••..•. 19 172,287 711,942 137,020 203,360 Spokane ...... *16 "64,588 *1, 338, 155 *540, 918 *1, 286,045 Stevens ...... 20½ 14,481 114,404 56,110 434,879 Thurston ...... 20 190,253 920,402 336,737 550,828 Wahkiakum·...... 17½ 29,666 80,356 110,032 155,184 Wnlla Walla ...... ·....••. 12½ 170,052 2,078,868 1,082,569 2,038,738 Whatcom ...... 23½ 122,065 474,388 98,320 174,391 Whitman ...... :::: 18 795,765 !?, 319,821 537,184 2,248,375 Yakima ...... 20½ 783,669 1,218,779 155,319 616,896 Total ...... 5,138,967 28,205,658 8,739,628 19,041,663
Total Total ·value of value of Increase Decrease all taxable all taxable of assess. of assess· Counties. property property mentin mentin assessed !,tSSessed two years. two years. 1887. 1885.
Adams ...... $337,817 $253,420 $84,397 533,905 475,006 58,899 -&~~~is::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·.:~:::::::::::::: 1,503,630 1,174,795 328,835 Clallam ...... 303,480 217,509 85,971 Clarke ...... 2,101,205 1,998,790 102,415 Columbia ...... : ...... 2,487,460 2,569,380 ...... $81,920 Cowlitz ...... 823,728 819,577 4,151 ...... ••••.. Douglas ...... 256,056 137,615 118,441 .•••...•.... Franklin ...... 140, 221\ 590,549 ...... •. . .. 450,324 {l-arfi.elu ...... 1,803,122 1,124,208 678, 914 .••... ·-·-- Island ...... 426,989 395,361 31, 628 .... • ••••• .Jefferson ..•••. ··--·· ...... 1,017,795 904,163 113,632 ...... k7, 568,110 6,847,980 *720, 130 .•••..•••••. ID~&i~~~:::: ::: :: :: : : :: :: : : :: :: :: :::: ::: ::: :: :: : : : : : : 2,141, )91 969,102 1,172,089 .•••..•••••• t, 011, 640 1,098,710 •••••• ...... 87,070 1n~ra:t :: :: ::: :: : ::: ::::.:::: ::: ::: ::::::: ::: ::::: :: 1,481,182 1,205,172 276,010 ··•··· •••••• Lewis ...... 1,168,098 1,077,239 90,859 .•.•....••.• Lincoln ...... 2,069,085 1,623,495 445,590 ...... Mason ...... 553,934 543,197 10,737 ...... P acific ...... , ...... 597,105 678,758 ·····--····· 81,653 Pierce ...... 5,832,130 5,342,889 539,241 ...... 273,209 240,249 32,960 ••••.••••••• 1,256,012 954,056 301,956 ...... *129, 409 153,354 ••••.....••. *23, 94/J 1,052,322 679,746 372,576 ...... •3, 4S6, 906 3,510,832 ...... ······ *73, 926 i~{iiiitiiii!i!!!!ii!Wi!IWW!!!i!!Wi1 619,141 374,266 244,875 ...... 932 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR.
Statement showi·ng the number of acres of land assessed, Total Total value of value of Increase Decrease all taxable all taxable of assess- of assess- Qounties. property property ment in ment in assessed assessed two years. two years. 1887. 1885. Thurston . . • • . • • .. • • ...... $1, 807, 967 $2, 075, 496 . • ...... $267, 529 W ahkiaknm...... 845, 572 317, 246 $28, 826 ...... Walla Walla...... 5,192,175 5,794,727 .•••...... 602, 55Z Whatcom ...... ;..... 760, 479 759, 920 559 ..•...•..•. . Whitman . • . • • .. . . •• . . • • • ...... 5, 105, 880 8,499, 914 1, 605, 466 ...... Yakima...... l, 990, 994 2, 077, 706 ...... • . .. 86, 712: Total . • . .. . • .. • • • . • ...... • ...... 56, 177, 458 50, 484, 427 7, 448, 657 1, 755, 631 *These figures are taken from assessment roll of 1886. Compa1·ative valuations of property for each year from 1876 to 1886, milroad property not included. Year. Valuation. Increase. Decrease. 1876 ...... $15, 189, 078 1877 ...... ·············· 17,281, 182 $2, 142, 104 ...... 1878 ...... 18,678,487 1,897,255 ...... 1879 ...... 21,021,832 2,348,395 ...... 1880 ...... 28,708,587 2,687,355 ...... 1881 ...... 25,786,415 2,077,828 ...... 1882 ...... 82,566,807 6, 680,3,92 ...... 1883 ...... 44,107,567 11, 538, 760 ...... •. 1884 ...... 51,008,484 6,900,917 ...... 1885 ...... 50,484,427 ...... $524,.051 1886 ...... 50,688,896 199,469 ...... It must be remembered, in considering the tables of valuations, that, owing to the presence on oul,' statute books of what is popularly known as the "gross earnings tax law," railroad property of every description is exempt from taxation, and the companies pay into the Territorial treasury a percentage of their gross earnings in lieu thereof. These factors of wealth that appear on the assessment returns of other com· munities are lacking here, and our apparent wealth is very materially reduced on that account. SETTLEMENT OF LANDS. It is natural that in a new district the settlement of lands should be proportioned to the tide of immigration, and tbis has, in general, been true of Washington Territory. Nevertheless, it is clear that while there has been an increase in the rate of settlement here, that increase bas not, of late, quite kept pace with immigration. The causes of tlJ.is appear to be, first, great delay in the surveys of the lands of the Government; second, the uncertainty of tlle titles of the lands of the Northern Pacific ~a~lW3'.Y; ~bird, the_ extensive Indian reservations; fourth, the want of irrigat10n m a certam part of eastern Washington. The need of surveys in various portions of the Territory is now o great th~t almost any one who wanderR to the limits of the older settl_e ment ~ill. be immediately struck by it. Indeed, the grievance i , m some di tnct , so great that the settlers demand it as a right, and re· ~ard them elves a wronged by the delay. Many refrain from selec~ mg home on the unsurveyed lands, and, finding no others that smt I ' TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON 833 them as well make no selections at all. Othercl have taken their chances · in the matt~r, have gone on the unsurveye~ lands, have .m~de bold enough to add this improvement, then that improvement, m the ~ope of a speedy survey, until to-day these have enough at stake to be 111 at • ease. Willing to hurry the surveys, they have, in _many instances, as sisted with their own money such as contracted with the Government to make surveys at a cost b'elow what they could sustain. Within the past two years, however, nothing has been done, so that at the en_d of the fiscal year of 1887 the surveyed and the unsurveyed acreage remamed as it was two years before. The total area of Washington Territory is 44,796,160 acres ; of these 21,164,232 have been surveyed. leaving a total of 23,631,928 unsurveyed. 'fhe Cascade Mountains, with an area of 5,520,000 acres, and the Olympic Range, of 1,480,000, or 7,000,00~ in all, are unsurveyed. Uonsidering these to be of no agricultural use, there remain 16,631,928 acres of agricultural land to be surveyed, or, deduct ing the parts still reserved to the Indians, there are 12,545,780 acres from which, if they were surveyed, the settlers could choose. Since the close of the last fiscal year, June 30, 1887, the contracts have been approved for the survey of 356,580 acres, the first step in advance in this respect the last two years. The following selections from a let ter from the Hon. J. Cabell Breckenridge, surveyor-general of the Ter ritory, to the honorable the Commissioner of the General Land Office ait Washington, will probably be of general interest: • For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, no contracts were awarded for t,he survey of any public lands in this surveying district. I was not advised that Congress had made any appropriation, and if an appropri ation was made, no notice was received by me that any amount had been apportioned this Territory or placed at my disposal with authority to award contracts; conse quently I could only reply, in answer to the numerous applications and requests for surveys during the past year, that there was no appropriation available at that time for the survey of any public lands in Washington Territory, nor have I received of ficial information as yet 1;hat there is any appropriation for the present year. '!'here are now on file in this office applications said to be from actual bona fide settlers for survey of forty-eight townships-thirty-five townships in western Wash ington and thirteen townships in eastern vVashingtun. According to the applications, there are from 5 to lO0settlers in each township who .are occupying and improving these la.ads for agricultural purposes. In some of these townships extensive improvements are said to have been made in clearing the land, erecting substantial permanent houses and barns, building school-houses, cutting out county roads, post-offices established, etc., and settlers are complaining of manY' in conveniences on account of their i-udefiuito locations as well as the uncertainti~s pos sible in regard to holding their several and particular tmcts of land. Part of the lands in these townships for which applications for survey have been made are said to be bottom lands along the creeks and rivers that empty into the Columbia River and Puget Sound in western vVashington, north to the boundary line between Washington Territory and British Columbia, and .all adjoin existing public surveys. Applications have also been received for the survey of coal lands and lands valua ble chiefly for timber. No action, however, has been taken by me on applications for tho survey of lands of this character further than to inform the applicants that Jt was the policy of the Department to "confine the survey of public lands to agri cultural lands and agricult.ural and grazing lands combined, which embrace existing settlements actually occupied and improved by bona fide residents." In_th_e matter of appropriation to be made by Congress for these surveys it should ~e d1strnctly understood that all the lands embraced i.n these applications for survey m western Washington are heavily timbereu landsi· that there is not a township, nor a~y considerable part of a township, of unsurveyel land west of the Cascade Mount ams that is not more or less heavily timbered, anu that those portions adapted to and ta~en for agricultnral purposes, besides being heavily timbered, are cover~d w:ith a tl11ck and almost impenetrablo undergrowth of brush, vines, roots, etc., makmg 1t the most difficult and expensive surveying of the lands in the Territory. Nearly all the unsurveyed land in eastern Washington is heavily timbered, not, however, as dense nor such thick undergrowth as in western Washington. !)34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TUE INTERIOR. The estimated amount. required for the survey of pub lie lands in this Territory for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889, forwarded with my letter of June 2~{, is based entirely upon tbe applications for surveys now on :file in this office, and the number of standard, township, and section lines given cover only the townships embraced in the applica,tions. I consider it proper to say, however, that I believe a much larger sum is needed at this time, for I am told there are many sections of the Territory in which surveyA are badly needed, but the settlers do not seem to know that it is necessary to mako applicat.ions. The second reason assigned for the lfolays in this respect bas been the doubt with which the public bas long regarded the titles of the Northern Pacific Railroad. The extensive grants of that company, oc cupying much of the finest portions of the Territory, are now, however, viewed apparently with less suspicion. The sales of that company for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, amounted to 182,835 acres against 123,804 in the twelve months preceding, a gain of nearly C0,000 acres. The sales of tbe past three months are reported to exceed very much those of the same period last year. Nevertheless jt will not admit of doubt that the settlement of this land was for a time very much, and even yet is somewhat, retarded by the public doubt. In the tilird place, the extensive Indian reservations ha,ve retarded ~ettlement. As is noted elsewhere, there are set, apart to the uses of this race in Washington Territory more than four millions of acres. Of these, about eleven-twelfths are on the eastern side of the mountains, ant.I it is accordingly in that quarter that complaints are most common. In the county of Yakima 800,000 acres are reserved in the heart of a district exceedingly easy to irrigate, and, once irrigated, fertile in the highest degree. That this district would speedily be settled, if thrown open to entry, will hardly admit of doubt. lhe Columbia or Moses Reservation, comprising more than two and a quarter millions of acres, bas recently been thrown op(' n to entry, and is already, though com paratively remote, begun to be settled. On the western side of the mountains the IndJan acreage is very small. The tracts are, however,. in general very desirable. Fourth. There is needed in the central counties of eastern Washing ton a system of irriga,tion to water lands which need only water to sup port a la.rge population. The Territory is now experimenting with au artesian well, toward whfoh it baiR appropriated $5,000, in .Adams County. .A fl ftb c:wse is added by the receiver of the land office at North Yakima,. "I have oh1:1e.rved,'' he says, "that the timber culture and desert-land la,ws Aerve more to keep tuo land from being covered by settlers t,ba,n to pla,nt forest treeR upon the prairies or to reclaim waste land. No lau Total .. - - -. ------. .••••.. -• -... -.·- -- -_. - . - - -....• - -.. -.... __ . ____ • . 1, 060. 6 The total mileage at thjs time last year was, as nearly as ean be as certained, 924. '11he increase of the year would therefore be 133.6 miles. Assistant General Manager Buckley, of the Northern Pacific Railway, kindly sends me the following _statistics of the mileage increase of that company in Washington Territory since 1885 : Miles. June 30, 1885 ·----- ______·-----. ·----· .••••• ·----- ··---- •••••• ---·-· ·----· 4fifi. 9 June ao, 1886 __ ••.•••••. _• _•• __ ••••.•••••••••. _•• _•••••• _ . ___ • _ _ . __ •••.• _ • • . fl 17. 9 Increase _____ . _. _. _.. __ .•••. _.•. _. _. _. _••. _•• _..• ____ • __ ..••.. ____ . _. . 62. 0 June 30, 1887 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••, •••••••••••.••••• 1)64. 2 Increase •••.•••..••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••••••••••• ~--·...... 46. :1 938 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. This line, being at, -present much the most important of our railway systems, and having most to do with our present development, the fol lowing statistics of its general condition are included: Gross earnings. 1886 • • • • • • • • • • • • ••••• • • • • ••• • • • •• • ••••• • •..•..•••..•••• • • • • • • • • •. • • $11 I 730, 527, 20 1887 - • - • - - - ••••••••••••••••••••••• _. • • • • • • . • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12, 789, 448. 10 I Increase ..•••••••••..•••••••.•...... • _.. . . . • . . . . . • . • • . • • . . • . . 1, 058, 920. 90 Net earnings. 1886 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.•••••••••• : • • 5, 575, 263. 46 1887 ...... • ...... • ...... 5, 615, 428. 41 Increase ••••••••.•••••••••..••.....•....•. ,. • . . . . • • • • . . • • • . . . 40, 164. 95 Tons of freight. 1886 •••••• ------·-----··----- ·------······· ···-·· ------•••••• 1,547,626 1887 ...... •...... _...... 2, 128, 166 Increase • . . • . • . • . • • • • • . • . • . . . . • ...... • • . . . • • • • . . . • • • . • . . . • . • 580, 540 Numbe1· of passengers. 1886 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•• _•••••••••••••• ~ ••••.• ·-· • • 701, 404 1887 ...... • ...... • . . . . . 979, 507 Increase .•...... ••••..••••...... •....••... _... 278, 101 The utmost interest is felt in the Territory concerning the condition and the enterprise of this line. This is the casein eastern Washington particularly, where there is a vast field unoccupied by any lines, adapted to the building of ,railways, and capable of sustaining large popula tions. The many mining districts also demand connections with the main routes. The secretary of the Sprague Board of Trade writes to this office as follows: "The railroad situation presents a most :flatter ing appearance. Activity was inaugurated in that direction by the citizens subscribing for a preliminars survey, starting from this place and extending out to the Big Bend country. The Northern Pacific Rail road, to maintain its supremacy in tllissection of the country, will be com pelled to build a road on the survey thus made; the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, to gain new territory, will find it necessary to build from Endicott, on the Palouse branch, to Sprague, a distance of only 25 miles; it is also stated on excellent authority that the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railroad, to make connection with the Manitoba system, bas selected this route." The Manitoba system, just referred to, has now, with astonishing rapidity, pushed its line westward almost to Helena, Mont. and the expectation is reasonably entertained through out the Territory that it will in a year or two be further pushed to Puget Sound. .AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT. The acreage of the Territory is rapidly increasing. No statistic , in deed, can be given that can be relied upon, but it is clear, from report from all the counties and from many grades of public officers, that much more land is tilletl than formerly. The assessor of Walla Walla County report' an increa e of 56,000 acres of cultivated land since last year. A ~uch greater increa e of acreage must be expected in the ea tern than m the w tern couuti . The fol'mer are nearly all left clear by nalnr and re~y for the plow. In the latter there is very little that TERRITORY OF "WASHINGTON. 939 must not be cleared by the hand of man-a task, in many djstricts, of arduous difficulty. Wide as bas been the extension of agriculture th~re in the past year, it is _a most reasonable expectation that the commg twelve months will witness much more. _ The agricultural development of eastern Washington is justly a mat ter of pride to the Territory. An impression had long been too com mon in other parts of the United States that that portion of Washington Territory lying east of the Cascade Mountains was a desert that could never be reclaimed. lts wide plains, its infinitely fine dust, were eYery where described in the most discouraging- terms. It was only, it was said, in the roving herds of stock that we had anything to hope for in that extensive country between the Cascadel\fountains and our eastern boundary. After a time, however, the increase in the crops of grain attracted attention. These so multiplied every year, that it was at length conceded that as a grain-producing region eastern ..Washington was of great importance. This fact is now known throughout the world, but it is the most that is, generally speaking, allowed to be the merit of a remarkable region. It is yet little known in other parts of the United States, and, indeed, it is only lately known in the western half of the Territory itself that eastern Washington is to be great, not merely in the production of grain, hut in a variety of crops far more varied than was imagined or t,han can be seen elsewhere in the world farther north than the thirty-eighth parallel. Erroneous nqtions of the climate bad much to do with the mistake. As has been remarked in another place, the mistaken opinion is common in the United States that eastern Washington, as it is not warmed as thoroughly as western ,vasp.ington by the Japan current, must have the climate of Dakota and Montana, in the latitude of which it lies. To give, in any detail, the productions of eastern Washington would. not be easy; nor could it, in all cases, be safe to class among its pro ductions as yet what many persons regard as such, but which are at present only experimental growths. It is certain, however, that be sides many.staple crops it will produce hops, tobacco, sweet potatoes,. melons, peaches, apricots, and grapes. These products are not, indeed,. universal in that region, but they are to be found in many districts, ancl undoubtedly will afford a livelihood to a considerable population. Be sides thP.se, cotton, peanuts, and sugar cane have been grown, with what success, as regards general culture, remains to be seen. It may be asked why these products were not grown before, and why it ·has been reserved to such recent years of settlement to prove the capacity of this soil and climate. The answer is that the first genera tion of settlers was too poor to make experiments in agriculture. It was as much as these could do, beginning with little money and in the midst of a hostile race, to get the easiest products of the earth and to retain a few cattle. Markets, too, were, in that period, so remote as to be practically inaccessible. In consequence, it was left to the present generation and to the comparatively wealthy clai~of settlers, who come in these years of security and of railways, to invest time and money in obtaining the more delicate harvests of this regiou. The crops of western are less various tlJan those of eastern Washing ton. Corn, or maize, nowhere a staple crop of the Territory, is, on this side of the mountains, cultivated only in the gardens; nor does barley or 1·ye yield to great satisfaction; but much wheat, of a fine quality, is harvested, and oats in great abundance. Hay yields in wonderfut luxuriance. The fame of our hops is, of course, world-wide. For ,~egc tables of several kinds western Washington can hardly be surpa~8ed,. 940 REPORT, OF THE SECRETARY OF. THE INTERIOR. as in the case of Irish potatoes, beets, and turnips. Whatever requires mucb beat does not flourish. Tomatoes do not ripen well. .For the reasons given in the case of eastern Washington experi ments in agriculture have not, until the present time, been numerous on the west side of the mountains ; but it is probable that its capacity in field crops has been fairly tried. Some products, such as tobacco, yet demand more careful tests, and from both Pacific and Whatcom Counties come statements that cranberries will :flourish in their marsh lands. Bu£ it is chiefly in respect of fruit that the western division of the Territory is just beginning to prove a wonderful capability. The size of the plums, pears, strawberries, and cherries is already the as tonishment of travelers. As our railway and steamship facilities are now of the first order, it is no longer matter of doubt that our fruit crop will, before long, be a prodigious export. HOPS. This is a crop in which the people of the Territory, particularly on the western side of the mountains, take great pride. Hop cultivation has been progressive, and is to-day a source of great income to several districts. Its area is widening every year. I accordingly regret that a gentleman, eminently qualified to give the statistics of it, was compelled to disappoint me at a day too late to admit of my obtaining the infor mation in full from other sources. It is a well-known peculiarity of hops that their value :fluctuates from season to season, more perhaps than that of any other crop. One year they may be worth only a few cents a pound, another year worth a dol lar. The average, accordingly, varies a great deal. .A.fter an autumn of high prices there is a very marked increase in ,the area planted, and after a dull year the reverse is true. But the aggregate average has steadily increased in this region. The crop of 1881 was 6,098 bales; of 1883, 9,301; of 1885, 20,000; of 1887, according to present estimates, 25,000. The last crop is estimated to bring $1,125,000 to the people of this Territory. And all thi~ industry has sprung from beginnings as recent as 1865. or rather of 1875. when it seemed first to be apparent to the people that hops were a staple crop, and when, for the first time, the cultivation of them appears to have been made a principal object. It may be interesting to note the beginnings of an i·ndustry which has already enabled us to influence the markets of the world. The son of the first hop grower thus describes it: My father's attention bad been drawn to these facts accidentally, and he bad no conception of the future of the business, of which he ~aid the foundation and died without seeing the fruits of his venture, except in a third crop of a few bales. The first crop consisted of one bale in weight, and was curecl in the loft overhead of the kitchen fire, was markete The area, as has been said before, increases every year. During- tl.te past season the thrifty farmers of the Chehalis Valley, in Lewis Coun_ty! have begun the cultivation of h9ps, w_ith, it is reported, encouraging success. On the eastern side of the mountains, at Yakima, the average is reported at three hundred. A journal of that valley states : Yakima hops and all the crop here have found ready sale, and been received with high favor at Milwaukee, where the great brewers prefer them to any others grown in America, and pay for them 2-½ cents per ponnd more than those grown in any ot~er locality. The peculiar ingredients of our volcanic ash soil, the dryness of our a1r, and our irrigation system ( enabling moisture to be applied at the right time and in the proper quantity) contribute to the attainment of the high degree of excellence for which Yakima hops are now famed. Tbe picking in Washington Territory is chiefly done by the Indians. STOCK RAISING. Under this head, I regret to say that I am not able to send yon as full a report as I could desire, partly because of the limited time allowed for this document to be prepared in, and partly because of a certain defect in our Territorial laws. There is not, in this Terri"tory, an enact ment requiring that statistics of stock be returned by an,y officer. It is hoped, indeed, that our legislative body will remedy this soon, but at present there is no method by whicb. any data can be obtained by Jaw in respect to stock. In some cases the county assessors have volun tarily made returns of the number and the kinds of stock, but these have been infrequent instances. It may be said that the breeding of horses and cattle is yet in its in fancy here. It is true that in eastern Washington the number of stock produced is very great, but it is only of late that the breedin'g of fine qualities of them has become common. Where a falling off in numbers: is reported it is generally found that there has qeen an improvement in the breeds. That the eastern Washington ·districts will soon cease to be a wide, unsettled cattle range is manifest from all reports.· Thus, to quote from the assessor of Walla Walla County: Of course the range is not as good as formerly, as the plow is turning down the bunch grass and the fence is driving out the stockmen. * * * Almost every farmer now raises a few cattle, hogs, sheep, or horses for market, and each year this is being done more. The auditor of Yakima County sends the same report; . Since the country has begun to be occupied by settlers who are engaged i.n grow mg wheat and other cereals, many of the large stock grow~rs in the county have· removed their large herds to localities not yet reached by settlers. Still this district affords many wide ranges, and in some counties, as in Whitman, Spokane, and Lincoln, the shep.p herds are reported to be exceedingly large. The raising, of this stock is from all accounts a rapidly growing industry. In some cases the culture of stock bas been of an involuntary kind .. I am informed that in Asotin County the exorbitant rates of freight charges have had tbe effect of turning the farmers from the production of grain to the culture of stock. But in most instances the interest in ~attle, and particularly in fine breeds, has nat.urally come of advancement: . m wealth, for where the neighborhoods are poor it will seldom be found that much interest is taken in the breeding of stock. The same reasons that I have given for the poverty of agricultural experiment in the past generation of our settlers may be given for the neglect of stock breed ing. The first generation of settlers was too poor to invest much in a. 942 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. few expensive animals, when it was so difficult to have them transported here and when the markets were so distant. Now our communities are growing richer, and besides, there is a de cided increase in the demand of the growing home markets. In conse quence there are men of means to import fine breeds, and at the same time the poorer farmers are encouraged to invest something in this way, by seeing .markets immediately before them. From nearly all counties come reports tJiat some breed has lately been introduced. Some have gone regularly into the breeding of fine stock as an exclu sive occupation. A gentleman who has been breeding the Holstein Friesian c~ttle reports that he bas bad "a steady and increasing de mand from farmers desiring to improve their stock." This breed, he says, thrives remarkably wherever introduced in this climate. In 1886 sixty head of the red polled cattle were brought into Lewis County from Wisconsin. The owner informs me that they have proved well adapted to the climate and the needs of this region, and that he is to make a second importation the present autumn. The Noxee Company, of the Yakima Valley, is stated to have purchased 12 Polled Aber deen Angus hulls of the Olympic herd established by J. H. Pope, min ister of agriculture of Canada, and the same company is reported to have as many more blooded bulls on another tract. At Spokane Falls the breeding of the Short Horn and Polled Angus is carried on. The breeding of horses is also growing to be an important part of our rural industries. It is, like cattle breeding, however, as yet in its in fancy. Of the most costly ventures in this line is the importation direct from England of the Suffolk Punch horse. This large breed has proved very well adapted to the climate of western Washington, in Lewis County, where it has been introduced. Tho Cleveland Bay and the English shire horse has been brought into Skagit County from Illinois. A gentleman of unusual experience in the cultivation of stock in various parts of the world expresses the opinion that the day is not far distant when we'' shall be as world-renowned for our equine productions as Kentucky. At the present we a.re free from contagious diseases, but it would be sound policy to keep a strict quarantine upon our bor ders, as these evils will not originate here, but are brought he~e from the East." The shipment of stock from eastern Washington is very considerable to the Eastern States and Territories, even at times taxing the facili ties of the railways. The grazing in that district is on the so-called "bunch grass," which even in winter, though apparently dea MINING. The mineral resources of the Territory are undoubtedly very great upon both sides of the Cascade Mountains. Gold, silver, copper, cin nabar, lead, marble, limestone, sandstone, and coal are found in various abundance. In some instances the development of the mines is ad vanced; in others, they are yet unopened deposits awaiting facilities of transportation. Of the class of deposits that have been thoroughly tried, and are now affording an industry to the Territory, is coal, concerning which I have made copious extracts from the reports lately filed in this office by the Hon. James H. Watson, inspector of coal mines. 00.A.L-FIELDS .A.ND 00.A.L MINING. Beginning with the earliest discovery and the fir.st workingR are the coal mines of Bellingham Bay, near the north boundary of the Terri tory. These mines were profitably worked for many years~ and until other coals of a better quality were found. Difficulties, too, in working made the cost of mining too great, and the work had to be abandoned. It is not at all probable that anything further will be done with the old openings at Sehome, but the field is not exhausted. There are other points on Bellingham Bay where mining of coal may, in no distant future, be begun and carried on. Unless other veins than those ·now known to exist should be found, this particular field is not very extensive. · South of Olympia, in the valley of the Skookum Chuck and the Chehalis, is ·another field, taken together which may yet prove to be of some extent in that direction. At the present time the Northwest Coal Company are operating in part of this field near Seatco. The vein being mined shows 7½ feet of coal. Another vein, measuring 1~ feet, has been.discovered. The veins in this field lie at an angle of 5 degrees, have good roof and pavement, and can be easily and cheaply mined. The coal is lignitic in quality. East of Seattle and Lake Washington is what is known as the Lake Washington coal-field, comprising the· following mines: Newcastle, Renton, Talbot, Cedar River, the Washington Coal Company on fasa quah Creek, and the Seattle Coal and Iron Company at Squak. The coals mined in this field belong to the lignite class. They are valuable both for steam, and domestic purposes. Southeast of Seattle, and 33 miles distant, lies the Green River coal field. This field embraces the Black Diamond, Franklin, and the Moss Bay Company's mine on Section 2. The coals found in this re2"ion are what are known in this Territory as semi-bituminous. The coals are of the uame quality of the most easterly veins found on the Puyallup, and are doubtless a continuation of the Puyallup coal-fields, the coal-fields, spreading in various directions along Carbon River, up the south fork of the Puyallup, on Flett Creek and South Prairie Creek. The veins of coal seem to be quite numerous, and differ widely in their char acter; most of them are bituminous, a few semi-bituminous, er between 944 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. lignite and bituminous. The coals of this region, wh:i.e the veins are clean, are superior in quality to the coals found in the Lake Washing ton field. Most of them are coking coals, giving out generally more beat. and containing a larger per cent. of carbon. They can be used not only for steam and domestic purposes, but for gas, for forge coal, and for coke, of which a superior article can be produced from some of those veins. There are three different collieries in this field-one at Wilkeson, on Flat Creek, the second at Carbonado, on Carbon River, and the third on South Prairie Creek. The latest discovered, and one of the most valuable coal-fields, is that known as the Raging River, situate about 10 miles eastwardly from Squak. Most of the veins found are of a superior quality of coking coal. ~rhe Cle-elum coal-field lies in the basin of LakeOle-elum,in Kittitass County, and comprises an area of nearly 50,000 acres. Altogether nine veins have been found, but so far only two have been found workable. Ths Northern Pacific Coal Company is now mining in this field, and outputting about 400 tons per day. The coal is semi-bituminous in quality. Nor must we overlook the coal discoveries on the Skagit River, wbicht though not extensive as yet, still form a link in the chain that reaches from Bellingham Bay on the north to Chehalis Valley on the south, separated in some degree from each other so far as the surface gives any indication. Some of them seem to be separate and distinct basins, differing materially in strike and pitch. But when we reach the more eastern veins, lying in the foot-bills of the Cascade Range, there are evidences of continuity, which may yet prove these to be a long line of rich bituminous veins from the valley of the Chehalis through the Skoo kum Chuck, crossing the valleys ·of Puyallup, the Green, the Cedar, the Snoqualmie, and the Skagit, to near the northern boundary of the Territory. While there is much, very much, yet to be learned in regard to the mineral resources of thjs Territory and as to the extent of its coal measures, there is, nevertheless, sufficient known at the present time to justify the claim that'' Washington Territory is the Pennsylvania of the Pacific coast." The following data have been carefully gleaned concArning the mines which have thus far been operated: THE NEWCASTLE MINE, This mine of fine lignite coal is 20 miles southeast from Seattle, on the Columbia and Puget Sound Railroad, and is owned by the Oregon Improvement Company. The annual output, from June 30, 1878, to June 30, 1887, was as follows: Tona. 1879 . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • •••••• _••.• __ •••••••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 127,381 1880 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••• - •• --- •••• - -• • -• • 128, ~3 1881 ...... •....••....• - .. ----.. · · • 149,60"2 1882 .••••••••••••••• ·------·----- ·------··· _.___ •••• ·--· •••• ---· 15 , 340 1883 ···--· ···--· •••• ·------·· ·----· ------· ---· •••••••••• ·••••· 218,i42 149,94 149,0f>O !§:::::·:·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 85,551 ------·· ...... ---- ·--- ·---~------·-·--· ---· ---- .... --·· ---- .... --·· 140,701 Total ••••••••••••••••.•••• _••• __ •••••••••••• _••• __ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1, 30 , 17B ATerage per year .....•....••....•..•....••..•••.•.•••••.•••••••...... 145,353.1 TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 945 The great falling off in t.he output for 1886 is attributable mainly to the labor troubles of that year, the mine being closed for se':eral moutlls; also tlle abaudonment of the workings from the No. 4 -v~m .. 'Ihe slope bas now been sunk to a depth of 950 feet, and the mme is now being operated entirely from this level. When this lift is finish~d it is thought that several others of equal depth can be sunk, as the basm is likely to be very deep. RENTON AND TALBOT, These mines, located in Secs. 17, 19, and 20, T. 33 N., R. 5 E., are 13 mHes from Seattle. These are also tapped by the Oolnm bia and Puget Sound Railroad. The Renton mine proper bas not been worked for the past few years, owing to the excessive cost of pumping and the depressed market. The Talbot mine, which had merged with the Ren ton a short tim~·before the overflow and abandonment, mined and ship ped 10,000 tons of coal. The Renton, in 1885-'86,- putting out 35,015, making a total of 45,015 tons. THE CEDAR RIVER MINES, These mines, located in Secs. 20, 21, and 29, T. 23 N., R. 6 E., are owned by the Cedar River Coal Company. The first shipment of coal from the mine was made in 1884. A ready market was found, and the shipments continued regularly from that time up to the present writ ing. The Cedar River mines, since starting, have averaged a yearly shipment of 21,605.39 tons, makin_g a total of 64,816.16 tons shipped to June 30, 1887. Substantial preparations are now being made by this company to further advance tlleir facilities, and, by January, 1888, they will mine 5,000 tons per month, an increase of 1,500 tons over the present average. THE SEATTLE COAL AND IRON COMPANY. This company, composed mostly of New York and Providence, R. I., capitalists, owns several valuable and well lrnown coal claims siJuated at Squak. This property comprises l ,407 acres, througll which the veins extend for a distance of 2 miles. These veins are fl ve in number, and 5½, 6, 7½, 6½, and 12 feet in thickness, and are all very regular. They are estimated to contain 10,500,000 tons of merchantable coal I above a water-level gaugway. The pitch of the veins is from 37 de grees to 40 degrees, with an average lift of 1,300 feet. These condi tions form the basis of the most economical mining knowu. This coal js of the sarne grade and quality as mined and shipped from Newcastle. This coal•has a good reputation and an established market in California and Oregon. Upon the plans upon whicll the development work is now proceeding, it is calculated that these veins can, within six months, be brought up to a daily output of 1,000 tons. WASHINGTON COAL COMPANY. The mines of the Washington Coal Company in the Issaquah Valley have not, as yet, been developed. The coal is Jignite, and of the same quality as the Cedar River mine. TH~ BLACK DIAMOND MINES, These mines are the property of the Black Diamond Coal Mining Company. They are situated 30 miles southeast from Seattle, on the IN'l' 87-VOL 1--60 946 REPORT OF THE SECRET.A.RY OF THE INTERIOR. Cedar River extension of the Columbia and Pnget Sound Railroad. The·daily capacity of the mines is about 700 tons. Their annual ship ments, which began in April, 1885, are as appended: _ Tons. 1885 . . • • • . . • . • • . • ...... • • . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . • . . . . • • • • • . . . • . . . . . • ...... • . • • 10, 562 1886 .....••...... •.•...... -·.. . . • • • . . . . • . . . . • • • • ...... • . . . . • ...... 71, 356 1887 .. • • • • . . • . • . • . . • • . . . • . . . • . • • . . • • • • . . • • . . . . • . • . • • • • . . • • . . . . • ...... • . • . . 66, 500 Total .•..••••••••• ,. •.••••..•••••.•..•.••••••••••••.••••.••••.••..••• 148,418 The coal from these mines is of the semi-bituminous class. It meets with considerable favor as a steam coal, and finds an easy market. THE FRANKLIN MINE. The Franklin mine, situate about three miles east of the Black Dia mond, is owned by the Oregon Improvement Company and pro(luces semi-bituminous coal of fine quality, which has become quite a favorite for domestic use. The average capacity is about 300 tons per clay, but in a few m:,nths this colliery will be one of the largest producers on the coast. Coal was shipped from this mine in July, 1883, bllt the develop ments were slow, and regular shipments only·commenced in the latter part of 1885. Their annual shipments, commencing in 1886, are as fol lows: Tons. . 1886 • • . . . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • • • . • • • . • • • 8, 350 1887 • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • . 37, 92'2 Total .•••••••• _••.••••• _•••.•..•.••••••.• __ •••• _• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46, 272 THE MOSS BAY COMPANY, The property known as Section 2, owned by the Moss Bay Hematite Iron and Steel Company, whose members are composed of capitalists from the North of England, was located in the e~rly part of the year, and is considered very valuable. A number of promising veins of semi bituminous coal that sllow evidenees of easy access. Tile preparatory work of clearing, buildiug roadways, sheds, etc., is being rapidly and systematic3,lly pushed, and coal iu very fair quantities is promise RAGING RIVER COAL l\IINES. About 10 miles eastwardly from Squak, on tho line of the Seattle, L~ke Sbore and Eastern Railway, is a group of bituminou coal ve~ns of tbe most valuable character. Most of tue veins are of a superior quality of coking coal. They are owned by the Seattle Coal anu Iron C~mpany, and will be developed to a large output when the track of the railroad is completed to them, some time in 1888. TACOMA COAL COMPANY. The mine of thi company is located on Sec . 27 and 32, T. 19 rT., R. 6 E., on the N ortb_ r_n Pacific Railroad, 3? mile from Tacoma. The mine wa ~ ' lop d ~r1g10ally in_ 1876, abandoned after a bort trial, and reopened m 18 4. mce r umrng the company have bnilt coke oven and ma· TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 947 chinery for the proper washing of the coal, and are now manufacturing a very superior coke. This mine's product will amount to, in a few months, about 100 tons of ~ok~ per day. It meets a rea~y market on the coast, and at the present time cannot supply the demand. Shipments for three yeai·s ending June 30, 1887. Tons. 1885 .•••••••.•.••••.••••.••••• - -- - . ------· - - - - · · • • • · · • • · · · · · • • - · • • • • · 5,402 1886 .•••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.••.•. : •.•.•••• _•.••...•..•.•••.. 2,837 1887 ...... 2,138.5 Total. . • • • • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • . . . • . • • . • • • • . . . • . . . . • • • • ...... • • • • . . . . . 10, 372. 5 SOUTH PRAIRIE. This mine is situated on Sec. 16, T. 19 N., R. 6 E., 28 miles from Ta coma on the Northern Pa~ific Railroad. Commenced operations in 1881. The coal is bituminous in character, and its quality brings it a ready sale for gas, steam, and domestic purposes. The thickness of the l>ed is 3 feet 6 inches, and the angle of dip variBs from 45 degrees to 80 degrees. All the coal mined to date has been from a water-level drift. Duringthe year, the company have sunk a slope down 450 feet, and are now developing from that level. They ai::e now engaged in putting tlle proper hoisting machinery in place, and building large_and commodi ous bunkers. The average output of this mine is 250 tons a day. Shipments for three years ending June 30, 1887. Tons. 1885 ....•...... -... -- --. · ----· · --· · · · · -· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 34,314 11:186 •••••• -----· •••••.•••••.•.••.••....•••••••••••.•••.• ---- .••••••••• 45,663 1887 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••. 59,815.47 Total •••••• -----~...... 139,792.47 CARBON HILL, This mine is on Secs. 3, 4, and 9, T. 18 N., R. 6 E., 34.3 miles from Tacoma, its shipping port on the Northern Pa5,ifi.c Railroad. The site of the mine is on the Carbon River, in a canon fI om 400 to 500 feet deep. The sides of the canon are precipitous and extremely imposing. The veins of the coal formation on the side of the canon, with its many fold ings or corrug·ations over a series of synclinal and antielinal axes, is grand beyond description. The coal mined is c.hiefly taken from drifts above natural water drainage, at the level of tbe river, and elevated on · an inclined plane 800 feet long, a vertical distance of nearly 500 feet. The principal coal beds mined are four in number, 3½, 4½, 5, and 10 to 12 feet in thickness. Several other veins llave been ''opened" and more or less developed. The coal is bituminous, soft al)d fine, yielding a low percentage of coarse, and is used chiefly for steam purposei, in Uali fomia, by the Central Paci.fie and Southern Pacific Railroad Companies. This colliery is the largest producer in the Territory, averaging from 800 to 1,000 tons per day. The coals also make a very good quality ofooke. Shipments for three years ending June 30, _1887. Tona. 1885 .••••••••••••••••••••....••••••••••••••.•••••. ~...... • • • . • • • • ...... • • 135, 926 1886...... • . . . • . . . . • . . • . • ...... • . • • ...... • ...... 120, 965 1887 .•••••••••••••••••.•••••..•••••••••••••••••.••.•••. •••••· •••••••••••• 145,316 Total .•• _••.••••..•.•••••....•..• _.•... , · • . . . • . • • . . • • • • • . • • • . • . . • • • • 402, 207 The mine being closed on account of the labor troubles, caused the falling off of the output in 1886. 948 REPORT OF THE SECRET.ARY OF THE INTERIOR. THE NORTHWEST COAL COMPANY. This company's mine is situated near Bucoda (formerly Seatco), on the Pacific divi~ion of the Northern Pacific Railroad, 45 miles from Ta· coma, and 90 miles from Portland. This is the only mine opened in the Chehalis coal.field. The mine commenee BELLINGHAM BAY, ThiR is the first mine of note developed in the Territory. It is situ· ated in Whatcom County, on Bellingham Bay, in T. 38, R. 3 E. The coal is 14 feet in thickness, yielding some 10 feet of clean coal, and, from a test, the quality compares favorably with the "Seattle lignite." The forma· tion dips from 8 degrees to 36 degrees. One arm of the mines extends 150 yards under the bay. Shipments from the mine began in 1860, an.d continued into 1878. The repol'ted shipments for the eighteen years 1s 233,043 tons. Adding to this the home consumption, the total mine out put would be in the vicioty of a quarter of a million tons. The mine is now full of water. The above covers all the coal mining operations of note within the Territory, excepting the Vulcan mine reported in 1884:, and a small opera· tion or test mine opened on Straits de Fuca, near Clallam Bay, in Clal. lam County, in 1887, from which a cargo of 500 tons was shipped. The total shipment for the Territory for the year ending June 30, 1887, is 525,705.15 tons. From the data at hand, the total output of coal from the different mines in the Territory to June 30, 1887, is a~ follows: Tons. ~::n~u~~.::::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::: 1,3~6:~~ Black Diamond...... 14 ,418 Renton ...... • ...... • • . . • . • • . . . • • • . . . . • . . . . • • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • • . . . . . 35, 015 'l'albot...... • . . . . • • . . • • • • . . . • • • • . . • • • . . . . • . • • • • . . • • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • . 10, 000 Cedar River...... 64,816 Carbonade ...•.. ...••• ...•.. ..•••. .••••• ..•••• ..••.• ..•••. .••••• ..... 402,207 Son th Prairie . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . • . • . . • • • . • • . . . • • • • . . • • • • • . . • • • . . . • • • ...... 139, 79'2. 5 Wilke on...... • ...... • • . . • • • •. . . . • • . . . . • • . . . • • • . . . • • • . . • . . . . . 10,372.5 Bucoda...... • • • • . . . . • • . . . . • . . .• • • • • . • . • • . . • . • .• . • ...... 4,550 Ro lyn...... 40,9 7. 3 B llingham Bay (eRtimated) ....•....••....•...... ••...... · 250,000 Clallam Bay...... • • ....•...... •. _... • • • • • . . . . • ...... •. . . . . 500 Total...... ••....•...... ••...••••..••.•.....•..... 2,461, 10 . 3 TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 949 ACCESSIBILITY TO MARKET. The coal-fields of western Washington are all within a radius of forty miles of tide water, and afford everJ means for rapid shipment. The cost of mining coal in this section, with transportation to tide water, varies from $2 to $2.30 per ton. The mines have produced 2,461,108 tons, and are steadily increasing their oµtputs monthly, to supply the increasing demand. Thefrincipal markets are those of California and Oregon. Fine timber of varied growth covers the coal lands, and is of untold value in constructing tram ways, houses, sheds, and other buildings and devices necessary in mining work and development. This forms a most important faetor in :furthering convenience and economy. Approximate acreage of coal lands in Washington Territory by counties. Acres. 70,000 if:r~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 40,000 50,000 f !~~!a~~:: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :-: :: : : : : : : : : : 5,000 Thurston .••••..... --~- .•.••••••...... ••••..••••....•..•••....•..•... - -··· , 5,000 Whatcom ...•...•.••. ~ .••••.••••• _•.•••..••...••.. _....•.••• _..••••.... _• _ 10,000 Total ...... 180,000 Comparative analysis of coal. Newcastle-Colliery, Franklin. .s] s :08 i..; 0 FORESTS .A.ND THE PRODUCTION OF LUMBER. Th~ timber trees of Washington Territory are as listed oolow, and rank rn the order as numbered: · (1) Yellow and red fir; (2) white and red cedar; (3) spruce; (4) larch; (5) white pine; (6) white fir; (7) hemlock; (8) bull pine; (9) .950 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. tamaraok; (10) alder and maple; (11) ash and oak; (12) cherry and laurel; (13) cottonwoods. By far the largest article of export is the yellow and red fir, which are generally classed as "Oregon pine" in price-lists of California and for eign dealers. The trees from which this product is obtained reach 12 feet in diameter and 300 feet in height, in exceptional cases, but the ordinary saw-logs of commerce range from 24 to 60 inches in diameter. A large proportion of these logs is clear-stuff, and is made into deck planks, flooring, siding, and other articles, with the grain of the wood vertical, t:io that they wear without splintering, and do not crack readily when exposed to the sun or weather. This wood is also used for bridges, ship's timbers, and railway construction, and for spars and piles. It is most excellent for all these purposes and as a general building lumber on account of its nail-holding.qualities. This lumber is known an Capacity of Washington Territory saw-mills, in superficial feet, jor a yea1· of two hundred and sixty working days. 344,500,000 ~~:;~ t:~b~:~~~ ~: :: : : : :: : : : : : :: : : :: : : : : :: : :: : : : : : : : :: ~ :: .. · : : : : : :: : 114,400,000 Columbia River mills ...... ______...... ------...... -·-· 85,800,000 Shoal Water Bay mills .. __ ._ .... __ . --- .. -- .. --·- --· ...... --·. -... . 29,900,000 Interior mills as reported ...... - ...... - .. -. -. ---- . --- 62,840,000 Interior mills not reported (estimated) .•.••...... 8,000,000 Total . . __ ••••.••• _. ___ . ___ . ______. __ .... ___ . _____ .. _ ... __ . ___ . 645,440, 000 The operations of logging, towing, manufacturing, loading and dis charging vessels, stacking in yards, and utilizing offals will employ at least two men for every thousand feet of lumber produced. This in dustry, therefore, gives wages to 4,964 men. · I have not been able to obtain figures for tllis year in regard to the number and destination of coastwise and foreign cargoes, but in 1886, according to tables in the San Francisco Journal of Commerce, a good authority, 200,000,000 feet of lumber were sent to California, and the amounts set out in table below to other parts, from Paget Sound alone. From all this it will readily be seen that the lumber indu.,try of Washington Territory is by no means in its infancy, but that the con st~n_tly incre~ ing demand for her forest products will require larger mllhng capacity each year is not doubted. TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 9·53 Destination, number, and amount offoreign lumber cargoe,i for the year 1886. Destination. No. Feet. Destination. No. 25,082,332 Hong-Kong...... 2 1,210,000 ~jb~~~a·:::: :: ::::::::::::::: ~~ 19, 053, 426 Antofogasta ...... 2 1,127,000 Hawaiian Islands ...... •...... 26 14, 244, 111 Iquique...... 2 1,206,716 Valparaiso...... 24 14,990,372 Rio de .Janeiro...... 1 868,365 Mexico ...... 9 4,720, 232 Mollendo. .•... .•••...... ••. • . . 1 473, l(J.) l3aenosAyres .••. . . 1-··········· 6 4,810,111 London...... 1 55l, 49? Brisibane...... 5 2, 404,562 Broken Ba:v...... •...... 1 814, OOv 1 2, 794, 460 Mont<>video . . . . . • . . . . . • • ...... 1 837,817 ~~fi~~~~:~::::: :::: :: ::::::: :: : : 2,402, 6G6 Adelaide...... 1 607,305 1,204, 4941 Coquimbo .••.. . .••..... ,...... 1 423, 86? l~~~;ili~;:::::::::::::::::::: : 2,192,558 New Caledonia..... • • • • • . . • . • . . 3 1, 075, 250 Total . . •..•.•...... •. .... 103, 102, 241 There was also shipped during the same year to American Atlantic ports as follows: Feet. Boston, 3 cargoes of lumber, aggregating...... • . • • • • . . • • • . . . • • • ...... 2, 576, 432 New York, 289 spars, equal to . . • • • . . • • • • . . • • • • . . . • • • • . • • • • . . • • • • • . . • • . . 300, 000 Bath, 323 spars, equal to . • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • . • ...... • • • ...... 200, 000 Total •••••• ••••••..•••....••...•.•...•...•••••.....•...... 3,076,432 The following mills report their shipments for this year as given be low, but give no particulars of number of cargoes or destination. Pre sumably the totals represent the foreign and coastwise together. Feet. Port Blakely, on Puget Sound:... . . • • • • . • . . . . . • . . . • • • . • • • • . . . • • . . . • • • . 3fi, 367, 398 Port Gamble, on Puget Sound...... 40,964,000 Port Ludlow, on Puget Sound...... 23,311,000 U tsalady, on Puget Sound . . . . • • • • • . . . • • . • . . . • • . • • . • . • • • • • . . . • • . . . • • . . 21, 049, 000 South Bend Mill, ShoalwaterBay .••••...•••...••••..•• :...... •••. 15,000,000 Total ••••••••••.•••••••• _••••••. _••••••••••• _. . . • • • • . . . • • • ...... 135, 731, 398 Shipments last year: ~~::i~~~·::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::~::::::::::::::::::::::: Jgg:i::iii American Atlantic ports .••••.•• _•..••••.•..••....•.• _.•. _...... • . . 3, 076, 432 Total .•••.•...•••••••••••.• ---· ••••••••••••.•••••.••••••••••••.. 306,178,673 Shipped this year from four mills .••••..•••••.••••.•..•••••••.••••..... 135,731,398 170,447,275 I am inclined to think that if returns could have been had from all other mills in the shipping business that the totals would have footed up very largely in excess of those of last year, as it is known that all mills on tide water ham been taxed to their utmost capacitJ, and great difficulty has been experienced in procuriug vessels to carry away their products. Building operations have also been delayed, for lack of ma terials, at Seattle, Tacoma, and Spokane Falls, so that altogether the saw.mill busin~ss in Washington Territory, for the period· under con sideration, has been in a very satisfactory condition. EDUCATION. The present school law of the Territory affords such general satisfac tion that I have deemed it not improper to set it out in an abstract. The measure is the enactment of the last legislature, but the principles and _954 REPORT OP 'IRE SECREVRY OF THE IN'l'ERIOR. many of ~he ddails have come of nearly a generation of legislation upcn this sub'.~ct. The si(perintendent of public instritction.-This officer is at the bead of educatiou, with··a salar,, and expenses for tra,·eling, it being required that he shall make at least one trip through the Territory during the year and visit the counties. He is also to bold a teachers' institute for the Territory. He is appointed by the governor, with confirmation by the council or senate. Board of education.~This is composed of three persons, chosen in the same manner as the superintendent, who is b_v law the presiding offi cer at their meetings. They make general rules for the scllools, and are a body to examine applicants for certificates an REPORT OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION. The following is a special report furni bed me by Mr. J.C. Lawrence, the uperintendentof public instruction: . I take pleasure in reporting progress in tbe ducationa.1 affairs of Wa hington Ter ritory for the pa t. ear. The inter t taken in our puulic school by patron , teach fl' , and nperint ndent s ms greater now than ev r before. This is shown first, m be_ at?onnt of money rai d for school purpo e , in special tax and voluntary 1ml cr1pt1oas, and in otbn means, a ide from tho r gnlar tax I vied iu each county for the support of school , by the increased amount of school furniture, apparat , TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. glol,es, dictionaries, etc., for the use of schools; second, by the interest teachers have taken in institutes the past year--a greater interest than ever before t-aken. Twenty counties of the thirty-three in the Territory have held institutes of from three days to two weeks' duration. The majority of our teachers have att'euded these institutes. The counties failing to hold institutes we.re such as had fewer than 500 children of school age. In some instances the services of trained im,titute workers have been secured at an expense of several hundred dollars, and teachers have contributed from their own resources to meet these expenses. The new methods of teaching have been discussed anµ are being adopted. A large number of our teachers have had the best training the Ea.stern schools afford, and have had succes1,ful experience in the East prior to coming here. District clerks and count,y superintendents have taken pains to make full reports to this office. All these I take to be indications of greater interest in educational matters. · r It is needless to say that the· public schools of the Territory are in their infancy. Scarcely more could be expected. With 65,000 children, and a total amount raised for school purposes of only $500,000,-only a portion of which bas been used in teacllers' salaries, little can be expected. Indeed I am surprised that we have made so much advancement uneer the circumstances. The maximum tax for school purposes of 6 mills on each dollar of assessed valuation is not sufl:icient, yet an increase in the tax would be felt as a burden. Our hope is from another eource. Until the school land is sold, and the interest on the purchase money made a State fund, we can not expect to have our schools rest on a sufficient financial basis. This alone should secure the im mediate admission of this Territory into the union of States. With the proceeds of the sale of the school lands used, as they will be when we are admitted, with the county tax now levied, we will maintain an average of nine months' school in each district. The present average duration of schools is but four and a half months. Ad mission means four and a half months additional schooling to 65,000 children now in the Territory. The following stateme~t will show more definitely the present condition of school affairs and also the increase in the several items over last year : Finances 1886-'87. Receipts: Amount on hand at beginning of year ...••••....•..••.•• , .. _... $1Gl, 7 46 Amount received from apportionments ...••...... ••••.•..••.. 254, 318 Amount received from special tax ...•••... _...... 48,274 Amount received from other sources • . • • . • . • . . • • . • . • • . . • • • • . . . . 37, 142 ---:$491,480 Disbursements: Amount paid teachers' wages ...... ___ •.•. --· ....•..• --....•... 213,633 Amount paid for rent andrepairofschool-houses ...•...••• ____ _ 8,220 ' Amount paid for school furniture ...•..- ..• _.....••..••••...•••. 1.1, 137 Amount paid for school-house sites ...•...•..•..•••••.•••••..... 4,499 Amount paid for buildings ...••...••..•....••••.••.•••...•••.. 42,923 Amount paid for fuel and other expenses .••••.•••••.•••••• ----. 25,043 305,365 Amount of funds to credit of schools at close of year ••••.•••••.••.••.... __ _ 186, 115 Increase in amount pajd teachers' wages over last year ..• __ ...•••.. ~ ..•.... L6,079 Increase in amount paid for rent and repair school-house ..••••• _... __ ••.. _. 6,132 Decrease in amount paid for school furniture ...•...•••.....••..•.•.•••....• 277 Increase in amount paid for school-house sites ...•.....••••..•.•..•••. ___ • __ 1,050 Decrease in amount paid for buildings ...... ••••..•••..••.••..•• ~ ...... _.. 3,09f> Inc~ease in total amount paid for school purposes .•...... •• ~.. . • • • • . .•••. 15,991 Estimated value of school-houses and grounds ____ ••.•.••.•••• -----· ______500,918 Increase over last year ..... ____ .. _: •••...... •••..••••.••••••••••••••••. _•. 36,110 Estimated value of school apparatus .••••••.••••••.••••....• ~ •••••••.•. __ .. 12,791 Increase over last year .....•.. _... _.•.••••.••••...••••.•.•.••••••••...•••. 36,464 Estimated value of school furniture . __ ••..•••••...••...••....••••...•..... 56,175 Increase over last year .... ______•• ___ •.•.••.•••••.••••••.•••••.•••..•••... 7,186 ---- Number of school-houses built last year ..••••....••.•.••••••••••.•.••.... -• 71 Number of school-houses in Territory ____ .• _•.• _....•••••..• -·- ..•••.... -•.. 863 Number of school districts in Territory ...••.•••• ____ ...•...••••...... ••••• 990 Number of districts maint,aining schools ...••. _. _____ ....•••••...••••. ------835 Average number of months school has been taught ...... •••.•••••. ------4¼ Number {'fmale teachers employed ______.... ____ .... ---·------···· .••••• 479 Number of female teachers employed ____ ...••.•. ____ .••••• ------752 Average salary paid male teachers ..••••••.•••••••••.••••. ----. --- --• ------$44.86 956 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Average salary paid female teachers ...... ______$36.87 Number of children enrollecl in schools (males). __ . ___ . _____ . _. ___ . _____ .. __ 14,469 Number of children enrolled in schools (females)._._ .. ____ . ____ . ____ . __ --·. 15,523 A. verage dail~- attendance ...... ___ ... _. __ ..... ___ . ___ . _•••.. ____ .. _. __ .... 21,604 Total number of chilclren in Territory .. _--· ..... _. _____ . _.. _... ···- ______. 64,074 Number of graded schools in Territory ...... ·--· .. ·---·· .. ·-·· __ . 32 Number of schools furnished with unabridged dictionary ____ .. ______... _ 128 Number of institutes helcl during year ...... ·-·· ______.. ··-- __ .. ·-·-····. 2-0 Number of teachers attending institutes ...... __ .... ____ ....• __ ... ______.. 619 The sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections of every township in Wash ington Territory are, by law, dedicated to the use of the schools of the future State. The number of acres of this sort, will, it is estimated, be 2,000,000, from which, even at a ver,y low price an acre, it is clear our school system will be placed upon a substantial basis. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. The Territorial University at Seattle has an attendance of 150 stu dents and a faculty of 5 professors. It receives an annual appropriation of $5,000 from the legislature. It has a library.- Prof. L. E. Follansbee, of Olympia, furnishes me the following informa tion concerning academies and colleges. Only those are mentioned that have already their own buildings : Washington College is a school for boys, at Tacoma, and is well patronized. It has a liberal endowment. · 'l'he Annie Wright Seminary is a, school for young ladies, at the same place, and is · in a flouriahing condition. Both this an SCHOOL .A.ND UNIVERSITY LANDS. Of these there is little to be said. The Government has set apart 2,000,000 acres for the use of our schools, but we have at present no control of such lands. A law, indeed, was many years ago passed by the legislature, and afterwards re-enacted, authorizing the county com missioners to lease them to tenants; but this has naturally been but little acted upon, as there was no power in the premises. . The value of these lands varies a great deal, from $2 or $3 an acre in some localities to $50 and even $75 in others. I believe there is no law by which any title to these lands can be vested in individuals, and I rec ommend that they be left in that condition until the admission of the Territory as a State of the Union. . . In regard to university lands, I quote from the report, for the year, of the board of regents, as follows: After the location of the Territorial University at Seattle, in 1860, by the Territorial . legislature, an act was paEtsed by the same body, on January 11, 1861, creating a, board of three commissioners, with nuthority to select and locate the lands directed to be reserved by act of Congress, as above stated, and also with authorit,y to sell any and all lands thus located for any sum not less than $1.50 per acre. Armed with this authority, the board of commissioners proceeded not only to locate this land, but also to sell the same, and with the proceeds of these sales the present university buildings )Vere erected shortly thereafter uron 10 acres of land donated for that pur pose by Hon, A. A. Denny. · The erect.ion of these buildings and the improvement of -the grounds, with the expenses of the commissioners, .practically exhausted the funds derived from the sale of lands by the commissioners. Of course the act of the legislature of January 11, 1861, authorizi~g the sale of the reserved lands, as well as the acts of the commissioners undertaking to convey title thereto, were clearly repugnant to the act of Congress above cited; w hioh act simply contemplated a reservation instead of a grant, as assumed by the commissioners. In 1864 it was authoritatively decided by the Land Department of the Government that the Territorial authorities had no legal rights to convey tho lands. It appeared, however, that a large number of persons had purchased these lands from the commis sioners prior to that date, and had paid the purchase price in good faith, fully be lieving that the commissioners bad the legal right to sell the same and that they ' were acquiring a valid title. To relieve this class of purchasers, Congress, on the 14th day of March, 1864, passed an act providing, in substance, that in all cases of sales made to individuals by Territorial authorities prior to that time, in which it was shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Interior that such sales were made bona :fide, and that such tracts were properly selected, it should be lawful for the Secretary to approve such selection as a grant in fee-simple, and that a transcript thereof, duly certified by the General Land Office, should vest the title in the Terri tory and its bona-fide vendees. (13 Stats. at L., p. 28.) Shortly after the passage of this act of Congress the Territorial legislature abol i~hed the board of university commissioners, and only a few very imperfect records of the acts and doings of the board are supposed to be extant to aid in ascertaining the status of these landEt. It is known, however, that a poriion of the lands, se lected and sold as above stated, have been approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and that others selected are still held by the Government as reserve lands for uni versity purposes. We also believe that additional lauds may be selected to make up the quantity prescribed by the act of Congress. As regents we have made repeated efforts to ascertain precisely the quantity and descrjption of lands con.firmed, the 958 HEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. quantity and description of 1ands still held in reserve, an LABOR SUPPLY. No adequate reports upon the subject of labor have been sent in, and it is not possible to give any statistics upon it. Requests for informa tion were mailed to the secretaries of several of the labor organizations, but only from two or three were any replie~ obtained. At the present writing it is clear that the labor supply is hardly, upon the whole, equal to the demand. During the past summer the degree of building has be1:1n much greater than for two ;years previous, while the laboring classes had, in the late dull times, wandered into other dis tricts.- As yet the return of the former surplus has not begun, so that very few who are here at present need long remain idle. Indeed, there can now be observed at t-imes in applicants for employm~nt a fastidious ness that was very rare last summer. The price of labor bas corre spondingly increased. A Seattle paper states that on the first two days of a certain week one hundred and seventeen men were sent to work upon the railways at $:t75 a day. The average workman is there re ported to be in demand at from $2.25 to $3.50 a day, "and more in some classes of skilled work." At the same place servant girls are wanted at $15 a month and more, and in hotel service at from $20 to $25 a month. In short, the laboring classes in the towns are in very fair demand. In addition to the erection of many private structures the railway im provements in vario_us parts of the Territory have called for many work men. The lumber mills are active, and the logging camps. Adv-ertise ments for workmen are common on the streets of our principal citie . In the rural districts the ntecl of workmen is, of cour·se, much le s at most times of the 3'ear; and from these quarters the reports are that the demand and supply are about equal. Yet even theee the supply i , in places, inadequate. I quote from the auditor of Yakima County: The labor supply is limited. Gi;eat difficulty is experienced io procuring any and all kinds of labor. Indians do the hop picking chiefly. A few Chinamen are em ployed in the county foi- the want of white labor. Skilled mechanics are few in number, and farm laborers are in demand at all sea ons of the year, particularly during the spring and summer months. The assessor of Chehalis County reports : At pre ent the labor supply is scarcely equal to the demand; the mills increa ing fast enough to need every one coming into the county. From these two reports, from counties on either side of the mountain , it i clear tllat, even in the rural districts, the nppl,y is not above the demand. In Clallam, a somewhat remote county, the superintendent of school~ tate that work can be hacl there by all who come. llow far the railway enterpri e and tue building of the pre ent au ~nrnn m y affect thi tate of tiling. , and how liable we are to relap e m~ a carcity of labor, it is bard to ])redict. The ecretary of the Kmgllt · of Lab rat Tacoma communicate a, follow : At th pre nt ti~ th re is a considerable amount of work going on, which may be coo idered xcept10oal. The extension of the railroad and wharve , new ware- TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 959 houses for storing wheat, and street grading, etc., have created quite a de.mand for carpenters and ordinary laborers; but the s?pply is_ fairly _eqna,l io the demand, a~d the wao-es are o-ood. In a mont,h or AC, as this work 1s nearrng complet10n, there will be a c~nsiden~hle surplus of la,borem and mechanics. In winter there will be at least two-thirds of the laboring population out of employment. It has been so, to my knowledge, for the past two winters. How far this prediction will prove true remains to be seen. That there will be less work during the winter than at present is very proba ble, but whether the falling off will be as marked as heretofore is ques tionable. During the past two.winters referred to, the dullness in our chief industry of lumber was very great, but the very opposite is now true in respect to it. . T_be Chinese continue to be the house servants in the larger and in many of the smaller towns. As washermen they are nearly universal in places of all sizes. There bas been a general belief that white women could not be found who would do these tasks, after the employment had been degraded by its falling exclusively into the hands of the Uhinese. Bnt in T.acoma, where none vf this race are permitted to stay, the yonng women have readily taken their places. CONDITION OF THE INDIANS IN THE TERRITORY. The Indians of Washington Territory comprise many tribes and speak a great variety of tongues. There isa common jargon of limited vocab ulary, called Chinook, which seems to supply the wants of these taci turn and uncommercial peoples. The Chinookjargon was the invention of the servants of the Hudson Bay Company, and was used by them as a common medium of communication with the different tribes. It is to this day the common tongue, not only of Indians belonging to different tribes, but of the Indians and whites when they communicate with eacll other. As the country becomes more t!Jickly populated, however, this jargon will not answer the wants of the more extended communications, and will become a tradition, like the dialects of the tribes that h'ave been exterminated. The Indians, of course, would prefer to remain by themselves·, but they are not a dull or an unrea~mnably obstinate race, and, recognizing the march of events, they perceive that the choice for them is to adapt themselves to the ways of the white man or fade from the face of the ·earth. Their intelligence leads them to adopt the former alternative, and when -the,v abandon their tribal relations, take land in severalty, aud endeavor to conform to the hab:ts and customs of the dominant race, they are geuerally well received. The opposition to them does not partake of the character of race enmity, but arises from specific acts, and may be easily ov~rcome. Indians of half and full blood who have become civilized are well thought of, and their rights are re spected. It is clear tbat even the tribes of the Pacific coast, that may be said to posse8s the least intelligence, and least physical qualifications of all the North .AmeriMn Indians, still are an as~imilating race. The policy of the Government should be to encourage the abandonment of the tribal relation, and to turn the ambition of the individual Indian from feats of arm·s and daring to the attainment of distinction in the walks of civilized life. This scheme has worked well in the case of the Makabs, as is evidenced from the following extract from a communication from· Capt. J. G. Swan, published elsewhere in this report. Speaking of the seal fishery, Captain Swan says: The Government of the United States has wisely encourag-ed the Maka.h Indians in self-support, by permitting them to own and command vessels. Five schooners have 960 REPORT 01!' THE SECRETARY OF THE JNTERIOR. already been purchased and commanded by the Makabs, who have proved themselves worthy of encouragement. They transact their business at the custom-hou&e with a - feeling of pride that t,hey are considered capable of emulating the ways of white men; and the officers of the custom-liouse have kindly explained tu them the re quirements, that they may not infringe the laws. One of these schooners, the Lottie, owned by Capt. James Claplanoo, a full-blooded Makab, has just returned from a suc cessful sealing voyage to Behring Sea. She had a white man as sailing master, but all the rest on board were Indians. Some of the young men, who have been educated at the agency, will learn navigation and will be able to go to sea without white men to assist. I _am convinced that similar treatment would produce similar results in every part of the United States, even on the reservations, but the true policy of the Government, in my opinion, is to encourage the scat tering of the tribes and the assumption of individual liability by their numbers, instead of caring for them in bodies on reservations. There are in the Territory 6 Indian ageil-cies, comprising 16 reserrn tions. In the schools some of the young people show capacity and industry. The following account of the Quinaielt school may be of in terest: There 1s a buarding-scbool and a day school at this agency. Each contains 19 scholars. The branches taught are United States history, writing, dictation, geogra phy, arithmetic, and spelling. The male boarding scholars are taught field aod gar den work, the girls general household duties, such as cooking, bread and pastry mak ing, washing, and ironing, They are also taught to make and. repair garments for both sexes. The total acreage in Indian reservations for the Territory is 4,086,148. Of this, 3,753,000 acres lie east of the Cascade Mountains, and 333,148 acres west of the mountains. The total Indian population, not including that of the Colville Agency, of which no report was given in 1885, and noue has been sent this year, is 5,895, of which 1,741, besides the Uolville, are east of the monnrains, and 4,156 are west of ti.le mountains. The number of acres to each Indian on the eastern side woultl therefore l>e 2,155; in the western, 75; in the Territory, 692. These figures are for the nurn ber of Indians liv ing on t,be reservations only. The report from this office for 1885 gives the entire number of Indians living in the Territory as about 11,000, of which number it was estimated that about three-fifths lived on the reservations. This would make, at that time, 6,600 living on tbe reservations. Our report would indicate a slight PUBLIC BUILDINGS. A decided advance is noted in the public buildings of the Territory, and of the counties. As yet, indeed, we have no public edifices that would attract much attention in the rich States of the East; but we have some that, in proportion to our wealth and population, are very credit able; and it is certain that the Territory has arrived at a generation of improvement in this respect. In eastern Washfogton much emulation is noticed between v_arious counties to l)uild handsome county edifices. The court-house at Walla Walla is stated to have cost $75,000; one at Dayton, $40,000; in Kitti tass, $20,000; at Spra.~ue, $9,000. The Yakima Board of Tr-ade reports an expenditure of $60,000 in various public buildings. Whitman County has invested $25,000 in grounds and buildings for a fair. Clark County has a fire-proof court-house, costing $35,000. In nearly all the cities of the Territory there has been surprising en terpriHe in water and gas supply. Few that have attained a population of 1,000 are without facilities in one or both kinds. vVhere the towns are large, as in the case of Spokane, Walla Walla, Tacoma, and Seattle, the systems of water, gas, and electric supply are exceedingly good. In the fire departments of our cities there is likewise most creditable in- vestment. · SCHOOL FOR DEFECTIVE YOUTH. A school for the deaf and dumb, with the above given name, has lately been established at Vancouver, on the Columbia. Formerly, per sons afflicted in this way were sent to the school in Oregon at the Ter ritory's expense ; but the present institution makes that arrangement un»ecessary. The cost of the grounds and the buildings was $5,000; the legislative grant for the year, $3,000; and the cost of maintenance during that period,$3,500. There are eighteen inmates, of whom eleven are males and seven females. There are two teachers and a matron. Some beginnings, though humble, have been made in a library and museum. INSANE ASYLUM. The Territorial Asylum for the Insane is at Steilacoom, in the county of Pierce, and not far from the Sound. The site and the buildings formed au old military post which, when it was abandoned, the Terri tory obtained for the purposes of this institution, and has ever since held. The total number of acres in the asylum tract is 631. The spot INT 87-VOL 1--61 962 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 01!' THE INTERIOR. is said to be extremely healthful. The hoE-pital was established in the year 1871, when it had twenty-one inmates, and the old buildings of the garrison were made into wards. These are st ill in use for tlle purposes of tlle asylum, but the patients are about to be removed totbenewand handsome structure now ready on the same premiAes, a structure built at an outlay of $100,000 from the Territorial treasur,y. It is a. brick building and will afford room for three hundred patients. The a8ylum is supported by appropriations of about $30,000 a year. It is governed by a board of tru8tees appointed by the governor, and liable to be re moved by him for cause. Under the trustees is the superintending physician who, wi.th the trustees, bas the appointment of subor PE~TJTENTU.RY. In early days in the Territory prisoners were consigned to the differ ent county jails, and there kept as Territorial convicts at the Territory's expense. Afterwards it became usual to farm them to companies of con tractors iu manufacture. Under the latter system the Territorial peni tentiary was, during many years, in effect at Seatco, in Thurston Coun ty, ou the line of the Northern Pacific Railway. It was, llowever, de termined at length to build a general prison, and Walla Walla was fixed upou. 'l'bere a fine new penitentiary was erected. by the Territory at an expense of $60,000, and the convicts are already confined within it. Tile number of the inmates is 103. THE CAPITOL. The capitol building at Olympia is a very ordinary wooden structure, but affords room for the legislature and Territorial library. It is prob able that a more expensive structure will not be erected until the Ter ritory becomes a State. LEGISLA'.l.'ION. The people of this Territory are very much in favor of legislation ou the following RUQjects: First. A l>i11 admitting the Territory into the sisterhood of Stat without any other condition than the ones prescribed by the Oonstitu tiou of the United States. Washington Territory is to-day a great commonwealth, and ha beeu built up out of the wiJcJ.erness by an English-spl'akiug people who love their couutr:v with the affection of children. As is bown iu tlJi · repol't, she has a permanent population engaged iu agriculture, stock-rai:i?g, ma11nfactnres, an Fifth. The amendment of the Chinese restriction act so as to make it more effective in practice. These people are passing our borders in collsiderable numbers, both by water and land, and the custom-house officers from lack of necessary forces, are unable to prevent it. · They are inv~ders. They come here not only against our expressed wishes, but in defiance of our laws. Such invaders should be dealt with so se verely that others would hesitate· to take the risk of following their ex ample. Sixth. The allotment to a)l Indians of lands in severalty, under proper restrictions as to right of alienation, and the restoration to the publ~c domain of the surplus htnds of the reservations. I believe that this would reduce the frictfon between the whites and Indians to zero, and make the latter self-sustaining in a short time. . Seventh. A bill to credit the Territory of Washington for the value of arms and munitions of war loaned to the State of Oregon d~ring the Nez Perce Indian outbreak of 1877-'78. These arms and munitions were - loaned to the State of Oregon in a great emergency, and have never been accounted for in any way. As under the new law iu regard to the distribution of military equipments by the Federal Government, the proper officers of the States and Territories are required to account for them on blanks fnrnislled by the War Department, a bill should be passed authorizing the Secretary to credit the account of this Territory and charge that of the State of Oregon with the equipments mentioned in the article on the national guard, on page 60 of this report. Eig·hth. 'l'he establishment of a port of entry on Gray's Harbor, to accommodate the :r;apidly increasing commerce of that rich and exten sive section of the 'l'erritory. Ninth. The legislature of-Washington Territory, at its session of 1877, passed a law providing for a constitutional conventio·n to be held at Walla Walla in June, 1878. Section 11 of said act provided" that the counties of Idaho, Shoshone, and Nez Perces, in the Territory of Idaho, are requested to elect a delegate to said convention, who shall be a mem- ber of said convention with the privilege of the floor, but shall not be • entitled to vote, and the sum of $200 is hereby appropriated as the compensation of said delegate." . In pursuance of this act delegates were elected, a convention assem ble UNDEVELOPED RESOURCES. Very few of the resources of this Territory can be said to be fully db· veloped, so nearly all the vast list could come under this head; but I will only mention a few. What is needed just now is capital to develop the very extensive and valuable iron mines. These are in proximity to lime and coal, and all are convenient to tide-water. On the upper Skagit River are said to be extensive quarries of the finest marble. Specimens shown to me as coming from there were suit able for statuary. There are mines of gold and silver, lead, copper, and other minerals that are pronounced to be vaster in extent and richer than those of Oreur d'Alene 'in Idaho. These are at present comparatively inacces sible, but projected railways will soon reach them. . Off the coast of Washington Territory are banks that afford tlle finest cod and halibut fishing. The difficulty in utilizing them arises from the fact that the banks extend into British waters, and American vessels are not permitted to follow the migratory fishes to the north ward. This circumstance practically destroys the value of the fisheries for both nations, as the banks extend along the coasts of Oregon, Wash ington, British Columbia, and Alaska, and the schools of fish are con- stantly changing their position. Vessels, if not permitted to follow them, must, therefore, be alternately busy and idle for uncertain periods. Petroleum is believed to exist under the Puget Sound Basin, and ex perts have stated it will certainly be found in paying quantities when ever borings are made to the proper depth. Thousands of acres of the richest lands that are overflowed only by the highest tides exist on Puget Sound, Gray's Harbor, Shoal Water Bay, rtnd the Oolum bia River. These lands are easily diked, and, when so protected, yield almost incredible quantities of oats, hay, and other crops. Large areas of bottom lands are cqvered with the cottonwoods out of which paper-pulp is made, and the limited number of mills for using it now in operation are paying investments. Forests of larch and white pine, finer and more extensive than any yet opened by loggers, exist in remote localities where railroads of con siderable length must be constructed to move their product . · Hemlock bark for tanning purposes may be readily and cheaply ob tained, and also other raw materials for the manufacture of leather. The fe·w tanneries in the Territory are paying- profits to their owners. Altogether there is no more inviting field in the United States for the investment of capital than Washington Territory. COMMERCE. The commerce of Washington Territory i o much more extensive than i commonly imagined, that it may be a surpri e to some to know that there is hardly a quarter of the world that is not r presented in our harbors. The followrng bas bee~ taken from one of the regular comm rcial telegrams sent from Port Town, end to one of the principal daily new pap r · of the Sound. It ha been elected at random, and will pr al>ly afford a notion of the variety of the nation that trade with tbi region: Po T TOWN :ITT·D, eptember 21. Tb' exp rt of coal a,nd lnmb r from Puget Sound for the pa t week numbered fonr t n a~~o , tak n b the following ve el : 1"r<»,l Taoo,,UL.- pt mber 15 stea.mer·San Pedro for Sa.n Francisco· steamer Me:rico, •teamer ldah{), for Alaska. ' ' ' TERRITORY OF WASHING TON. 965 From Seattle.-September 14, ship Blue ,Tacket, Captain Storr, for San. Francif.;e,?; steamer Idaho, Captain Wallace, for Alaska. September 16, steamer .Mexico, Captam Huntington, for San Francisco; steamer Walla Walla, Captain Hansen, for San Francisco. From Port Blakely.-September 16, American schooner Repo1·ter, Captain Madson, for San Buena Ventura; schooner William F. Weitzman, Cap1ain Johnson, for S_anta Barbara. September 20, American ship Mercury, Captain Panno, for San Francisco; ship Kate Davenp01·t, Captain Howland, for. San Diego. Front Port Gamble.-September 16, bark Hope, Captain Penhallow, for Honolulu; September 20, bark Atalanta, Captain Tibbets, for San ·Diego; bark Cowlitz, Captain Gammons, for San Francisco. From Port Madison.-September 16, bark Northwest, Captain McGuire, for San Francisco; schooner Quickstep, Captain Jacobson, for San Francisco. Vessels on their way to p01·ts on Puget Soundfrorn coastwise pm·ts. From San Francisco.-Sailed August 31, ship Oregnn, Ritchard, to Port Townsend; sailed August 31, bark Oakland,---, to Sound; sailed September 1, bark Mary Glover, Darrah, to Port Discovery ; sa~led September 2, bark 0. 0. Whitmore, Thomp son, to Port Townsend; sailed September 6, bark General Butler, Clapp, to Puget Sound; sailed September 9, ship Spartan, Polite, to Seattle; sailed September 10, ship Estrella, Serro, to Port Townsend; sailed September 10, ship Oriental, Slater, to Ta coma; sailed September 10, bark Makah, Thompson, to Port Discovery; sailed Sep tember 11, bark Normandy, Tukek, to Port Townsend; sailed September 11, bark Cal ifornia, Davis, to Port Gamble; sailed September 11, bark Sanonia, Griffith, to Port Ludlow; sailed September 13, ship Challenge1·, to Port Townsend; sailed September 13, bark Retriever, Gray, to Port Townsend; sailed September 13, ship Ivanhoe, to Seattle; sailed September 14, bark Plymouth,--, to Port Townsend; sailed Sep tember 14, ship Harvester, Schaunder, to Port Discovery. From San Diego.-Sailecl August 26, schooner Norma, Lovedale, to Sound; Septem ber 1, barkentine Modoc, --, to Sound; sailed September 1, bark Hesper,---, to, Sound. From San Pedro.-Sailed August 23, barkentine Annie Larson, Larson, to Sound; sailed ---- , ship ,lohn Bryce, Murphy, to Sound. - Vessels on their way to Puget Sound and B1·itish Columbia front foreign ports. British bark Argyleshire, Purdie, from Ban~kok L British schooner Sapphire, Cox, from Halifax; British schooner Vivia, Baker, from Halifax; American ship A.lex. Gib son, Speed, from Hawaii; British bark Premier, Rowe, from Iq uiq ue; British bark · Arboryite, Campbell, from Liverpnol; British bark Craigwhinnie, from Loudon; Brit ish bark The Frederick, Clarke, from London; British ship Cape Verdi, Mitchel, from Maryport; British bark Costa Rica, Hams worth, from Melbourne; British schooner Chanipion, Oranville, from Quebec; Chilian bark Pacific, Wilson, Valparaiso. · For the following custom-house statistics I am indebted to the Hon. Quincy A. Brooks, collector of the port at Port Townsend, and to Capt. E. N. Biondi, agent of the board of underwriters of San Francisco and marine surveyor at Port Townsend : Since the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway a large amount ·of business that formerly was transacted through this collection district has been deflected. The surplus products of the eastern part of the Territory are shipped by way of Portland, thus swelling the exports of Oregon at the expense of this Territory. 'l'he value of the large herds of horses, cattle, and sheep that are annually driven and shipped direct by rail also naturally lessens the value of our exports. The central office of the collection district of Puget Sound is at Port Townsend, J ef ferson County, with sub-ports at Roche Harbor and O'Sooyoos. Vessels are constantly coming from and departing for all parts of the world from Puget Sound. The number of steam vessels registered at the custom-house is 104, .with an aggre gate tonnage of 11,58~.32, an increase of 14 since last report. These vessels only ply upon the waters of Puget Sound to supply the local need. The steamers that ply between Sound ports and San Francisco, Portland, and Alaska are all registered either in San Francisco or Portland. There are 168 vessels of all kinds documented at the custom-house, with an aggre gate tonnage of 40,:106. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, 994 vessels, with an aggregate tonnage of 539,597, of which 155 were coasters and 839 foreign, were entered. Entrances and clearances, 1,982 vessels ; aggregating 1,054,038 tons. 966 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Average monthly entrances and clearances, vessels, 165 ;tonnage, 87,836. There were 26 new vessels built, and 3 rebuilt, during the year, of which 12 were steam-vessels, with a tonnage of l,OOi.43, and 17 sailmg vessels, with a tonnage of 4,464 ~! Total tonnage, 5,466.74. Revenues collected during the year ....•....••...•••....•••..•••••...... $40,015.76 Miscellanemie receipts...... • . . • . . . . . • • • . . . • . . . • . . • • • . . • • • • . . . • • ...... 22, 249. 04 Total receipts...... • . . . . . • • . . . . • . • • • • . . . • • •• • • • . • . . • .. . • ...... 62, 264. eO an increase since last report of $14,688.17. A recapitulation of the tables shows the value of exports from this district for the year to have been: Coal·..••••...•...••••..••••..••••....•.••••.••••..••••.•••••..•.•...... $1,549,652 Lumber ....•..••••....••...... •••••.•.••.••••••••••••.••••.••...... 3,090,696 Miscellaneous and produce . . • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • . . . • • • . . • . . . . . • . 2, 527, 000 Total coastwise...... • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • . • . • • . • . . • . • • • • • • • . . . • 7, 167, 348 Foreign exports . . . • • . . . • • . . • • . • • • • . . . . • . . . • . • • ••• • • • • • . . • • • . . . • . • • • • . . 1,769,209 Total exports, foreign and coastwise . . . • • • • . • • • • . • . • • • • • • . . . . • . . . 8, 936, 557 There are nine loading ports in the district-Ports Discovery, Hadlock, Ludlow, Gamble, Madison, Blakely, Tacoma, Seattle, and Utsalady. During the year salmon and miscellaneous merchandise to the value of $&9,415 passed through in transit. Since July 1 and prior to September 1, 1887, tea and si!k valued at $53,0b5, salmon $59,071, have been imported in transit. Railroad iron, steel rails, two cargoes, value $87,000, duty $65,000, have been received. Value of exports and imports from J11,ly 1, 1686, to June 30, 1887, district of Puget Sound. Value of domestic-exports shipped. I Tota.lex- Months. Imports. ports and InAmeri- Inforeign I Total ex· imports. can vessels. vessels. ports. July ...... $121,865 $45,014 $166,879 $107,151 $~74, oao 107, S-26 59,792 107,618 11 , 447 J'i!l,065 114,427 54,841 16~, 268 54,339 223,607 t~i:b~~:::::::::::::::::::::::: ~::::: ~ 97,080 52. 809 149,889 24,037 173,926 November ...... 107, 190 1J2, 333 219, G23 20, !176 210, 499 December ...... 73,597 37,467 111,064 23,,!.18 131, 5 ~ 60,532 45,813 106,345 8,641 JH,986 64,518 53,312 117,830 4, 8:!l 122,651 ~!!1?~: :: ::: : :: ::: :: ::: : :: ::: :: : : :: : :: 77,297 35,982 113,279 10,188 l:?3, 407 April ...... 91,625 83,443 175,068 16, '745 101, 813 75,807 29,727 105,584 26,973 13~, 007 ~la:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72, 711 94,201 166,912 39,441 206,353 Total ...... 1,064,475 704,734 1,769,209 348,277 2,117,486 ~~=i~n:ie:~0:J~i>i;:::: ::: ::: :: :: .: :: ::::::: :::::::::: :::: ::: :: :: ::: ::: ::::::: :: :: : :::: :: ~~: m:: Vess fso~!::~~~ :::·.:·.:::: ::::::·.: :: :·. ::·.:: ::::::::: :::·.:: ::: ::·. :::::::::: ::::: ::: :::::: 62, 26\: Tonuage ...... 42~,6~ Imports since June 3Q, 1887, to August 31, 1887. ••• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .. ••••••••••••• - •• •• • ·.. "' TERRiTORY OP WASHiNGTON. 967 Entrances, clearances, and tonnage in the district of Puget Sound from July 1, 1886, to June 30 1887. PORT TOWNSEND. rii Clearances. (I) Entrances. 0 s:l ci:l ~ 1P (I) · 112 Q) 'o fo 112 ·; .f 1P a .. "d -i ~ ·a3a ci:l ,;l ·e a al ~ Months. ] 0 I ·s (I) 112 rt.i ci:l (I) ! ,;l So< (I) 0 ~ 112 0 0 ,:;, ci:l'° a0 0 <'J 0 ~ ,;l 0 A 0 fd 0 s0 4:::: a0 ca 0 ~ ,;l So< fd s-, ~ 4:::: ~ -+'> .s A .s rd rd fd <'J ,:;, A 0 ,:;, A ~(I) ~ bl) ~ ·t bl) ·t .; ·g 6b -~ (I) s (I) (I) 'ci5 (I) 'ep ~ ~ ~ :a ~ ~ l s 0 0 0 s 0 s 0 0 ~ -.q -.q r;.:. -.q r;.:. ~ r;.:. E-f ----P't --E-f --E-f 7 1 60 7 75 9 ..... 61 8 78 153 6 .... 51 13 70 7 .. ... 54 9 70 140 10 .... 51 16 77 5 . .... 50 13 68 145 ~E;~1::;iiiiiii:);;:)i::: 10 1 53 15 79 10 .... 54 14 78 157 November ...•.•...... 10 2 47 6 65 9 .... 52 17 78 148 December ...... 6 2 55 7 70 4 ...... 52 10 66 186 4 1 40 11 56 6 .... 45 10 61 117 8 1 86 8 53 7 ...... 40 10 57 110 12 . .... • 45 9 66 10 . ... 40 7 57 123 28 3 44 14 89 6 ... 58 13 77 1()6 ~~i~)))))/)))))))/i 17 4 43 6 70 18 ..... 45 6 69 139 19 47 75 15 1 55 14 85 160 -- 2 ----7 ------Totals ..••....•...•...•..•... 137 -17 572 119 845 106 - 1 606 131 844 1,689 ROCHE HARBOR. i~Iu~·t·::::::·::::::::::::::::::::: :::::: :::: ½~ ½~ }! U :t ~~:t1!~~~----.-.-.-::::::::::::::::::: :::::: :::: i~ ~g i~ 112 24 November .. .. .••...•.•..••..•...... 7 1 8 6 i i~ December...... •...... 14 1 15 14 2 16 31 .January ...... 10 10 10 10 20 if!I!iiii::)::i!i!!);;;: ;;/ i) .1! ; :i ii i it !l .Tune...... 11 i 12 9 i i~ ~~ Tota.la...... 1 . • • . 132 16 149 • • •• • • • • • • 128 16 144 293 968 __ _ REPORT OF TllE SECRET.ARY OF THE INTERIOR. Entrances, clearances, and tonnage in the distriet of Puget Sound, /c.-Continoed. RECAPITULATION. Entrancea. 4) Ill ci -~ Ill j ~ 1 -a.... =bO 0 :Ii ·a Months. 0 0 .s .... Iii 0 Q) a ~ 0 a ~ El ~ 0 ct."; 0 , E-4 E--1 July ...... _·.: -~' ...... 7 1 72 7 87 47,614 6 67 13 86 41,240 10 63 16 89 45,452 ti~;~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 1 63 15 89 46,827 November ...... 10 2 54 7 73 43,304 December ...... 6 i 69 8 85 39, 5£6 4 1 50 11 66 31,303 8 1 41 10 60 32,248 tl~!i~::: :·:·:.: :: ::: ::: : :: :::: : :: ::: : ::: : ::: ::: :::: : ::: : ::.: ::: _: 13 57 13 83 45, 2 7 April...... 28 3 57 19 107 62, 0~6 17 4 53 8 82 50,455 f~e: ::: :::: :::::: ::: ::: :::: :: ::::: :: ::::: :::::::::::: :::::::::: 19 2 58 8 87 5-l, 275 ------Grand totals ...... --138 17 --704- 135 994 539,597 '0 Clea.ranees. ~ i 'o '0 Q) 4) '0 Gi Ill ~ ~ ! I ·a.... ~ m m ao 5,i;; i ~ ·s Q) Q)Q) .... Q)~ :Months. ~ 0 .s 0 t41CI) 0 0 .... .s 0 .... .s .... ti ;i.... ~ ~ i'o .s ~ .s Q) 4) ; 0 b.t 5 .s §i §i c3 dl ] .Q 'd ·s.... ·s.... 3 l 0 0 0 § "'0 0 ~ P'f ~ fa::! E-4 E-4 ---E:-1 ---E-4 July······································· 9 73 8 90 46,662 177 94,276 7 68 9 84 42,824 170 84,064 5 62 13 80 36,455 169 81,907 t~i~~~:::: :::::~: ::: :: ::::::: :: ::: : : : : : 10 64 14 88 42,888 177 89,715 November ...... 9 58 17 84 51,036 157 9-l, 340 December...... 4 66 12 82 36,261 167 75, 8'27 January ...... 6 55 10 :n 35,260 137 66,563 7 45 12 64 33,420 124- 65,668 ir6a~clla:!.::::: :::: :::::::: :::::::: ::::::::: 10 53 11 74 36,330 157 81,617 April ...... 6 71 17 94 48,817 201 110,843 May ...... 18 55 9 82 47,365 164 97,8'.W June ...... 15 64 15 95 57,123 182 111,398 1 ------Grand totala ...... --106 - 1 --734 --147 988 514, 44-1 1,982 1,054,038 TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 969 List of vessels built and rebuilt in the district of Puget Sou11d, from July 1, 1886, h Scp te1nbe1· 3~, 1887. . Tonnage. Dimensions. Name. Rig,. Where built. Gross. Net. Length. Breadth. Depth. - Ft. In. Ft.In. Ft.In. Gleaner ••••••••••.. Steamer ...... Seattle .••....•.. 34. 28 17.14 68 0 10 8 - 1 7 Grace ..•.•••••.•••• ... d.o •• .... do ... : ...... 43. 88 27. 22 53 3 14 4 6 1 Planter .••.•••••••• Barkentine .. .. Bort Ludlow .... 524. 75 498. 52 158 7 37 5 13 5 Clara Brown .••••• • Steamer ...... Tacoma .•••..... 19C. 93 111. 86 99 8 22 1 4 1 Wildwood* ••••.•...... do ...... Seattle ...... 53. 58 26. 79 66 6 15 6 5 2 Henrietta ..•.•••••• Schooner ...... Lopez Island ... 31. 28 30. 52 52 6 19 8 5 0 Edith E •••••••.••. Steamer ...... Houghton ...••.• 21, 88 11. 80 39 0 11 0 4 1 Comet ..••...•. . ... Schooner ...... Port Blakely .... 429. 74 408. 26 144 6 35 2 11 4 Planter .••....••. ._ .... do .•..•...•. ... . do ...... 444. 39 422.18 151 0 29 8 12 3 Escort ....•.•••.... do .•...•.••. Dewatto .....•.. 8.30 7. 89 29 2 10 7 3 6 Roxie ...... ••.•. Sloop ...... Coupeville ...... 5. 34 5. 07 29 0 9 7 3 4 Allie I . .Algar ..•... Schooner ...... Seattle ..•.....•. 79.42 75.45 76 0 25 0 8 5 L. D. Perry* ..•.... Steam schooner .... do ...... 49.68 39. 98 77 0 16 6 5 1 S. N. Castle ...... Barkentine .... Port Blakely . ... 514: 81 489. u7 155 8 35 1 13 7 Rip Van Winkle* . . Steamer ...... Seattle ..••...•.. 42.15 21. 08 56 8 16 4 6 9 .Bessie ....•...... do .•...... •. Tacoma ...... 14. 49 7. 25 40 6 9 6 3 7 August ...•...... Sloop .•.•.• . ... Twelve Mile 10.63 10.10 39 5 13 3 3 7 Point. Adventure ..•...... do ...... ••. Seattle 18.57 12. 9tJ 37 4 12 3 3 5 S. G. Wilder ...... Barkentine .... Port Blakely .... 609. 88 579. 39 166 8 37 3 1/i 0 May-Queen ...... Steamer ...... • Seattlo ...... 86. 37 47. 99 74 3 14 $ 3 8 S'Kagit Chief...... do ...... Tacoma ...... • 345. 00 241.17 137 5 26 3 5 5 Margret ...... Sloop .•..•.•••. Port Gamble .... 8. 91 8.47 33 0 1_2 0 3 7 Lizzie Vance ...... Schooner .•.•.. Port Blakely .•.• 434. 97 413. 23 148 5 36 1 11 3 S. Violet ...•...... Steamer ...•... Seattle ...... 17.11 8. 56 34 7 12 5 4 2 . Fred. E. Sauder ... Schooner ...••. Port BlakPly ..•. 463.47 440. 30 157 0 37 1 11 3 W. F. Jewett .••...... do ...•••.... Port Ludlow .••. 476. 30 452. 49 155 7 37 7 12 0 American Ranger •. ... do ...•.•..•. Dewatto ....•••. 22. 79 21. 66 88 0 13 6 5 5 Zampa .•••.•....•.• .... do ...•...... Port Madison . .• 385. 76 366. 48 145 7 36 0 10 4 103. 08 51. 54 81 4 20 g Rainier ..•. : ....••. Steamer .•..•.. Seattle .••••••••. ------9 7 Total tonnage •...... 5,466.74 4,854.36 *Rebuilt. RECAPI;TULATION. No. Gross ton· ·Net ton. nage. nage. Steam.vessels built during the year...... 12 1, 002. 43 612. 38 Sailing vessels built during the year • • • • • . • • • • • ••• • •• . • • • •• •••••• ••• • • • . • . . 17 4, 464. 31 4, 241. 98 --1------1-·---- Total.. .•• •• •••••• ••••••. ••••••••• •••••• •••••• ••••••• •••• ••. •••. •••• •• 29 5, 4:66. 74 4. 854. 36 !)70 REPORT OF Tirn SF C'RET .ARY OF l'IIE INTERIOR. LiBt of steam i,essels documented in the collection district of Puget Sound. ~ Tonnage. Name. Where built. ,J:l j Gross. Net. ------1------1-~:.._ ------1886 155. 07 94.54 1:~a;::i!.: :: :: : : ::: ::::::::: :::: :::::: .~~~.t~A~ ~~~~: :: :: : ::: :::: ::: :::: :: : 1882 25.40 12. 70 Addie ...•••.••••••••••••••••••..•••..••... do •.•...... •.••••...•••.....•.. 1874 81. 02 Alki ...•••.••..••..•••..•••.••••• ...... •. do ...... ••..••.•.••..••...... 1881 67. 32 89.81 1884 11.79 6. 77 1870 114. 46 ir~tr:::: ==:: =::: =:::: =:::::: ~::: =:: .~;~rf ~~t::::::::::::::::::::: 1883 19. 63 9. 77 :B~akely .••... •••••• .••••• .••. ••••.. . . Port Dlakely, Wash •.....•.....•.•.. 1872 170. 01 98. 77 1881 80. 64 40.27 1882 4. 00 1883 176. 03 125. 30 1886 14. 49 7. 25 !:~~{H\?\+/ 1883 12. 93 6. 98 f i}!:i~tJlHE/E 1878 195. 40 City of Quincy...... Portland, Oreg ...... •••••.•...... Cyrus Walker ..•.•...... •••••..•... San Francisco, Cal. ..•.....•••...... 1864 24l. 31 154. 25 Cora ..., ...... ••..•.•••.••.•..•...•...... do ...... •••..•.•••.••...... 1881 4. 00 1865 83. 30 1871 66. 88 ~~re~.:=::::::::::::::::::::===::~::: .~~~~;r~~t::: :: :::: ::: ::: ::: ::: 1883 6.00 Clara Brown...... Old Tacoma, Wash .••....•..••..... 1886 190. 93 11L86 Cascade .•••••.. •.• . .•. ••••.•...... Seattle, \Vash ..•...... ••.... 1884 89. 63 59.31 1883 36. 62 18. 26 i:\~; :::: :::::: ::: ::: :::: :::::::::::: ~:!rtl~~w!s1~::: :::::::::::::::::: :: 1880 97.87 Dispatch ...... ••..••••.••.. •.... .••. Port Madison, Wash ..••..•.••••.•.. 1876 118.68 66.46 Edna ...... • • . . • • • • • . • • • • • . • • . . . . . • . Seattle, \Vasb ...... •••.•...••.... 1882 3il.12 19. 53 Enterprise ...••....•...••••...... Port Townsend, Wash .•••.••.••.... 1884 28. 50 14. 25 1 1882 149. 00 77.21 ~dith~~ .:::: ::::::: :: :::::::::: :: : : :: ~~~t~~~~f:c~: ·c~i: ::::::: :: ::: :: :: : 1882 198. 67 135. 99 Eliza Anderson...... • . . • ...... Portland, Oreg .•...••..••...... •.•.. 1859 275. 42 197.49 Evril .. , . .•.••..••..••...•...... ••...... do ....•...... 1881 4. 00 1884 77. 27 52.18 1886 21.88 U.80 I~!~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: !t;i~;i~~: ::: :: ::: :: :::::::: 1~85 25.35 14.H Emma Hayward .•••••...•..•...... •. Portland, Oreg ...•...... •..•. 1878 613.16 456. 07 1868 269. 53 1881 ]34.67 67. 70 f[e1~!~o~ ::::::: ::: :: : : :: :: :: :: : : : : : fl!ii~(~~it~: :::::::: ::: ::::: :~ 1875 4.00 1875 163. 81 .• ll8.81 1849 235. 86 1880 43.88 27.22 1886 4. 00 1 1878 87.02 ll!76 113, 15 79.86 ti / !!!!!!HC!l!i/i lb83 109. 95 78,M Gold iil~rH!!i!!!!!!HI 1881 4·) 55 2'!.07 iii~fDust ..•....•. . .•.•••••...... The Cascades, Oreg ...... •...... 18 6 34'.28 17.14 ~~~~~:r.E.:sii~~:::::::::: :: ::: ::::: :: .~. e~t.tJ~ ~~~·:: :::: :: :: : : :: : : : : : : : : 1879 472. 66 336.63 1882 17. 87 1883 4.00 1881 278, 15 1885 25. 07 13,03 1863 172. 93 102.25 1882 94. 70 18-l4 104. 40 •••• 11-1.~ lti~l~~iiii1Iliiliiii:~i1: :\,881 11. 93 5.97 i~i!iiillil!) 268. 5:l :If~!.{ 1885 370.83 Kootenai .•. • .. ..•• •. . • ...... •. . . . . Little Dalles. Wash •...•..••..••••• Lottie...... Cypress Island, Wash ...... 1882 45. 19 30.17 Lone Fisherman .....•••••.... •...... Seattle, Wash ...... •...•.•....•• 1883 12. 92 6. 46 L. J. Perry ...... Port Gamble, Wash ..•...... ••..••. 1875 49.68 39. 1883 167. 75 129. 'i1 1881 80. 02 70,52 1886 4. 00 1886 123.19 61.60 1883 72. 67 ,1. 69 1885 42.011 21.05 w~~¥::{iiii11iiI11111I!(~iiJ1iIItI!!I! ,1.99 ay ~ueen ...... Seattle, \V'ash ..••..••.•..•••....•.. 1886 86.37 1876 121.95 97. ll 1876 100. 22 55.03 ,~~~~::: :: ::: :: : :::::::::: =::::: .~;;!~~;t::: ::: ::: ::: : :: ::: : : : 1878 33.13 24. 3'i orth Pacific ..••••••••.•••••.••..•.. San Francisco, Cal ..••••.•••••...... 1871 488. 73 345..6 0 1874 123. 71 9":!. 1868 255.44 17'- 1868 46.38 28. ll 1884 75. 27 53. 91 1883 67. 31 33. 90.!,,I {,Ztt;;1;:;)!!Ii!!Ui~jE~~1:~!tttI!Ii/I 1877 181. 81 f 1884 9-!.13 I 70.'2 ~Ip v!~Winld······················1 eattl~. Wash .•..••. .•••...•.•....•. 3 1879 !2.15 2L Rainier ...... ••••••• :::::::::: :::: t!~tJe~\~!:L:: :: ::::::::::::: :::: 1887 103.08 51.5' TERRITORY OF W .ASHINGTON. 971 List of steam vessels docum1mted in the collection district of Puget So7fnd-Continued. Tonnage. Name. Where built. Gross. Net. Saranac...... Whatcom, Wash ..••...••...••.•..•. 1878 9. 70 Shoo Fly ....•••.•••••.•••••...... Coupeville, Wash .•••••.•.•...... •. 1881 54. 63 27.32 1879 47.46 ~~!if1~ ::: :: :::: ::: ::::::: ::: ::: ::: :: : -~~-~t_t!~ ::.~~~::::: ::::: ::: : :: : :: : : : : 1881 13. OS 6.52 S. L. Mastick .••.••.•.•••.••..••...•. Port Discovery, Wash .•••••••.••••. 1869 213. 00 106. 50 1884 22. 36 12. 61 1883 4. 00 l~~:~~i~i:::: :::::::::::~::: ::::: ~ -~;~~£~~;t:::: :::::: ::: ::: : : : : 1887 345. 00 241.17 Saint Patrick...... Waterford, Wash ...... •...... •.•.. 1874 21. 75 Squak ...... •.••.•.••...... •..... Lake Washington, Wash ..•...•.... 1884 31.64 18. 51 1868 13.14 6.57 1884 316. 33 158.17 1876 239. 57 128.42 1883 16. 76 ]887 17.11 8.56 i~F\iiii+i\/I/ J~~~~~ !H+iii/ 1875 9. 92 . •••...... 1881 292. 28 . 193. 08 1883 229. 08 166. 04 !filt~=:::::);; ;; :;::;;: ;~ •. ~f~!?: :::::::::::: :; •:: • 11'8'3 181.49 99. 81 1884 , 53. 58 26. 79 ;na:~~-(~::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ri!~li:.%r~~~::::::::::::::::::::::: 1883 82. 60 55. 94 1874 326. 1>6 1874 173. 54 1885 4.00 IIE\:;:;;:)::::~::::\:::::~: J~~i~~~~~~'.\:::::)::::~ ~: 1871 ltll. 54 109. 75 Total tonnage .••••• -··· .•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.••..••..••••...•.•. 11,582.38 BANKS. National banks of the Territory. Name. Capital. Surplus. First National Bank of Colfax .•••••.•••••. -~---··········· •••••• -···· •••••••••. $50,000 $10,000 Second National Bank of Colfax .....••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••.•. 60,000 20,000 Columbia National Bank of Dayton .•••••.•••••.•••••.•.••..•••..••••••.•••..•••. 50,000 10,000 First National Bank of North Yakima ..••••••••••.••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••• 50,000 6,000 First Natior,al Bank of Olympia ..••.•.•. : ••.•••••...••..••••••••••••••••...... •. 75,000 12,000 First National Bank of Port Townsend ..••••.•••••.•••••.•••••.•••••.•••••.••••.. 50,000 25,000 First National Bank of Seattle ...•.•...•••..••••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••.•..•••••. 150,000 15,000 Merchants' National Bank of Seattle ..•.••••••••.•••••.•.•••.•••••••••••.•.•..•.. 50,000 Puget Sound National Bank of Seatt.le .•••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••...•••... 50,000 30,000 First National Bank of Spokane Falls ..••••.•••••..•••.••••••••••••.•••••...... 70,000 Traders' National Bank of SpokaneFalls ..••••...••••.••••.••••••.••••••.••••.•.. 75,000 First National Bank of Sprague ...... •••••.•••••.•••••.•••••••••••.•••••.•••••.. 50,000 1,000 Merchants' National Bank of Tacoma. ••••••.•••••.•••••••••••.•••••.•. •••.••.••.. 50,000 2,000 Pacific National Bank of Tacoma ..•..•.•••••.••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••..•.... 100,000 Tacoma National Bank of Tacoma .•••••.•••••••••••••••••.•••••.••.•• : •••••.•••.. 100,000 25,000 National Bank of Commerce, Tacoma .•••••.•••.•.••••••••.••...••••••••••••••••. 200,000 First National Bank, Vancouver ..••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.. 50,000 14,000 First National Bank, Walla Walla .••.••...•••.•.•••••••••••••.••.•.•••••••••.••.. 150,000 20,000 Total capital. •••••••••••••• ~ ••.•••••.••••••••••..•••••••••••••••••••••••.•.. 1, 430, 000 Territorial banks. Capital. Bank of Pullman ..••.•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • · • • • • • • • • $25,000 50,000 30,000 50, oc,o 1;~~ =i::: ;: =:::::: ~:= ~ ~ ~: i!!!~~::::;:ii:::::::;;!!!(;======:: :: 200,000 1a;tt~::;1~~ 1---- ~~tl ~:ii~ or i{atto;;ii 1,;;;k;:::::: ~::::: :::::: :::::: :::::: :::::::::: ... :::...... 1, :gg; g~g Total capital of incorporated banks ..•••••..••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.• •. -· • · 1, 785, 000 . 972 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Besides these national and Territorial there are many private banks, of which the following is thought to be a correct list: Coffman & Allen, Chehalis, Lewis County ; Bank of Cheney, Cheney; Bank of Colfax, Colfax; Ben. E. Snipes & Co., Ellensburgh; Skagit County Bank, La Conner; Harford & Sons, Pomeroy; Ed ward B. Downing & Co., Seat tle ; Eshelman, Llewellyn & Co., Seattle; Bank of Spokane Falls, Spokane Falls; Baker & Boyer, Walla Walla; First Bank of Whatcom, Whatcom; J. Furth & Co., Snohomish ; Stewart & Masterson, Puy allup. Of the-preceding as well as of the Territorial banks no statistics are obtainable. The private banks are of course, like any other partnerships, free from public inquiry. The Territorial, though incorporated, are or ganized under general statutes and are not required to publish any statements. It may be added here that it is only within the past two years that the Territory has been permitted by Congress to incorporate any banking institutions. PRECIOUS MET.A.LS. The mining of precious metals in the Terrhory, there is no longer hazard in predicting, will now begin upon an extensive scale. Recent explorations and tests have conclusively shown that eastern Washing ton bas at least three fields of rich deposits. Already many claims bave been entered, many routes of transportation arranged, and great reduction works are in course of erection. The following published ac counts of these fields are believed to be correct. They are from the Oregonian: COLVILLE. The Colville district is reached by stage. The southern boundary of the district on the stage road is at Chawelah (60 miles from Spokane Falls), and the district may be said practically to extend from there northward to the Columbia, and up the Colurn bia to the forty-ninth parallel. The prevailing country rock is limestone, t~e prevailing mineral urg-entiferous galena. 'l'he first silver mines in the Colville dis trict were discovered m 1858, at a point near the month of the Colville Ri_ver, known as Rickey Hill. Several thousand dollars' worth of work was done at the time, but tha region was too far from an ore market. Work has recently been recommenced at the same place, and the property is looking well. The next discoveries were made in 1~, and compri!:!ed the group of mines now owned by the Spokane Mining and Smelt1~g Company at Argentnm. About 600 feet of underground work has been done, tne largest tunnel being 270 feet. · . . . The next discoveries were in tho summer of 1883, in the Summit region, which 1s on the divide between the Colville and Columbia Rivers, some 20 miles southwest from Colville. The ores here are gray copper, running from 40 to 60 ounces, wit!1, 40 per cent. of lead. Some 500 f Pet of underground work bas been done on these claims, the deepest shaft being down 120 feet. 'l'he principal mines in the vicinity are the Summit, Iridescent, Sheba, Agnes, .A.neon, Chloride, and Wellington. 'fhe Dai Y mine, lying 7 miles northwest from the Summit, contains a fine body of carbona_te ore, running 80 ounces. A 100-foot tunnel has been driven into it, and work is still progressing. . In the summer of 1884 a number of fine discoveries were made at Embrey, which is 2 miles east of the present town of Chawelah. Bnt little work bas been done upon these claims, yet all look promising. One claim, the Enterprise, shows cropJ?ings which run as high as 250 ounces per ton. The principal mines here are the Silver Gem, Ona, Bonanza Chief, Enterprise, and Free] B. The most important discoverv yet made in the Colville district was that of the Old Dominion, in April, 1885. It is.situated 6 miles ea t of Colville. It is a contact vein, between lime tone and granite, the ore being chloride and galena. The first-cla8s or_ ort cl for B?ip~ent b~s averaged 240 per ton. Over 100,000 of ore 1!,as been ~h1pp d from _th1_ mme, which bas been elf-su taining, not a dollar of cap1tal bav in~ h n pnt m 1t. '.J.'he mine is Rtill procJucing teadily, and the large du';Dp of ee on The Ella mine is situated next to the Old Dominion, and up-hill from it. Consid erable work has been done upon it, the deepest shaft being down mo feet. The ore is carbonate and galena, running 100 ounces silver and 20 pe: cent. lead. .One ca~ load of ore has been shipped to Omaha and one to San Francisco for a test, and work is still progressing on the claim. . The other claims, adjacent to the Old Dominion, are the Reeves, Ophir, Rustler, Eastern Star, Highland, West Side, and Franky Boy. Going north from Colville, the next claims are on the valleys of Clugstone and Bruce Creeks. The ores are of rather low-grade galena, and but little work has bee_u done. Rankincr0 only second to the Old Dominion is the Young America, which !S situated on the banks of the Columbia, 15 miles northwest of Colville. The ore 1s galena and carbonate, running from 40 to 150 ounces per ton, with 40 per cent. of lead. Sixty-five tons have been shipped to various smelting establishments for test. The dumps contain 1,000 tons of ore in sight in the mine. F~ur hundred and seventy five feet of development work have been done. One tunnel 1s 130 feet, the end of the tunnel from roof to bottom being in solid ore. In fact, the handsomest showing in the Colville district, for a large quantity of ore, is in this mine. The Silver Crown and Northern Light are the prominent mines of a new camp on the banks of the Columbia, 5 miles above the Little Dalles, which makes a remark ably :fine showing. The ore is galena and gray copper, running from 75 to 250 ounces per ton. Work is progressing steadily on these claims, and a considerable quantity of ore is now en route to the Colville smelter. The Coleville mining district is still in its infancy. The amount of surface min eral is astonishing. But little development work has been done, owing to the lack of an ore market. What the district especially lacks is reduction works and cheap transportation. Both these wants will be met within 'the coming year. The Mutual Mining and Smelting Company has commenced the erection of a smelter at the town of Colville, under the management of Benjamin P. Moore and G. G. Vivian, and the reputation of the latter gentleman, as an experienced authority on smelting, is a sufficient gurranty of success. • The Spokane and Columbia Railroad has been incorporated to run from Spokane Falls northward through the Colville valley to the navigable waters of the Co lumbia. Construction will commence upon it next spring, either by this organiza tion or another jnst formed for the purpose, and the completion of it and the smelter will work a now era for Colville. The Columbia is navigable up the stream from Ket tle Falls (the terminus of the proposed railroad) 130 miles, to the Canadian Pacific Railroad. A omall branch about 7 miles in length from the main line would reach Rickey's landing, and from this point the Uolumbia is navigable down-stream 120 miles to Mahkin rapids, just above which is Condon's Ferry, the crossing point for the main road to the Okanaganor Salmon River mines, so that the proposed railroad would draw from 350 miles river front; and from .at least two well-defined mining dis ricts. With a smelter by which all ore can be reducd to bullion, and a choice of trans portation between the Nort-hernPacific and Canadian Pacific Railways, with analrnn dance of smelting ores and an abundance of flux and fuel, the future of the Colville district can not be a doubtful one. KETTLE RIVER. The Kettle River district is reached by stage from Spokane Falls 'to Marcus (96 miles) and thence by pack trail up the river valley. A wagon road is now builcling to supersede the trail, and with the completion of the railroad next year to Marcus (which is on the Columbia River,just above Kettle Falls), the district will be very accessible. Kettle River runs near the British Columbia boundary line, near the one hundred and nineteenth meridian of longitude, and flows eastward for 5 miles, crossing and rf•crossing the boundary line repeatedly. It then turns south and empties into the Columbia nearly opposite Marcus. The mines are found along it during its eastern course, and on the waters of its tributaries. They are more varied in their char acter than those of any other camp, comprising placer, gold quartz, copper, and ga lena with carbonates. The highest grade of copper ores in any of the seven districts is found here, and some of the highest grade of galena. The placer camps in Rock Creek (a tributary of Kettle River) have been washed for three years, and have yielded heavily. They are now operated by four companies, who are working some eighty men. The gold is coarse, and is obtained by ground sluicing. There are no hydraulics in use at present. The most valuable ledges of gold quartz found in the district were recently discovered at the head of Rock Creek, which is 7_ miles north of the bonndary line, and about 50 miles from Marcus. Work on them bas just com menced, but from all appearances it is the most valuable quartz discovery made in any of the districts. The format.ion is granite and slate. The strike of the veins is north and south and the pitch nearly vertical. They vary in width from 4 to 8 feot, and assay from 80 to 2,000 ounces per ton. The copper ore referred to carries from 50 1;.o 70 ve:r cent. of copper. 974 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. OKANAGAN. The (?kanagan or Sa;lmon River district is reached by the stage from Spokane Falls, via Davenport, Grant Center, ancl Condon's Perry over the Volumbia. On the completion of the t\pokane Falls and Columbia Railroad it will be reached by rail and steamer to Condon's Ferry, and thence by stage. The distance from S:rokane Fall~ to Condon's .Ferry is 120 ruiJe8; from the Ferry to Ruby City or Salmon City is 40 miles. The stage trip from Spokane Fans to Salmon City occupies three days the sta~es running in dayli&ht only. It may also be reached by stage 1rom Ellensbu~gh, whwh town competes with Spokane Falls for the trade of these mines. The first mines discovered in this district were galena and carbonate deposits, which were found on the Similkimene River, and about Osoyoos Lake. Although assaying well, they were so far from an ore rua.i;-ket that but little attention was paid to them. Tho prospecting gradually drifted southward, aud in May, 1886, the first mines were discovered on the Salmon River, which is a tributary of the Okanagan, emptying into that river from the west, at a point 30 miles from the Columbia. In Septem ber, 1886, additional discoveries were made at a point 4 miles south of the first ores, and these two groups called, respectively, Salmon City and Ruby City are the pres ent centers of attraction. The limestone, which is the principal rock in the Pend d'Oreille, Kootenai, Metaline, and Colville districts, cl.isappears some 3 miles east of Salmon River, and the formation is granite, syenite, and porphyry. At Ruby it consists almost entirely oi the last two. The ore at Salmon is galena, gray copper, and a little chloride and sulphnret ores. It is all high grade, and, with the exception of thi:i chloride, is all concentrating ore. The deepest shafts are not down over 50 -feet, but enough ore has already been developed to warrant the introduction of ma chinery, and the owners of the Homestake and the Tough Nut have already made ar rangements wit,h Tacoma parties to put in a concentrator. The principal claims are the La Euna, Columbia, Homestake, Tough Nut, Hidden Treasure, Pointer, Lone Star, Lady of the Lake, Eureka, Washington, Ida May, and W elliogton. The ores run from 40 to 400 ounces, and the concentrators can readily be made to run 200 to 2,000 ounces per ton. At Ruby one of the largest veins of quartz known in the northern regions has been discovered and partially opened. It has been tra,ced continuously for 4-½ miles, and, from the discoveries made each way from this line of claims, it is apparently 7 mile in length. It is a fissure vein in porphyry and syenite, running a little east of north, and pitching nearly vertical. It varies in wi,lth from 5 to 25 feet, the quartz c,~rry ing principally 1:mlphuret and native silver, with a very little galena. It is essentially a concentrating ore, and assays from 100 t,o 500 ounces. The deepest shaft of the ledge is on the First Thought cla.im, 60 feet. Permanent water level has been reached without ai;iy change in the quality of the ore. Work is progressing steadily on several of the other claims, notably the Arlington, Ruby, Fourth of July, Cleopatra, ~nd Famous, with uniformly good results. The mineral already laid bare in the Arhng ton stamps it as one of the leading silver mines, of the Northwest. In addition to the main vein, there are several side veins all carrying the same class of mineral, some of which have been traced for 2 miles in length. The principal claims at Ruby are the Colville, Black Hills, Blui:i Bir phnret resembling tetantite, giving a dark-red powdery streak with the point of a knite, closely resemblillg the c~aracteristics of dark antimomal n~by silver.. In ad dttion to this is found galena, iron pyrites, and some crystals of zmc-blende. Th~se minerals are well dissemmated through the quartz gangue, only a small proportion of tho quartz befog absolutely barren. . . I made as careful samples as possible of the first and second class ore as it occurs m quantity, assays of which, made by Wm. H. Fuller, of ~pokane .Falls, gave for the first-cla;s ore $187.45 silver and $4.50 in gold per ton, making a total value of $HJUJ5 per ton of first-class ore. · The sample of second-class ore gave by assay $34.16 per ton ( counting silver at $1 per ounce), with only a trace of gold-45 cents. These samples were taken carefully from the entire lot t,aken from the shaft ( amount ing to at least 100 tons), with the intention of getting a safe, conservative, estimate of the average value of the ore in bulk. The proportion· of first and second class ore in the whole lot is, of course, a m~itter of personal judgment. I think that it is safe to say that one-third of the whole lot is first-class ore. Estimating the proportions as al>ovt>, it gives an average value by assay of $t,6.84 per ton for the whole lot of say 100 tons now,on the dump. This is considered a high average for a large, strong vein in any mining district. It shows also that too much of the low-grade ore has ·been thrown over the dump as waste stuff. In my opinion, the ore should be assorted so as to bring tbe average down to about $60 per ton, and everything that will carry $15 per ton should· be saved to be sent to the mill at some future time. It must he remembered that tlie mining costs of this low-grade ore will be paid out of the proceeds of the richer ores. The traus portat,ion and reduction charges are all that will stand against the low-grade ore. In making an estimate of available ore within the limits of approximate certainty, I shall confine the estimate to a block of ground now partially explored by the shaft and surface cross-cuts, ::301) long by 60 feet deep, and an average width of 5 feet, mak ing ~0,000 cubic feet of quartz as it stands in the lode. 'l'his will give about 6,000 gross tons. Assuming that one-half of this amount (:1,000 tons) will give an avera.ge assay value of $tl0 per ton, we have a gross value of $:.!40,000. Deduct from this 10 per cent. loss in milling ($24,000) and $20 per ton for the cost of mining-, tra11sportation, and milling ($60,000), there remains $156,000 net from the small block of ground estimated. I believe this to be a very conservative and safe estimate of present values, and fully warranted by the facts as shown by the partial explorations made up to date IRON. That bog-iron ore exists in immense quantities is a matter beyond all - doubt, and the efforts of our people have been, not so much to discover and prove the possession of this metal as to make it accessible. The present year of railway development bas brought these ample deposits· within our reach. In the coming twelve months it is quite probable the beginning of extensive :factories will have been made. 1'he principal deposits of iron ore, as far as is yet known, are in the eastern county of Kittitass and the western counties of Jefferson, King, and Pierce. There are known to be others in the Puget Sound district, but their extent is not yet ascertained. The Kittitass County deposit is at Cle-el um and is easilly tapped by the N ortllern Pacific Railroad. Tile deposits of King and Pierce Counties are now regularly aimed at by this railway, and by the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway, which is already under contract to be laid to the Snoqualmie Pass. Near the last-named point is what is known as the Iron Mouutain, where veins of magnetic iron ore are found varying in thickness from 6 to 150 feet: Assays of this have shown only a small proportion of sulphur. Of thA deposits at Cle-e1um, I have been able to get no data that can be relied upon, and I can only state that they are reported to be the equal of the Snoqualmie fron riches. Nothing but want of transportation has retarded the development of a prodigious iHdustry in tliis metal, and this transportation is now at hand. When we cou si stone are at hand,. and all withi~ ~ short distance of many harbors, as fine as any others m the world, It Is not to be wondered at that capital is rapidly seeking this region for manufactures. OTHER MINERALS, Limestone is found in large quantities in the counties of Pierce and San Juan. There is in the former county a coal that has been found of high quality for coke. Sandstone is in great quarries in Whatcom and Pierce Counties, as well as in King and some others. FLOURING·MILLS INDUSTRY, I give below a statement showing capacity of such :flouring mills as have reported, in response to circulars from this office, or as could be learned of from other sources : Capacity of certain Washington Territory flouring mills. Barrels. Eureka mHls, Walla Walla ....•...... ••••...•... per day .. 150 North Pacific mills, Walla Walla ...... do ... . 150 Standard mills, Walla Walla ...... do ... . 100 Rising Star mills, Walla Walla ...... do ... . 85 Walla Walla mills, Walla Walla ...... do .•.. 50 North Pacific mills, Prescott ...... do ... . 300 Washiogton mills, Waitsburgh ...... do .. .. 150 La Camas mills, La Camas ...... do ... . 50 Pine City mills, Pine City ...... do ... . 25 Lower mills, Pine City ...... do ... . 25 Minnie Falls mills, Sprague ...... do ... . 90 Vancouver mills, Vancouver . . • ...... • ...... •.. do ...• 80 Chehalis mills, Chehalis ...... •.... do .... 0 Total barrels •...... •...... do.... 1,33;, Total per year of 260 days...... 347, 100 In addition to the above, there are 51 :flouring mills, including the large ones at Spokane Falls, tllat have not reported. Estimating the ..:e at an average capacity of 10 barrels each per day, and. we !lave an atl tiou of 510 barrels per THE SA.UION FISIIERIES. One of the leading industries·of Washington Territory is the salmon fi beries of the Columbia Rirnr, Shoalwate1 Bay, Gray's Harbor, aud .Puget Sound. 1he bu iue s of taking salmon, witll trap", on tbP- Columbia and pack· iug them in brine in kits aud barrel ', or moking them, ha been pur· -u d from the earlie t period of settlement; and tho e who eugaged in the bu ·iue s derived con iderable pro.tit, for the fi, 11 w re ea ily caught and all materials u ed were cl.Jeap~ while there was a ready cl maud for th product at fair price'. 'Ibi' w alt of fi ·b iu the 1-iv r · of th \Ve ·t wa on of the tronge t argum ·ut advance for liolding it a, again t tll Briti h Year. Pack. Value. 1'.e~r. Pack. Value. 1866 .•.•••••••••••••••.••. 4,000 $64,000 1878 ...•.. ····-· ·-··-· .••. 460,000 $2,300,000 1867 .. ·--· ··--·· ·---·· ··-· H!,000 288,000 I8W .••••.••• -···-······· 480, 000 2,640,000 1868·---···---·------· · ··· 28,000 392,000 1880 .••.•...... 530,000 2,650,000 1869 .. ___ • ···-·· ···-······ 100,000 1,350,000 1881...... •...... ••.... 550,000 2,475,000 1870 ..••••• ____ • ···-·· ·--· 150,000 1, ~00, 000 1882 --~- •.••••••.•••••.... 541,300 2,600,000 1871. .•.... ___ •.• _• _....• 200,000 2,100,000 1883 ..• --....•...... 629,400 3, 147, 000 1872 ,-·--····-···--·-···-· 250,000 2 3.!5 000 1884 .••....•.•..•...... • • . 620,000 2,945,000 1873,-···- ·--··· .••..•.... 250,000 2: 250: 000 1885 •••• -- ····•······· ... . 553,800 2,500,000 1874 .•• ·-····-·· •••...... 350,000 2,625,000 1886 .•••• _ ...... ·--·-· ... . 448,500 2,135,000 1875 .•• - •. ·-·-·· ·-·-·-··· 375,000 2,250, 000 1887 .----· ...... ••...... 356,000 2, U:4,000 1876 .... _. ·-·-·· ••••....• . 450,000 2,475,000 1877 ..•••. ·-·-·· ..••.. ·- - 460,000 2,490,000 Total~ 22 years .•.. ··-··· ·-··· . 45,862,000 . This, it should be remembered, represents the value of salmon packed m cans since the beginning of tlie canning industry, in 1866. It takes no account of the salt·packl·d in barrels nor of the large consumptive value of the salmon. I have not been able to obtain information from the fisheries of Paget Sound, as my requests to the fishermen for information have not been acted upon in time for this report. · From an elaborate statement furnished by Mr. B. A.. Seaborg, of Il waco, I obtain the following figures of an average season on Shoal water Bay and Gray's Harbor: Capital invested. $85, ooo· t~;~;:r!~b~ra:_:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82,500 ---- Total. ___ ...... _... __ .... _• _. __ .. ___ . _....• _... _•..... --- . --- . 167,500 INT 87-VOL 1--62 9 78 REPORT OF THE SECRET.ARY OF THE INTERIOR. Amount paid for labor. $99, OiO i~~;~:~~:b!::.::: ·:::::: :: :: : : : : : : :: :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: :::: :: ::: ~: 80,700 Total ...... •••••...••...... •...•...... ••....••••••••...... 179,770 Total pack. Shoalwater Bay ...... cases.. 40,000 Gray's Harbor ...... do.... 32,000 By the enactment of proper laws regulating the taking of fish and their strict enforcement it is re-Jisonable to suppose that our rivers will con. tinue to yield at this rate for an indefinite length of time. Heretofore the laws have been defective, and, on that account, have been difficult of enforcement; and in consequence of wasteful and extravagant meth ods grave fears have arisen that the supply of salmon would become exhausted. It is hoped that the legislature of this Territory will this winter amend the statutes in the interest of the preservation of the in· dustry, and that all those who depend upon it will assist in their rigid enforcement. SHIP·BUILDING. Ship.yards, with facilities for the construction of large vessels, exist at nearly all the large milling establishments and at Seattle and Ta· coma, on Puget Sound, at Gray's Harbor and Shoalwater Bay, and at Skomokawa, on the Columbia River. The industry has been very greatly stimulated during the last year to meet a demand for vessels in the lumber.carrying trade. Timber ships, for convenience of storage, are built generally with one deck, 3:nd to meet this exigency must be unusually well timbered and supphed with knees. All raw materials for their construction are found here, -and the number of skilled workmen is every year growing greater. The industry has become so permanent that most of the yards are putt~ng in expensive special machinery and all modern appliances for savmg labor and securing accuracy of design. As most vessels built here are intended for coasters, the tendency of late has been to the schooner rig, three and four masts being put into some of them. A large proportion of the later additions to the lumber fleet have auxiliary steam power, and are enabled by means thereof to make m~ny more voyages than heret ofore. The yellow fir of the north Pacific coast ranks next to oak for strength and durability, and con_ titute excellent material for ship-building. The young growth of this wood can be obtained in any length and of any size, for spars, keels, and kell:mns. The keel of a steam schooner now on the stocks at Skomo kawa is 16 by 19 inches square and 150 feet long. The stick from which it was hewn was 150 feet long, 4½ feet in diameter at th~ ~utt, and 2 feet at the top. Planks for the sides of ve sels can be obtamed of great length and very straight grain ; and deck planks, made ~om the very large trees handled by our mills, are sawn so that the gram of the wood is vertical, this causing it to wear without splintering. There are about 800 men employed in ship· building in this Territory at pre · ent, and more could :find employment rca FLORIOULTURE. To lover of fl.ow rs W a bin gton Territory pre en ts an in vi ting field. Th m~mntain. and prairies of ea tern Wa bington are beautifall, deco rat d m the pring with numerou wild flower., both plant and hrub ; TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 981 and nearly all flowers grown in the M1~dle or Northern States can he very successfully grown here. · . . But the mild climate of western Washington makes1trndeed_ ''flo~er land." Nearly all flowers that can be grown north of the thirty-fifth parallel of latitude can be grown here. Roses do well in out-door C?ltu_re; even the Marechal Neil rose will stand the winters here, and a chm bmg rose would soon cover a house if permitted to grow unpruned. .A.11 kinds of flowering bulbs do well; even the gladiolus can be_ left ~:n~t du_r ing the winter. The hyacinth gro_ws so well that ?c :florist hvu:~g m Pierce County has made their cultivation a specialty, and the hyacmths produced in bis garden3 are superior to those imported from ~olland. This industry is destined to be one of importance here, for growm~ hya cinths for commercial purposes can be made very profitable., FOOD-FISHES OF PUGET SOUND. For the following account of the food-fishes of Puget Sound I am in debted to the account very kindly furnished me by Mr.James G. Swan of Port Townsend : The whole of the tide waters of Puget Sound, as well as the fresh waters running into the various bays and inlets, and the waters surrounding the islands of the San Juan Archipelago frcm Cape Flattery, at the entrance to Fuca Strait, to Olympia,, the extreme head of the sound, abound with food fishes, mollusks, and edible marine algoo, eaten by the nlltives, but of which the civilized pn blic knows only a little. The principal fish found in our markets are the salmon, halibut, true cod, cultus cod, rock cod, black cod, sturgeon, skate, candle-fish, or eulachon, smelt, herring, anchovy, skulpin, etc., and of edible mollusks,,. the oyster, several varieties of clam, beche de mer, cuttle-fish, squid, and scollops. . · , Of the marine al goo, or seaweed, which can be_used, we have the Rhodomenia palmata or dulse, Ulva latissima or green laver, Porphyra lacinata or pink laver, all used freely by the northern Indians. There are also the Chondrus crispuB or Irish moss, and other varieties, and the giant kelp, Nereocystus, which is used by the natives for fish-lines and as tubes for holding oil. This last, although of gre:tt, service to Indians, is not used as food. Salmon.-This fish is exceedingly plentiful in all the waters of the northwest coast. It is not, however, like the true salmon of the East, but di:l'.fers from the true Sa.lmo in a peculiar growth of the jaws, €specially in the male, after ascending the streams to spawn. They are called Oncorhynchus or hooked-jawed, a Greek derivation, which des ignates them from the true salmon, Salmo, of the Eastern States and Europe. The best salmon of Washington Territory are the Columbia River, spring silver variety, Oncorhynchus quinnat, which in size, fatness, and flavor excel any salmon on the Pacific coast, except, perhaps, the King salmon of Alaska.· The larger the river the larger and better the salmon. Thus the Oncorhynchus quinnat of the Columbia and the same variety of tbe Yukon River in Alaska are the largest and best salmon on the Pacific coast. Pormerly the Columbia River salmon excelled in size, fish of 75 pounds, not being uncommon. But of late years the enormous catch for the canneries has so re duced these fish in size and number that serious apprehensions are entertained by experts that the excessive and exhaustive fisheries on the Columbia will tend to ex terminate the fish if mea,sures a.re not taken by Oregon and Washington Territory for the cultivation and protection of this valuable fish. The 0. quinnat occasionally is taken in Puget Sound, but the most abundant variety is the Oncorhyn,chus ne1·ka, the ''blueback" of the :fishermen. There is a smail but delicious salmon taken in the Quinnaiult River, near Point Grenville, north of Gray's Harbor, which is pronounced by epicures as the most delicately flavored and fattest of the salmon family. This is the Oncorhynchus lceta. This same variety of salmon jg taken at NeahBay, and is called by the natives hoopid; but it is there a dry and flavorless fish compared with the Quin naiult. There are five varieties of salmon taken in the waters of Washington Terri tory which bear the Russian names of n.erka, gorbuslca, kisuch, keta, and the local.names of quinnat and kennerlyi. Halibut.-The common ·halibut of the Atlantic coast, HippoglossuB vulga1·iB, is an Arctic species which seems to be identical with the variety found in the North Atlan tic, but differs in uot being as fat. The fins also, which in the Eastern States are considered as luxuries, and arc salted and taken by vessels for sea stores, are mere skin and cartilage. This valoable fish abounds along the whole coast, from north of the Columbia River to the Arctic Ocean, and is taken in immense quantities by the 982 REPORT OF THE SECRET.ARY OF THE INTERIOR. lndians along the shores of British Columbia to Alaska. The principal fishery in Washington Territory for halibut is at Cape Flattery, where the Makah Indians an n_ually take enough, not only for their own tribal winter supplies, but have a lucra tive traffic with other tribes in dried halibut. As soon as we can have a colony of ~astern fishermen who understand handling this fish and preparing it for market, either fresh or canned or smoked, or even simply dried and sliced, as it is now pre pared by the Indians, they will find a ready market through all the interior towns and the East. . Cod ( Gadus macrocephalus, t1'Ue cod).-This valuable fish, for food, which abounds m Alaskan waters, is not plentiful in the waters of Puget Sound, although it breeds there; and latterly large quantities have been taken during the spring months at Port Angeles, Port Discovery, and at the southern portions of the sound; particularly at Quartermaster Harbor. There are numerous places where fish can be dried on the various sand-spits, such as at Port Angeles, Dungeness, and the other places on the lower portion of the sound, and when the a,ttention of Eastern fishermen can be directed to our waters, and fishing schooners and crews from Gloucester and other East~rn ports settle on the sound, a lucrntive trade can be est,ablished by bringing the codfish of the North Pacific coast and the Arctic Ocean to Pu,~et Sound and pre paring them for market. It wants capital and men to develop Lhis industry, but there is no reai9on why it should not prove as lucrative as the fisheries of New England. Cu,ltus cod (Ophiodon longatus).-This fish, which is sometimes called buffalo cod, green cod, or cultus cod, resembles the true cod in its markings and color, but differs entirely in its fins. The true cod has nine fins, viz, three don,al, two pectoral, two ventral, and two anal, besides the tail or caudal fins, which, if counted, would make ten. The dorsal fin of the cultus cod is continuous from hea:l to tail. This wit,h all the other fins is composed of thick, fleshy filaments, gelati nollfi, and good to eat. The body has ~ fatty substance permeating its flesh, but the liver bas none; the flesh is white and well flavored, and when fresh is an excelleut table fish, averaging in weight from 10 to 25 pounds. Specimens have been taken that weigh 75 pounds. It is an exceedingly voracious fish, and affords good sport in its capture. Black cod (Anoplopoma fimbria ).-This is ono of the most delicate and finely flavored of all the salt-water fish of Puget Sound. It is taken in deep water from 30 to 300 fathoms. Experience has shown that the deeper the water the larger and fatter this fish. The Indians at Cape Flattery take them in limited quantities, and they are occasionally taken in Hood's Canal and other deep waters of Puget Sound, but the largest are taken at the cape, and are from 10 to :lO pounds in weight, when fu}ly grown. The full-sized fish is about 24 inches long, although instances are not m frequent where it has been .f'bun as t,he California gray, which is called by the natives chitapook._ 9cca,donall~, but rarely, t,hey kill aright whale, ~nd the or~a ar~ killed? uut the ~rmc~pal w:µale is th;e California gray. The blubber 1s cut off m _stn}!s, which are b~1led m water, th~ 011 skimmed off and saved, and the blubber dned m the smoke, like bacon, for wmter food. When freshly made, it is sweet and palatable. '.l'he oil is used for food. and to trade with other Indians, and to barter for dogfish 011, three gallons of which are given for one of whale oil. . . . Seals.-Fine seals are taken off Cape Flattery, and form an m1portant and lucrative element of the trade with the Makahs. The Government of the United States has wisely encouraged the Makah Indians in self-support by permitting them to own and command vessels. :Five schooners have already been purchased and commanded by the Makahs, who have proved themselves worthy of the encouragerpent. They transact their business at the custom-house with a feeling of pride that they are con sidered capable to emulate the ways of the white men, and the officers of the custom house have kindly explained to them the requirements that they may not infringe the laws. One of these schooners, the Lottie, owned by Capt. James Claplamoo, a full-blooded Makah, has just returned from a successful sealing voyage to Behring Sea. She had a white man as sailing master, but all the re~t on board were Indians Some of the young men, who have bean educated at the school of the agency, will learn navigation, and will be able to go to sea without white men to assist. The U. S. Fish Commissioner has introduced carp and shad into the waters of the Territory, and it is to be hoped that lobsters and other eastern luxuries will soon be sent here by t_hat useful adjunct of the Government. The Fish Commission steamer Albatross is expected in our waters, and it is confidently predicted that her advent and exertions will be of incalculable benefit: BEE CULTURE. I have not been able to collect statistics in regard to the production of honey in this Territory, but it is known to be considerable, and bees do as well in this country as in any country on the same isothermal lines, The indigenous wild flowers and plants are adapted for the pro duction of honey; and crops, such as buckwheat, and our very exten sive orchards also afford material for the bees. I think that those en gaged in bee-culture make a fair profit on the business. CHURCHES. The German Reformed has three congregations, one in. Cowlitz, one in Clarke, and one in King County. The total membership is reported at 101. It is said to be in go_od condition. The Lutheran Church is represented by the German Lutheran of Ta coma, a house of worship founded in 1884. It has a congre-gation of 100, and a Sabbath-school of 30. The Christian Church ha.s 25 organized congregattons and 11 church buildings. There are 19 clergymen. The numbers of its people in the Territory are reckoned as follows : In Spokane and Whitman Counties, 900; in Columbia and Walla Walla Counties, 500; in Klickitat, Kitti tass, and Yak1ma Counties, 400; in other counties of eastern Washing ton, 300 _; in King and Pierce Counties, 300; in Clarke and Chehalis Counties, 100 ; in other counties of western Washington, 200. 'l'he Unitarian had its beginning here in the year 1871, but interrup tions occurred until in 1884, when a better start seems to have been made. There are now two ministers, one at Spokane Falls and the other at Tacoma and Seattle. The church membership on Puget Sound is estimated at 100. The Presbyterian Church reports 40 ministers, 48 churches, 1,915 communicants, and 2,625 Sabbath-school scholars. It has 3 academies. The contributions were $16,327. The Catholic Church established in 1850 the diocese of Nisqually for Washington Territory. It has now 38 churches, the pro~able cost of 984 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. all of which is reckoned at $100,0001 and 3 colleges for boys, the cost of which was $15,000. There are in all 7 literary schools for boys and 8 for girls. Four Indian schools are maintained. There are 4 hospitals- 1 at Olympia, 1 at Seattle, 1 at Vancouver, and a fourth at Walla Walla. At Vancouver there are 2 orphan asylums. The secular clergyis16 and the regular, 11. The Baptist Church reports great activity. The Puget Sound .Asso ciation has 27 congregations, holding services in 13 churches, valued at $27,800. The membership is estimated at 780. · · The Palouse A_ssociation reports 1.2 congregations. On the eastern side of the mountains there are 8 houses of worship, valued at $18,000. The Protestant Episcopal Church reports 17 church buildings, occa sional services at other places, 16 Sunday-schools, 600 communicants, 800 Sunday-school pupils, and 15 clergymen; value of churches, $65,000; day schools at Dayton and Seattle, Annie Wright Seminary with 116 pupils, Washington College with 85, St. ;paul's school for girls at Walla Walla with 25 pupils, Grace Hospital at Seattle, Fannie C. Paddock Hos pital at Tacoma. The Congregational Church reports 57 churches, 38 ministers, 1,272 church members, 5 church buildings erected during the year; value of the preceding, $7,000; 4 parsonages erected in same time valued at $4,700. Amount raised in the Territorial churches, $16,773; from other sources, but expended in the Territory, $18,043. The Methodist Episcopal Church reports number of charges1 46; num ber of ministers, 48; of congregations, 97; of members, 2,387 ; of church buildings, 4 7 ; cost of the latter, $104,400; number of parsonages, 15; cost of the same, $13,420 ; 1 school, value of school property, $6,000; number of Sunday-schools, 70; of pupils, 2,796. The preceding figures are for western and the following for eastern Washington. Number of charges, 33; of ministers, 35; of members, 2,200; of church buildings, 24 ; cost of the same, $48,452 ; 1 college, value $23,000. THE NATIONAL GUARD. According to the report of Adjutant-General R. G. O'Brien, the Na tional Guard of Washington, September 1, 1887, consisted nominally of one brigade, composed of two regiments of infantry, with about 013 men. The personnel of these troops is very good, but, owing to th~ ve~y defective militia laws of the Territory, it is not practicable to mamtam a vroper degree of discipline. The legislature at its coming sessio~, will be asked to amend the statutes in the interest of a better orgam zation, and it is hoped that the National Guard of Washington will ~e placed upon a Recure footing. I consider it of importance that tb~s Commonwealth should have an pflfoient military establishment, as 1t borders on the territory of a foreign government, and bas a long, ~x posed, and very accessible coast line. In case of an emergency, callmg for the use of troops to resist a .,udden attack, a well-di 'Cipliued body of men, of such number8 as could be easily enrolled in tbi Territory, un er favorable law , would undoubt dly prove of great value. I make the following extract fr()m the r port of the adjutant-gen eral: Tb organizatfon of tho militia of the Territory i a duty fraught with much di · couran- m nt, by rea on of lack of funrls to carry out the imrile t requirement. of tbe law: ~be di~culti a ncount red in recruiting m<>n to fill old and organiz~ ~ w compa11H•s 1 not from lack of proper military spirit, neither from a lack of w1lhog nw~ bu rnther from the fact that wb;Je the pre ent law r quires that ery able b 1 cl man, uetw en certain ages, ball be nrolled in the ruilitia. it makes no pro- TERRITORY OF WASHING TON. 985 vision whatever for defraying the expense necessary for such organization, much less its maintenance. The force is at the present time W!3ll officered, a!1d comp_osed of an ex~ell~nt class of young men, who give close attention to the duties reqmred and steadily improve as citizen soldiers. . It gives me great pleasure to· say that many of our leading men are strongly ad vocating the establishment of an effective national guard in this Territory, and are giving such encouragement as circumstances will permit. The arms now iri the hands of the militia, with one exception, are not of the latest pattern, the majority being the 50-caliber Springfield breech-loading rifle, pat~ern of 1864, a very effective weapon, but supplanted in the Regular Army by the 45-cahber rifle, acknowledged to be much superior. The equipments, however, are of the latest pattern, and such as are used by the Regular Army. During the Nez Perce war of 1877 and 1878, the governor of the State of Oregon borrowed from the governor of Washington Territory, for immediate use in guarding the lives of citizens of that State, and endeavoring to quell the uprising of the In dians, the following munitions, to wit: 582 breech-loading rifles, caliber 50; 582 screw-drivers; 47,465 rounds ball cartridges, and 31 arms chests. These supplies have not yet been returned, or in any way accounted for by the State of Oregon to Washington. ' Under your [the governor's] instructions, I visited Salem, the capital of Oregon, for the purpose of adjusting the claim with the governor of that State.' After a con ference with Governor Moody and Secrntary Earhart, the acting adjutant-general, also in the presence of ex-Governor Chadwick who borrowed the guns, we came to the conclusion that the most feasible manner of settlement wol'lld be for Oregon to acknowledg~ the indebtedness and ask the War Depart,ment to charge the State with the munitions, and give credit to Washiogton for the amount. 'l'o that end I drew a certificate which I presented to Governor Moody for his consideration, and left him with the assurance that the matter should have bis immediate attention. Notwith standing several months [now grown into years] have elapsed since that date [ 1.885 ], and after communications ha,ve been addressed to Mr. Earhart upon the subject, no advancement towards an adjustment of our claim has been made by Oregon. In consequence of this dereliction on the part of the State of Oregon, the Territory is more in arrears at the War Department than it other wise would have been. IMPROVEMENT OF THE W.A.TER-W.A.YS. Washington Territory, in addition to other advantages, has a splen did system of water-ways, which, with slight comparative expendi~ tures, could be made to serve the uses of commerce so completely that they would forever bold in check the different railway companies, and compel them to render sufficient service to the people at a reasonable cost. First in importance is 'the great Columbia, River, which, with its tribu taries, extends more than 1,000 miles within the United States, and constitutes the natural outlet for over 25,00Usquare miles of agricultural land. This great river system runs east and west, parallel with the lines of commerce and immigration, and finds an outlet into the ocean at a poi!)t where winds, currents, and latitude combine to make a cen ter of shipping. The difficulties in the way of navigating, economically, the Columbia ' River appear to be: First, a bar, near the mouth, at a point, out at sea, where the conditions are favorable for precipitating the silt borne down by the curl'ent of the stream. Second, sand islands, spits, and shoals, inside the heads, and below Astoria, with a tortuous and shift ing channel. Third, a series of rapids, and a barrier of rock at the Casca the river enters British America. The obstructions between Astoria. and the offing are serious in character and difficult to deal with, on account of the magnitude of the contending forces, the river on one side and the ocean on the other. The United States engineers are now experimenting with a break water, and hopes are entertained that it wi111 when completed, so de flect and concentrate the tidal currents as to sluice out a permanent deep channel to the ocean. I bad the honor to advance for discussion, some time since, a plan which might be tried, in case the present struct ures should prove not to possess sufficient stability, or should .fail to answer the purpose for which they were intended. The plan was, to flank the bar at the mouth of the river bv a canal across the narrow point of the delta with an artificial harbor at its sea end. The next difficulty met with is at the Cascades, 160 miles above the mouth. The project of a canal has been adopted here, and is in such a forward state that, according to the report of Maj. W. A. J-oues, U. S. engineer in charge of the work, with sufficient appropriations it would be open to traffic within two years. It would be the part of wisdom for the Government to make an an nual appropriation for thiR work, equal to the full amount that could be economically expended. The importauce of time as a factor can be un derstood from the assertion of the engineer i'n charge of the work that " Bvery year saved in the opening of navigation through the Cascade Mountains will save to the mass of people affected a sum approximat- , ing the whole cost of the work." At The Dalles, 220 miles above the mouth of the river, exist the most serious obstruction yet encountered. P1ans for a boat railway at this point, with detail drawings and e ti mates, have been made under the direction of M~j. W. A. Jones, U.S. engineer. The scheme involves two systems of inclines, one at Oelilo Falls, and the other at The Dalles proper. The cost is estimated at $1,373,000. I believe these plans should be modified so as to include a coutinuous line of railway from below the first to above the last ob struction. · The opening of the Columbia is of national importance for several reasons: First, our brea IRRIGATION IN THE YAKIMA VALLEY. I am indebted to Mr. Legh R;Freeman, editor of the Yakima Farmer, for the following interesting account of a comprehensive scheme for irrigation in the Kittitass and Yakima Valleys: A joint-stock corporation, composed of Kittitass County and Tacoma men, with a capital of $100,000, is now engaged cutting the Teanaway Canal. It starts from a point on Teanaway Creek, 10 miles north of the Northern Pacific Railroad, and crosses the divide between the Teanaway and Swaok Creeks, and waters the north and eastern portions of Kittitass Valley. Its length is 53 miles. If the water supply of the Teanaway proves insufficient; the charter of the company gives them the right to extend the canal to Cle-elum River, 10 miles farther. Some work bas been done on the lower end of the canal for a distance of 20 miles, and fifteen teams and a num ber of laborers are engaged in extending the canal. When completed it will water 80,000 acres, and the shire town of Ellensburgh will probably be supplied from the same source. It is expected that the work will be :finished in the fall of 1888, and the cost will amount to $100,000. 988. REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. The second canal shown by us would have its head in the Tietan basin, follow tne easterly base of the Cascade Mountains, around the head of Cowychee Valley, and over the d1 vide between the Cowychee and .Ahtanum Creeks, and its lower end would be at Old Yakima City. Its length would be about fiO miles. The third canal would have its source in a canon of Yakima River, 5 miles above North Yakima, pass along the foot-hills bordering Moxee bottom, and through a pass in a range of hills forming the watershed between the Yakima and Columbia Rivers. Its mouth would be at the horseshoe bend of Yakima River. Its length would be 75 miles. The fourth canal would have its head near Old Yakima Cit,y, and its course would be southwesterly toward Fort Simcoe Indian Agency, thence southerly and easterly to a point below Wallula, on the Columbia River. Its length would be about 150 miles. The great impediment in the way of the construction of these four canals may be best understood by considering that one-half of the lands in this region are covered by the land grant of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. .As that company haa shown no disposition to join individual citizens in such enterprises, this vast region with its deep rich soils is uninhabited, and will remain so for a lollg time to come, without the intervention of the Federal and State governments. There are no districts in eastern Washington of any considerable extent to which irrigatjon is applied, although many hundreds of thousands of acres might be brought under cultivation by artificial watering if canals were taken out of the Columbia. and run along the dividiug ridge1:, on both sides of that stream. Legislation is much needed that will give us laws regulating the water supply for farmers in Yakima and Kittitass Counties. . Eventually there must be many hundreds of miles of irrigating ditches in the Upper Columbia and Snake River Valleys. These canals will serve a double purpose. The freshets in the Colµmbia and the Snake, being caused b;y melting suows, occur in the growing season, and thus render many thommnds of acres of rich bottom lands worthless for agricultural purposes. When these canals are built, as ,wentually they rnuat be built, to furnish homes for the rapidly growing population of Washington and Oregon, tlrny will convey the surplus water of the rivers, and distribute it over the uplands of the interior, where it will be drunk up by the tllirsty soil, and, while rendering that country fruitful in the highest degree, will minimize the :floo CLIM.A.TE. . ' The climates of Washington Territory are 'principally two, the east- ern and the western, divided by the lofty Cascade Range. The former has much heat in summer, and brief but severe frosts in winter; the latter is mHd in both seasons. The eastern is remarkable during the year for clearne~s and brightness; the western has one long seasou of clouds and showers. Both are healthful in,a high degree. In neither do there seem to be local diseases. The eastern climate, however, is the most desirable for persons who are inclined to maladies of the throat or lungs. In both climates the nights are· exceedingly cool and refreshing, so that it is a common remark that one can sleep here more than almost anywhere else. The appetite, too, is generally believed to be keener than in other regions, aud whether this be true or not it is certain the health of the inhabitants is noticeably good. It is believed by some that the western climate inclines men to drowsiness and a degree of inactivity; but the effect of it upon various persons· is so different that this can hardly be sai In. In. In. In. o o o o In. In. In. In. 1882 • .•• •• . . . . 80. 05 80. f5 29. 48 1. 17 46. 5 101. 5 -17. 0 118. 5 45. 1 67. 6 26. 7 25. 99 5. 42 2. 10 9. 23 1888 . • ...... 30. 08 80. 81 29. 46 1. 85 46. 8 96. 7 -27. 7 124. 4 47. 4 68. 4 25. ll 14. 87 4. 79 . 75 . 62 1884 ...... 80. 02 30. 76 29. 24 1. 52 45. 5 97. 5 -17. 8 115. 3 48. 6 67. 0 25. 1 20. 56 3. 48 4.1 5. 1E85 . • .. • • • . • . 80. 06 30. 65 29. 52 1. 13 50. 1 99. 8 -14. 0 118. 3 51. 2 68. 4 24. 7 19. 01 2. 52 3. 95 . 1886 ...... 30. 03 RO. 73129. 41 1. 32 48. 7 100. 8 -10. 5 110. 8 48. 7 68. 6 81. 6 15. 86 8.17 1. 27 5. 54 Mean..... 30. 05 ...... 1. 80 47. 5 ...... 48. 2 68. 0 26. 8 19. 16 3.87 2.4y 30 Year. Remarks. Jfilea . .Jfilea. Pr ct. I 44 49. Ol/8 02 132 141 141 17 121 68. 6 La t frost for s rin~, May20; firrt """····lsw. I frost for fall, eptem ber 30. 1883 .... SW. 37 37. 0 6 181 126 58 1 94 14 136 67.1 Last frost for sprin~. April 5; first 1 fro ti r fall, Octob r 8. 1884 .... W. 29 30. 684 113 151 97 128 10 128 69. 4 La t fro t for sprin~. Ma · 13; fir~ fro. t for fall, :ept mber 7. 1 5 .... SW. 33 40. 061 J:li! 137 87 116 15 84 75. 5 La. tfrostfor printr, Apri125; firs fr st for fall, Octol> r 5. 1886 · · ·. W. 42 40. 553 176 11 I 75 104 14 113 70. 6 La t fro t for prin~. A prll 5; e . frost for fall, eptember2 . nn --W. i--...... --- - -,-...... •.•.. ------70. 21 - ~ TERRITORY OF WASHING TON. 991 Meteoroloqical data and summarv for signal station at Olympia. (Latitude 470 3' N.; longitude, 1220 53' W. Compiled by Sergt. Edgar McGovern, in charge. Elevation ' · of barometer above sea-level, 36 feet; magnetic variation, 22° 57' E.] ~ a5 ,:lj .... ~ [ - Is: ~ j ~ ~ ~ .;: I ~ ~ i "' ~ 1P ~ f j ~ ~ ~ I!. bii ~ -c .c ~ j ~ ~ i B ~ i bD E.. j ~ I~§ -~ ~ ;§ ~ y t s s ~ .s ~ [ ~ ~ t .s ~- a .. .., sa ~ ;i .! ~ ear. ~ ~ ~ 2 ce j s A.., p, a §' 8~ ~-S 'C ~ ] Year. Remarks. -----Miles. Miles. - - - ~ - ----1P1·. ct. 1878.... s. 27 34, 890 46 1201 199 162 1 19 78. 3 First frost for fall, October 15. 1879.... s. 36 40, 243 60 94 211 197 0 40 80. 4 First frost for fall, October 22; last frost for spring, June 16. 1880.... s. 32 39,457 54 127 185 159 1 601 80.1 First frost for · fall, September 8 · last frost for spring, June 15. ' 1ss1.... s. 29 as, 668 43 13s 11s 1s2 o 1s w. 9 First frost for fall, October 3; last frost for spring, May 22. 1882 ... ; s. 48 37, 756 53 149 159 183 2 37 77.3 First frost for fall, November 8; last frost for &pring, May 20; first snow, December 12. 1883. ... s. 28 20, 872 99 125 140 134 36 76. 6 First frost for fall, November 18; last frost for spring, April 24; first snow for fall, November 21; 1884 . ... N. 42 17,880 87 139 140 146 2 65 78. 7 First frost for fall, -- - · last frost for spl'ing, May 28; ' first snow, December 13. 1885. ... s. 31 23, 139 104 128 133 134 4 16 82. 0 First frost for fall, October 10; first snow, November 30. 1886.... s. 23 35, 458 99 128 138 166 1 46 82. 7 First frost for fall, September 27; first snow, December 26. Mean. S. 32 32, 000 63 127 173 166 39 78. 8 -992 REPORT OF THE SECRET.A.RY OF THE INTERIOR. Meteorological data and summary for signal station at Port Angeles. {Latitude of station, 48° 7'; longitude, 123° 6;; elevation of barometer above sea-level, 14 feet; magnetic variation, 22° 481 E. Compiled by Sergt. William Bell, Port .Angeles, Wash.] .... Q$ ...... I::=- ,i; ... di ~ .., ii) 0 0 0 0 0 (!) _g ...... g 8 ell ,.d A THE CHINOOK WIND. Winds coming from different quarters, and possessing various cbar ·acteristics, were named by the Indians atter the countries from wheuce they appeared to come. The tribes that tormerly Ii ved about the middle Columbia exercised a great influence upon. the nomenclature of the country. probably becamie they lived iu immeuiate contact with the Hudson's Bay colony at Vancouver, an THE CHINESE QUESTION. ~n my opinion the antagonisms between the .Amercans and the Chinese are inherent and incurable. · Nowhere in the nature of the two races can be found anything in common; and wherever they meet on the surface of the earth, the ques tion must be, which shall prevail over the other; and not, as in the case of other peoples, what can they jointly do for their common good. The coolies, that constitute the grievance of the Pacific Coast, are slaves from choice. The babit of slavery is so ingrained in their com positions that they will not be free wben tht-y might be free. The axiom that a slave cannot breathe the air of England, that in stepping upon the soil of that island, the chains of a slave are ipso facto, broken, cannot apply to a coolie, who will gather his broken fetters and rivet them again upon his limbs. Likewise, our broad invitation to the oppressed of all nations to seek a refuge in .America, can only be of interest to those who desire relief from oppression, and can not apply to the coolies, who hug their op pression. They are not lacking in shrewdness and comprehension, and they all know that the moment they land on OtU' sojl ther are f):ee 1 ;yet, they1 ;cNT 87-yor.,. l-63 9!)4 REPORT OF THE SECRET.A.RY OF THE INTERIOR. with complete unanimity, continue to acknowledge allegiance to the Six Companies, from the minutest detail of business upto life or death. The institutions of tLe Six Companies and their auxiliaries, the socie ties of High binders, are known to be as cruel in their administration as a continuous reign of Caligula. I append a description of them from a carefully written and correctly illustrated article on the subject in Harper's Weekly for February 13, 1886 : The Chinese quarter of San Francisco bas been aptly termed a bit of old China. With its shops resplendent with Oriental red and yellow, its pagoda-like restaurants, its narrow, noisome alleys, its underground opium and gambling dens, it furnishes a picture in miniature of tbe seamy side of life in a Chinese city. But what mo t · writers forget is that Chinatown in the far western metropolis represents maiuly the worst features of Mongolian life, and is as unfair a type of comparison as a Mulberry or Baxter street to-day would be of the life of New York. Nine-tenths of the dwellers in San :E'rancisco's Chinatown are coolies, ranking as virtual slaves in their own country, and doomed from birth to menial la.bor of the coarsest kind. No Chinese of rank would tolerate one of t.hem as his body servant or would permit one to work in any capacity in his household. Outside the Chinese consulate in San Francisco it is doubtful whether one would be able to find a score of Chinese of good family or breeding amongthe20,000 herded in Chinatown. Gathered in this way, is it any wonder that the coolies in California include many criminals Y Could one take 20,U00 white men from the slums of any great city and secure a higher order of intelligence or sobriety than iR shown by these pig-tailed heathen Y When the Chinese began to flock to California in large numbers, attracted by gold mining and the promise of work on the overland railroad, they formed for mutual protection what fl.re known as the Six Companies. These were fashione<.l on the prin ciple of trade guilds. The men from Canton, for instance, formed one company, those from Hong-Hong another. The members paid regular duesi for which the society furnished them hospital care when sick and guarantied that their bones should be carefully transported to China in case of death. They were also to be aided in any difficulty with Chinese of other companies or with whites. The company rooms were the headquarters for the members, where they could get t,he latest news from China. Outgrowths of these companies, but independent of them, are the High binder's socie ties. These are purely American institutions, like the Six Companies, without coun terpart in the old country. They are many in number, and their strength and the desperate character of their active members and the:, swift vengeance which they have dealt out to offender!'! have macle them feared throughout the Pacific Coast. 'l'hongh known as Freemasons, the High binders are really banded together for blackmail and police purposes. If by any favor the confidence of a Highbinder is won, he will h~ve no hesitation in acknowledging that he lives by blackmail. He regard0 his callrng as perfectly legitimate, and in carrying out the orders of his society he woulcl stop at no crime, for he looks on the murder of one who has violated the secrets of bis ociety or who has receivedHs sentence as a meritorious bit of work. The mother society among the High binders is the Chee Kung Tong, which occnpie a substantial three-story building on Spofford alley, in the heart of the Chinese quar ter of San Francisco. * * • Four "headmen" are elected semi-annually, whose word is law, as well as thirty three "hatchet-men," as the guard detailed to execute the decrees of the society i called. The Chee Kung is the most powerful of all the societi s, and has 4,500 mem b1:1rs in San Francisco and 15,000 in all the American colonies where Chine e havo prnetrated. Their rolls show that they have branclies in three hundred and ninety towns in the United States, Spanish America, and Cuba. .A. singular fact is that many members of the miuor societies still belong to the Chee Kung. The initiation for membership is very rigid, and has be n witnessed by a few .A.rnrr can detective in w horn the Chinese havo learned to place confidence. The candiilat~ kn el and, with a largo Chine e sword placed across hi throat and the poiut of an- 01 h r pr . d against the nape of his neck, join in the chanting of an oath hefor the sacre<.l yml>ols of tho societv-an oath, hich bind Lim to ob y the ·oci<'ty, to n·n n_n · all tie ofkinclrrd, an The influence of this head society is far-reaching, and it is doubtful whet~er its leaders would heed any order from a lesser sonrce than the Chinese consul. Iti_s even said that the consul's order has sometimes been overruled, as there are men 1n the Chee Kung Tong who acknowledge no allegiance t? Cu~na. The ~octrine is tha_t the society must be obeyed :first. So when tbe connc1lof Judges de01de that a C_hm~se bas committed an act which merits death, the hntchet-men are jnstructed to kill ~1m wherever found. If he escapes from Sau Francisco, there is small prospect of ev~dmg his pursuers, as bis name and description are sent t_o all the three hundre~ 3:nd nmety branch organizations throughout the country. lt 1s dangerous fo~ any Chrnam_an to harbor the fugitive or aid him in anyway. He cannot return to Cl.11na unless he. 1s un u.sually clever in diso-nising0 himself, for all the shipping ports ate c.osely watched by "' the societfs agent. This sleepless espionage uudermiues the courage of th~ bravest man. It is through terrot of this fearful menace that so many reputable Chmese be come members of the soeiety. Outside the Chee Kung they would be targets for blackmail; inside the circle, they are protected from all harm. . The lesser societies of High binders in San l.<'rancisco have from two hundred to six hundred members each. Naturally tlrnse societies become nests of criminals. The hatchet-men are usually outlaws. Even the best of the Chinese have small regard for human life, as their l~ws tolerate the purchase of a substitute by a wealthy criminal condemne_d to execu tion aud the compromise of a murder by a money payment to the relatives of the victim. Trained in this way, the Highbinder is as reckleRs of hnm1;tu. lif~ aR the slave-hunting Arab of the Soudan. There have been cases <;if murder rn Chmatown, SAN FRANCISCO, October 1, 1887. The execution of Lee Sare Bo for the murder of Cbu Ah Chuck has called attention once more to the existence of two very clangero·Js Chinese societies. Bnth of these men were Hio-hbinders. Lee Sare Bo belonged to the Hip Sing Tong society, and Chu Ah Chuck to t,be other organization. According to the most reliable account of t~e murder Chu Ah Chuck had made himself very olmoxious to the Hip Sing Toug so ciety, and the society decjded that he should be killed. A short time after be was shot dowu in the street. As to who committed the crime there was some difference of opinion, but every one who p1,:..etended to know anything about it admitted that the murder was committed by some member of the Hop Sing Tong society, and that if Lee Sare Bo were not guilty it was merely becam:1e he had not been selected for the purpose. There is no doubt that Lee Sare Bo was folly aware that Chu -Ah Chuck was to be killed, and he was an accom;;,lice to that extent, even if he did not actually do the killing. A significant point in the matter is that organized bodies of men exist in San Fran cisco who set the laws completely at defiance, and who do not hesitate even at mur der. The Highbinders claim to be unsubdued survivors of the Canton rebelJion of twenty years ago. They are at war wi:th everybody. Their organizations are sup posed to be for mutual aid, but they are in reality combinations for criminal purposes. The members are bound together by the must solemn oaths. They are o uliged to sur render all individuality and become merely a part of the organization. They are compelled to do unquestioningly and nnhesitatingly what the society orders. B:iefly, they are organized criminals who make their own laws and defy those of America .. ~elonging to a non-assimilating race, and rr.fusing to consider him self anything but a sojourner, the Chinaman is a true parasite iu his re- 996 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. lations to this country. He is useful in the same sense that a machine or a quadruped is useful, simply as a dumb instrument in the accom plishmeut of physical results. No advancement comes, or can come, through him, in the field of morals or in any branch of social science. He is no aid to our civiJization, no factor itl our intellectual progress, u nd renders no assistance in war. Like other parasites, he flourishes alter_his own kind, upon the vital sap of the stem upon which he is fastened. He is an idolator, and sets up images of things that are on the earth, _and bows down before them, in the midst of a people who worship a spiritual God. Nearly every habit, nearly every practice, nearly every line of thought, and nearly every rule of conduct, private, public, and religious, of these people, is antagonistic to ours. There does not ap pear to be lacking any evidence that the Creator intended them to dwell by themselves. Repugnance to the Chinese is deep-seated and permanent-upon the part of an classes with whom they come in contact, here and elsewhere, t>xcepting a few sentimental people who see in their presence a divine dispensation for their conversion; and another few who, with strange incousistence, having enforced the abolition of slavery in the South, now demand its establishment in the West. To show in what degree efforts by this few for the conversion of the coolies have been successfnl, after thirty years of effort, I reproduce a recent dispatch from San Francisco to the .Associated Press, as follows: Chinese residents of San Francisco had a remarkable street parade in honor of the great idol known as Tan Wong, recently brought from China. The parade was of Oriental magnificence, but was confined to the streets and alleys of Chiuatown. Co · tumes, banners, and Oriental weapons incident to the parade were brou~bt from Chiua especially for the occasion. There were one thousand Chinamen in 1ine, ~nd numerous Chinese women, on richly-caparisoued horses, the entire column pn·sent:og a blaze of color. The women wore long silken gowns and at their sides walked :it tendants holding high overhead banners of gold. The men in the procession earned antique war implements, long gilt maces, elaborately carved swords or spears, around whose points were coiled gilt lizards, snakes, and flaming dragons. . A uumber of tall banners that sprang 20 feet in the air preceded another heavlly armed battalion attired in the brightest yellow and carrying weapons, no two of which were alike. A feature that afforded particular delight to this peculiar people came next-a 1H'ight, tinsel pavilion, around the balconies of which ran in one continuous stream _little figures of men and horses chasing one another; naked ruen twirling a~out, fighting with swords; and little gods twisting about like snakes. An extraordinar· ily energetic band in light pink preceded a troop of cavalry. In frout of the mighty joss Tan Wong was a band of musicians sounding bu e gongs aocl kettledrums, while a body of cannoneers followed keeping up a con tau fnsilade of fire-crackers. Twelve worshipers clad in light yellow carried Tan_ Wong, who sat in a huge chair. .About him and behind him trod attendant priests m Ion h1ack satin robes. They were accompanied by incense brarers wb se cen1-ers we!, linng from the ends of long red poles. Following Tan Woug was the dragon l,a fe ·t long, and described as the most gorgeous ever seen in Arueri ·a. He wa upport rl li:V: sixty worshipers. This monst r opened Hs montli, writh d it ho!ly, au The alleged cause of the enmity exhibited by white laborers tow~rds the Oi.iinese is that they will work for a pittance that is not snffi-cient to support a self.respecting· American man of family. That it is true that this competition occurs, and that, being true, it-is. unjust to o?r laboring population has been so often clearly shown that 1t may be said to be settled. But that this is the only or the principal reason I do not believe. Those who have studied the principles that control the sentiments of mankind and move them to important action wi11, I think, concede that any one of the considerations mentioned herein is more potent than the last. · Discontent at competition in wages attaches to the act more than to the man, antl if the man is one who can be reasoned with and from who1n eventually better fe1lowship can be expected as the result of per suasion, he wi11 not be ostracized by others on the same social plane. The Chinese coolies, for reasons herein before set out~ being incorrigible in every· way as a class, an irrepressible conflict between them. and ~be Americans results. Tl.lef~ct that bis co-.operating in demands for higher_ wages does not seem to placate or modify the enmity felt towards him by white laborers, is proof that that enmityis due to a farther reaching cause than rivalry in the wages market. But while, as I have shown,- the people of the Pacific coast are prac tically a unit in their repugnance to the Chinese, the vast majority of them are firm in their determination to seek redress by legal methods alone, and to see that the Chi11ese, whjle here, shall have a11 the pro tection for life and property that the laws guaranty to them. While on the subject it may not be thought inappropriate to detail , the uature and extent of the cruelties and impositions. practiced upon coolies on this coast and the persons by whom they are practiced. The instances in which coolies are deprived of their rights by Amer ican workingmen are so widely published and so exJ:iaustively com mented upon that it is only nec~ssary to allude to facts with which the country is familiar in an exaggerated form. But it will be found upon investigation1 I think, that the injuries inflicted upon tbe poor cooly by white laborers are the least of the ills he suffers and the soonest cured. Instances of his persecution by white laborers are infrequent and spasmodic, while the cruelties and impositions practiced upon ·bini by hi§! white employers ar~ systematic and permanent. Contracts for his services are not made w-ith him, but with an agent of some one of the Six Companies. The scheme for utilizing bis exertions is to place him under a white man, called a" herder," who is usually selected on account of his brutal qualities, and who is expected to practice such a degree of systematic cruelty as will keep up a reign of terror in his "gang." The coo'Jies are addressed as if they were dumb animals, and are'kicked and cuffed upon slight provocation. If they make a stand, as they sometimes do when some worse than usual cruelty is inflicted upon one of their number, it is the practice to use fire-arms and other weapons for their subjugation. The coolies must depend, in many cases, for their pittance upon the agent of their countrymen who bas contracted for their services. Often this agent draws all the money fr.om the employer, and at the end of a season is discovered to be insolvent. Sometimes, in such cases, the coolies, smarting under the outrage of being rol>be<.l of a whole sum mer's wages, will make a riotous demonstration. In all such cases it will be found that provision has l>een made in advance for the use of 998 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. force, and the coolies are attacked with clubs and guns, sometimes with serious loss in killed and wounded. In fact, the largest number of acts of cruelty or injustice committed upon coolies will, I feel certain, be found upon investigation to have been committed by their employers and by the secret agents of the Six Companies called "Highbinders." On the other hand, I believe that whatever of human sympathy the helpless wretches receive in misfortune will be found to come from the white laborers, rather than from the Six Companies or from their em ployers. LA_ND LAWS. The following information concerning the public-laud laws for the dis posal of Government lands in Washington Territory may be useful to the intending immigrant: All lands which are for sale or other disposal by the Government un der general laws are known as public landR, au TIIE HOMESTEAD LAW. Every citizen of the United States who is over twenty-one year of age, or the head of a family, can take 160 acre of the public land (ag ricultural) by establishing a residence thereon and cultivating the am in good faith a a home for five years from the date of settlement; or if, after ix month ' re idence and cultivation, sucb per on o de ir , tb_ey may commute their home tead claim by paying the Government price therefor; or if a soldier or sailor, who, having served in the Army or avy <;>f the United State during the recent re Ilion, ha been honor ably d1 charged, the time of bi er ice will be deducted from the five Y ar ' r idence required. But in uch ca e a re idence of one year on the land becomes neces ary before patent will be issued. TERRITORY OF W ASRINGTON. 999 THE PRE-EMPTION LAW. Residence, cultivation, and sufficient imp!ovements to show the good faith of the ciaimant are required. · One hundred and sixty acres can be taken of agriculturalJand; qual ification as to age and citizenship is the same as under the homestead law. The claimant must not be the owner of 320 acres of land, nor leave land of his own in this Territory (town lot excepted) in order to settle upon a pre-emption claim, nor take such claim for the purpose of specu lation instead of residence and cultivation. The good faith of every claimant must be clearly established. - He may change his pre-emption :filing to a homestead by making proper application to the land office. 'Not less than six months' resi dence and improvement are . required by law before payment can be made. On offered lands the declaratory statement must be filed within thirty days and the final proof made within one year from the date of settle ment. On unoffered lands the declaratory statement must be :filed within three months and the final proof made within thirty-three months·from the date of settlement. The price for minimum land is $1.25 and for double-minimum land $2.50 per acre. TIMBER-CULTURE LAW. Qualifications of claimant the. same as to age, citizenship, and good faith. Amount of land 160 acres. Land must be devoid of timber. During the first year at least 5 acres must be plowed. The second year said 5 acres must be actually cultivated to crop and a second 5 acres plowed. The third year the first 5 acres must be planted in timber, seeds, or cuttings, and the second 5 acres actually cultivated to crop. The fourth year the second 5 acres must be planted in timber, seeds, or cuttings; .making, at the end of the fourth year, 10 acres thus planted. If the claim is less than 160 acres, the area plowed and planted will be in the same proportion as for 160 acres; that is·, one-8ixteenth of the claim. Not less than 2,700 trees must be planted on each acre to en title the claimant to patent at the expiration of eight years from date of entry. Residence in the Territory is not required for timber culture. COAL-LAND LAWS. Same qualifications as to age and citizenship. One person can purchase 160 acres of coal land. If within 15 miles of a completed railroad, the price is $20 per acre; if outside that dis tance, $ lO. An association of persons may purchase 320 acres, or an association of not less than four persons, who make an expenditure of $5,000 upon their claim, may purchase 640 acres, including their im provements. Coal-land declaratory statements must be filed within sixty days and proof and payment made within fourteen months from cl.ate of possession. TIMUEH. AND STONE LAND LAWS. Land chiefly valuable for timber and stone, by the act of June 3, 1878, can be purchased in this Territory for $2.50 per acre, area 160 acres; no residence or improvements necessary. Married women may make entries under this act. 1000 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. ,-; I CORPOlU.. '1.'IONS. 1, The :files of the office of the secretary of the Territory indicate a very considerable increase in the number of corporations formed in the past twelve months over the preceding twelve: ___ _M _o_nt_h_s. ___ ' 1885-'86., 1886-'87. ___M_o_n_th_s_. ___ __1ss_5-_'B6_. 11886-'87. 1 1 October . ..••....•.•....••.•.. 7 9 May...... 14 1 17 11 November .....•.•••••...... 0 !l .June ...... 11 , 12 December ...... •••...••..... 16 7 .July...... 9 1' 8 '- 13 12 4, ugust ...... 4 18 3 10 September ...... 6 12 10 !ii~(\:::~:;::::~~~::~:: 11 ~~ Total...... •...... --104,- 144 It will thus be seen that the increase has been nearly a third. These figures are highly favorable iu THE F.ALSE .A.LA.RM .A.T SEATTLE. Very shortly after my assumption of the duties of this office, rumor" were heard that an.other attempt would be made to expel the Chine e residents from the ci-ty of Seattle, and that there would be trouble from that source in other cities and villages of Washington Territory. These rumors were. of the wi1dest character, and ·their industrious cir· culatiou by well meaning but thoughtless persons, coupled with intern· perate expressions on the part of citizens holding mdical opinion on both sides of the question, finally culminated in a status that seemed to threaten serious results. Late in the evening of .April 30, after all regular conveyances bad departed, I received an urgent telegram from the Hon. W. H. ·white, United States attorney at Seattle, informing me that an attempt would 1,e made that night with a very formidable force to expel tlle Chinese residents. On receipt of this me, sage, fiudiug that l could not arrive in Seattle by the quickest conveyance much before daylight I telegraphed the mayor, apprising him of the nature of m iuformatiou. and requesting him to take such precautions as might seem m.ce ·ary t~ preveut the ucce of any attempt to violate the law. I reque ·tt·d b1m to apply promptly to the heriff for a , i ·t·-1nce ill ca ·e the force' at his di po al appeared to be insuffici nt to pr erve order. I eut at the am. time a telegram to the sheriff r qu tiug him to bold him lf in readme to a i t the mayor, if call d up n, and if their joiut fore were not ufficient, to all upon G II ral Hill, of the ati nal Gmm~. I nt an order by t 1 graph to Gen ra,l IIill to hold him If in r •adt· ne s to a ist the civil authoritie if they called upon him, and if, in h · TERRITORY OF W .A.SHINGTON. 1001 opinion~ it seemed necessary, to assemble a company of troops in their armory. _ ,. . As it bad been stated that the design was to compel the Ohmese to embark, I instructed General Hill to endeavor to induce the masters of all ocean an'1. large sound steamers to haul away from the docks, and anchor in the stream. I then went on board a steam launch and pro ceeded toward Seattle as rapidly as possible. Upon my arrival, about daylight,.! found the city reposing in peace and quietness, many of ~er people not being aware, until late in the day, that any unusual tbrng had happened the night before. Whether the fact be that there had b~en no design on the part of any one to expel the 1Ch!nese, or that the design had been formed, but was abandoned on witnessing the preparations to defeat it, will remain an open question. I t~,lked with several hundred citizens on the subject, and found a number of earnest men who b~lieved the danger was real; but the hulk of opinion was to the efl:'.ect that there had been no danger of riot, and no design formed to expel t~e Chinese by unlawful means. Upon the conclusion of this episode, I issued an address to the people of Seattle, detailing what bad been done in the premises, in order to counteract exaggerated statements that might otherwise have gained credence, and been cause of unnecessary alarm. FISHERY TROUBLES A'l' ILW.ACO AND ABERDEEN. The business of taking salmon to supply the canneries on the Colum bia, River employs a great number of men. They operate with 'gill nets, seines, traps, and pound-nets, and there is an antagonism hetween those who use the different devices that has threatened for some years to produce trouble. There seems to be an ·especial anfagonism b~tween the trap men and the gill-net men, and bi~,'d feeling finaHy culminated in hostilities at Baker's Bay, in Pa'eific Ooun,ty, in May last. Upon seeing notices of the disturba,nces in the daily papers, i requested the sheriff of that county to conduct au investigation into the affair, which he did, with the result of ascertaining tlTat a party of men, supposed to be gill-net men · from Astoria, Oreg., h·ad attacked at night, aq.d de stroyed, a number of pound-nets in Baker's Bay. The next night the owners of the traps, fearing that further damage would pe attempted, stationed guards over their property, with the unfortunate result that two parties of guards mistook each other for enemies, and used their weapons with such effect that one man w'as killed and another very seriously wounded. The sheriff immediately took steps to defeat further hostile efforts, on the part of evil-disposed · persons, and none further were attempted. · . Wh ..'n Fhe close se~son for sa1mon began on the Columbia River, the gill-net men took their boats and "gear" to Gray's Harbor, and hostil ities soon broke out there between them and the local trap men. A number of traps were destroyed, but there was no blood shed. The grand jury of Chehalis Country was then in session, and promptly found indictments against a large number of depredators. The sheriff imme diately arrested them, a.nd most of them are now in confinement. SPORTING. Washington Territory abounds in game of all kinds. Among the - quadrupeds are bear, elk, caribou, moose, several kinds of deer, and a great variety of small animals. Canvasback ducks are plentiful on 1002 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERiOR. the Columbia River, and get an· unexcelled flavor from the wapato, a sort of white water lily, upon the roots of which they feed. They are shot over decoys in inland lakes. Fly-fishiug for trout is .good in every stream above the dignity of a rivulet, and on Puget S,ound, in October, salmon weighing from 6 to 45 pounds are taken with trolling tackle. Our streams are splendidly adapted · for canoeing, and during the season there is very little danger of rain, so that the voyager can di s pense with much of the impedimenta necessary in other countries. 11hen with gun and rod he can subsist up_on the country. Those who are addicted to climbing mountains can find ample occupation. There are four peaks rising above 10,000 feet in the Cascade Range, all of which may be ascended; and the Olympic Range is a land of mystery awaiting exploration. For some reason neither the Indians nor tbe American trappers have penetrated the dark, forbidding canons of these mountains, and much is therefore left for the imagination. TOURIST ROUTES. A great many tourists from the Eastern States visit this Territory during the warm season. They may arri,o by any one of four trans continental railways, via Saint Paul, Omaha, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, Denver and Salt Lake City, or Winnipeg and Victoria. Tbe scenery along all these routes is considered very fine, and that of Washington Territory cannot be surpassed. The Cascade Range presents a long front of forest-covered mountains, sil-vered at intervals by peaks projecting several thousand feet above the line of perpetual snow, all of them having glaciers on their northern sides. The Olympic Range, between Puget Sound and the ocean, is an assemblage of very rugged peaks, of nearly equal height, and presents, until late in the season; an un brokf'.n line of snow for more than 100 miles. The Lower Columbia River and Puget Sound, with their clear waters, reflecting their perpendicular banks and numerous islands, cannot be excelled. • Tourists may also now continue their voyage to Alaska entirely along inland channels, where there is no liability to sea-sickness. When the traffic develops, as it will in a few years, passengers can continue to the northward, and view the midnight sun from the deck of a comfortable · steamer. ADMINISTR.A.TION OF JUSTICE. The courts, juries, prosecuting officers, and all concerned in the en forcement of the criminal laws of tbe Territory appear to have been efficient in the highest degree. The table below exhibits returns from eleven out of thirteen prosecuting attorney districts. The two di ·trict from whfoh returns have not been received are parsely settled, and would not materially vary either the total or the averages. It wil1 be seen that crimes of violence, which are popularly suppo ed to be prevalent in the "rowdy West," cut a mall comparative :figure in the column of indictments and a very large comparative figure in the <:olumn of convictions. Out of 17 a ault with deadly weapon , 15 ':'ere convicted, and of 9 robbers, 9 were safely landed in the peniten tiary. TERRITORY OF WASHING'tON. 1003 Su1nmary of crirninal statistics, 1887. Number of Number of Number of Number of Nature of crime. indictments. conviotio_ns I acquittals. dismissals. Burglary ...... 16 11 5 .•••.••.. • .. .Assault with deadly weapon ...... ••..... 17 15 2 Grand larceny .....•.....••...... •..... 38 28 7 3 Keeping house of ill fame ...... : .....••..••• .• . 8 5 • ••• • •• ••• •.. . 3 .Adultery ...... •...... •••.. 3 l 1 1 .Assault and batter.v ..•....•...... •. _...... 14 8 4 2 Murder ...... •...... •....•.•••...••.. 5 2 2 1 9 9 ~~~~t~Kii:ii"i~i ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2 . ....••.• .•• 2 ··········-·· Horse and cattle stealing ..•...... •...... 21 9 10 2 .Arson ...... •...... • 6 2 3 1 Selling liquor without license ...... : ...... 24 11 5 8 Forgery ...... •...•.. 4 2 1 1 4 2 2 .••••••.•••.• 4 2 .••.. ••...•.. 2 tiE{:;:~;~:;~~,;::::; ;: :;;; ::; ; ;; :; :;:: 5 1 4 .•...... 1 1 ············· ...... Embezzlement ...... 2 1 1 ...... Selling liquor to minors and Indians ...... _. . _•. . 11 10 1 ...... •. Bigamy ...... •..•.. 1 ...... 1 Attempt to commit sodomy ...... •.. 1 1 ····· ···· ...... 1 1 1 ...... ~::~iH:t~ ~~~ ~~- :::: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 3 •••.••••.•••..•••.•••••••• Poisoning ...... •. 1 ..•...... 1 ..... ········ Ootaining money by false pretense ...... •..••.•. 2 1 ...... 1 Fornication ...... ••.. •....•..... 1 1 ...... Attempt to rob ...... •...... ••...... 1 1 ············· .... ········· fi:cei_ving s_tol~n goods ...... ••...•....•.•..•.•. 1 .1 •••••• . •••••.. •••••••••••· 8 6 .••.•••••.••. 2 .A.tit~;\ 1rkrn ~-~~~~::: ~ :::::::: ::: :::: ::~ :::: :: 1 1 ············· .A.ttemst to do bodily injury ...... •...... •...... 1 1 ········· .... Concea ing stolen goods ...... •..•.••...... 1 1 · ············ ...... Bastii,rdy ...... 1 1 Mischief, nuisance, and other minor indictable offenses ....••.....•••••..•..••...••...... •.... 17 4 5 8 Totals ..•.•••.••..••..••..••. .••...... 235 . 141 58 36 -1004 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR. Cereal production of Washington T<·rritory during the arop year 1859 and from 18!i9 to 1 inclusive. Year. Bushels. Year. Bo h ------=-~----11------1 1859 .•...... •.•••••...•••••••••••.••• .. 230, 737 1877..... •• • • • .•• ••• . •• • • • .••••• •••••. 3. 297, COj 1869 . ....••••••.••.•..•••••.•.••..•.•. 554,549 1878 . . • • • • . • • . •••• •• • • • . . ••. • ••. •••••. 3,752, 9, 1870 ...... ••.. ·•••••••• ••••••.•••...••. 909,931 l 879 . . • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . . . • . . ~. 111 , :iill 1871 .....•• •••••• •••.. ••··••··•••·•·•· 1, 2ti5, 313 l 880 . . • • • • . • • . • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • . 4,;,0t, ') 1872 ..•..•••.••.••••.•••••••••...•..•. 1,620,695 188L ..•••...•.••••••.••.••••••••••••.. 4,!I00,1 1873 ....•••.••••••••••••••••• ••••••·•· · 1,976,077 1882 . • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . • • . • • • . • •• • • . 5, 296. ~ 1874 . .•..••••••••••••••••••.•...•••. •. . 2,331,459 1883 . . • . . • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • ...... • • . 6, 41 • jO:J 1875 ...•..••••..•.•••.••.••••••.....••. 2,686,841 1884 . • • • • • • • • • . . . • • • • . . . . • . . • • • . • • • • • . 7,554, 5;,J 1876 ...•••. ·••··· ..••...••.••••.. ·••··· 3,042,223 , The data of serial production for the years 185D and 1869 are derh•ed from the United States census, and for other years from reports of th Department of Agriculture. This table is from McCarty's Annua. Statistician. All of which is Y't'Spectfully submitted. Very respectfully, your obedient servant, EUGENE SEMPLE, Governor. APPENDIX. MISCELLANEOUS. The following is from a sheet published by Hon. N. ~- Owings, ~ecretary of the _ Territory, after the bienuial election of 1886 : Vote on each side of mountains: · ·- Total vote for Delegate ...... •••...•••...... ••...•.•••••... : ••..•••. 47,230 Total vote west of mount,ains ...••...... ••••...••..••••...•••••. -.... 24 1· 503 Total vote eastofmountains ....· ...•...••••..••••....•...... •••.... 22 727 Majo;rity, West Washington ••••.•••••...••.•••..•.••....••..••••••..... 1: 776 Vote· for Delegate : _ ' . · Bradshaw, East Washington ....••...•.••••..••••...... ••••.• -- --••••• - 10, 020 Voorhees, East Washington . . • . . • . . . . • • . • . • • ...... • • . . . . . • • • • • ...... 10, 615 Newell, East Washington .. . . . • . . • • ...... • ...... • ...... 635 - Voorhees's plurality ...... 595 · Brad§haw, West Washington ...... _11, 060 Voorhees, West Washington ...... 12,657 Newell, West Washington ...... -----·...... 2,240 Voorhees's plurality...... 1,597 Vote of the Teritory from 1869 to the el~ction on November 2, 1886: 1869 . __ •....•...••...... •....••••....• -- ...... ••.•.....•.. _-. • • • • • . • 5, 373 1870 ...••. _...... • • • . . • • • • . . • • . • . . . • . . . . • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • . . • . . . . • • • • • • . 6, 182 1872 . _• • • . . • • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • • . • • • . . . • • . . . • • • . • . • • • • • • • . . • . . • . . • • • • . • . . • 7, 80 L 187 4 . _•••.•••••..•.••••..•.••••..•..•.••.••• •-.. . • • • • . . • • • • . • • • • • . . • • • • . 8, 494 1876 ...... ~.. . • • • • . . • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . 9, 907 1878 ...••..•.•...••••.• : • . . . . . • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • . • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • . • . • 12, 64 7 1880 . _...... · ...... - • . . . . . • • . • . 15, 823 1882 . ___ . . . . • ...... • • . . . • • • • . . . • . . . . . • • ...... • . • • • . . • • . • . • • • . . . . . 19, 498 1.884 .. __ . . . . • . . . . . • • • . . ; ..•.. _. _...... • • ...... • . . • . . . . • • . • . . • . . . • . . . 41, 84 2 18?6(including three scattering) ...... 47,230 'rotal increase from 1869 to 1886 ...... 41, 857 THE LEGISL'4-TURE. Councilmen elect. Firat district.-Walla Walla County: B. L. Sharpenstein, Democrat, 292 over S. C. Wingard. • Second diBtrict.-Columbia, Garfield, and 1\.sotin: 0. C. White, Republican, 153 over W. E. Ayrn;, J> emocrnt. Thircl diatrict.-Whitmau: Milton Gable, Republican, 135 over G. W. Barkhuff, Democrat. Fourth diatrict.-Spokane and Stevens: J. N. Barker, Democrat, 166 over Frank H. Graves, Republican. . l 1~ifth diatrict.-Lincoln, Douglas, Franklin, Adams, Yakima, and Kittitass: C. P. Cook, Democrat, 3$17 over S. A. Wells, Republican. Sixth diatrict.-Klickitat, Skarna11ia., and Clarke: R. T. Hawley, Republican, 31 over J. H. Alexander. · Seventh district.-Clarke, Cowlitz, and Lewis: John R. Thompson, Republican, 19 over J.B. LaDu. - Eighth district.-Wahkiakum, Pacific, Chehalis, and Thurston: John F. Gowey, Re- publican, 417 over M. C. Goodell. · Ninth diBtrict.-Pierce: J.M. Steel, Republican, 417 over W. B. Dunkel. Tenth diatrict.-King: Joseph Foster, D0mocrat, 136 over Thomas J': Humes. Eleventh disfrict.-King, Snohomish, aud Skagit: James H. Lewis, Democrat, 504 over John P. McGlinn: Twelfth diafrict.-Whatcom, San Juan, Island, Jefferson, Clallam, Mason, and Kit Blip: Henry Roeder, Democrnt, 216 over Eugene Canti.el Representatives elect. First district.-Walla Walla: Platt A. Preston, Republican, 71 over Ed. Fallen; w. M. Clark, Republican, 281 over J. F. Cropp. Second district.--Colurnbia: George Eckler, Republican, 148 over J. F. Hall. Third district.-Garfield and Asotin: R. A. Case, Republican, 433 over D. H. Poynter. Fourth district.-Whitman : J. W. Arrasmith, Republican, 424 over J. H. William · Edward Irwin, Republican, 360 over Lillis F. Smith. ' Fifth district.-Spokane: E. J. Fellows, Democrat, 45 over W. P. Grubb. Sixth district.-Spokane and Stevens: C. R. McMillan, Democrat, 194 over M. C. McCaslin. Seventh district.-Liucoln, Douglas, l!.,ranklin, and Adams: W. A. Bucey, Democrat, 30 over James Bassett. Eighth district.-Yakima and Kittitass: T. J. V. Clark, Republican, 14 over G. W. Goodwin. Ninth d·istrict.-Klickitat: R. W. Helm, Republican, 324 over W.R. Neal. Tenth district.-Clarke: H. M. Knapp, Democrat, 179 over Hubert Daniels. Eleventh district.-Skacnania, Clarke, and Cowlitz: C.H. Stevenson, Democrat, 170 over A. F. Mills. Twelfth district.-Wahkiakum, Pacific, and Chehalis: T. M. Warman, Republican, 170 over J. S. M. Van Cleave. Thirteenth district.-Lewis: William T. Forrest, RepubUcan, 18 over David Motter. Fourteenth district.-Thurston and Mason: 'f. M. Reed, jr., Republican, 125 over T. C. Van Epps. Fifteenth clist?·ict.-Pierce : W. J. Thompson, Republican, 78 over Stephen Judson; J.P. Stewart, Republican, 238 over L. D. Wade. Sixteenth district.-King: Thomas B. Elder, Democrat, 927 over C. M. Van Doren; · P.H. Halloran, Democrat, 918 over F. A. Hanson; John Keane, Democrat, 1398 over A. L. Rutherford. Seventeenth district.-Snohomish and Skagit: M. J. Mcllroy, Democrat, 210 over J. H. Irwin. Eighteenth district.-Whatcom, San Juan, and Island: W. I. Baker, Democrat, over Thomas G. Nicklin. Nineteenth district.-Jefferson, Clallam, and Kitsap: William Payne, Democrat, 406 over J. W. Phillips. TOWN VOTES. At the general election of November 2 the leading towns of the Territory cast the number of votes credited to them in the list following: Towns. Counties. Vot~. Centerville . __ .....•...... •.•...... _. ... . __ . Klickitat ...•.. -··· -- ·--· ·········-·· --· ·---·· 200 West Kittitass ····-· ... ·----· ...... ·--· -· Kittitass. __ . _--· -· -. -... ·- --..••. ···-·· ··---· 200 Whatcom . ---. -- .....• --...... -•...••.. --. --. Whatcom. __ .. -- --..... --- ..... -·-·. ·-· ·--· ·· 20 Centralia ··-· .. _____ . ____ -· .••. _. -· ...... -··· .. Lewis·-····--·---·-----·····-·······-··----·· 216 Sumner_. ___ ...... ·---··--··-··········-- Pierce . __ . . __ . . _- . --....•. --.. -•. ---.. -.. ---· 221) Pullman ---- ·- ---······ ....•• -··· -- .••••. ·--- __ Whitman --.. -•.. --. --. -. -....•. -•... --. . --. 221 La Conner-·---··---··-·····_---·-··-····-····· Skagit. __ .. -· ..•.. .. -·._ ...... _·-_.-· __ -· . __ 2"26 PaLaha ·---·· -········· ...... ••.. --·- ·---- · Garfield ___ ..•...... -. -. --. .... -. -.. --. . . --. 237 Newcastle._-· ..••.• ·-- _____ ... ___ ~ .. _. __ -····· King ·- ·· -···-···--··--·--····-·--··-·- · --· 238 Rockford·-·--·-···-··-··-···-······· ..••.. . -· · Spokane . . - ... - . -.. -.. - -...... -...... - -.. --. 248 Colville . ___ ··--... _.. -····· ...... ___ ._ ...... __ Stevens . _.. _. __ . ___ .. ---. -. -. -... --. . . -. ---. 2.'i5 Monticello.·---·· .. -· . ..•.•.....• --·_-·· ...... Cowlitz . __ . ______-- . ___ - . ----. ---. -.. --... 2-56 Puyallup·--·-·········---·-·····-·--······--- · Pierce ___ ...... --. - --.. -.. ----· · ----- · ---- 2 Chehalis-._ ...•..•. -···-···· ...•.•. _··- .. _._ ... Lewis·--···---·-----·---·-···--·-----··---·· 272 Whitson ---··. -··--··- _-·--·····-······. ·-···· Kittitass . __ .. _. --- --· -·· ---. -· --- ··-. -· ··-·-- 275 Montesano ..•. _.•. ____ ...•.• _. _...... _... ___ . Ch ehalis. _____ . __ . ____ .. · --···-·. -··- -· ·--·-· 200 '\VaitRburgh . ···-·---·· _... __ ...• -· ·--- _. ______Walla Walla . __ ...... -.. ---. -- . --.. -- . -----. 297 Cheucy . _-· · ----·····- -··- .. ·-··· ...... -·· 3?2 North Yakima·--··- __ --·····--...•.• ____ ... -·· ~~~~~:. -:: : : : : : - :: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :- 37i Goldendale.--·-·-··- ___ .----·· ...... --··-· .. -· Klickitat . ______-·.--···· __ .. -. ·-·· -· ...... 3S4 . nohomish __ . -··. --·------·· ····-····----· · 1 '\Vnitman. _____ ·---·· ··-·-· ·-···· -·--·------4 Linrolu . --·. __ . . __ . ·-··--. --· ····-· ·------· 4 ! Garfield- ----··------· --·- ...... ·--··-·-- 4i4 Kittitass ___ . __ .••• __ .... _..... ---... - .. ----. 1 ,Jefferson . _. _... __ ... _____ . ______.. . . _. _.. 599 Thnrston ---- __ --·- ...•.•...•..•• ·····-. --- - Clarke. - -· _·- -· ··-··· -- -····· -·--·····- ·----· Columbia·-·-·-···-·--··----··---····-·-····· 9-;9 Whitman. __ . --- . --· -. --. ---··· ...... -- . --.. 1. 0 {!i(i::!!!!;i!I!;!!!} ' pokane. ____ . __ ...... --···· -····· ····--. -- 1, 1:9'.! l!i:1 Walla Walla ·--·-· ··--·--·-· ····-· ·-· ·-·-· 1, 2, ·a ti . . ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Pier e·----·--·-··-·---·····--·---- ··--- · ·-· Kiug · ---·-- · ·--··-··--··-····-··-----···---· 3, - ' Total.·-· __ .. . __ .. _... ·--·-· 20,21 TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. 1007 From the foregoing it will be seen that nearly half the inhabitants of Washington Territory Ii ve ill towns casting 200 votes and over: Western Washington ...... •.•.•••••••••.•••••••••..•.•••.•.•...... 10,118 Eastern Washington : ... ..•....•.••••.••.•••.•..••..••••....•.....•••..... 10,092 Total ...., .•••••.•..•..• ·•...... •.... .•....••...•.•...... 20,210 Comparative 1,ote of the Territory froni 1876 to 1886. Total Total Increase. Year. Increase. Year. vote. ·I vote. 1876 ...... • • . . • • . • • • . • . • • . . 9, 907 1882 . . • • • ...... • . . • • . • • . . . 19, 498 3, 67fi 1878 . . . . . •• • . • . . • . . • ...... 12, 647 2,740 1884* . .• • ...... • . •• • . . . •• • . . 41,842 22,344 1880 . • • . . . • • • • . • • • • . • . . • . . . • . 15, 823 3,176 1886* .. • .. . • .. • • . . • • . . • . . . • • . 47, 230 5,388 *Years in which women voted. Complete official election 1·eturns by counties, 1886. d ,,5 ,,5 ,d d Candidates. ~ Q3 :s N o:l .s 0 d o:l ::;i ~ ,d ~ s ~ s "5ii .::1 .::1 GI'! :g ~ i ~ ~ ~ Cd 'E o:l ~ 'O .a ~ 0 0 0 I',< «I --;; ;:l d ~ Del~~ tr~dos~~;~~ '. .. 1,918 327 567 997 759 696 158 296 1; 531 225 674 19 C. S. Voorhees ...... 3,223 410 888 729 834 967 252 :!63 1,408 167 390 170 W. A.Newell ...... 331 23 9 106 34 18 9 830 175 Scattering ...... - ...... -----· -----... . --...... -...... 1 :Brigadier-general : ·-- ·- Geo.D. Hill...... 2,186 418 645 1,065 911 728 185 553 1,701 238 700 20 J. H. Griswolrl ...... 2,842 363 ...... ·------· · ---·- ...... -----· 1,102 . --.. ~ .. 160 Scattering .•...... •.. ·------9 1 3 4 ...... 1 1 Adjutant-general: ------· ------...... ------...... r. t fj.~~re~n~~:::::: 2,245 412 648 1,064 908 727 168 550 1,667 239 711 20 W. ::5. Wittum ...... 2,854 362 ------· ...... ---- - ...... 1,149 157 Scattering ...... 1 9 1 4 ...... 1 1 Commissary-general: ---- -·--· W. C. Ellswol'th .... 2,245 423 650 1,065 909 728 168 554 1, 621 239 710 20 H. S. Bixler ...... , 2,860 357 ...... ----- ...... ------1,214 150 Scattering .... _...... 12 4 2 Quartermasfrr-genoral: D. G. Lovell ...... 2,249 424 650 1,064 909 728 187 550 J, 723 239 710 20 Chas. P. Giles ...... , 2,857 358 4 ...... -----· 1,102 159 Scattering ...... •..••.... 9 1 ...... ---·- ---·- ...... 4 ...... 1008 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOlt. Cornplete. official election returns by counties, 188f5-Continaed . .g 8 :;e;i d ::s r:l <1) ~ s al Candidates. ·s ,;, ~ 0 of t> 0 § A -~ Q cri 00 642 rt.c/tt~:e~_::::: ""i3is 1,~~~ .. 360'. 779. ""ii32" ·i:069° .. 687° ·2:2is" 414 23,386 17,577 W. S. Wittum ...... 302 644 ...... 223 ...... •...... 5,809 Scattering...... 3 .•.••..•.•.•. 2 29 Commissary-general: W . C. Ellsworth.... . 617 1,978 361 805 162 1,675 685 2,209 417 23,399 17, 5311 H. S. Bixler...... 391 643 . • • • . . 212 ...... : ...... •...... 5,863 Scattering...... 1 ...... 38 Quartermaster-general: D. G. Lovell ·...... 617 1, 977 810 163 1, 675 684 2,220 417 23,161 17,419 Chas. P. Giles ...... 391 643 201 ...... ••... . 5,742 Scattering...... 3 .•• . •.. . ••• ...••.••..••••• 24 GQVERNORS OF THE TERRITORY. The Territory of Washington was set apart by the act of March 2, 1853. The fol lowing named comprise the list of governors appointed: Name. From- To- Name. From- To- Isaac I. Stevens ...... • . . . . . • . . 1853 1857 Alvan :Flanders ...... 1869 I iO J. Patton Aud,•rson...... 1857 1857 Etl ward S. Salomon ...... 1870 I i2 Fayette McMullen ·_...... 1857 1861 ,James F . Lagate ...... 1872 1 i2 R. D. Gbolsou...... • ...... 1861 1861 Elisha P. Ferr.v ...... 1872 1 0 W. H. Wallace...... 1861 l~Gl W. A. Newell ...... •.•... 18'10 1864 Wm. Pickering ...... 1861 m~ Wats?n C. Squire ...... ••. 1884 1&!7 Marsh&! F. Moore...... 1867 Of i,be above, J. Patton Anderson, R. D. Gboh;on, J. F. Legate, and W. H. Wallace did not qualify. TERRITORIAL OFFICERS, 1887. Delegate to Congress, Charles S. Voorhees, Colfax. Governor, Eugene Semple, Olympia. Private secretary, Frederick Bausman, Olympia. Secretary, N. H. Owings, Olympia. Chief justice, R. A. Jones, Seattle. As ociate jnstice, W. G. Langford, Walla Walla. As ociatc justice, G ·orge 'fnrncr, Spokane Falls. Associate justice, Frank Allyn, Tacoma. FEDERAL OFFICERS. urveyor-general, John C. Breckenridge, Olympia. oitcd 'tatc mar hal, Thomas .J. Hamilton, attle. l nit d, 'tat district attorney, W. IT. Whit , , f'a.ttle. 'ollector of ·ustom, 11incy A. Brooks, Port Towns nd. P puty coll ctor of internal revenu Gwi11 Hicks, Tacoma.