Oliver Twists - Should South Africa Continue to Ignore the Existence of Orphan Works?
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Oliver Twists - Should South Africa Continue to Ignore the Existence of Orphan Works? WERNER DAWID VAN STRAATEN -OLIVER TWISTS- SHOULD SOUTH AFRICA CONTINUE TO IGNORE THE EXISTENCE OF ORPHAN WORKS?* * Based on the law as on 2016-12-14. 1 © University of Pretoria Oliver Twists - Should South Africa Continue to Ignore the Existence of Orphan Works? TABLE OF CONTENTS -Chapter 1: The Winds of Change- ........................................................................................ 5 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................. 5 -Chapter 2: Copyright Law- ................................................................................................... 8 2.1 The Definition of Copyright ............................................................................................. 8 2.2 The Requirements for Copyright...................................................................................... 8 2.3 The Duration of the Copyright ......................................................................................... 9 2.4 The Exclusive Rights Of The Owner Of The Copyright ............................................... 10 2.5 Moral rights .................................................................................................................... 10 2.6 Copyright Exceptions ..................................................................................................... 11 2.7 Transmission of Copyright ............................................................................................. 12 2.8 Intellectual Property and the Right to Property .............................................................. 13 2.9 Traditional Knowledge ................................................................................................... 17 2.9.1 The Effect of the Amendments on the Right to Property ........................................ 18 2.9.2 The Effect of the Amendments on the Right of Freedom of Expression ................ 19 2.9.2.1 The Two-Stage Approach – Stage One: Infringement ..................................... 20 2.9.2.2 The Two-Stage Approach – Stage Two: Reasonability and Justifiability ........ 20 2.10 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 23 -Chapter 3: The Orphan Works Dilemma- ......................................................................... 24 3.1 "Orphaned" Works ......................................................................................................... 24 3.2 The Orphan Works Dilemma and its Consequences ...................................................... 27 3.3 Libraries and Archives ................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Steps Toward A Solution ............................................................................................... 33 -Chapter 4: The Definition-................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 A Work (In Which Copyright Subsists) ......................................................................... 35 4.3 The Existence Of An Owner of the Copyright ............................................................... 37 4.4 A Reasonable Search ...................................................................................................... 38 4.5 The Inability To Trace The Owner of the Copyright ..................................................... 40 4.6 What About Commercial Availability?.......................................................................... 41 4.7 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 46 -Chapter 5: The United States of America- ......................................................................... 47 5.1 The Necessity of a Comparative Study .......................................................................... 47 2 © University of Pretoria Oliver Twists - Should South Africa Continue to Ignore the Existence of Orphan Works? 5.2 The Shawn Bentley Orphan Works Act of the United States of America ..................... 47 5.3 A Search Done in Good Faith ........................................................................................ 48 5.4 Limitation of Remedies .................................................................................................. 49 5.5 Injunctive Relief ............................................................................................................. 50 5.6 Recommended Practices ................................................................................................ 50 5.7 Critique ........................................................................................................................... 52 -Chapter 6: The European Union- ....................................................................................... 56 6.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 56 6.2 The i2010: Digital Libraries initiative ............................................................................ 56 6.3 Directive 2012/28/EU .................................................................................................... 57 6.4 Orphan Works ................................................................................................................ 58 6.5 ARROW ......................................................................................................................... 60 6.6 Critique ........................................................................................................................... 61 -Chapter 7: Canada- .............................................................................................................. 63 7.1 Background .................................................................................................................... 63 7.2 Identifying the Owner of the Copyright ......................................................................... 63 7.3 Identifying the Owner of the Moral Rights .................................................................... 64 7.4 Orphan Works Exception ............................................................................................... 65 7.5 Copyright Exceptions Beyond the Orphan Works Provision ........................................ 69 7.5.1 Non-Commercial User-Generated Content ............................................................. 71 7.5.2 Computer Programs ................................................................................................. 72 7.6 Critique ........................................................................................................................... 72 7.6.1 The Two-Stage Approach – Stage One: Infringement ............................................ 74 7.6.2 The Two-Stage Approach – Stage Two: Reasonability and Justifiability............... 75 7.6.3 Compatibility with the Berne Convention ............................................................... 78 -Chapter 8: South Africa- ..................................................................................................... 79 8.1 The Local and Digital Content Development Strategy .................................................. 79 8.2 The Copyright Amendment Bill ..................................................................................... 81 8.2.1 Orphan Works as Defined by the Bill ..................................................................... 82 8.2.2 The Orphan Works Exception ................................................................................. 85 8.2.2.1 Constitutionality of the Prescription of Claims ................................................ 88 8.2.3. Works of Unlocatable, Unknown or Dead Owners ................................................ 89 8.2.3.1 The Right to Freedom of Expression ................................................................ 92 8.2.3.2 The Right to Property........................................................................................ 94 8.2.4 Fair Use.................................................................................................................... 97 3 © University of Pretoria Oliver Twists - Should South Africa Continue to Ignore the Existence of Orphan Works? 8.2.4.1 Google Books and Fair Use ............................................................................ 100 8.2.4.1.1 The Facts .................................................................................................. 101 8.2.4.1.2 The Decision ............................................................................................ 103 8.2.4.1.3 The Determination of Fair Use................................................................. 103 8.2.4.1.4 Factor One – The Purpose of the Use ...................................................... 103 8.2.4.1.5 Factor Two – The Nature of the Copyrighted Work ................................ 106 8.2.4.1.6 Factor Three – The Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used ....... 106 8.2.4.1.7 Factor Four – The Effect of the Use Upon the Work’s Value or Potential Market ....................................................................................................................