台灣產狸藻科之分類研究A Taxonomic Study on Lentibulariaceae Of

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台灣產狸藻科之分類研究A Taxonomic Study on Lentibulariaceae Of 國立中山大學生物科學系 碩士論文 台灣產狸藻科之分類研究 A Taxonomic Study on Lentibulariaceae of Taiwan 研究生:趙怡姍 指導教授:楊遠波 教授 中華民國九十二年十二月 致謝 許多人的協助與支持才有這篇論文的誕生。 指導教授楊遠波老師的悉心指導,生活的諸多提點與關懷,感謝二字真不足 以形容心中的謝意。劉和義老師的課程受益匪淺,論文受和義老師與郭長生老師 細心修正與建議,致上深深的謝意。 張文賢大哥在採集的各方面支持與建議,諸多關照,由衷感激。 承蒙中研院植物標本館、林業試驗所標本館、特有生物研究保育中心標本 館、台灣大學植物系標本館、屏東科技大學森林系標本館及自然科學博物館借與 標本,使研究材料得以完備,深為感謝。 和義老師與琦玲姐在 SEM 上的指導與協助;高雄醫學大學朱能榮老師與葉 文斌老師、秋容學姐、俊奎學長,在生物繪圖上的指導;黃世富先生慷慨贈與植 物,並給與建議;小利贈與大陸的標本;邱少婷老師、王美玲老師、塔內植物園 的網友「植物」與汪仁傑同學贈與植物;新竹師範學院楊樹森老師贈與珍貴標本; 林仲剛老師給予寶貴建議。 採集過程受到許多人的協助,陳子英老師、陳發貴大哥與邱錦和先生跋山涉 水的大力幫忙;曉雯姐與黃大哥,小舟學長、鄭琬倩學妹、陳奐宇學長、秋錦、 任小胖、資評、慈惠姐、筱芸、韻淳、莊宗益老師、李兩傳老師、吳長科先生與 吳聲昱先生的協助與照顧,謝謝大家。 進入楊老師實驗室這個大家庭真好,聖耾學長、阿財學長、施兄、秋容學姐、 阿三哥、俊奎學長、冠儀學姐、世慧學姐、妤馨、小柯、默詩學姐、秋妤和禮正, 許多幫忙和照顧,這兩年多來的日子愉快地令人難忘。 尚穎和勝賢上山下水、走透透的義氣,勇男許許多多的幫忙,逸盈和婷伊的 分享與陪伴,尹苑妹子和小跳先生的支持,林素貞老師亦師亦友的鼓勵,有你們 真好。 感謝父母親和家人的愛與陪伴,希望你們平安快樂。 摘要 台灣產狸藻科(Lentibulariaceae)僅有狸藻屬(Utricularia),植物體形態可 因不同棲地有大幅度的變異,而造成種的認定與鑑定困難。本研究探討狸藻屬的 形態特徵,配合野外觀察及溫室培養,以瞭解環境因素對外部形態可能的影響, 包括走莖、假根、葉、花、果、花粉、種子與捕蟲囊等的形態,並進一步探討種 間捕蟲囊腺毛特徵及對於種的分類用途。 研究結果顯示台灣產狸藻科有 7 種,分別為黃花狸藻(U. aurea Lour.)、南 方狸藻(U. australis R. Br. )、挖耳草(U. bifida L.)、長距挖耳草(U. caerulea L.)、 絲葉狸藻(U. gibba L.)、圓葉狸藻(U. striatula Sm.)與紫花挖耳草(U. uliginosa Vahl)。此外,將小狸藻(U. minor L.)與北美狸藻(U. inflata Walter)列為疑問 種。 I Abstract Utricularia is the only genus in Lentibulariaceae of Taiwan. The morphology of Utricularia is highly diverse due to the habitats variation, which results in the difficulty to identify the species of this genus. This study emphasizes the morphology of Utricularia, and combines with the information of field observation and the cultivation, to ensure the influence of environmental change on external morphology, especially the characters of stolons, rhizoids, leaves, flowers, fruits, pollens, seeds, and traps. Further, the taxonomic value of trap glands between species is discussed. There are seven species recognized in Lentibulariaceae of Taiwan; namely, U. aurea Lour., U. australis R. Br., U. bifida L., U. caerulea L., U. gibba L., U. striatula Sm., and U. uliginosa Vahl. In addition, U. minor L. and U. inflata Walter are treated as doubtful species. II 目次 摘要....................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT.........................................................................................................II 目次.....................................................................................................................III 表目次................................................................................................................ IV 圖目次..................................................................................................................V 一、前言.......................................................................................................................1 二、研究材料及方法...................................................................................................5 三、結果.......................................................................................................................7 1. 習性.................................................................................................................7 2. 形態特徵.........................................................................................................7 根 ....................................................................................................................7 假根 ................................................................................................................7 莖 ....................................................................................................................8 葉 ....................................................................................................................8 捕蟲囊 ............................................................................................................9 腺毛 ..............................................................................................................11 退化枝 ..........................................................................................................13 浮托 ..............................................................................................................13 冬芽 ..............................................................................................................13 花序 ..............................................................................................................14 花部 ..............................................................................................................14 花粉 ..............................................................................................................15 授粉 ..............................................................................................................16 果實 ..............................................................................................................16 種子 ..............................................................................................................17 3. 無性繁殖.......................................................................................................17 4. 地理分佈.......................................................................................................17 5. 物候...............................................................................................................18 四、討論.....................................................................................................................19 五、分類處理.............................................................................................................23 參考文獻.............................................................................................................50 附圖.....................................................................................................................55 III 表目次 表 1 台灣產狸藻科的研究沿革................................................................................3 表 2 研究材料............................................................................................................6 表 3 台灣產狸藻屬習性及營養器官特徵之比較表................................................8 表 4 台灣產狸藻屬捕蟲囊特徵比較表..................................................................11 表 5 台灣產狸藻屬腺毛特徵比較表......................................................................12 表 6 台灣產狸藻屬各節之捕蟲囊內部腺毛形態比較表......................................12 表 7 台灣產狸藻屬花部特徵比較表......................................................................15 表 8 台灣產狸藻屬花粉特徵比較表......................................................................16 表 9 台灣產狸藻屬果實形狀、開裂方式及種子特徵比較表..............................17 表 10 台灣產狸藻屬地理分佈及花果期比較表....................................................18 表 11 台灣產狸藻屬各組之捕蟲囊內部腺毛形態比較表....................................20 表 12 台灣產黃花狸藻與 Taylor(1989)研究之比較表 ....................................28 表 13 不同南方狸藻族群的冬芽形態比較表........................................................31 表 14 南方狸藻、黃花狸藻與 U. vulgaris 特徵之比較........................................33 表 15 Kuo(1968)的 U. affinis 與 Taylor(1989)的 U. uliginosa 之比較表...46 IV 圖目次 圖 1 捕蟲囊剖面形態圖及捕蟲囊腺毛示意圖......................................................56 圖 2 捕蟲囊外表面的半球形腺毛 SEM 照 ...........................................................58 圖 3 捕蟲囊口內側腺毛與囊瓣上腺毛的形態 SEM 照 .......................................60 圖 4 捕蟲囊腔腺毛的 SEM 照 ...............................................................................62 圖 5 捕蟲囊囊口領腺毛的 SEM 照 .......................................................................64 圖 6 花粉的形態 SEM 照與 LM 照之一 ...............................................................66 圖 7 花粉的形態 SEM 照與 LM 照之二 ...............................................................68 圖 8 花粉的形態 SEM 照與 LM 照之三 ...............................................................70 圖 9 種子的形態及其表面紋路 SEM 照之一 .......................................................72 圖 10 種子的形態及其表面細部紋路 SEM 照之二 .............................................74 圖 11 中國大陸的黃花狸藻花粉與種子的形態 SEM 照 .....................................76 圖 12 南方狸藻的冬芽形態照片............................................................................78 圖 13 狸藻之特殊形態照片及北美狸藻形態照片................................................80 圖 14 台灣產狸藻科的生育地照片........................................................................82 圖 15 挖耳草線繪圖................................................................................................84 圖 16 圓葉挖耳草線繪圖........................................................................................86 圖 17 Taylor(1989)的小狸藻線繪圖 .................................................................88 圖 18 Taylor(1989)的紫花挖耳草線繪圖 .........................................................89 圖 19 Kuo(1968)的紫花挖耳草線繪圖.............................................................90 圖 20 狸藻屬的模式標本照片................................................................................91 圖 21 台灣產狸藻屬的標本照片............................................................................92 V 一、前言 台灣產狸藻科(Lentibulariaceae)僅狸藻屬(Utricularia),為一年生或多年 生食蟲性草本,溼生或水生,無根,有或無假根,具細長走莖。葉基生、散生或 互生,單葉或羽狀複葉。捕蟲囊(traps)卵形,著生於葉、走莖或假根。花軸直 立,基生,總狀花序,花萼 2;花冠合生,兩側對稱,唇形,上唇全緣或先端偶 凹,下唇全緣或 2-5 裂,具距。蒴果球形。全球廣泛分佈,以熱帶及亞熱帶為主, 生長於池塘、水溝、水田、或潮濕岩縫上。由於其食蟲特性,為園藝愛好者所注 意。 狸藻科的正式紀錄始於 1753 年 Linnaeus 的 Species Plantarum 中,狸藻屬列 出 7 種(但標本中其實有 8 個種)。1875 年 Darwin 的 Insectivorous Plants 書中對 狸藻有大篇幅的研究。20 世紀後,Lloyd(1942)對狸藻科有較具系統的整理, 其研究重心放在生理與形態,為後來的分類研究提供豐富的材料與方向,而後人 研究的術語使用多因循於此。近代的 Komiya(1972)與 Taylor(1987)對狸藻 科以下的分類階級進行不同的處理。依據 Taylor(1987)的處理,狸藻科下分為 3 個屬,捕蟲蓳屬(Pinguicula)、螺旋狸藻屬(Genlosea)及狸藻屬(Komiya, 1973; Taylor, 1989)。Taylor 認為四萼狸藻屬(Polypompholyx)與狸藻屬非常相近,只 在於四萼狸藻屬比狸藻屬多出兩片小萼片,故將四萼狸藻由屬階級改為亞屬,而
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