PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE, TO BECOME A MURDERER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By
Esther Yulyanti Siahaan
Student Number: 081214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
REVEALING FACTORS THAT TRIGGER IGOR, THE MAIN CHARACTER OF PAULO COELHO’S THE WINNER STANDS ALONE, TO BECOME A MURDERER
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By
Esther Yulyanti Siahaan
Student Number: 081214142
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2013
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I can do all things through Christ which strengthenth me – Phill. 4:13
But my God shall supply all your need according to his riches in glory by Jesus Christ –Phill. 4:19
This thesis is dedicated to:
Jesus Christ
My wonderful parents
My great siblings
Myself iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRACT
Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.
Everyone needs to love and be loved. One can do anything even the destructive ones in order to strive for love. Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone depicts one major character who strives for his love. This study discusses the effort to have the love back experienced by Igor, the major character in the novel. Igor is a Russian millionaire who attempts to get his wife back after she leaves him for another man. The story of the novel takes place in Cannes Film Festival, France. The objective of the study is to reveal how Igor ends up becoming a murderer. In order to reveal the factors that trigger him to become a murderer, there are two problems to discuss. The first deals with the portrait of Igor and the second deals with the motives of him for committing murders. This study employs the library research method. The data are obtained from various sources such as Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone which becomes the primary source, while several literary and psychological books become the secondary ones. The literary sources are used to answer the first problem, meanwhile the psychological sources are employed to answer the second one. The theories of character and characterization are applied to answer the first problem. The theories of psychoanalytic and motivation are used to answer the second problem. Since this study deals with the human’s psychological aspects, psychological approach is applied. The results of the analysis show that Igor is portrayed as a cautious, charming, faithful, hard-working, intelligent, methodical, observant, and proud man. Furthermore, he is motivated to become a murderer because he intends to get his wife, Ewa, back and because he loves her so much. On top of that, he ends up becoming a murderer since it is the way to send messages to Ewa. Those messages are the means of reminding, threatening, frightening, and attracting her attention. In the end, this study suggests that future researchers of the same novel conduct analyses on other characters, such as Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, and Jasmine. An analysis using a biographical approach is also suggested to gain more understanding about the novel. The suggestions for English teachers, particularly for teaching Structure IV, are presented as well. In addition, this study recommends some implications for the education in general.
Keywords: winner, love, murderer
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ABSTRAK
Siahaan, Esther Yulyanti. (2013). Revealing Factors that Trigger Igor, the Main Character of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, to Become a Murderer. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Setiap manusia ingin mencintai dan dicintai. Manusia dapat melakukan apa pun termasuk hal yang merusak demi memperjuangkan cinta. Sebuah novel karya Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The Winner Stands Alone menggambarkan suatu kisah tentang seseorang yang berjuang keras untuk cinta. Skripsi ini membahas usaha yang dilakukan Igor, tokoh utama dalam novel ini, untuk mendapatkan kembali cintanya. Igor, seorang jutawan dari Rusia, berjuang untuk mendapatkan kembali istrinya setelah wanita itu meninggalkannya demi pria lain. Latar belakang kisah di dalam novel ini adalah Festival Film Cannes di Prancis. Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan bagaimana Igor berakhir menjadi seorang pembunuh. Terdapat dua permasalahan yang didiskusikan untuk mengungkapkan faktor pendorong yang menyebabkan Igor membunuh. Masalah pertama mengenai penggambaran tokoh Igor dalam novel dan kedua mengenai motif dibalik pembunuhan yang dia lakukan. Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Data-data yang diperlukan untuk menjawab permasalahan diperoleh dari berbagai sumber, antara lain The Winner Stands Alone yang merupakan sumber utama dan beberapa buku sastra serta psikologi yang merupakan sumber pendukung. Buku sastra digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama dan buku psikologi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua. Teori karakter dan karakterisasi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan pertama sedangkan teori psikoanalisis dan motivasi digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan kedua. Pendekatan psikologis digunakan karena skripsi ini membahas tentang aspek psikologis manusia. Hasil analisa menggambarkan Igor sebagai seorang pria yang waspada, mempesona, setia, pekerja keras, cerdas, metodis, senang mengamati, dan bangga terhadap dirinya. Motivasinya untuk membunuh disebabkan oleh keinginan untuk mendapatkan kembali istrinya, Ewa, serta rasa cinta yang begitu besar kepadanya. Dibalik semua itu, dia berakhir menjadi pembunuh untuk menyampaikan pesan kepada Ewa. Pesan tersebut digunakan untuk mengingatkan, mengancam, menakuti, dan menarik perhatiannya. Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menyarankan kepada peneliti selanjutnya untuk menganalisa karakter lain seperti Ewa, Hamid, Gabriela, dan Jasmine. Analisa menggunakan pendekatan biografis juga disarankan untuk memahami novel ini lebih dalam. Saran juga ditujukan kepada guru-guru bahasa Inggris, khususnya untuk mengajar mata kuliah Structure IV. Selain itu, skripsi ini merekomendasikan implikasi untuk pendidikan pada umumnya.
Kata kunci: winner, love, murderer viii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Firstly and foremost, I would like to bestow my deepest gratitude on the
Almighty, Jesus Christ, for His never ending love and mercy. His existence and blessings are my tower of strength in finishing this thesis.
I am profoundly indebted to my wonderful parents, John. G. Siahaan and
Tiominar M., who always shower me with love, prayers, and support. They are my biggest inspiration and the ones I will do them proud. My special thanks also go to my beloved sister, P. Ruth Siahaan, and my lovely brother, A.R. Timothy
Siahaan, who always become the best siblings of all time. I thank them for their endless supports and prayers. I would like to express my gratitude to my aunt and my uncle as well, Damaris M. and Ranto S. They are my ‘parents’ while I am completing my study in Yogyakarta. I am also thankful to have ‘new’ family: my brother-in-law, my sister’s mother-in-law and father-in-law, my ‘new’ brothers, and, of course, my newborn nephew. I am so lucky for God has given them to me.
My great appreciation goes to my sponsor, Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A., Ph.D, for his guidance and assistance during the completion of this thesis. I wish him and his family a happy and grateful life for all time. I would also like to thank all English Language Education Study Program lecturers and staff in all things during the process of completing my study. May God bless them and their families at all times.
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Then, I would like to appreciate my best friends: Elisabeth, Maryska,
Yeni, Tika, Friska, and Fani(1) for their best support. I thank my other friends:
Mike, Atma, Angga, Mba Setyo, Ayu, Fani(2), Vinsen, Agung, Purwo, and all
PBI ’08 friends for the moment we share together.
Last but not least, I would like to thank everyone whom I cannot mention one by one but surely I cannot complete this thesis without their help and support.
God bless them all.
Esther Y. Siahaan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE ...... i
APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii
DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv
STATEMENT OF WORK'S ORIGINALITY ...... v
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi
ABSTRACT ...... vii
ABSTRAK ...... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi
LIST OF FIGURES...... xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xv
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study ...... 3
1.3 Problem Formulation ...... 3
1.4 Benefits of the Study ...... 4
1.5 Definition of Terms ...... 4
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Review of Related Theories ...... 11
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches ...... 11
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2.1.2 Theory of Character ...... 13
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization ...... 16
2.1.4 Theory of Psychoanalytic ...... 18
2.1.5 Theory of Motivation ...... 22
2.2 Theoretical Framework...... 27
2.3 Criticism ...... 27
2.4 Context of the Novel ...... 28
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Object of the Study ...... 30
3.2 Approach of the Study ...... 31
3.3 Method of the Study ...... 31
CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS
4.1 The Characteristics of Igor Malev ...... 34
4.1.1 Cautious...... 35
4.1.2 Charming ...... 41
4.1.3 Faithful ...... 46
4.1.4 Hard-working ...... 50
4.1.5 Intelligent ...... 52
4.1.6 Methodical ...... 57
4.1.7 Observant ...... 61
4.1.8 Proud ...... 67
4.2 Igor’s Motivation in Becoming a Murderer ...... 70
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4.2.1 Getting Ewa Back ...... 70
4.2.2 Loving Ewa So Much ...... 74
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ...... 83
5.2 Implications...... 85
5.3 Suggestions ...... 87
REFERENCES ...... 89
APPENDICES ...... 92
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Freud’s View about Levels of Consciousness and the Structure of
Personality ...... 19
2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ...... 24
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 Summary of The Winner Stands Alone by Paulo Coelho ...... 93
Appendix 2 Biography of Paulo Coelho ...... 95
Appendix 3 Course Outline Structure IV ...... 96
Appendix 4 Teaching Material ...... 99
Appendix 5 Learning Material ...... 102
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1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the introduction of the whole study. It is divided into five parts namely Background of the Study, Objectives of the Study, Problem
Formulation, Benefits of the Study, and Definition of Terms. The first part,
Background of the Study, explores the description of the topic of the study and the reasons for choosing the topic of the study. The second part, Objectives of the
Study, presents the aims of conducting this study. The third, Problem
Formulation, presents the formulation of problems to be analyzed in the study.
The fourth, Benefits of the Study, elaborates the contribution of the conducted study for the development of knowledge. And the last, Definition of Terms, presents the specific key terms mentioned in the title or in the problem formulation of the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
Every human being needs love. At the beginning, God created the first man with His own breath because of His love to him. Thus, He has loved the man so that he could love Him in return and his spouse as well. Love is a way to be grateful and to mean the life He has given. That is why everybody needs to love and be loved. To get the love, someone can do anything even the destructive ones.
When the love cannot be attained, destroying or killing can even be done. The power of love leads the researcher to take this as a study. The researcher focuses
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2 on how something destructive can be done because of love, which can be seen through one of the main characters in the novel analysed.
The novel analysed is Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The
Winner Stands Alone is a novel about four main characters. First, Igor Malev is a
Russian millionaire who thinks he can kill if he has a good reason, such as releasing someone from suffering or getting his wife back. Second, Hamid
Hussein is a Middle Eastern haute couturier who starts the business with good intentions, but then turns out to be too ambitious. Thirdly, Gabriela is a woman who obsesses about being an actress and believes it as the highest achievement in life. Lastly, Jasmine Tiger is a black young girl leading to a successful modeling career, which is done for the sake of having a better life and being with her love of life. All of them are interconnected in Cannes Film Festival, the annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres from around the world. The story in this novel only lasts for twenty four hours.
This novel was written in 2008. The author of The Winner Stands Alone is
Paulo Coelho who has already made great novels about self-search and true love.
Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian and with sales of more than 100 million copies world- wide, his books have been translated into 68 languages and published in 150 countries. The Winner Stands Alone has been translated from Portuguese into
English by Margaret Jull Costa.
This novel was chosen because of a critical acclaim and interesting synopsis on its cover. The fact that the author has already made influential and inspiring novels for many people around the world affects the researcher to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3 choose one of his works as the study. The way the author writes certain themes in his novels, such as self-search and true love, has already inspired many people to deeply mean their life. They admitted that his novels have opened their mind and given a life-enhancing effect.
This novel is also worth studying since it presents a portrait of a world filled with glamour and excess, and the possibly serious consequences of obsession with fame. It gives an image of the world where the commitment to luxury and success at all costs often prevents human from listening to what the heart actually desires.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objective of this study is to reveal how Igor, one of the main characters of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone, ends up becoming a murderer.
1.3 Problem Formulation
Based on the objectives of the study, there are two questions to discuss:
1. How is Igor portrayed in the novel?
2. How does Igor end up becoming a murderer?
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1.4 Benefits of the Study
This study is expected to give some benefits. Firstly, the study will benefit the readers of Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. It will help them in studying the literary work itself, particularly in analyzing the central character.
Secondly, the researcher is also benefited from the study. The researcher will deeply understand a piece of literary work, especially Paulo Coelho’s The
Winner Stands Alone. The researcher will get some knowledge about character, characterization, motivation, and especially the power of love.
Thirdly, especially for English Language Education Study Program students, this study provides lots of additional information in understanding the novel as one reference to improve reading skill, both in terms of vocabulary and reading comprehension. Lastly, it is hoped that this study will help future researchers who are about to conduct a literary study of the novel, Paulo Coelho’s
The Winner Stands Alone.
1.5 Definition of Terms
There are several terminologies to help the readers understand the study.
The definitions of them are taken from both printed and online materials.
1. Love
According to Rich Deem (2011), love is defined into two different words by the Greek language, which is the language of the New Testament. The most commonly used Greek word translated "love" in the New Testament is "agape."
This love is represented by God's love for humans, which is unconditional. In PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5 contrast, humans’ love is usually conditional and based upon how other people behave toward them. This kind of love is based upon familiarity and direct interaction. This kind of love is named “phileo” in Greek word or often translated as "brotherly love." Phileo is connected through the emotions. This is in contrast to agape, which is extended through the spirit.
A different conception of the meaning of love is provided by Sternberg
(1986) through triangular model of love (as cited in Baron and Byrne, 2006, pp.
318-319). He suggested that love relationship is made up of three basic components; intimacy, passion, and decision or commitment. Intimacy is defined as “the closeness two people feel and the strength of the bond that holds them together” (p. 318). Meanwhile, passion is based on romance, physical attraction, and sexuality. The last is decision or commitment, which represents the decision to love and be associated with the other person, along with a commitment to maintain the relationship on a permanent basis.
There are seven types of relationships offered from the triangular model of love (Franken, 2002, p. 97). They are infatuated love, liking, sterile love, romantic love, fatuous love, companionate love, and consummate love. The explanations of each are as follows: a. Infatuated love (passion alone) usually happens unexpectedly, simply as the
result of a look, a touch, or words. b. Liking (intimacy alone) occurs when a couple feel close and connected but
without the need for passion or commitment. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6 c. Sterile love (commitment alone) often happens at the end of a long-term
relationship, when a couple are no longer physically attracted and have lost
their emotional involvement with each other. d. Romantic love (passion + intimacy) occurs when a couple experience more
than just physical attraction. They enjoy the emotion that comes with being
together though they have no sense that their relationship will last. e. Fatuous love (passion + commitment) happens when a couple intend to commit
themselves to their relationship without taking time to develop intimacy.
However, true commitment never develops because there is no intimacy. f. Companionate love (intimacy + commitment) might be best described as a
long-term committed friendship. g. Consummate love is the combination of intimacy, passion, and commitment. It
is hard to attain and harder to keep.
In this study, love experienced by Igor and his wife, Ewa, is consummate love.
After being left by Ewa, Igor experiences strong desire to get her back in order to save his marriage. This love can be described as sterile love because it is based on his commitment to his marriage.
2. Winner
Taken from Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the Third Edition, winner means someone who wins a game, competition, or election (“Winner”).
The Coaching Center (n.d.) defines “winner” into four characteristics:
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7 a. A winner knows what it means to be a winner
The most common definition of winner is the person or team with the best
score. However, winning involves more than just beating the opponent. A
better definition of winner is someone who gives 100 percent of his effort in
preparation for and during competition. It is inferred that someone can be
considered less than a winner if he beats his opponent but fails to give 100
percent of what he has got. b. A winner must set high goals
People who set goals may not always reach them, but they will almost always
achieve more than those who set no goals at all. c. A winner is disciplined
Setting high goals is a waste of time if there is no hard work to achieve them. d. A winner has strong motivation
If someone is not highly motivated, he is not going to be willing to make the
sacrifices necessary to reach his full potential. There are different sources of
motivation and what motivates someone mostly depends on that person and the
situation.
In this study, Igor is described as the winner since he has strong motivation to win his wife’s heart back. Thus, he sets high goal in order to do it by carrying out a mission. He is so disciplined in carrying out his mission as he knows what it means to be a winner.
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3. Alone
Taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the Seventh Edition, alone (“Alone”) is: a. without any other people. b. without the help of other people or things. c. lonely and unhappy or without any friends.
On The New York Times, Safire (1998) cited the word “alone” which is an odd combination of “all” and “one.” The original meaning is “wholly one” or
“unaccompanied” or “absolutely by oneself” as in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar when Brutus says, “Good countrymen, let me depart alone.” In this study, the word “alone” describes the winner who knows that he has to stand alone. Igor is described as the winner since he carries out the mission to get his wife on his own.
4. Murderer
Murderer, according to Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary the
Third Edition, is someone who illegally and intentionally kills another person
(“Murderer”). According to Legal Information Institute (2010), the definition of word “murder” occurs when a human unlawfully kills another human being.
Based on common law (law that is derived from judicial decisions), murder is defined as killing another human being with malice aforethought. Malice aforethought is a legal term of art, which includes the following types of murder: a. Intent-to-kill murder
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9 b. Grievous-bodily-harm murder
It is a way of killing someone in an attack intended to cause him grievous
bodily harm (giving serious physical injury). c. Felony-murder
It is a way of killing someone while in the process of committing a felony (e.g.
accidentally killing someone during a robbery). d. Depraved heart murder
It is a way of killing someone in a way that demonstrates a cruel disregard for
the value of human life (e.g. intentionally firing a gun into a crowded room and
someone dies).
In this study, Igor carries out a mission by destroying someone’s world, which means killing or murdering him. He plans everything carefully and he observes his victims before murdering them. It means Igor commits intent-to-kill murder since he kills them intentionally.
5. Character and characterization
Characters, according to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999), are:
the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action. (pp. 32-33)
Meanwhile, characterization is the process by which an author creates a character
(Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 20). Through characterization, the readers can infer the qualities of the characters (e.g. from the appearance, speech, thoughts, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 manner, etc). In this study, the researcher focuses on Igor’s character and intends to find out his characteristics.
6. Motivation
According to Petri (1981), motivation refers to “the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior” (p. 3). It is supported by Baron (1995) who defines motivation as
“internal processes that serve to activate, guide, and maintain our behavior” (p.
374). In other words, motivation can be defined as an internal drive that activates behavior and gives it direction. In this study, the researcher intends to find out
Igor’s motivation in becoming a murderer. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of four parts namely Review of Related Theories,
Theoretical Framework, Criticism, and Context of the Novel. The first part,
Review of Related Theories, reviews the theories employed in the study. The second part is Theoretical Framework, which explains the contribution of the theories in solving the problems of the study. The third part is Criticism, which presents some criticisms on the literary work analyzed. The last part is Context of the Novel, Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
This study presents some theories that can be used as a means to answer the problems of the study. These theories are theory of critical approaches, theory of character, theory of characterization, psychoanalytic theory, and theory of motivation.
2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches
When the reader reads a piece of literary work, he may appreciate it by judging. To give the judgment, the reader needs some appropriate approaches.
Those approaches are known as critical approaches to literature. According to
Rohrberger and Woods (1971), a critical approach to literature needs an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values (p. 3). It means when
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someone intends to criticize a literary work, he must know what literature is, how to read it, and how to judge it. They suggested five critical approaches to literature. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural- historical approach, psychological approach, and mythopoeic approach (pp. 6-15).
Formalist approach emphasizes the total integrity of the literary piece (pp.
6-7). Biographical approach emphasizes the need for an appreciation of the ideas and personality of the author to understand the literary object (p. 8). Sociocultural- historical approach emphasizes that it is necessary to analyze the social milieu in which a work is created. There are two affirmations stated; first, literature is not created separately from other people and activities, second, literature represents ideas which are significant to the culture that produced it (p. 9). Mythopoeic approach involves the effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of human thought, which are expressed in significant works of art. These patterns are first expressed in ancient myths and folk rites, which have meaning for all beings
(p. 11).
Like the mythopoeic approach, psychological approach also involves the effort to discover and show certain recurring patterns of human thought (p. 13). In accordance with Rohrberger and Woods (1971), Kennedy and Gioia (1999) stated that “psychological criticism” can be used to analyze the fictional characters. It tries to bring modern insights about human behavior into the study of how fictional people act (p. 1947). According to Ryan (2012), “the life of the mind is a mixture of cognition and emotion, conscious awareness and unconscious process, rational self-directed behaviour and instinct-driven action” (p. 43). He defined PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
“conscious” and “consciousness” as one’s awareness of himself and of the world or one’s “thought process.” Meanwhile, “unconscious” refers to two things; first, the mental processes below conscious awareness and second, the part of the mind that is unavailable to consciousness (p. 45). In this study, psychological approach is applied as it deals with human's psychological points of view. It means this approach leads to analyze the characters from their complexity of thought and behavior (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971, p. 13).
2.1.2 Theory of Character
Literary works cannot be separated from the characters as the story is built toward them. According to Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms (1999),
characters are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it –the dialogue- and from what they do- the action (pp. 32-33).
Character can be categorized into several types. Henkle (1977) classified character into major and secondary character (p. 88). He offered three factors that enable the author to communicate the human qualities and human themes of the novel. Those factors are “the complexity of the characterization, the attention given certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit” (p. 87).
Major character or “protagonist” is portrayed and given his prominence through these means.
Readers pay attention to complex characters since they expect changes in them (p. 87). The amount of attention given him is another factor determining the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
importance of a character. The attention may come from the other characters in the novel (p. 90). The third factor is the intensity that a character seems to transmit. Henkle emphasized that intensity as a character trait catches readers’ attention so effectively that it can replace those other two elements in the creation of major characters (p. 91).
On the other hand, secondary character performs more limited functions.
Those functions are to populate the world of the novel, as a point of reference from which to see the major character’s greater intensity, as comparisons to the major characters, as analogues to the main characters, as composite characters, and as symbolic or projections of the mood or condition of mind that permeates the book (pp. 94-100). The explanations of each function are as follows:
1. The most obvious function of secondary characters is to populate the world of
the novel. They establish human contexts in fiction and represent the general
quality of life (pp. 94-95).
2. They also function as points of reference to see the major characters’ greater
intensity. They provide good counterpoint to major characters that are intense
or bizarre, for example a minor character’s conservative life-style is in contrast
to the major character’s liberal attitude (p. 95).
3. Secondary characters can act as comparisons to the major characters. They
interact with the major characters to bring to the surface a crucial issue of the
novel’s experience (p. 96). They confront the major characters with those
major characters’ own potential weaknesses or strengths, and encourage them
in critical decisions (p. 97). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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4. They can function as analogues to the major characters. They function as
analogues when they experience the same emotional states or situations as the
major characters (p. 97).
5. Another function is as composite characters. It means the minor characters
function to construct a composite picture of the human condition that is at issue
in the novel (p. 99).
6. The last function of secondary characters is as symbolic or projections of the
mood or condition of mind that permeates the book. It happens when the
completeness and complexity of characters takes on less importance. Henkle
explained that “in many instances, the secondary characters are not intended to
be lifelike at all” (p. 100).
In Literature for Composition, Barnet, Burto, and Cain (2005) differentiated flat characters from round characters (p. 228). A flat character is simple and usually has only one characteristic (e.g. caring, cheerful, arrogant, bad- tempered, etc). Meanwhile, a round character represents several or even many characteristics that unite to form a complex personality. Forster (2000) suggested two advantages of flat characters. The first is flat characters are easily recognized whenever they come in, they are recognized by the readers’ emotional eyes not by visual eyes. He stated that flat characters are very useful to the author since they never need reintroducing, never run away, have not to be watched for development, and provide their own atmosphere (p. 74). Another advantage is they are easily remembered by the reader afterwards. They are not changed by circumstances but move through it. However, flat characters are best when they PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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are funny or comic. A serious or tragic flat character is likely to be a bore. He further suggested that “only round people who are fit to perform tragically for any length of time and can move us to any feelings except humour and appropriateness” (p. 77).
Furthermore, a character can be categorized into static or dynamic. As stated by Holman and Harmon (2009), a static character is one who changes little.
It means the things happen to the character do not give certain changes in response to those things. On the other hand, a dynamic character is one who is modified by actions and experiences. The character changes as a reaction to the actions happened to him (p. 96).
2.1.3 Theory of Characterization
In narrative or dramatic works, characterization refers to the presentation of persons by means of characters’ actions, speeches, or physical appearances.
According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971), characterization is the process by which an author creates a character (p. 20). Klarer (1999) suggested two different methods of presenting a character, they are explanatory characterization or telling and dramatic characterization or showing. The explanatory characterization describes a person through a narrator, who functions as a judgmental mediator between the action and the reader (p. 19). On the other hand, dramatic characterization “creates the impression on the reader that he or she is able to perceive the acting figures without any intervening agency, as if witnessing a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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dramatic performance” (pp.19-20). The image of a person is shown only through his actions and utterances without further commentary from the author.
Murphy in Understanding Unseens (1972) mentioned nine methods to understand personality in characters. They are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). Each of them is explained as follows:
1. The first is personal description, in which the author describes a person's
physical appearance and clothes to build the character (p. 161).
2. The second is presenting the character as seen by another. The author describes
the character through the eyes and opinions of another character instead of
describing it directly (p. 162).
3. The third is speech, in which the author describes the character through what
he says (p. 164).
4. The fourth is past life. The author can give the readers a clue to the character’s
past life events to describe his character (p. 166).
5. The fifth is conversation of others, in which the author gives clues to a person’s
character through the conversations of other people and things they say about
him (p. 167).
6. The sixth is reactions. The readers can get a description of a person’s character
through his reactions toward situations and events (p. 168).
7. The seventh is direct comment, in which the author gives his personal
comment on a person’s character directly (p. 170). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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8. The eighth is thoughts. The readers will be able to recognize a person’s
character by knowing his thought (p. 171).
9. The last one is mannerisms, in which the author can describe a person's
mannerisms, habits, or unusual behaviors in order to tell the readers something
about his character (p. 173).
2.1.4 Theory of Psychoanalytic
According to Freud, psychoanalysis functions to describe the process of bringing unconscious material into someone’s awareness, where it could be examined rationally (as cited in Bootzin et al., 1983, p. 413). Kasschau (1995) supported that psychoanalytic theories emphasize the importance of motives hidden deep in the unconscious (p. 269). In accordance with Kasschau (1995),
Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005) elaborated that psychoanalytic view emphasizes the illogical and irrational unconscious processes. Its content emphasizes the motives and wishes (p. 84). In other words, psychoanalysis pictures the mind as part conscious and part unconscious (Ryan, 2012, p. 43). Freud developed formal structure model for psychoanalysis, in which it consists of three personality structures: the id, the ego, and the superego (as cited in Weiner, 1980, p. 14). In
Psychology Today, Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) defined the id, the ego, and the superego as “certain motivational forces whose existence is inferred from the way people behave” (p. 414). Kasschau (1995) added that the id, ego, and superego explain how the mind functions and how the instinctual energies are regulated (p. 271). Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000) elaborated that Freud PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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believed each of them exists, fully or partially, in the unconscious and forms a different aspect of personality (p. 477). Each of them refers to different aspects of people’s functioning (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 84).
Ego Super ego
Id
Figure 2.1 Freud’s view about levels of consciousness and the structure of personality (Retrieved December 22 2012 from http://www.psyche.com/psyche/cube/cube_metapsychology.html)
Weiner (1980) defined the id as accumulation of all psychological energy
(termed “libido” or “lust”). The contents of the id are primarily unconscious (p.
14). Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) stated that “the id may be seen metaphorically as a pool of instinctual biological drives present in every individual at birth” (p. 414). Instincts in the id are distinguished between Eros and
Thanatos. Eros or “love” is the constructive life instinct responsible for survival, self-propagation, and creativity. Meanwhile, Thanatos or “death” refers to the instinctive attraction to the original inanimate state from which it arose, or the state of death. This attraction causes aggressive tendencies in someone which directed at him. However, aggression against the self is usually redirected outward since self-destruction is opposed by the constructive life instinct of Eros. It affects PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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someone to against the world, to compete, to conquer, and to kill (p. 415).
Kasschau (1995) suggested that the id operates in terms of the "pleasure principle", which seeks immediate gratification of desires regardless of the consequences (p. 272). Baron and Kalsher (1998) explained further that “the id wants immediate and total gratification but it is not capable of considering the potential costs of seeking this goal” (p. 470). The id operates without any consideration for logic or reality (Huffman et al., 2000, p. 477). Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005) stated that the id seeks the release of excitation, tension, and energy (p. 85).
While the id seeks immediate satisfaction and its gratification is not delayed, the ego necessitates the delay of gratification of the id. Its existence provides a means for delay of gratification, long-term goal planning, and so on.
The ego’s contents are primarily conscious (Weiner, 1980, p. 16). The ego takes part of the id’s energy and proceeds to serve as the mediator between the id and reality. It uses memory, reason, and judgment to try to satisfy the desires of the id, to anticipate the consequences of a particular means of gratification, and sometimes to delay gratification in order to achieve long-range goals (Bootzin et al., 1983, p. 415). Kasschau (1995) added further that the ego is the rational and thoughtful personality process operating in terms of the “reality principle” (p.
272). According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000), one of ego’s tasks is to direct and release the id’s energy in ways that are consistent with external environment (p. 478). It considers external conditions and the consequences of various actions and directs behavior in order to maximize pleasure and minimize PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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pain (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 470). Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005) suggested that the ego functions as the expression and satisfaction of the desires of the id in accordance with opportunities and restrictions that exist in the real world (p. 85).
The last structure is the superego, which has two main functions: to reward people for acceptable moral behavior, and to punish actions that are not socially acceptable by creating guilt (Weiner, 1980, p. 16). It opposes the expression of unacceptable wishes rather than delays it as the ego does. The function of the superego is to prohibit what is morally wrong and to promote what is morally right. After the superego develops, doing something “wrong” can result in a double punishment: punishment from someone else or self-punishment (Bootzin et al., 1983, p. 416). In accordance with Bootzin et al. (1983), Kasschau (1995) stated that the superego is the source of conscience and high ideals, which operates in terms of a “moral principle” (p. 272). Baron and Kalsher (1998) added that “the superego permits us to gratify such impulses only when it is morally correct to do so –not simply when it is safe or feasible, as required by the ego” (p.
470). Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000) defined conscience as a group of social prohibitions, meanwhile ego-ideal or high ideals are things someone should do to feel proud of himself (p. 478). In other words, the superego functions to control behavior in accordance with moral rules, to offer rewards for good behavior and punishments for bad behavior (Pervin et al., 2005, p. 85).
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2.1.5 Theory of Motivation
Motivation refers to internal processes that serve to activate, guide, and maintain people’s behavior (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 382). Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) stated that motivation cannot be observed directly, thus psychologists focus on behavior (p. 367). It is supported by Kasschau (1995) that psychologists infer motivation from goal-directed behavior (p. 134). Franken
(2002) believed that motivation theorists assume there is a cause for every behavior and they aim to identify those causes (p. 3).
One method of studying human motivation is by studying the aggressive motive (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 396). They defined aggressive motive as the desire to harm or injure others in some manner. Freud concluded that humans possess a powerful built-in tendency to harm others (as cited in Baron and
Kalsher, 1998, p. 397). Most psychologists believed that aggression is produced by a wide range of external events and stimuli. Another suggestion stated that aggressive behavior is strongly influenced by social and cultural factors.
Aggression starts primarily from social factors, or in other words, it results from the actions of another person. For many years psychologists viewed frustration as the major cause of aggression, however, another finding indicated that frustration is just one of many different social causes of it. Another factor that plays a role in aggression is direct provocation from another person. Verbal insults or physical actions done by others may result in aggressive tendecies toward them.
Moyer identified eight types of aggression in animals, all of which can be found in human behavior as well. Those types are predatory aggression, intermale PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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aggression, fear-induced aggression, territorial aggression, maternal aggression, irritable aggression, sex-related aggression, and instrumental aggression (as cited in Franken, 2002, pp. 209-210). The explanations of each are as follows:
1. Predatory aggression is a kind of aggression that animals direct against their
natural prey.
2. Intermale aggression is attack or threat by a male in response to a strange male.
3. Fear-induced aggression is an aggressive behavior occurring when animals are
confined.
4. Territorial aggression is threat or attack behavior when an intruder is
discovered on home-range territory.
5. Maternal aggression is an attack directed toward an intruder by the female to
protect her young (babies).
6. Irritable aggression is destructive behavior directed toward any object as the
result of frustration, pain, deprivation, or any other stressor.
7. Sex-related aggression is behavior elicited by the same stimuli that elicit sexual
behavior (e.g. jealousy felt by someone when his spouse is flirting with
someone else).
8. Instrumental aggression is aggressive behavior previously resulted in some
kind of reward.
Dealing with instrumental aggression, humans may use coercive action to help them achieve goals. Coercive action is defined as “an action taken with the intention of imposing harm on another person or forcing compliance” (Franken,
2002, p. 223). There are three important concepts in the coercive action: the actor, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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the targets, and the terminal goal. The actor is the person who evaluates information and decides what to do under a variety of different circumstances.
The targets are the people threatened by the actor and the terminal goal represents the motives and values that cause the actor to think in certain ways and decide on certain actions.
Maslow (1970) believed that human needs or motives are organized hierarchically (pp. 35- 58). He developed a seven-level hierarchy of needs which consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs. He suggested that lower needs on the hierarchy are stronger and have to be satisfied before satisfy the higher needs (Petri, 1981, p. 302). Meanwhile, another suggestion proposed that there is no guarantee that the needs must be satisfied in order (Kasschau, 1995, p. 144).
Figure 2.2 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Retrieved November 27 2012 from http://www.businessballs.com/maslowhierarchyofneeds7.pdf)
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The explanations of each need are as follows:
1. Physiological needs are the strongest of all needs (Maslow, 1970, p. 36). Petri
(1981) proposed if psychological needs are not adequately being met, the needs
above them are no longer the main point of attention (p. 302). These needs
must be fulfilled first before coming to other needs.
2. Safety needs are the needs for security, stability, dependency, protection,
freedom from fear, from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, law and
limits, strength in the protector, and so on (Maslow, 1970, p. 39). According to
Petri (1981), safety needs are primarily triggered in emergency situations (p.
303). Kasschau (1995) stated that physiological and safety needs are the
fundamental ones (p. 143).
3. Belongingness and love needs will emerge if both physiological and safety
needs are fairly well gratified. According to Maslow (1970), someone will
hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, for example in family
or in group, and he will strive to achieve this (p. 43). The love needs involve
both giving and receiving love. Petri (1981) proposed that love needs are not
equivalent to sexual needs, though sexual intimacy can satisfy one’s
belongingness needs (p. 303).
4. Esteem needs are the desires for self-respect, or self esteem, and for the esteem
of others (Maslow, 1970, p. 45). He classified esteem needs into two sets: a
need for self-esteem and for esteem from others. The first is the desire for
strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for
confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. The PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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second is the desire for reputation or prestige (respect from other people),
recognition, importance, attention, status, fame and glory, dominance, dignity,
or appreciation. Petri (1981) suggested that when these needs are not well
satisfied, maladjustment can occur which is typified by feelings of inferiority,
weakness, and helplessness (p. 304). Kasschau (1995) categorized
belongingness and love needs as well as esteem needs as psychological needs,
which can be filled only by an outside source (p. 143).
5. Cognitive needs or the desires to know and to understand, as defined by
Maslow, are impulses to satisfy curiosity, to know, to explain, and to
understand (1970, p. 48).
6. Aesthetic needs are the needs for beauty, order, symmetry, closure, completion
of the act, system, and structure (Maslow, 1970, p. 51). He argued that there is
a truly basic aesthetic need in some individuals.
7. Self-actualization needs refer to one’s desire for self-fulfilment, or the
tendency to become actualized in what he is potentially (Maslow, 1970, p. 46).
This is the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming. These
needs vary greatly from person to person. Petri (1981) suggested that self-
actualized person is motivated by a new set of needs, which is termed the being
needs (B-motivation) by Maslow (p. 305). B-motives are values such as truth,
honesty, beauty, and goodness.
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2.2 Theoretical Framework
This part will explain the contribution of theories in solving the problems of the study. The theories used in this study are the theory of critical approaches, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychoanalytic, and theory of motivation. Theory of critical approaches provides the methods of analysis and the basis for the judgment of literary works. The researcher uses psychological approach since this study discusses the character’s motivation and personality structure. Theory of character and theory of characterization are applied to analyze how the character is described in the novel. The researcher uses the theory of psychoanalytic, which suggested three mental structures of personality, to analyze the character’s unconscious motives in committing murder.
Theory of motivation helps the researcher in identifying and understanding the motives of the character for murdering.
2.3 Criticism
When a literary work is published and widely read by public, it will always evoke some comments, suggestions or even criticisms. This part would like to present what people have commented about Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands
Alone. The criticisms are presented to give the readers more references in understanding Paulo Coelho’s work. Since this is a well-known novel, there are so many comments on this novel.
Celeste Rosario (2009) stated that she loved this novel. She considered it one of Paulo’s masterpieces. She liked it since it portrayed the fashion and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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entertainment industry, and the reality behind those glamorous lives of the
“Stars”. She stated that it also took the readers into the dark and sinister mind of one’s desire for vengeance but wrongly interpreted as “love”. She was happy for having read it and finally recommended other Paulo’s fans or other people seeking meaning behind the world of entertainment to read it.
Taneja (2010) stated that this book had a deep impact on him and gave him something to think about seriously. In his opinion, this book was not only about the dreams of the rich or the ordinary but also the reality of where people are heading to in the mad race for fame and money. He believed everyone has their own conceptions about life, society, power, dreams and morality, however, whether one allows his dreams and ambitions to overpower his morality and dignity depends on that person himself. He recommended this book if one intends to search the answers to ethical questions in this materialistic world. This book also provides the working background of Cannes and a thriller aspect. In the end, he convinced the readers this is a book they should not miss.
2.4 Context of the Novel
Paulo Coelho, who was born and raised in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, has found his vocation to be a writer. He said in the foreword of this book, “one of the recurrent themes of my books is the importance of paying the price of your dreams.” He stated that for many years most of the people lived in a culture that considered fame, money, and power as the real values to pursue. Thus, they are led to manipulate their dreams. However, Coelho chose to take a snapshot of his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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own times, so did he write this book. He intended to present an image of the world from his perspective.
The setting of this novel is in Cannes, France. There is no exact time stated in the novel but since it was written in 2008, the time setting might be the same year as the writing of it. The main setting takes place in Cannes Film Festival, the annual film festival held in Cannes, France. Paulo stated that soon after he finished writing The Winner Stands Alone, the financial market collapsed. In 2008 the European financial crisis began. As France is one of European countries, the crisis happened there as well. As reported by Anil Giga (2012) in Financial Post, the cause of this was consumers in the Western world had spent so much by debt during the previous 20 years. Europe represents almost 25% of the world’s trade and it is in a recession that is getting worse by the day. The interest rates are almost at zero in the U.S. and Europe, and the Western governments are already burdened with too much debt. As stated by Dr. Sherry Cooper, the European, so- called eurozone, debt crisis has a direct impact on business confidence that cannot be avoided.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into three parts, namely Object of the Study,
Approach of the Study, and Method of the Study. The first part, Object of the
Study, elaborates the physical description of the literary work studied and presents what the work is generally about. The second part, Approach of the Study, states the approaches employed in analyzing the work. The third, Method of the Study, describes the procedures of the analysis of the work.
3.1 Object of the Study
This thesis analyzes a novel entitled The Winner Stands Alone, written by
Paulo Coelho in 2008. The Winner Stands Alone was first published in Portuguese in 2008. The English translation was published in 2009 by Harper in America. It was translated by Margaret Jull Costa. This novel consists of 343 pages with thirty chapters and is written in the third person. Paulo Coelho is a Brazilian author who has made great novels mostly about self-search and true love. He is the recipient of numerous prestigious international awards and was inducted into the Brazilian
Academy of Letters in 2002. In 2007 he was named a United Nations Messenger of Peace by United Nations Secretary.
The novel tells about four main characters. First, Igor, is a Russian millionaire who thinks that he can kill if he has a good reason, such as releasing someone from suffering or getting his wife back. Second, Hamid, is a Middle
30
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Eastern haute couturier who starts the business with good intentions but then turns out to be too ambitious. Third, Gabriela, is a woman who obsesses about being an actress and believes it as the highest achievement in life. Lastly, Jasmine, is a black young girl leading to a successful modeling career for the sake of having a better life and being with her love of life. All of them are interconnected in
Cannes Film Festival, the annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres from around the world.
3.2 Approach of the Study
This study focuses firstly on the character and characterization of Igor
Malev, as a millionaire from a soldier background. Second, this study focuses on
Igor’s motivation in becoming a murderer for the sake of getting his wife back.
Since this study intends to analyze the character’s motivation, psychological approach is employed. Therefore, in order to reveal the reasons of Igor Malev for committing a murder, the theory of motivation is applied. In addition, the theory of character and characterization are applied to portray his personal traits. Theory of psychoanalytic is applied as well in attempting to examine his unconscious motives for committing a murder.
3.3 Method of the Study
In order to complete the study, the reference books and other sources are needed. The sources are basically divided into two parts. They are primary source and secondary sources. The explanation of each will be given as follows:
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1. Primary source
The primary source is the source that becomes the basis of the study’s analysis. The primary source used in this study is the novel, The Winner Stands
Alone, written by Paulo Coelho.
2. Secondary sources
The secondary sources are the sources used in order to support the study’s analysis. Firstly, this study uses some literary books such as A Glossary of
Literary Terms written by M. H. Abrams, Reading and Writing about Literature written by Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods, Jr., Aspects of the Novel written by T. M. Forster and so on. Secondly, this study uses some psychological books such as Understanding Psychology written by Richard A. Kasschau,
Motivation and Personality written by Abraham H. Maslow, Human Motivation written by Bernard Weiner and so on.
The study was conducted by using library research method. It means the main procedures used to gain data are reading and taking important notes in order to help the study’s analysis. The whole procedures during the process of analysis are:
1. Searching for a novel to analyze in a book store
2. Reading the novel
3. Determining the topic to discuss in the thesis
4. Determining the objectives of the study
5. Formulating the problems of the study
6. Searching for other supporting sources both printed and online materials
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7. Rereading the novel frequently and taking notes some important points
8. Doing an analysis to answer the problems of the study
9. Supporting the analysis by using the data from various sources
10. Concluding the analysis of the study
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
This chapter covers the analysis of the two questions stated in the problem formulation. The first analysis deals with the personality description of Igor
Malev, the main character of the novel analyzed in this study. The second analysis explains the motivation of Igor in becoming a murderer.
4.1 The Characteristics of Igor Malev
In this part, the researcher would like to find out the characteristics of Igor
Malev. Henkle (1977) categorized character into two types; major character and secondary character (p. 87). A major character is portrayed and given his prominence through the complexity of the characterization, the attention given certain figures, and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit. Igor is categorized as major character since he is portrayed and given his prominence through those three factors. Character can be categorized into flat and round character as well (Barnet et al., 2005, p. 228). Igor belongs to round character since he has several characteristics. Holman and Harmon (2009) also stated that a character may be either static or dynamic (p. 96). Igor is a dynamic character as he changes toward the actions happened to him.
In revealing the characteristics of Igor, the researcher applies nine methods to characterize a character proposed by Murphy (1972). Those are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others,
34 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
35 reactions, direct comment, thoughts, and mannerisms (pp. 161-173). However, not all of the methods are used in revealing the characteristics. The methods used are personal description, character as seen by another, speech, past life, conversation of others, reactions, thoughts, and direct comment. By using these methods, Igor is portrayed as:
4.1.1 Cautious
Igor is a cautious man. He is careful in order to avoid risks. It can be seen from the techniques he murders his victims. According to Murphy (1972), one method to understand a character’s trait is by knowing his past life (pp. 166-167).
Igor is an ex-soldier and thus it gives him an in-depth knowledge of martial arts.
He murders the first victim, Olivia, with his bare hands. By using the right thumb, he presses Olivia’s jugular vein so that blood stops flowing to her brain. The other hand presses a particular point near her armpit so that the muscles seize up (p. 22).
Samozashchita Bez Orujiya, or Sambo, as it is better known among Russians, is the art of killing swiftly with one’s bare hands, without the victim realizing what is happening. It was developed over the centuries, when people or tribes had to confront invaders unarmed. It was widely used by the Soviet state apparatus to eliminate people without leaving any trace. They tried to introduce it as a martial art in the 1980 Moscow Olympics, but it was rejected as being too dangerous, despite all the efforts of the Communists of the day to include in the Games a sport which they alone practiced. (p. 22)
He makes sure only a few people know his moves. The police car passes by without even noticing them. He tries to lay her on the bench by folding up the cloth to form a pillow. She looks as if she were asleep. He is certain that the crime PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36 will not be discovered since there are no visible marks. Besides, only the elderly couple notice them sitting together (p. 23).
His cautiousness can also be seen when he is interested in the next victim,
Javits Wild, a film distributor. He asks the waiter about Javits and finds out that man is a very important man (p. 41).
“One other question. Would it be acceptable to destroy a universe in the name of a greater love?” The waiter laughs. “Are you God or just gay?” “Neither, but thank you for your answer.” (p. 41)
He realizes he should not ask that question. First, because he does not need anyone’s support to justify what he is doing and second, he draws attention to himself and indicates an interest in Javits. He is sure the waiter will forget and it is better not to take unnecessary risks.
Javits has two bodyguards. All of them are inseparable. However, Igor finds no difficulty in evading the meticulous eyes of Javits’s bodyguards. Those men are trained to memorize every face, notice every movement, predict any danger, as well as react rapidly (p. 109). He leaves ten minutes after arriving in the hope that Javits’s friends will notice he has gone (p. 110). Before returning to the tent, he takes the drinking straw from his pocket, and a needle and a piece of cork from the small glass flask. By using a thin metal blade, he makes a hole in the cork the same diameter as the straw. He returns and rejoins the party, then he places the needle inside the straw and put it back in his drink. He moves closer to
Javits and blows the needle inside the straw, which is projected in the direction of
Javits’s back. He stays only to look at Javits put his hand to his back and then PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37 goes back to the hotel. When the needle gets into the bloodstream, the nervous fibers of the body relax and stop functioning. Gradual asphyxiation follows, sometimes the victim remains conscious but cannot move to ask for help or stop the paralysis. The heart seems to be the last muscle affected and continus beating even after brain death has occured (pp. 111-112).
Curare, originally used by South American Indians for hunting with darts, can also be found in European hospitals because, under controlled conditions, it can be used to paralyze certain muscles, thus facilitating the surgeon’s work. A fatal dose – like that on the point of the needle he had shot into Javits’s back – could kill a bird in just two minutes. Boar, on the other hand, take fifteen minutes to die, and large mammals – a man, for example – twenty. (p. 111)
Nothing strange will be noticed about the heartbeat, so would the paramedics put
Javits on a drip. They would still take all the usual measures, such as applying an oxygen mask. Twenty minutes would be up and though the body might be still alive, it would be in a vegetative state (p. 112).
He is cautious when he plans to murder the third victim, Maureen, too.
They meet at the terrace of the Hotel Martinez when Maureen takes a seat in front of him. She is drunk and looks for an empty table (p. 162). They fall into conversation but then he asks her to go for a walk, realizing that someone may listen to their conversation (p. 169). They walk along a pier where the boats conceal the beach’s view partially. They find an isolated spot and sit on a bench, completely alone (p. 170). At this point, he uses a metal blade in the form of a wooden tube. The tube is less than six inches long and the head of it looks like a long nail. This time, though Maureen notices he plays the blade over her body, she is not even aware that Igor will really stab her. First, he places the blade at the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38 same height with her ear, which causes her to be frightened but to be excited soon.
Then, he slides the blade down her body and stops under her arm. It is placed on a level with her heart, which is protected by the rib cage (p. 171).
“Here I’m on a level with your heart. It’s protected by a natural barrier, the rib cage. In a fight, it would be impossible to injure someone with this blade. It would almost certainly hit a rib, and even if it did penetrate the body, the wound wouldn’t bleed enough to weaken your enemy. He might not even feel the blow. But right here, it would be fatal.” (pp. 171-172)
Then, she feels a kind of electric shock that leaves her paralyzed. He puts the blade inside her body. At first, she feels as if she is suffocating and tries to breathe, but then immediately loses consciousness. After that, he puts his arms around her, positions her body so that she remains sitting, and makes her head drop forward onto her chest. If anyone goes to that corner of the beach, he is certain that they will see a woman sleeping (p. 172).
The last technique of murdering his victim is unique. This time, he does not observe to find someone like he does previously. He uses an envelope, which is silver and hermetically sealed. There are two words “For you” written beautifully on it. He notices that there are CCTV cameras in the corridors, as well as a dark room lined with TV screens in some part of the basement where a group of people sit and watch before them (p. 250). The screens are connected to special digital recording systems, and the resulting disks are stored for six months in a safe (p. 251). He knows that his every move is being recorded in the hotel basement. He already studies the CCTV cameras and finds out the blind spot. The cameras show every part of the corridor, except the rooms located in each of the PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39 four corners. He walks to the point where the corridor curves away toward the elevators and slips the envelope under the door of the corner room.
It all takes less than a fraction of a second, and if someone downstairs was observing his movements, they would have noticed nothing. Much later, when they check the disks to try and identify the person responsible for what happened, they will have great difficulty determining the exact moment of death. It may be that the guest wasn’t there and only opened the envelope when he or she returned from one of that night’s events. It may be that he or she opened the envelope at once, but that the contents took a while to act. (p. 252)
He only knows that the person who creates the hermetically sealed envelope has to wear gloves and a gas mask. It contains hydrogen cyanide, which smells of almonds and looks perfectly harmless. On the white card inside the envelope is a printed message in French “Katyusha, je t’aime.” The person receiving will wonder and notice that the card is covered in a kind of dust. Coming into contact with the air, the dust will become a gas and a strong smell of almonds will fill the room. If the card is removed and turned this way and that, the gas will start to spread more quickly. Then, he will notice that his heart races but not connect it with the perfume filling the room. He cannot stand, bears a headache, and has difficulty in breathing, then followed by a desire to vomit. He will lose consciousness rapidly and still without realizing the connection between his physical state and the contents of the envelope. Few minutes later, the lungs will stop working, the body will convulse, the heart will stop pumping blood, and the death will follow (pp. 256-257).
In the end, he also murders his wife, Ewa, and her current husband,
Hamid. According to Murphy (1972), some methods to understand a character’s traits are by presenting the character as seen by another, by knowing his thought, PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40 and through his reactions toward situations and events (pp. 162, 168, 171). Igor’s cautiousness can be seen through Hamid’s eyes, through his own thoughts, and through his reactions. The three of them meet at the Hotel du Cap, where Ewa and
Hamid are attending a gala supper (p. 257). Igor intends to meet Ewa since Ewa seems to receive no messages he sends.
“You didn’t understand my messages. I said I would be capable of destroying whole worlds, and you didn’t get it. Or if you did, you couldn’t believe it. What does it mean to destroy a world?” He puts his hand in his trouser pocket and takes out a small gun. He doesn’t point at anyone, though; his eyes remain fixed on the sea and the moon. The blood starts to flow faster in Hamid’s veins. Igor either wants to frighten and humiliate them or this really is a fight to the death. (p. 328)
Hamid tries to engage Igor in conversation in order to distract him. He pretends not hearing what Igor says so that he can move toward him. Igor is not stupid, he knows what Hamid intends to do (p. 329). Then, Ewa also tries to stop Igor by saying she loves him and wants to go away with him. She knows she should do that in order to save Hamid’s and her life. They starts to argue over their marital problems so Hamid is annoyed that he would like to leave them both to talk.
Igor says nothing. His eyes are still fixed on the sea, but he’s still pointing the gun at him, indicating that he should stay where he is. The man is mad, and his apparent calm is more dangerous than if he were screaming threats at them. (p. 331)
The band starts playing upstairs. The sound of the music will prevent the sound of a shot. Hamid still considers the time when he is going to act. While Igor keeps silent again, he forces himself moving toward him. He throws himself over
Ewa’s lap and tries to grab the gun from Igor’s hand. However, Igor moves more quickly than he has expected and the gun is now pointed at his head (p. 332). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
41
The first second is just reaching its end. He sees a finger move, but there is no sound, only the feeling of something crushing the bone in the middle of his forehead. His universe is extinguished and with it the memories of the young man who dreamed of being “someone,” his arrival in Paris, his father’s shop, the sheikh, his battle to gain a place in the sun, the fashion shows, the trips abroad, meeting the woman he loves, the days of wine and roses, the laughter and the tears, the last moon on the rise, the eyes of Absolute Evil, the look of terror in his wife’s eyes, all disappear. (p. 332- 333)
He is certain that the bullet must pierce the brain, bounce off a bone, and enter the thorax. Hamid is trembling uncontrollably but without any sign of blood. Then, he pushes Hamid’s body to the ground and puts a bullet through the back of his neck.
The tremors stop and now he kneels down in front of Ewa, placing the barrel of the gun against her chest.
He squeezes the trigger. There was almost no sound because the barrel of the gun was pressed against her body. The bullet entered at precisely the right place, and her heart immediately stopped beating. Despite all the pain she had caused him, he didn’t want her to suffer. (p. 334)
Her eyes remain open but her body grows limp and falls to the sand. He leaves their bodies, goes over to the rocks, wipes fingerprints from the gun, and throws it into the sea. He goes back upstairs, finds a litter bin, and drops the silencer in (p.
335). All of those stated previously prove that Igor is cautious in order to avoid risks of being noticed by anyone.
4.1.2 Charming
Igor can be portrayed as a charming man. According to Murphy (1972), some methods to understand a character’s traits are by knowing the author’s PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
42 personal description and direct comment (pp. 161, 170). Igor’s charm can be seen through Coelho’s personal description and direct comment.
He has no difficulty in finding women, regardless of whether they know how much money he has –he’s tested it out on more than one occasion and never failed yet. He has just turned forty, is in good physical shape, and, according to his annual checkup, has no health problems. (p. 9) Igor is forty years old, has good physical shape, and is healthy. His physical appearance is drawn directly by the author. The author also comments on Igor’s ease in finding women by his remark “regardless of whether they know how much money he has.” It proves his charm despite being rich.
A waitress’s attention to him at the bar of the Hotel Martinez proves the charm he possesses as well. That charm is seen through Igor’s thought on what the waitress does to him in advance.
He asks Kristelle for another drink –he knows the waitress’s name because an hour ago, when the bar was emptier (people were having supper), he asked for a glass of whisky, and she said that he looked sad and should eat something to cheer himself up. He thanked her for her concern, and was glad that someone should care about his state of mind. (p. 10) In his thought, he is glad for the waitress is concerned about him. He appreciates her caring about what he feels. This shows he is charming, although he is not in good condition.
Igor’s charm is shown through the eyes or opinions of another character.
When he sets out along the Boulevard de la Croisette, he sees a young woman on the pavement. She is a craftwork seller. He decides that she will be the first victim and then asks for her, whose name is Olivia (p. 12). At first, Olivia is unsure about his kindness and politeness, but then she is impressed with his different way of thinking. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
This handsome, well-dressed man, speaking fluent French, doesn’t seem like a madman at all. She was fed up with always hearing the same things: you’re very pretty, you could be doing better for yourself, how much is this, how much is that, it’s awfully expensive, I’ll go away and think about it and come back later (which they never do, of course), etc. At least this Russian has a sense of humor. (p. 15)
In her opinion, Igor is a handsome, well-dressed, and humorous man. While Igor tells her about his wife leaving him for another man, she wonders why someone who can talk about things she has never even thought about can be left (p. 16).
Javits Wild, his second victim, admits that Igor is charming. Igor’s charm is shown in Javits’s thought when he glances around the tent, where a party is being held.
Javits glances around. There’s a man in dark glasses drinking a fruit juice. He seems oblivious to his surroundings and is staring out to sea as if he were somewhere far from there. He’s smartly dressed and good-looking, with graying hair. He was one of the first to arrive and must know who Javits is, and yet he’s made no effort to come and introduce himself. It was brave of him to sit there alone like that. Being alone in Cannes is anathema; it means that no one is interested in you, that you’re unimportant or don’t know anyone. (p. 46)
He envies Igor, who seems so independent and free. He would really like to talk to him if he were not feeling tired.
Ewa knows that his ex-husband possesses a charm. The charm is seen in
Ewa’s thought when she thinks of their past life.
Many years before, she had fallen in love with an angel with a sad childhood, who had been called up into the Soviet army to fight in an absurd war in Afghanistan only to return to a country verging on collapse. ... He was idealistic and affectionate. (p. 87) In her opinion, he is a great role model and an example to be followed (p. 90).
Besides, he is always so generous with those less fortunate than himself (p. 91). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
Igor’s charm is shown through the eyes and opinions of his third victim,
Maureen, too.
Maureen feels a change come over her. Ever since this stranger proved himself able to read her thoughts, she feels as if she were being restored to reality. Perhaps he really can help her. It’s been years since anyone tried to seduce her with that most clichéd of chat-up lines in the film business: “I have some very influential friends.” There’s nothing more guaranteed to change a woman’s state of mind than knowing that someone of the opposite sex desires her. She feels tempted to get up and go to the restroom and check her makeup in the mirror. That can wait. First, she needs to send out some clear signals that she’s interested. (p. 165)
She is impressed by his gentlemanly behavior (p. 166). Even, it is stated in her thought that he is so charming that she will not mind being kissed by him. The elegance with which he is seducing her is something she will not forget. She also likes the way he answers her question when she asks him who he is. He does not boast about how rich and intelligent and talented he is (p. 169). Later she admits that despite knowing nothing about him, she feels lucky meeting him on her miserable day (p. 170). When Igor shows his metal blade and tells her what he can do by using it, she feels that he is capable of protecting her from dangers as well.
In her thought, she says that she is interested in what he is telling and finds him really fascinating. She hopes so much he will take her go and watch the sunset together (p. 171).
According to Murphy (1972), one method to understand a character’s trait is through the conversations of other people (pp. 167-168). Igor’s charm is shown through the conversations of others. After being left by Ewa, Igor employs a top private surveillance agency to spy on Ewa. Then, he is given a made-to-measure
“friend” for Ewa, who records all their conversations. Igor listens to the tapes she PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45 records (p. 199). From their conversation, Ewa tells her about how she meet Igor at university, whom she thinks good-looking and ambitious (p. 202).
She really liked this young man. They started going out together. She saw that he was intelligent and would go far in life, plus he seemed to understand her. He had, of course, fought in the Afghan war and been wounded in combat, but nothing very serious. He never complained about the past and never showed any signs of being unbalanced or traumatized. (p. 202)
When he proposes to her, she accepts even though she does not love him yet. If she let this chance slip, she might never find another man prepared to accept her as she is (p. 203).
His charm is shown through the eyes and opinions of Gabriela, a woman contracted to play the main role in Hamid’s future movie, too. Both of them meet at Hotel du Cap, in which Igor intends to meet Ewa, meanwhile Gabriela will meet Hamid and her co-star.
Enter a handsome man of about forty, with graying hair and dressed in an impeccable dinner jacket handmade by some master tailor. He looks as if he were about to come over to her, but immediately notices the second glass of champagne and heads off to the other end of the bar. She would have liked to talk to him; the androgyne is taking such a long time. (p. 264)
She notices the man has his eyes fixed on her and on the second glass of champagne. She wishes he will come over to her. At one point, their eyes meet and he smiles. She pretends not to see him. Later on, she notices the handsome man gets up, pays his bill, and heads for the exit. In her opinion, he seems disappointed, he might be waiting for the right moment to come over, tell his name, and talk (p. 265). For about thirty minutes later, they meet again the hotel lobby. She notices the man is standing by the balustrade, looking out to sea. This PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46 time, she is with Jasmine, a model who will be contracted to be Hamid’s next cover face. To her, he is charismatic, handsome, elegant, mysterious. When the opportunity comes, she will suggest her new friend to go over to him and start a conversation (p. 279).
In a matter of hours, after Igor succeeds in murdering Ewa and Hamid and the androgyne leaves Gabriela because of some problem happened to her co-star and the director, they meet again. Igor offers to drop her off because he is about to leave. She then accepts his offer since she knows no one there. When they arrive at the door of the house where she is staying, she is expecting him. She would like to hear the words “Shall we have a nightcap at my hotel?” coming out from his mouth, but it does not happen. He just shakes her hand and then leaves. She is amazed by how elegant he is (p. 337). All of those previously mentioned prove
Igor’s charm.
4.1.3 Faithful
Igor is a faithful man and he loves his wife, Ewa, wholeheartedly. It is shown through his thoughts. Though Ewa leaves him for two years, he intends to take her back and ask no questions about her life during those years (p. 2). He feels no resentment. He already passes the really difficult phase when he cannot sleep because he is so filled with pain and hatred. Now he can understand Ewa’s feelings (p. 11). He still loves her and forgives her, even he is willing to do anything including destroying someone’s world to welcome her back.
This is why he cannot accuse ewa of anything; she was merely following her human instincts. However, she had been brought up to believe in those PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
unnatural social conventions and must be feeling guilty, thinking that he doesn’t love her anymore and will never forgive her. He is, in fact, prepared to do anything, even to send messages that will mean he has destroyed someone’s world, just so that she’ll know that not only is he willing to welcome her back, he will gladly bury the past and ask no questions. (p. 12)
According to Murphy (1972), one method to understand a character’s trait is through what he says (pp. 164-166). Igor’s faithfulness can be seen through what he says when he has a conversation with Olivia. He asks her what the meaning of life is and she answers “Love.” Then, she also asks him the same question.
“And for you?” “Yes, love too. But for me it was also important to earn enough money to show my parents that I was capable of succeeding. I did that, and now they’re proud of me. I met the perfect woman, we married, and I would like to have had children, to honor and fear God. The children, alas, never came.” (p. 14)
However, later on Olivia finds out that he intends to harm her in order to fulfill his mission of winning back his wife. She does not like their conversation anymore and tries to leave him. To her surprise, Igor threatens her with a gun and asks her to remain sit down (p. 18). In order to find a way of escaping from this mad man, she obeys and tries to tell him about herself. She tells about her boyfriend, who makes her life hell but she cannot leave him. Instead of being amused by the story, she just arouses his anger. He states that he never harmed anyone who got in his way. He encouraged his wife to do what she wanted whenever possible. However, what he gets now is loneliness. He feels like life treats him unfairly and takes the most important thing from him, which is love. The pain of love always passes and there are other women, but he is just tired of doing nothing. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
“If you know there are other women and you know that the pain of love will pass, why are you upset?” Yes, she’s behaving like an adult now, surprised at the calm way in which she’s trying to deal with the madman by her side. He seems to waver. “I don’t really know. Perhaps because I’ve been abandoned once too often. Perhaps because I need to prove to myself just what I’m capable of. Perhaps because I lied, and there is only one woman for me. I have a plan.” (p. 21)
It proves how meaningful Ewa is to Igor and how faithful he is to her, even though being abandoned.
His faithfulness can also be seen through his past life events. It is shown when Ewa thinks of their conversation some years ago.
“We are together because he decide we should be. You may not fully appreciate your importance in my life, but without you, I would never have got where I am today. He placed us side by side and lent me his power to defend you whenever necessary. He taught me that everything is part of a plan, and I must respect that plan down to the last detail. If hadn’t done so, I would either be dead in Kabul or living in poverty in Moscow.” (p. 94)
He also says that without her he does not exist. Anything or anyone who tries to separate them or destroy the little time they have together gets the treatment they deserve. He continues by saying “We speak the same language. We see the world in the same way. We complete each other with a perfection that is granted only to those who put love above all else. As I said, without you I don’t exist” (p. 95).
After she finds out that he kills the drunken beggar in Irkutsk while they are having a candlelit supper, she drinks so much. Before she falls asleep, she gets up the courage to ask him a question she keeps in mind. She asks him what will happen if she leaves him but Igor does not take it seriously. Ewa insists the question to be answered and he answers that she will never leave him since, in his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49 opinion, their marriage is perfect. She tries to ask him once more by pretending to be drunker than she is.
“Yes, but what if I did?” “I’d make you come back, and I’m good at getting what I want, even if that means destroying whole worlds.” “And what if I met another man?” He looked at her without rancor, almost benevolently. “Even if you slept with every man on Earth, my love would still survive.” (p. 96)
His faithfulness is shown through his conversation with a psychiatrist to consult his workaholic problem, too. When the psychiatrist asks him what the main motive for changing his workaholism, he answers that if there is anyone in the world for whom he will do anything, that person is his wife (p. 161). It proves how much she loves Ewa, even will he sacrifice his career for her.
When he thinks and reminds himself that he plans everything in order to win back his wife, it also shows his faithfulness. He tells himself for the hundredth time that he wants them to get back together again and not to allow a little word like “goodbye” to erase their whole past life (p. 205). When he tries to remind Ewa about what he says to her before she leaves, she remembers some words he says such as “I promise that I’ll change and start working less,” ”You’re the only woman I love,” or “If you leave, it will destroy me” (p. 323). Those words also show how faithful Igor is.
He says something which shows his faithfulness to her as well. It is when the three of them, Hamid, Ewa, and him, are sitting together on the sand, talking about the messages he sends to her.
“Anyway,” he says, as if unperturbed either by her words or by Hamid’s attempt to move, “you chose the easiest way out. You left me. You didn’t PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
give me a chance; you didn’t understand that everything I was doing was for you and because of you.” (p. 331)
He also says that he always thinks one day they will get back together, saying the long-postponed words of love again. He continues that he copies poems out in a book so that he can whisper them as she falls asleep. He writes letters telling how he feels, the letters he will leave where she can find them to let her know that he never forgets her. To him, she is the woman who justifies his life and gives it meaning (p. 334). All of those mentioned previously prove that he is faithful to his wife and loves her so much.
4.1.4 Hard-working
Hard-working is one characteristic of Igor and it can be seen through his thoughts. When he wakes up at 7:22 a.m., he still feels tired because his body is not adapted to the time difference between Moscow and Paris yet. If he is at work, he will already hold two or three meetings with his associates and be preparing to have lunch with some new client (p. 11). It proves that he works hard every day and thus his job does help him to be a howling success.
His conversation with Olivia can also prove that he is a hard worker.
“... But for me it was also important to earn enough money to show my parents that I was capable of succeeding. I did that, and now they’re proud of me. I met the perfect woman, we married, and I would like to have had children, to honor and fear God. The children, alas, never came.” (p. 14)
He continues by saying “We thought of adopting a child. Indeed, we spent two or three years thinking about it, but then life began to get too busy what with business trips and parties, meetings and deals” (p. 14). Later on, he also says that PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51 he works hard to build up what he has. He works long and hard, and survives many a setback (p. 21).
His hard work is shown through the eyes and opinions of another as well.
It is shown when Ewa thinks of their past life.
..., he had overcome all difficulties to succeed. He began to work very hard, getting loans from some very shady people, then lying awake at night, worrying about the risk he was taking and wondering how he could ever repay those loans. (p. 87) They spent much of their time in airports, planes, and hotels; they worked eighteen hours a day, and for years never managed to take a month’s holiday together. (p. 88)
To her, Igor wants to go further and further. He only gets where he is by dint of ambition and hard work (p. 88).
When he is at the terrace of the Hotel Martinez, he thinks about what he does in his lifetime. He works day and night and weekends too. He starts with nothing just after the fall of the Communist regime and he reaches the top (p.
156). After all these years, one thing he realizes is it is not true that he will give up work next month or next year or even next decade. He asks himself why he cannot, and the answer is there is no turning back on the road to power. If he abandons everything, he will be overwhelmed by feelings of depression (p. 158).
At one point, Igor falls into confusion and looks for some lucidity whether he does things right. He dreams of this day, the day when he finally can meet
Ewa, for so long. In his thought, he knows that he overcomes his traumas by plunging into work. Though psychiatrists might consider working too hard as a psychological disorder, for him it is a way of healing his wounds through forgiveness and forgetting (p. 201). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
The fact that he is a hard worker is shown through the conversation of others too. When he tries to remember the conversations recorded between Ewa and her made-to-measure “friend,” there is a point Ewa tells her about how she leaves Igor. She says that her husband is so married to his work that he probably will not even notice she is gone (p. 203). It shows how important his job is and how hard he works, but then his marriage is the sacrifice to make.
4.1.5 Intelligent
Intelligent is also one characteristic of Igor. It is shown through his thoughts when he sets off along the Boulevard de la Croisette, where almost all luxury hotels are located. He thinks that he can understand Ewa’s feelings since monogamy is a myth that people disagree with for so long. He reads a lot on that subject. The inability to be monogamous is not just a matter of excess hormones or vanity, but, as all the research indicates, a genetic configuration found in almost all animals (p. 11).
Paternity tests given to birds, monkeys, and foxes revealed that simply because these species had developed a social relationship very similar to marriage did not necessarily mean that they had been faithful to each other. In seventy percent of cases, their offspring turn out to have been fathered by males other than their partners. Igor remembered something written by David Barash, professor of psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle, in which he said that the only species in nature that doesn’t commit adultery and in which there seems to be one hundred percent monogamy is a flatworm, Diplozoon paradoxum. The male and female worms meet as adolescents, and their bodies literally fuse together (p. 12)
At one point, when he has conversation with Olivia, he says something which shows his intelligence. He asks her about the biological studies of frogs. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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“Yes, various biological studies have shown that if a frog is placed in a container along with water from its own pond, it will remain there, utterly still, while the water is slowly heated up. The frog doesn’t react to the gradual increase in temperature, to the changes in its environment, and when the water reaches the boiling point, the frog dies, fat and happy.” “On the other hand, if a frog is thrown into a container full of already boiling water, it will jump straight out again, scalded, but alive!” (pp. 15- 16)
Igor feels the same way as the boiled frog, he does not notice the changes. Then, he connects the studies of frogs with his mission to get his wife back. Later on, when Olivia finds out that he intends to harm her in order to fulfill that mission, she tries to leave him. Meanwhile, Igor threatens her with a gun and asks her to remain sit down. She has no other choice and obeys, then she starts to freak out.
“I know exactly what you’re feeling,” the man says, trying to calm her. “The symptoms of fear have been the same since the dawn of time. They were the same when men had to face wild beasts and they continue to be so right up to the present day: blood drains away from the face and the epidermis, protecting the body and avoiding blood loss, that’s why people turn pale. The intestines relax and release everything, so that there will be no toxic matter left contaminating the organism. The body initially refuses to move, so as not to provoke the beast in question by making any sudden movement.” (pp. 18-19)
After Olivia’s dead body is found, he tries the best to ignore the feeling of guilt. He just keeps walking along the Boulevard de la Croisette, pretending to know nothing. He tries to think of other things around him. He thinks of
Superclass style, such as dark glasses and mobile phone. People can be socially accepted by receiving continuous messages or calls, which usually are not in the least urgent. Mobile phone has some features, one of those is SMS which functions to send short messages. People prefer taking five minutes to write them down to taking ten seconds to speak, just to show the world how important they are (pp. 37-38). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Igor knows all about this because he has earned hundreds of millions of dollars thanks to the fact that the phone is no longer simply a method of communicating with others, but a thread of hope, a way of believing that you’re not alone, a way of showing others how important you are. (p. 38)
He knows one situation in which all mobile phones must be turned off. It is when people get on a plane. He knows it is a lie that “all mobiles phone must be switched off during the flight because they might interfere with the onboard systems” (p. 38).
Igor knew when this myth had been created: for years now, airlines had been doing their best to convince passengers to use the phones attached to their seat. These cost ten dollars a minute and use the same transmission system as mobile phones. The strategy didn’t work, but the myth lingered on; they had simply forgotten to remove the warning from the list of dos and don’ts that the flight attendant has to read out before takeoff. What no one knew was that on every flight, there were always at least two or three passengers who forgot to turn their phones off, and besides, laptops access the Internet using exactly the same system as mobiles. And no plane anywhere in the world has yet fallen out of the sky because of that. (pp. 38-39)
Now he knows that the warning is modified, mobile phones can be used as long as they are put into flight mode. No one ever explains what “flight mode” is, but if people choose to be taken in like this, it becomes their problem (p. 39).
His intelligence can also be seen when he murders the second victim,
Javits Wild. He uses curare, which was originally used by South American
Indians for hunting with darts. It is also found in European hospitals because, under controlled conditions, it can be used to paralyze certain muscles to facilitate the surgeon’s work. A fatal dose can kill a bird in just two minutes, a boar in fifteen minutes, and large mammals such as a man in twenty minutes (p. 111).
As soon as it gets into the bloodstream, the nervous fibers of the body relax, then stop functioning altogether, causing gradual asphyxia. The strangest thing –or the worst, some might say–is that the victim remains PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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conscious throughout, but cannot move in order to ask for help nor stop the slow process of paralysis overtaking his body. ... In the case of curare, the heart seems to be the last muscle affected and continues beating even after brain death has occured. (pp. 111-112)
At one point, he tries to hand himself over to the first policeman he meets at the place where the little street vendor used to sit. The policeman, on the other hand, does not take him seriously. He even greets a couple who are walking by and praises the diamond on the woman’s finger. His intelligence is shown when he thinks of the origin of diamond soon after noticing the policeman’s remark about it.
A diamond, or brilliant to give it its other name, is, as everyone knows, just a piece of coal that has been worked on by heat and time. Since it contains no organic matter, it is impossible to know how long it takes for its structure to change, although geologists estimate something between three hundred million and a billion years. Diamonds generally form ninety miles below the Earth’s crust and gradually rise to the surface, where they can be mined. (pp. 115-116)
It is the hardest and most resistant of natural materials, and it takes a diamond to cut another diamond. The real importance of diamonds lies in their use as jewels.
A diamond is the supreme manifestation of human vanity. A few decades ago, diamonds begins to disappear from the market. Then the largest mining company in the world decides to commission one of the best advertising agencies in the world. Research is carried out and the result is “Diamonds are forever” (p. 116).
His intelligence can be seen through his conversation with Maureen, the third victim, as well. He shows her a metal blade in the form of a wooden tube and plays it over her body. First, he places the blade at the same height with her ear.
“This would be one of the ideal places, for example. Any higher, and the cracial bones would block the blow, any lower, and the vein in the neck PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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would be cut; the person might die, but would also be able to fight back. If he was armed, he could shoot me, especially at such close range.” (p. 171)
Then, he slides the blade down her body and stops under her arm.
“Here I’m on a level with your heart. It’s protected by a natural barrier, the rib cage. In a fight, it would be impossible to injure someone with this blade. It would almost certainly hit a rib, and even if it did penetrate the body, the wound wouldn’t bleed enough to weaken your enemy. He might not even feel the blow. But right here, it would be fatal.” (pp. 171-172)
When Ewa and her made-to-measure “friend” were having conversation,
Ewa tells her how she likes Igor in the past and she directly describes his intelligence.
She really liked this young man. They started going out together. She saw that he was intelligent and would go far in life, plus he seemed to understand her. He had, of course, fought in the Afghan war and been wounded in combat, but nothing very serious. He never complained about the past and never showed any signs of being unbalanced or traumatized. (p. 202)
Igor is the only man who really understands her and provides her with the intellectual stimulus she needs. It proves that he is intelligent and it is the reason why Ewa admires him.
At one point, Gabriela notices a thing he keeps in his inside dinner jacket pocket. She thinks it is a cigar, but in fact it is a silencer. In his thought, he shows his intelligence by thinking about the benefit of a silencer. A cigar and a silencer have similar shape. It is about four inches long and when it is attached to the barrel of the Beretta he keeps in his trouser pocket, it can change the sound
“Bang” into “puf.”
This is because when a gun is fired a few simple laws of physics come into effect. The speed of the bullet is slightly diminished as it’s forced past a series of rubber baffles; meanwhile, the gases produced by the firing of the gun fill the hollow chamber around the cylinder, cool rapidly, and suppress PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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the noise of the gunpowder exploding. A silencer is useless for long-range shooting because it affects the trajectory of the bullet, but it’s ideal for firing at point-blank range. (p. 297)
Besides, he also thinks of the death. According to him, it is easy to die and the human body is the most efficient mechanisms in creation. He knows the definition of death is the end of a life, the permanent paralysis of the body’s vital functions, such as brain activity, breathing, blood flow to and from the heart (pp.
314-315).
The definition changes when it comes to religions: for some, death means moving to a higher state, while others believe that it is merely a temporary condition and that the soul inhabiting the body will return later on, either to pay for its sins or to enjoy in the next life the blessings denied it during the previous incarnation. (p. 315)
The fact that he is intelligent is also shown soon after he murders Hamid.
Looking at Hamid’s body reaction toward the bullet he shot in his head, he knows that the bullet must pierce his brain.
Weapons are unpredictable too. He expected the bullet to come out the other side of the man’s head, blowing away the top part of the brain, but, given the angle of the shot, it must have pierced the brain, bounced off a bone, and entered the thorax because he’s trembling uncontrollably, but with no sign of any blood. (p. 333)
All of those stated previously prove that he is intelligent since he is able to learn and understand things easily.
4.1.6 Methodical
Igor Malev can be categorized as a methodical man. In the beginning of the novel, it is stated that he already plans everything he will do by the time he arrives in Cannes. It is seen through his thoughts.
He had bought the Beretta on the black market so that it would be impossible to trace. There are five bullets in the magazine, although he PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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intends to use only one, the tip of which he has marked with an “X,” using a nail file. That way, when it’s fired and hits something solid, it will break into four pieces. (p. 2)
He will only use the Beretta if all other methods fail. There are other ways of extinguishing a world or destroying a universe. He hopes Ewa will understand the message he is about to send as soon as the first victim is found.
After arriving in Cannes, he starts to do something in order to fulfill his mission. He tries to do it very carefully so that everything will last as he wishes.
Even he tries not to be noticed by anyone since a wrong step can ruin everything.
The author stated how Igor intends not to talk to anybody as the winner stands alone (p. 5). It can be seen through his thoughts and reactions toward people who try to make conversation with him.
A year ago, he reserved the best suite in the Martinez (which makes everyone pay up-front for at least twelve nights, regardless of how long they’ll be staying); he arrived this afternoon in his private jet, was driven to the hotel, where he took bath and then went downstairs in the hope of witnessing one particular scene. (p. 5)
When he is pestered by actresses, actors, and directors, he comes up with the perfect response for them all such as “Don’t speak English, sorry. Polish,” or
“Don’t speak French, sorry. Mexican.” If someone says a few words in Spanish, he uses another trick by starting to write down numbers in a notebook. He looks like neither a journalist nor a movie mogul, and there is a Russian economics magazine next to him with the photo of some boring executive on the cover.
Finally they will leave him in peace because they think he must be one of the millionaires coming to Cannes to search a new girlfriend (p. 6). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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His methodical action can also be seen when he is interested in the second victim, Javits Wild. Soon after observing him and his bodyguards, he tries to think the way to carry out this action. People begins to arrive and he has to wait for the place to fill up. He does not plan to destroy a world in broad daylight, in the middle of the Boulevard. One thing he is certain of is that he has chosen the perfect place. Then he leaves the place along with the straw in the pineapple juice.
Javits Wild wouldn’t be wasting his time here just to get a free meal at one of the thousands of parties to which he must be invited every year. He must be here for some specific reason or to meet a particular person. That reason or person would doubtless be Igor’s best alibi. (p. 43)
When he succeeds in murdering Javits Wild, he thinks back to the time he is carrying out that plan. He planns everything, he uses his private plane in order to enter France with an unregistered gun. He also brings with him various poisons he obtains from his connections. Every step, every move is carefully studied and rehearsed. He makes a list of victims in his head. He spends months analyzing the lives of serial killers by using a computer program, which is very popular with terrorists and leaves no record of any searches he makes. He takes all the necessary steps to escape unnoticed once he carries out the mission (pp. 112-113).
His methodical characteristic is shown when he is enjoying his time at the terrace outside the bar of the Hotel Martinez too. In his thought, he feels proud of his ability to plan things. Even though he never goes to Cannes before, he foresees precisely this situation (p. 154). Besides, it is shown when he thinks of the three murders he commits.
He has no idea if three violent deaths in one day would be considered normal in Cannes; if it is, the police won’t suspect that anything unusual is PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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happening. They’ll continue their bureaucratic procedures and he’ll be able to fly off as planned in the early hours of tomorrow. (p. 197)
There is a point when he thinks back of what he does after Ewa leaves him. He employs one of the top private surveillance agencies to spy on her. The agency’s job is to take pictures of Ewa with her new companion, Hamid. The agency provides him a made-to-measure “friend” for Ewa, whom she meet by chance in a department store. That “friend” is from Russia and abandoned by her husband, she cannot get job in Britain because she does not have the right papers, and also has merely enough money to feed herself. At first, Ewa does not trust her but then decides to help her. With Hamid’s help, her “friend” can get a job in one of his offices though the fact that she is an illegal worker (pp. 198-199).
The “friend” recorded all their conversations, and the tapes ended up on Igor’s desk, where they took precedence over papers requiring his signature, invitations demanding his presence, and gifts waiting to be sent to customers, suppliers, politicians, and fellow businessmen. (p. 199)
Before going to Hotel du Cap, in which he intends to meet Ewa, he takes a shower. He believes that after murdering Olivia, her soul is accompanying him in every path he takes. As he stands in the shower, the “soul” of Olivia convinces him to carry on his mission. In his thought, he is not sure of what he does but whatever the case, he knows he is there for a reason. The last two years of tension, planning, fear, and uncertainty are finally justified (p. 248).
He intends to murder someone who was staying at one of the rooms located in each of the four corners. Those rooms are not caught on camera. It means it will be safe to slip the envelope he is going to use as a means of murdering under the door of one corner room. He is quite certain that no one will PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
61 notice even though there is a possibility of it. In his thought, he states that he checks in using a false passport, and the photo shows a man with glasses and a beard. So if a witness is asked to view the recordings in attempt to identify him, it is almost impossible he will be recognized. He knows that this is the last time he will walk down the corridors of the Hotel Martinez.
A policeman will reach out to pick up what he considers evidence bearing DNA traces, fingerprints, and strands of hair, and drop it with a yelp, having burned his fingers in the sulfuric acid that is now dissolving everything Igor has left behind. He needs only his false passport, his credit cards, and some cash, and he has all of this in the pockets of his dinner jacket, along with the Beretta, that weapon so despised by the cognoscenti. (p. 253)
His methodical characteristic is finally shown when he leaves Cannes with his private jet. He thinks back of the mission he carries out.
For a moment, he wonders if he really had succeeded in sending those messages to Ewa, while he was busy destroying worlds. Should he have been more explicit, adding a further note or a name or something like that? That would have been terribly risky–people might think he was a serial killer. (p. 342)
He knows that he is not a serial killer, he has an objective to be there but then it changes in time. He wonders whether they realize that a single person is responsible for extinguishing those worlds. In the end, he decides not to take it very seriously. All of those mentioned previously prove that he can plan everything in order to carry out his mission carefully and logically.
4.1.7 Observant
Igor is observant as well, he is really good at noticing things. In the morning after arriving in Cannes, he tries to observe things at the bar of the Hotel PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Martinez. A man and his beautiful partner wearing full evening dress come to his attention. The way he pays attention to those couple can be seen through his thoughts.
... like all women who feel themselves to be queen of the world, she never looked at anyone else. Such women are there in order to shine and always avoid looking at what other people are wearing because, even if their own clothes and accessories have cost them a fortune, the number of diamonds or a particularly exclusive outfit worn by someone else might make them feel depressed or bad-tempered inferior. (pp. 2-3)
He then pays attention to her partner, who has silver hair. That man goes to the bar and orders champagne. He notices how extremely polite the man is since he thanks the waitress when she brings their drinks and gives her a large tip. He infers that the three of them; the waitress, the man, and his partner, know each other.
His powers of observation can also be seen when he sees a woman who sets out her wares on the pavement. That woman is Olivia. He then decides that she will be the first sacrifice.
Yes, she will be the sacrifice. She is the message he must send, a message that will be understood as soon as it reaches its destination. Before going over to her, he observes her tenderly; she doesn’t know that in a little while, if all goes well, her soul will be wandering the clouds, free forever from an idiotic job that will never take her where her dreams would like her to go. (p. 12)
Then, after succeeding in murdering her, he tries to observe the situation around the place he lays the body. He is surprised to see that no one yet realizes a woman lying dead on the main street of this city. In a matter of minutes, there are a couple approach the dead body. They look irritated and soon start to shout at her. They PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
63 are Olivia’s parents and they are angry knowing that she is not working. The man shakes her and the woman bends over to wake her up.
Igor knows what will happen next. The mother screams. The father takes his mobile phone from his pocket and moves away, clearly agitated. The mother is shaking her daughter’s unresponsive body. Passerby stop, and now he can remove his dark glasses and join them as one more curious onlooker. (p. 35)
After that, he tries to ignore the feeling of guilt because of Olivia’s death.
He keeps walking along the Boulevard de la Croisette, behaving like a normal citizen. He then observes other things around him. The big hotels acquire the rights to great areas of beach, which demand the guest’s room key or some other form of identification at every entry point. Other areas are occupied by huge white tents, in which some production company or other firms launch their latest product. People there are dressed normally, what he defines “normal” is a baseball cap, bright shirt, and light-colored trousers for men. For women, it is jewelry, loose top, and low-heeled shoes (p. 37).
His power of observation is shown when Javits Wild comes to his attention as well. It can be seen through his thoughts. He enters the white tent and heads straight for the bar, the tent is very well-equipped and even there is a dance floor there. He orders a pineapple juice because he thinks it suits the atmosphere and because it is decorated with a tiny blue Japanese umbrella along with a black straw.
He sits down at one of the many empty tables. Among the few people present is a man in his fifties, with hennaed mahogany brown hair, fake tan, and a body honed in one of those gyms that promise eternal youth. He’s wearing a torn T-shirt and is sitting with two other men, who are both dressed in impeccable designer suits. The two men turn to face Igor, and immediately turns his head slightly, but continues to study them from PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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behind his dark glasses. The men in suits try to work out who this new arrival is, then lose interest. (p. 40)
He is interested more in these men. He notices that the henna-haired man does not have a mobile phone on the table but his two bodyguards keep answering calls. He is convinced that man must be someone important since though he is badly dressed, he is let into the tent. He also turns his mobile off, does not respond the waiter who keeps coming up to him and asking if he wants anything, and only waves the waiter away (pp. 40-41). He knows that it will be challenging since those two men in suits are not just assistants. They look around the tent every now and then, watching everything that is going on (p. 43).
At one point, he pays attention to the guests attending the party at the tent.
He rejoins the party after leaving for a while, preparing things to use as some means of murdering Javits Wild.
Most of the guests were older people, which meant that this was an event for professionals. The age of these guests further favored his plan, since almost all of them would need glasses. Needles to say, no one was wearing them because “tired eyes” are a sign of age. There, everyone had to dress and behave like people in the prime of life, “young at heart” and “in excellent health,” and to pretend that they were indifferent to what was going on around them because they were preoccupied with other things, when the truth was that they couldn’t actually see. Their contact lenses meant that they could just about identify a person a few yards away, and, besides, they would find out soon enough who it was they were talking to. (p. 111)
He knows that only Javits’s “friends” noticing everything and everyone. However, this time, they are the ones being observed.
At the terrace of the Hotel Martinez, he also looks around and tries to pay attention to certain things. He sees some women who are either anorexic or use too much Botox, ladies with jewelry and eat ice cream, men with much younger PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
65 female companions, bored couples, or young women drink something low-calorie and pretend to be listening to what their friends are saying. He notices three men and a woman who are different from the others at that terrace. They are sitting at a table strewn with papers and beer cans, discussing something in low voices and constantly checking figures on a calculator. They seem to be the only ones who are really doing some project (p. 154).
The people on the terrace have clearly leaped over certain barriers already; they are not outside with the photographers, behind the metal barriers, waiting for someone to come out of the main door and fill their universe with light. They have already made it into the hotel lobby, and now all they need is fame and power, and they really don’t mind what form these take. Men know that age isn’t a problem, all they need are the right contacts. The young women –who keep as keen an eye on the terrace as any trained bodyguard –know that they’re reaching a dangerous age, when any chance of achieving something through their beauty alone will suddenly vanish. The older women there would like to be recognized and respected for their gifts and their intelligence, but the diamonds they’re wearing make it unlikely that their talents will be discovered. The men sitting with wives are waiting for someone to pass by and say hello and for everyone to turn and look and think: ”He must be well-known, or even famous, who knows?” (p. 155)
Soon after he murders Maureen, the third victim, he notices a great police car passes and drives along the side of the road that is closed to the public. He decides to pay attention to where it goes. To his surprise, it drives to the pier where he murders Maureen. A few seconds later, he sees an ambulance which heads for the pier too. He then realizes someone must witness the murder (pp.
172-173). It also proves that he is an observant man.
There is one time when he tries to justify what he does. He falls into confusion and looks for some lucidity. He goes into a pizzeria to order some food PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
66 to eat. His power of observations is shown when he notices a Maserati car opposite him.
It’s an absurd, uncomfortable car which, despite its powerful engine –too low-powered for B roads and too high-powered for motorways –has to dawdle along at the same speed as other cars. A man of about fifty –but trying to look thirty –opens the door and struggles out because the door is too low to the ground. He goes into the pizzeria and orders a quattro formaggi to go. (pp. 204-205)
He thinks Maserati and pizza are mismatched but that happens.
At the Hotel du Cap, the place where he intends to meet Ewa, he observes
Gabriela and Jasmine who come over to him. He notices that Gabriela seems very excited and whenever the waiter comes by with more drinks, she gives her glass back even if it is still half full and takes another. Meanwhile, Jasmine seems more discreet and sadder as well. He knows that when she is walking down the corridor, the photographers call out her name and start to ask her questions. The other people at the party appear to have no idea who she is. She is needed at the start but then is dropped suddenly (pp. 294-295).
After waiting for such a long time, finally he hears the photographers shout out Hamid’s name. Even from the distance and with his view blocked by the people at the garden, he can see Hamid and his companion, Ewa. However, he notices something which attracts his attention more.
Even before he has time to utter a sigh of relief, something else attracts his attention and makes him look away: a man has just entered from the other side of the garden without being stopped by any of the security guards. The man glances this way and that, as if searching for someone, but that someone is clearly not a friend lost in the throng. (p. 299)
He knows who that man is, he is a policeman and is told to look out for him. All of those stated previously prove Igor’s power of observations. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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4.1.8 Proud
Igor is a proud man, he respects himself so much. His pride can be seen through Coelho’s description. He is proud because he has a great job, earns great amount of money, is easy to find women, has good physical shape, and is healthy.
In addition, he does not have debts.
He doesn’t have to wear a particular designer label, go to a particular restaurant, spend his holidays at a beach where “everyone” goes, or buy a watch just because some successful sportsman is promoting it. He can sign major contracts with a cheap ballpoint pen, wear comfortable, elegant jackets, handmade by a tailor who has a small shop next to his office, and which carry no label at all. He can do as he likes and doesn’t have to prove to anyone that he’s rich; he has an interesting job and loves what he does. (pp. 9-10)
His pride is proven through what he says as well. When he has a conversation with Olivia, he directly says that he is a proud person. He tells her about things he can do to hamper someone doing something. He connects it with his case of being left by Ewa. He realizes that he should do something to postpone her leaving. He says that he is too proud at that time. He thinks it is just a temporary move and she will soon realize her mistake. He also adds that he is sure she regrets leaving him and wants to come back. He just needs to destroy a few worlds for taking her back (pp. 17-18).
Later on, he also says something which shows his pride. It occurs when
Olivia tells him about his mean boyfriend. Instead of being amused by her story, he, on the contrary, gets angry. He says that he is not like her boyfriend. He is a hard worker and he is always honest in his dealings. He is always a good Christian PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
68 and he is always grateful to his influential friends. He believes he has done everything right.
“I never harmed anyone who got in my way. Whenever possible, I encouraged my wife to do what she wanted to do, and the result: here I am, alone. Yes, I killed people during the idiotic war I was sent to fight, but I never lost my sense of reality. I’m not one of those traumatized war veterans who goes into a restaurant and machine-guns people. I’m not a terrorist. Of course, I could say that life has treated me unfairly and taken from me the most important thing there is: love. But there are other women, and the pain of love always passes. I need to act, I’m tired of being a frog slowly boiling to death.” (p. 21)
Finally after talking some time to her, he murders her. Then, he leaves her body on the bench where they have conversation. Soon after taking few steps he thinks of what he does to her. He is happy because he can release her soul from her body.
If she is still alive, she will be depressed due to his relationship with his boyfriend. He knows that he never does such a thing to Ewa. In his thought, he states what he does to her during their marriage.
This had never been the case with Ewa. She had always been capable of making her own decisions. He had given her both moral and financial support when she decided to open her haute-couture boutique; and she had been free to travel as much as she wanted. He had been an exemplary man and husband. (p. 23)
His pride can also be seen through his past life events. It is shown when
Ewa thinks about their conversation some years ago.
“... When the genocide was going on in Rwanda, I financed a small army of friends, who prevented more than two thousands death. Did you know that?” “No, you never told me.” “I didn’t need to. You know that I care about other people.” (pp. 95-96)
Besides, from his thoughts of diamond when he tries to hand himself over a policeman he meets, it is shown his pride too. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Igor knows what he’s talking about. When he helped form an army to get involved in a tribal conflict in Africa, it had proved an extremely difficult task. Not that he regrets it because, although few people knew about the project, he managed to save many lives. He had mentioned it once in passing to Ewa over some now-forgotten supper, but had decided to say no more. When he performed a charitable act, he preferred his right hand not to know what his left hand was doing. Diamonds had helped him save many lives, although that fact will never appear in his biography. (p. 116)
Because of the diamonds, five years ago he creates a small group intended to put an end to a bloody conflict in the north of Liberia. He succeeds and only the murderers are killed. The peace returns to small villages and the diamonds are sold to jewelers in America (p. 118).
When he enjoys his time at the terrace of the Hotel Martinez, he also thinks about his past life. He states that he is a powerful man. He works day and night, and even weekends. He starts with nothing and now reaches the top. He can do all of those because he fears God and knows that the road he travels in life is a blessing. He respects the blessing so much (pp. 155-156).
While he is at the Hotel du Cap with Gabriela and Jasmine by his side, he thinks back of his past life as a soldier. Before any dangerous mission, he and his colleagues will drink and talk about many things. It is a way of lessening their anxiety to prepare for the challenges on the next day. His pride is shown through his thoughts and Coelho’s direct comment.
Like any good soldier, he knows that battles have more do with aims and objectives than with the actual fighting. Like any good strategist –he did, after all, build up his company from nothing to become one of the most respected in Russia –he knows that one’s objective should always remain the same, even if the motive behind it may change over time. (p. 293)
Coelho gives his comment by his remark “he did, after all, build up his company from nothing to become one of the most respected in Russia.” Igor also states in PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
70 his thought that he is capable of surprising people, of coming up with fresh ideas, and of taking any necessary risks (p. 294).
He thinks back of his past life as a soldier as well, when he sees Ewa’s reaction soon after he murders Hamid. He knows exactly what she feels since he experiences the same once. It occurs when an Afghan warrior is pointing a rifle at his chest. He is saved because a colleague of his fires at the Afghan first. He is still grateful to that man for saving his life (p. 333). All of those mentioned previously prove that Igor is a proud man and values himself so much.
4.2 Igor’s Motivation in Becoming a Murderer
In order to reveal the factors that trigger Igor to become a murderer, it is appropriate to find out his motivation in doing so. Due to the intention to find out his motivation, theory of motivation is applied. It is also appropriate to seek his unconscious motives in committing the murders. In order to seek those unconscious motives, the theory of psychoanalytic is applied.
4.2.1 Getting Ewa Back
Ewa and Igor falls in love each other many years before. To Ewa, Igor is an angel with a sad childhood. He is called up into the Soviet army to fight in a war in Afghanistan. In the end, he only returns to a country which is almost collapsed (p. 87). Then, in order to succeed he begins to work very hard and overcomes all difficulties. He is idealistic and affectionate. Life teaches him how to lead and military service helps him understand exactly how hierarchies work. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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However, behind every great man there stands a woman. At night he will come to her, asking her to protect and advise him. Gradually the small business begins to grow. Money begins to come in slowly at first, but then in vast quantities.
However, they never waste a penny. They make contributions to charities and to associations for ex-soldiers. They have a dream of going and living in a house far away from their place at that time. She believes that each human is born to love and to live with their beloved (p. 88).
As time goes by, Igor becomes more ambitious and works harder.
Whenever she asks him to start living what they dream, he always asks for a little more time. She cannot stand the empty feeling any longer and asks him to let her do something. Igor then gives her a chance to do something she likes. She tells him that she likes to work with fashion. He grants her wish and her life takes on a new meaning. In just two years, she is running the most successful haute-couture shop in Moscow (p. 89). She starts to become an excellent businesswoman because Igor teaches her everything.
One day when they are spending a weekend in a restaurant in Irkutsk, a drunken beggar comes into the restaurant, walks over to their table, sits down, and begins to talk (p. 90). He listens to him for a few minutes and then takes the man outside. When he comes back a few minutes later, Ewa notices a big smile on his face along with a great joy in his eyes. Ewa assumes perhaps he gives the man money to help him out of his poverty. After going back to the hotel, Igor says that he just helps the man to end his poverty (p. 91). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Time passes and the question about what happens in Irkutsk becomes less important. When they attend a gala supper and also charity auction at one of the most expensive restaurants in Milan, the question returns to be answered. She asks him what happens to that beggar and he says that he saves him. At first, she is relieved to hear that but then he elaborates that he saves the beggar from a hopeless life and let his soul go toward the light. Ewa then realizes he kills the beggar, though she does not ask him to say it outright. She intends to ask a question after Igor admits the murder but cannot pluck up enough courage. When they go back to the hotel, she finally gets up the courage to ask him. She asks what will happen if she leaves him. He replies that will never happen because their marriage is perfect. She asks once more and he replies he will make her come back even if he has to destroy whole worlds (p. 96).
To his surprise, what he never expects to happen comes true. Ewa really leaves him for a man, who is a couturier. Ewa resists for as long as she can to live with Igor, while waiting for an opportunity to free herself. When the man proposes her for leaving everything and moving to London, she accepts it at once.
Though she is never in love with him, it is the only possible way out of hell she is living (p. 97).
Because of being left by Ewa, he becomes deeply depressed. He cannot sleep because he is so filled with pain and hatred. Therefore, after two years he decides to take her back. He states this when Ewa asks him about what will happen if she leaves him.
“And what if I were to leave you?” “Drink less next time.” PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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“Answer me.” “That could never happen. Our marriage is perfect.” “Yes, but what if I did?” “I’d make you come back, and I’m good at getting what I want, even if that means destroying whole worlds.” (p. 96)
Destroying worlds means killing or sacrificing someone. He is motivated to do such thing because he wants to make Ewa come back. The empty feeling he suffers triggers an act of aggression. It is shown in his thought “He has another task to fulfill here: he must find someone he can sacrifice in the name of love. He needs a victim, so that Ewa will get his message that very morning” (p. 11).
By studying the motive of aggression, human motivation can be studied
(Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 396). Igor’s motivation to become a murderer is affected by “external stimulus,” which is his wife’s leaving. It means the desire to harm others comes from the action of another person, who is Ewa. Being frustrated due to his wife’s leaving may be the major cause of his aggression. It is shown in his thought “He has passed the really difficult phase, when he couldn’t sleep because he was so filled with pain and hatred” (p. 11).
There are eight types of aggression identified by Moyer. Those types are predatory, intermale, fear-induced, territorial, maternal, irritable, sex-related, and instrumental aggression (as cited in Franken, 2002, pp. 209-210). It seems that
Igor is motivated by the sex-related aggression since Ewa leaves him for another man.
He is sure that she deeply regrets the step she took two years ago –leaving everything behind her, including her clothes and jewelry, and asking her lawyer to get in I touch with him regarding divorce proceedings. The grounds: incompatibility. As if interesting people will ever necessarily think exactly the same way or have many things in common. It was clearly a lie: she had fallen in love with someone else. (p. 197) PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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However, as he intends to get his wife back, he tries to do something in order to achieve that goal. Therefore, instrumental aggression, which causes some kind of reward, drives him to harm others so that he can attain his goal. It is stated that to help them achieve their goals, humans may use coercive action. Coercive action has three important concepts. Those concepts are the actor, the targets, and the terminal goal (Franken, 2002, p. 223). In this study, “the actor” is Igor who intends to find somebody to be sacrificed. “The targets” in this study are Ewa and the victims he murders. “The terminal goal” is the desire or intention to get his wife back. It can be seen through what he says to Olivia “I told you before. I’m going to keep destroying worlds until she realizes how important she is to me and that I’m prepared to run any risk in order to get her back” (p. 21).
4.2.2 Loving Ewa So Much
Ewa means everything to Igor. He never expects that Ewa will leave him.
His two-year life feels like hell after Ewa leaves him. He cannot help thinking of her. He promises that he will get her back though it means destroying the universe. He states his thought soon after murdering Olivia, the first victim. “He hoped, however, that she would receive these messages; after all, he had told her on the day she left that she would destroy whole worlds to get her back” (p. 23).
Igor loves Ewa very much since she is the reason his life is worth living.
His great love to her can be seen through their conversation in Milan when she asks him about what happens to the beggar in Irkutsk. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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“Without you I don’t exist. Anything and anyone who tries to separate us or to destroy the little time we have together at this particular moment of our lives gets the treatment they deserve.” (p. 94) “We speak the same language. We see the world in the same way. We complete each other with a perfection that is granted only to those who put love above all else. As I said, without you I don’t exist.” (p. 95)
The motive to become a murderer is clearly driven by his desire to get his wife back. However, seeking his unconscious motive is also needed to reveal the factors in committing the murders.
Formal structure of personality, developed by Freud, consists of three structures: the id, the ego, and the superego (as cited in Weiner, 1980, p. 14).
According to Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983), the id is driven by instincts which are distinguished between Eros and Thanatos (p. 414). Igor is driven by his
“Eros” instinct to have his love back. Therefore, it motivates him to go against things that prevent him from getting the love. His “Eros” instinct is opposed to his
“Thanatos” so that it is drawn to go against the world or to kill. The id operates in terms of the “pleasure principle,” which seeks immediate gratification of desires regardless of the consequences (Kasschau, 1995, p. 272). Due to the intention of seeking the gratification, he is motivated to kill or murder. Regardless of guilt feelings and destruction of someone’s life consequences, he seeks the gratification of getting his love back. It is shown through what he says to Olivia “I didn’t come here to cry. I came to send messages to the woman I love, and in order to do that, I need to destroy a few universes or worlds” (p. 15).
The ego necessitates the delay of gratification of the id. Bootzin, Loftus, and Zajonc (1983) suggested that the ego uses memory, reason, and judgment not only to try to satisfy the desires of the id but also to anticipate the consequences of PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
76 a particular means of gratification (p. 415). Igor’s desire is to have his love back, it means he tries to satisfy the desire of the id. However, he also tries to anticipate the consequences of gratifying the desire. As stated previously, the consequences he takes by murdering are guilt feelings and destruction of someone’s life. In order to anticipate these consequences, he always convinces himself that he saves someone from unbearable suffering. It can be seen through his thought after murdering Olivia.
He can do it. And he’s happier still because he has freed the soul from that fragile body, freed a spirit incapable of defending herself against a bullying coward. If her relationship with her boyfriend had continued, the girl would have ended up depressed and anxious and devoid of all self- respect, and would have been even more under her boyfriend’s thumb. (p. 23)
The ego operates in terms of the “reality principle” (Kasschau, 1995, p. 272).
Pervin, Cevone, and John (2005) suggested that the ego functions as the expression and satisfaction of the desires of the id in accordance with opportunities and restrictions that exist in the real world (p. 85). Restrictions in this study mean the criminal law and the feelings of guilt.
Many a time he is haunted by hesitancy whether he does something right.
Soon after Olivia’s dead body is found by her parents, hesitancy crosses his mind.
He does not quite know what he feels because he destroys a world he will never be able to rebuild. He realizes that he destroys not only one person but also all the future generations that may spring from her. He wonders whether Ewa deserves it and whether love is sufficient justification for it. Then, he convinces himself he does it in the name of a greater love. It can be seen through his thought after he tries to engage Olivia’s father in conversation. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Don’t think about it, it’s done now. You have prepared yourself to go much further than this, so carry on. The girl will understand that her death was not in vain, but was a sacrifice in the name of a greater love. Look around you, see what’s happening in the city, behave like a normal citizen. You’ve already had your fair share of suffering in this life; now you deserve a little peace and comfort. (pp. 36-37)
Even he still tries to look for justification by asking a waiter. The waiter is someone he asks about Javits Wild, the next victim.
“One other question. Would it be acceptable to destroy a universe in the name of a greater love?” The waiter laughs. “Are you God or just gay?” “Neither, but thank you for your answer.” (p. 41)
He then realizes he should not ask that question. He does not need anyone’s support to justify what he is doing. He is convinced that since everyone will die one day, some must do so in the name of something greater. At one point, he even tries to hand himself over to a policeman he meets at the place where the little street vendor used to sit.
“I killed the girl who used to work here.” The policeman looks at him and sees a well-dressed man with disheveled hair and dark circles under his eyes. “The one who used to sell craftwork?” Igor nods. The policeman doesn’t take much notice of him. (p. 114)
He cannot understand what is going on. He confesses to a murder and the policeman only moves away, does not take him seriously. He decides to wait for a while, just in case the police should change his mind. Then the policeman comes again only to ask whether he is lost and needs help. Igor refuses and goes back to the hotel. He realizes that he almost ruins his whole plan by doing such foolish thing. He is more convinced that in this world only love deserves absolutely everything (p. 119). PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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The superego has two main functions: to reward people for acceptable moral behavior and to punish actions that are not socially acceptable by creating guilt (Weiner, 1980, p. 16). Unlike the ego, the superego permits the gratification of desires only when it is morally correct to do (Baron and Kalsher, 1998, p. 470).
After the superego develops, doing something “wrong” can result in a double punishment: punishment from someone else or self-punishment (Bootzin et al.,
1983, p. 416). When Igor is hesitant whether he does something right, he suffers conflicts within himself and with the law.
Maslow (1970) believed that human needs or motives are organized hierarchically (pp. 35-58). There is a seven-level hierarchy of needs he developed, which consists of physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, cognitive needs, aesthetic needs, and self-actualization needs. Igor’s physiological needs such as food, clothing, shelter, and so on are sufficiently satisfied. The safety needs such as security, stability, protection, and so on are satisfied as well.
The next needs are belongingness and love needs. According to Maslow
(1970), the love needs involve both giving and receiving love (p. 43). The needs of giving and receiving love are already satisfied when he falls in love with Ewa and gets married. Then after being left by her, he finds himself with no love. The absence of love he feels can be seen through his conversation with Olivia.
“... Whenever possible, I encouraged my wife to do what she wanted to do, and the result: here I am, alone. Yes, I killed people during the idiotic war I was sent to fight, but I never lost my sense of reality. I’m not one of those traumatized war veterans who goes into a restaurant and machine- guns people. I’m not a terrorist. Of course, I could say that life has treated PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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me unfairly and taken from me the most important thing there is: love. ...” (p. 21)
Maslow also stated that someone will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general and he will strive to achieve this (p. 43). Therefore, in order to satisfy this Igor needs to get his love back.
If belongingness and love needs are gratified, the needs for esteem will emerge. They are classified into two sets: a need for self-esteem and for esteem from others. Igor’s needs for self-esteem are already satisfied. The needs for esteem from others are satisfied as well since he already gets the respect from other people, except from one person, Ewa. Maslow (1970) stated that needs for esteem from others include attention and appreciation (p. 45). Igor needs those from Ewa so he intends to have them back.
His cognitive needs such as curiosity or desire to know and understand are also satisfied. It is proven by his intelligence due to the experiences of life he gains. He already satisfies the aesthetic needs too since he knows much about martial arts, military service, and hierarchies. It can be seen through the techniques of murdering his victims, his past life events, and his thoughts. Since there is a suggestion that the needs do not have to be satisfied in order, it explains why he already gets the cognitive and aesthetic needs satisfied before the belongingness and love and esteem needs.
Self-actualization needs appear after reasonable satisfaction of the lower needs. This is the desire to become everything that one is capable of becoming.
Igor desires to fulfill the mission of getting back his wife or having his love back.
In order to do that he needs victims so that he will be able to send messages to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Ewa. He intends to show his ability of destroying worlds to Ewa. It is shown in his thought after waking up in the morning in Cannes.
He is, in fact, prepared to do anything, even to send messages that will mean he has destroyed someone’s world, just so that she’ll know that not only is he willing to welcome her back, he will gladly bury the past and ask no questions. (p. 12)
It means he wants to show that he can become what he is capable of becoming. It can be seen through what he says to Olivia “I told you before. I’m going to keep destroying worlds until she realizes how important she is to me and that I’m prepared to run any risk in order to get her back” (p. 21).
On top of that, he ends up becoming a murderer because it is the way to send messages to Ewa. The messages are the means to threaten, to frighten, to remind, and to attract her attention. He always sends a message after murdering each victim. He states in his thought his intention to send the message soon after arriving in Cannes. “He will only use the Beretta as a last resort. There are other ways of extinguishing a world, of destroying a universe, and she will probably understand the message as soon as the first victim is found” (p. 2). His intention is also shown through what he says to Olivia “My wife will realize I’m here when she starts to receive the messages. I’m not going to take the obvious route, which would be to go and meet her. I need her to come to me” (p. 19).
Through Ewa’s thought, it can be seen how Igor succeeds in reminding, threatening, frightening, and attracting her attention. She is terrified though she does not show it outright “No, I hated it. Worse, I’m feeling really frightened. I’ve just received a text on my mobile phone and I know who sent it, even though I PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
81 can’t identify the number” (p. 85). She actually does not know what the message means. However, she really knows who sends that.
She doesn’t know want to arouse suspicions now by picking up her phone again to reread the message; she knows the message by heart. “I have destroyed a world for you, Katyusha.” She has no idea what these words mean, but no one else would call her by that name. (pp. 86-87)
When another message comes, she becomes more frightened “I’ve destroyed another world because of you, Katyusha.” Hamid wonders who the sender of the messages is and asks her. Ewa answers that she has no idea because it does not show a number. Actually what she means is she is terrified (pp. 97-98).
Even when the third message comes, she still chooses not to express her fright to Hamid “I’ve destroyed another world because of you. And I’m beginning to wonder if it’s really worth it because you don’t appear to understand my message. Your heart is dead.” Hamid gets more curious about the sender of the messages and asks her once more. She still pretends to know nothing about the sender and even says that it is nice to have a secret admirer (p. 219).
Igor decides to come to her after sending all messages. When they finally meet, he makes sure that she receives them. Ewa says that she receives three messages (p. 321). He then reminds her of what he says before she leaves him. He says that if she leaves him, he will destroy a world. She asks him what that means in Russian so that Hamid does not understand. Hamid, however, asks them to speak in English. Igor then tells him he will speak English so that he understands too.
“I said I would destroy a whole world to get you back. I started doing that, but was saved by an angel. I realized that you didn’t deserve it. You’re a PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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selfish, implacable woman, interested only in acquiring more fame and more money. You refused all the good things I offered you because a house deep in the Russian countryside didn’t fit in with your dream world, a world, by the way, to which you don’t belong and never will.” (pp. 323- 324)
Through what he says, it is shown that he loves her. However, he does not love her that much anymore since he falls in love with “someone” else. That person is the “soul” of Olivia. In the end, he murders Ewa and Hamid as well. He does it because he realizes that he has to complete his mission. Before he ends her life, he clarifies his love to her. He says that he copies poems out in a book while she goes away in the hope that he can whisper them to her as she falls asleep. He also says that he writes letters which tell how he feels, the letters he will leave where she can find them in the hope that she knows he never forgets her. He reminds her of their dream to have a house on the shores of Lake Baikal. He clarifies that she is the woman who justifies his life and gives it meaning (p. 334).
While he is in his jet, leaving Cannes, he thinks back of what he does. He wonders if he really succeeds in sending those messages while he is destroying worlds. In his heart he knows he has an objective for doing so, though the objective changes in time.
The thought of Ewa doesn’t weigh on him as much as it used to. He doesn’t love her as he once did, and he doesn’t hate her as he came to hate her. With time, she will disappear completely from his life, which is a shame because he’s unlikely to find another woman like her, for all her defects. (p. 342)
It is inferred that Igor’s love to Ewa is so great, even will he do anything to prove his love including destroying the worlds or murdering people. Murdering is the way he chooses to send the messages to Ewa. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS
In this last chapter, three sections are presented. The first part deals with the conclusions of the analysis of the study. The second part provides ideas and reflections on the result of the study which are related to education in general. The last part gives some suggestions to future researchers related to the study.
5.1 Conclusions
The study comes to the conclusion part after analyzing The Winner Stands
Alone in Chapter Four. There are two problems discussed in this study. The first is
Igor’s characteristics and the second is Igor’s motivation in becoming a murderer.
The first conclusion deals with the first problem. By applying the methods proposed by Murphy (1972) in characterizing characters, Igor is described as a cautious, charming, faithful, hard-working, intelligent, methodical, observant, and proud man. His cautiousness can be seen through his past life, thoughts, the eyes and opinions of another character, and reactions. His charm is shown through the author’s personal description and direct comment, his thoughts, the eyes and opinions of another character, past life, and conversation of others. His faithfulness can be seen through his speech, past life, and thoughts. His hard- working characteristic is shown through his thoughts, the eyes and opinions of another character, speech, and conversation of others. His intelligence can be seen through his speech, the conversation of others, and thoughts. His methodical
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characteristic is shown through his thoughts and reactions. His observant characteristic can be seen through his thoughts. His pride is shown through the author’s personal description, his speech, thoughts, past life, and the author’s direct comment.
The second conclusion deals with the second problem. In order to find out the factors that trigger him to become a murderer, the researcher analyzes his motives and unconscious motives for committing a murder. Therefore, the researcher applies the theory of motivation which focuses on the aggressive motives and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. In addition, the researcher applies the theory of psychoanalytic to find out the unconscious motives. The researcher finds that Igor ends up becoming a murderer because he wants to get Ewa back and he loves her so much. His decision to murder people is the way of sending messages to Ewa that he is capable of doing anything in order to get her back. Ewa’s leaving triggers an act of aggression in him. By applying the eight types of aggression proposed by Moyer, it is found that Igor is driven by instrumental aggression.
Instrumental aggression drives him to harm others so that he can achieve the goal of getting back his wife.
Besides, his aggressive tendency is also driven by his instinct to have his love back. By applying the structure of personality proposed by Freud, it is found that Igor is driven by his “Thanatos” instinct to go against things that prevent him from getting the love. Since “Thanatos” is opposed to “Eros” instinct, he is motivated to murder or kill. Due to his intention of seeking the gratification to get his love back, he is motivated to kill or murder. In addition, it is found that his PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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belongingness and love needs are lacking. After being left by Ewa, the needs of giving and receiving love are not satisfied. Therefore, he needs to have his love back in order to satisfy these. He also tries to fulfill the esteem needs. He tries to get the needs of attention and appreciation from Ewa. He tries to self-actualize as well. He desires to fulfill the mission of getting back his wife or having his love back. In order to do that, he needs victims so that he will be able to send messages to Ewa. He intends to show his ability of destroying worlds to Ewa.
In conclusion, he ends up becoming a murderer because it is the way to send messages to Ewa. The messages are the means to threaten, to frighten, to remind, and to attract her attention. His love to Ewa is so great, even he will do anything to prove it including murdering. Murdering is the way he chooses to send messages to Ewa so that she knows that he wants to get her back.
5.2 Implications
This part presents some implications of the study to education, not only for
English education but also education in general. The implications are related to the importance of struggling to pursue the dreams or goals and the importance of loving and being loved. Meanwhile, pursuing the dreams means paying the price.
People can do everything in order to achieve what they intend to get, therefore, they have to pay the price for everything they have done. Some people believe that fame, glamour, money, or power are the real values to pursue. They try hard to achieve them but then find that the obsession with those things will take its PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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consequences. The consequences might be the sense of insecurity, loneliness, rejection, depression, or the worst, destruction.
The importance of loving and being loved also leads someone to achieve it. Love is something essential since the source of it is God. God loves human beings and so do the humans love Him in return. When someone loves another, he expects to be loved in return. Love should be something beautiful in which it is harmless. Otherwise, love might not be beautiful when it creates something harmful to others. If the need of love is not given something in the return, it can turn to be destructive. As the saying goes, “All’s fair in love and war” which means one does not have to obey the usual rules about reasonable behavior in love and war.
The problems stated previously are caused by lack of trust in God. Moral and life lessons given in college do not affect much in helping people to put their trust in God somehow. Pendidikan Agama, Teologi Moral, or Kewarganegaraan seem to be boring and less effective since it is just like studying a set of theories on how someone should believe in Him, behave well, tolerate others, and so on.
Thus, there is a need to have other alternatives in teaching life lessons. One of the alternatives is using literary works as a means of teaching, for example Paulo
Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. Paulo Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone gives certain lessons of life. By reading the novel, readers will be able to see the other sides of human life, such as obsession, struggle, ambition, love, and so on.
Novel as a means of teaching can be used flexibly both for personal pleasure and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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reading material. Readers will be benefited as well if novel can be used properly in teaching life lessons.
5.3 Suggestions
There are two suggestions the researcher discusses in this part. The first is the suggestions for future researchers who will conduct further analyses on Paulo
Coelho’s The Winner Stands Alone. The second is the suggestions for English teachers to use this work as medium to teach.
5.3.1 Suggestions for Future Researchers
In this study the researcher focuses on one character, Igor Malev in regard to his becoming a murderer. It is suggested that future researchers conduct analyses on other characters since this novel tells about some central characters.
This study explores how one of the main characters can even murder people for the sake of getting back his wife. It can be inferred that the power of love is the cause of it.
An analysis by using theory of feminism is suggested if one wants to analyze Ewa, Gabriela, or Jasmine roles. An analysis using a biographical approach is also suggested in order to gain more understanding about this novel based on the author’s background. Furthermore, an analysis using a sociocultural- historical approach is suggested if one wants to analyze Hamid Hussein or Igor
Malev roles related to their social backgrounds in this novel.
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5.3.2 Suggestions for English Teachers
The Winner Stands Alone can be one of literary works used for teaching reading. It provides the information related to the motivation of someone in becoming a murderer. Literature enables people to learn the value of life and develop reading comprehension as well as enrich the vocabulary. Considering the language competence, the researcher intends to suggest the use of this novel to teach Structure IV. This course is the review of the previous Structure courses, in which the students are expected to produce grammatically correct sentences with various patterns and elements based on the previous courses. The researcher intends to provide the exercises in the structure of a sentence, which consists of the simple, the compound, the complex, and the compound-complex sentence.
Therefore, the researcher would like to take certain sentences from the novel and use them as the exercises for the students.
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Deem, R. (2011, August). What is love as defined by the Bible? Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http://www.godandscience.org/love/what_is_love.html
Giga, A. (2012, July 26). Why consumers are not prepared for the next financial crisis. Financial Post. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from http://business.financialpost.com
Legal Information Institute. (2010). Murder: An overview. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/murder
Rosario, C. (2009, August 14). Loved it! [Review of the novel The Winner Stands Alone (Hardcover)]. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.amazon.com/The-Winner-Stands-Alone-Novel/product- reviews/0061750441/ref=cm_cr_pr_btm_link_2?ie=UTF8&showViewpoint s=0&pageNumber=2
Safire, W. (1998, October 11). On language; alone with ‘alone,’ or what ‘is’ is. The New York Times. Retrieved November 28, 2012, from http://www.nytimes.com
Taneja, M. (2010, May 24). The winner stands alone by Paulo Coelho. The Viewspaper. Retrieved December 22, 2012, from http://theviewspaper.net
The Coaching Center. (n.d.). Four characteristics of a winner. Retrieved November 27, 2012, from http://www.gocampus.org/modx/index.php?id=90
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1
Summary of The Winner Stands Alone by Paulo Coelho
In this book, Paulo Coelho takes Cannes Film Festival as the setting. Cannes Film
Festival is the annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres from around the world. The Winner Stands Alone has several main characters. They are Igor, a Russian millionaire; Hamid, a fashion magnate; Gabriela, a woman obsessing about being an actress; and Jasmine, a young girl leading to successful model career. The interesting part of the story is its twenty-four hour period. Then the most interesting part is the serial murders done by Igor with sophisticated techniques. The motive for doing so is to destroy the world in order to get his wife back. Before being an owner and president of a telecommunication company, Igor was a soldier. That is why he can master those sophisticated techniques. Hamid is a Middle Eastern fashion magnate or couturier. He is working on projects of finding the most suitable model for his new collection and producing a movie. He is Igor’s ex-wife’s current husband. Gabriela is a woman of twenty five who is making her way to be an actress. She is uncertain of making her dream come true but her age forces her to take the risks. She can make her first step though she really realizes there are still many ways to go. Jasmine, formerly Cristina, is a young girl who actually has no intention of being a model. Her past life as a stunning daughter of immigrants in Antwerp,
Belgia, led her to reach this step. She is leading to successful model career, though what the most important thing to her is being with her love of life. Both of them, Gabriela and PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Jasmine, also related to Hamid. They also coincidentally meet Igor, all happened in prestigious Cannes Film Festival.
The author wants to reveal the life led by glory and fame. He uses several main characters from different backgrounds and jobs, and connects all of them in an interesting way. On the foreword, he said that this book narrates the story of the trap in pursuing fame, power, and money. This trap often prevents us from hearing what our heart actually desires.
In the end of the story, it is revealed that not everybody can really succeed in identifying his own dream and, finally, making it come true. He adds by the remark “The Winner does not
Stand Alone.”
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APPENDIX 2
Biography of Paulo Coelho
Paulo Coelho was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and attended a Jesuit school. As a teenager, Coelho wanted to become a writer. However, his mother disagreed since his father was an engineer. When he was sixteen, due to his opposition to follow his parents’ dream, he is taken to a mental institution. He escaped three times before being released at the age of 20. He tried to obey his parents' wishes, so he enrolled in law school and abandoned his dream of becoming a writer. One year later, he dropped out and lived as a hippie. Returning to Brazil, he worked as a songwriter. He also worked as an actor, journalist, and theatre director before pursuing his writing career. In 1986, he walked the 500-plus mile Road of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain. It was a turning point in his life. However, he knew that he did not fulfill his dream yet. His dream was still to be a writer. He decided to leave his career as a songwriter and pursue his “writing” dream. In 1982, he published his first book, Hell Archives, but failed to make any significant impact. In 1986, he contributed to the Practical Manual of Vampirism, but later he considered it “of bad quality." After making the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in 1986, he wrote The Pilgrimage. The following year, he wrote The Alchemist and published it through a small Brazilian publishing house. He subsequently found a bigger publishing house, and with the publication of his next book Brida, The Alchemist became a Brazilian bestseller. The Alchemist became one of the best- selling books in history, and has been translated into 71 different language. Since the publication of The Alchemist, he has generally written one novel every two years including By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept, The Fifth Mountain, Veronika Decides to Die, The Devil and Miss Prym, Eleven Minutes, Like the Flowing River, The Valkyries and The Witch of Portobello. In total, he has published 30 books. Three of them – The Pilgrimage, The Valkyries, and Aleph – are autobiographical, while the majority of the rest are fictional, although rooted in his life experiences. Others, like Maktub and The Manual of the Warrior of Light, are collections of essays, newspaper columns, or selected teachings. In total, Coelho has sold more than 150 million books in over 150 countries worldwide, and his works have been translated into 71 languages.
Adapted from www.paulocoelho.com
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APPENDIX 3 COURSE OUTLINE KPE 241 STRUCTURE IV
Effective from 13 February 2012
Credit 3 credits Time Allocation 3 x 50’ class meeting 3 x 50’ independent works 3 x 50’ structured tasks Study Program English Language Education Study Program Course Coordinator Barli Bram, Ph.D. Lecturers Barli Bram, Ph.D. Caecilia Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.Pd. Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum. Dra. Sri Joeliantini Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd.
Grading Policy Assessment Aspect Percentage Progress Test 1 25% Progress Test 2 25% Quizzes and Assignments 20% Final Test 30% Total 100%
A. Course Description This course provides students with opportunities to foster their ability to produce grammatically correct sentences with various patterns and elements based on the previous Structure courses. Among others are passive construction, sentences with sub-clauses of various kinds, and sentences with non-finite elements. The activities include text-analysis, rewriting a given sentence from one pattern to another, and translating Indonesian expressions or sentences into English. The prerequisite is Structure 3.
B. Schedule DAYS SUBJECTS 1 Introduction A review on Passive Voice 2 A review on Passive Voice 3 A review on Relative Clauses PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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4 A review on Relative Clauses 5 A review on Reported Speech 6 A review on Noun Clauses PROGRESS TEST 1 7 A review on Adverb Clause of Results with ‘So/Such – that’ A review on Infinitive with ‘Too/Enough’ 8 A review on Adverb Clause of Condition 9 A review on Present Subjunctives A review on Past Subjunctives 10 A review on Degreees of Comparison of Adjectives/Adverbs 11 A review on Subordinating Conjunctions A review on Sentence Connectors PROGRESS TEST 2 12 A review on Gerund 13 A review on Infinitive 14 A review on Present /Past Participles
C. References Alexander, L.G. 1978. Developing Skills Recorded Drills. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Yayasan Kanisius.
Alexander, L.G. 1978. Fluency in English Recorded Drills. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.
Azar, B.S. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Close, R.A. 1975. A Reference Grammar for Students of English. Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited.
Close, R.A. 1976. A University Grammar of English Workbook. Groningen: Wolter- Noordhoff-Longman bv Groningen.
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Corder, S.P. 1979. An Intermediate English Workbook. London: Longman Group Limited.
Frank, M. 1972. Modern English. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall.
Fuchs, M. & Bonner, M. 2000. Focus on Grammar-High Intermediate. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Fuchs, M., & Bonner, M., & Westheimer, M. 2000. Focus on Grammar- Intermediate. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Graver, B.D. 1981. Advanced English Practice. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Greenbaum, S., & Quirk, R. 1990. A Student’s Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Krohn, R. 1990. English Sentence Structure. Jakarta: Binarupa Aksara.
Maurer, J. 2000. Focus on Grammar-Advanced. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Quirk, R., & Greenbaum, S. 1982. A University Grammar of English. London: Longman Group Limited.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G., & Svartvik, J. 1992. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Harlow: Longman Group UK Limited.
Thomson, A.J., & Martinet, A.V. 1979. A Practical English Grammar Structure Drills. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thomson, A.J., & Martinet, A.V. 1984. A Practical English Grammar Exercises. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
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APPENDIX 4 Page 1
TEACHING MATERIAL
The Structure of a Sentence
Remember that every clause is a miniature sentence. A simple sentence contains only a single clause, while a compound sentence, a complex sentence, or a compound-complex sentence contains at least two clauses.
1. The Simple Sentence
The most basic type of sentence is the simple sentence, which contains only one clause. A simple sentence can be as short as one word:
Run!
Usually, however, the sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both the subject and the predicate may have modifiers. All of the following are simple sentences, because each contains only one clause:
Melt! Ice melts. The ice melts quickly. The ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun. Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, the ice on the river melts quickly under the warm March sun.
The most natural sentence structure is the simple sentence: it is the first kind which children learn to speak, and it remains by far the most common sentence in the spoken language of people of all ages. In written work, simple sentences can be very effective for grabbing a reader's attention or for summing up an argument, but you have to use them with care: too many simple sentences can make your writing seem childish.
When you do use simple sentences, you should add transitional phrases to connect them to the surrounding sentences.
2. The Compound Sentence
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) joined by co-ordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," and "or":
Simple Canada is a rich country. Simple Still, it has many poor people. Compound Canada is a rich country, but still it has many poor people.
Compound sentences are very natural for English speakers -- small children learn to use them early on to connect their ideas and to avoid pausing (and allowing an adult to interrupt):
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Page 2
Today at school Mr. Moore brought in his pet rabbit, and he showed it to the class, and I got to pet it, and Kate held it, and we coloured pictures of it, and it ate part of my carrot at lunch, and ...
Of course, this is an extreme example, but if you over-use compound sentences in written work, your writing might seem immature.
A compound sentence is most effective when you use it to create a sense of balance or contrast between two (or more) equally-important pieces of information:
Montréal has better clubs, but Toronto has better cinemas.
3. Special Cases of Compound Sentences
There are two special types of compound sentences which you might want to note. First, rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence. In this case, the sentence is called a compound-complex sentence:
Compound-complex The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
The second special case involves punctuation. It is possible to join two originally separate sentences into a compound sentence using a semicolon instead of a co-ordinating conjunction:
Sir John A. Macdonald had a serious drinking problem; when sober, however, he could be a formidable foe in the House of Commons.
Usually, a conjunctive adverb like "however" or "consequently" will appear near the beginning of the second part, but it is not required:
The sun rises in the east; it sets in the west.
4. The Complex Sentence
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Unlike a compound sentence, however, a complex sentence contains clauses which are not equal. Consider the following examples:
Simple My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go. Compound My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go. Complex Although my friend invited me to a party, I do not want to go.
In the first example, there are two separate simple sentences: "My friend invited me to a party" and "I do not want to go." The second example joins them together into a single sentence with the co- ordinating conjunction "but," but both parts could still stand as independent sentences -- they are entirely equal, and the reader cannot tell which is most important. In the third example, however, the sentence has changed quite a bit: the first clause, "Although my friend invited me to a party," has become incomplete, or a dependent clause. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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Page 3
A complex sentence is very different from a simple sentence or a compound sentence because it makes clear which ideas are most important. When you write
My friend invited me to a party. I do not want to go.
or even
My friend invited me to a party, but I do not want to go.
The reader will have trouble knowing which piece of information is most important to you. When you write the subordinating conjunction "although" at the beginning of the first clause, however, you make it clear that the fact that your friend invited you is less important than, or subordinate, to the fact that you do not want to go.
Taken from University of Ottawa (http://www.uottawa.ca/academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/sntstrct.html)
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APPENDIX 5 Page 1 LEARNING MATERIAL A Review on Types of Sentences
A. Identify whether the sentences below are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. (10) 1. He hopes that six months of careful planning will produce results, but he will only know for sure tomorrow morning. (...... ) 2. He could have gone up to his room because the scene he had been waiting to witness occurred at 11:11 p.m., although he would have been prepared to wait for even longer. (...... ) 3. Someone is about to arrive. (...... ) 4. If he was at work, he would already have held two or three meetings with his subordinates and be preparing to have lunch with some new client. (...... ) 5. He takes a few steps and his head begins to ache terribly. (...... ) 6. When he sees that no one else is around, he tenderly lays her inert body on the bench. (...... ) 7. Her mobile phone rang. (...... ) 8. One of the people who decides who should be in the spotlight and who feels no need to take much care over his own appearance because he knows exactly who he is. (...... ) 9. So why are we here? (...... ) 10. It can’t be; they haven’t been in touch for two years. (...... )
B. Analyze the text below in terms of their sentence type and the number of clauses that constitute the sentence. Write your answers in the table provided. (12) A seagull was flying over a beach, when it saw a mouse. It flew down and asked the mouse: “Where are your wings?” Each animal speaks its own language, and so the mouse didn’t understand the question, but stared at the two strange, large things attached to the other creature’s body. “It must have some illness,” thought the mouse. The seagull noticed the mouse staring at its wings and thought:
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Page 2
“Poor thing. It must have been attacked by monsters that left it deaf and took away its wings.”
Sentence Type Number of clause A seagull was flying over a beach, when it saw a mouse. Where are your wings? Each animal speaks its own language, and so the mouse didn’t understand the question, but stared at the two strange, large things attached to the other creature’s body.
It must have some illness. The seagull noticed the mouse staring at its wings. It must have been attacked by monsters that left it deaf and took away its wings.
C. Translate the sentences below into Indonesian and decide whether they are simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. (28) 1. Igor, however, does not intend to stop in the corridor...... (...... ) 2. The men who delivered the invitation seemed very polite...... (...... ) 3. She does not think anything...... (...... ) 4. Morris has watched this same video hundreds of times...... (...... ) 5. The other young woman seems more discreet, but sadder too, perhaps because of her age and lack of experience...... (...... )
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Page 3
6. He has been told to look out for men in their forties with slightly graying hair, but for men on their own...... (...... ) 7. The two young women continue talking; Igor moves away from them; he cannot allow himself to be overwhelmed by the fear that he might have destroyed his own work...... (...... )