1 What Is The Current Status Of Covid 19

Name Soberana-02. Approval status Not approved for use. Name JNJ-78436735. Finally, cutting-edge under development rely on deploying pieces of the coronavirus s genetic material, enabling our cells to temporarily make coronavirus proteins needed to stimulate our immune systems. The Biden administration has dedicated nearly 20 billion to the vaccine rollout as part of the 1. On April 23, CDC director Rochelle Walensky recommended for the first time that pregnant people receive the COVID-19 vaccine. As a result, the country is embarking on an ambitious plan to vaccinate 300 million frontline workers and vulnerable people by August 2021. The virus can either be fully inactivated or weakened. Bourla also said that safety data from its phase two trials in pregnant people is expected in late July or early August. Efficacy and safety Preliminary results from phase two trials, published in The Lancet , have shown that the vaccine produces significant immune responses in the majority of recipients after a single immunisation. In the spring, the vaccine s rollout was briefly halted in the U. Regulators in the U. Biological E. It is the second vaccine candidate that Russia has approved for use despite a lack of published evidence about its safety and efficacy. , Israel , and by the WHO. The CDC s official guidelines leave it up to pregnant people to decide for themselves whether to get the vaccine, but Walensky pointed to a recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine that showed no safety concerns among pregnant people who received the mRNA vaccines made by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech. These results are significant, though, as they are the first published data from human clinical trials for a COVID-19 vaccine that uses a whole, inactivated virus. Who A Russian biotechnology institute. Name NVX-CoV2373. The company didn t provide any details, in part to protect the patient s privacy, but said that illnesses and accidents are expected in large clinical studies. In April, the European Medicines Agency issued statements saying that unusual blood clots should be listed as a very rare but possible side effect of both the AstraZeneca and Johnson Johnson vaccines. 8 billion doses of their vaccines for 2022 and 2023. On January 13, s government announced that it had reached a deal with Sinopharm to buy the company s vaccine, following Hungary s criticisms of the pace of the European Commission s vaccine rollout. Approximately 4,000 volunteers will receive two doses of either vaccine to determine the immune response of each. What s more, study pauses are routine for clinical trials and aren t typically reported. Name Unknown. The trial will include significant representation from older populations and those with underlying conditions that make them more susceptible to COVID-19. The phase one trial will determine whether the booster can improve immunity against the South Africa variant. Approval status Approved for limited use by the WHO as well as in China, Indonesia, Brazil, and other countries. Who A Chinese biopharmaceutical company, in collaboration with Brazilian research center Butantan. 3 percent effective for at least six months after the second dose and 100 percent effective against the more contagious variant circulating in South Africa. CureVac has reported disappointing results from its clinical tri- als. Pfizer will test a dose of 10 micrograms in children ages 5 to 11, and three micrograms for children from six months to five years old.

On January 28, Novavax had announced preliminary results of its phase three trials in the U. Name ZF2001. Who A Canadian biotechnology company, in partnership with British multinational pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline. Prime Minister Askar Mamin has previously said he expects mass to begin in March 2021. Who A Massachusetts-based biotech company, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health. The company said that it will file for emergency authorization in the third quarter of this year, though the New York Times reports that U. Johnson Johnson. Clinical trials status Sinopharm launched its first phase three trial in July among 15,000 volunteers aged 18 to 60, with no serious underlying conditions in the UAE. The company says that its vaccine was 97-percent effective at preventing symptomatic COVID-19 cases and 94-percent effective against asymptomatic . What A nucleic-acid vaccine that requires two doses. government to provide 300 million doses by July 31, 2021. Who A Chinese biopharmaceutical company, in partnership with the Institute of Microbiology at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. On June 2, Biden announced a new slew of incentives and efforts to remove barriers to vaccination, from free beer to free childcare coverage. Distribution Global demand for Sputnik V has soared in the weeks since the vaccine s efficacy data was published. The company will submit all required information to the regulatory agency over the next few weeks, CNN reports, with a goal of getting full approval in the coming months. Murdoch Children s Research Institute. Here s everything you need to know including primers on how vaccines and clinical trials work, the latest news on vaccine distribution and safety, and a detailed breakdown of each of the candidates that have reached phase three and beyond. They also recommend that people seek immediate medical attention if they experience symptoms related to clotting, including persistent pain, shortness of breath, and headaches or blurred vision. What A plant-derived recombinant vaccine with an adjuvant that requires two doses administered 21 days apart. Chumakov Center. TYPES OF VACCINES. According to NBC News, the agency has identified more than 300 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis among the nearly 20 million adolescents and young adults who have received the vaccines. announced that Johnson Johnson has partnered with its competitor Merck to increase the supply of its COVID-19 vaccine. It also stimulated T cells, another arm of the human immune response. The cases which the agencies noted are extremely rare occurred in women between the ages of 18 and 48 within six to 13 days after vaccination. Who One of the world s largest multinational corporations, based in New Jersey, specializing in healthcare and pharmaceutical products. What A protein-based that requires two doses administered 28 days apart. Approval status Not approved for use. On June 13, national leaders at the G7 summit announced plans to donate 870 million doses to the global vaccination effort. Approval status Not approved for use. trials, and 85-percent effective in preventing severe disease across all regions. 6-percent effective against the strains circu- lating there. had administered more than 314 million shots of the authorized vaccines and had distributed more than 377 million doses.

Latest news On June 16, CureVac reported disappointing results from a study of its clinical trials showing its vaccine is 47 percent effective in preventing COVID-19, falling short of the company s own criteria for success. The companies have also launched a phase 1 2 3 study in children between the ages of six months and 11 years. The CDC has also released a study of the U. Who A global biopharmaceutical company in partnership with a global healthcare company. Approval status Not approved for use. Current Status of COVID-19 Pre Clinical Vaccine Development. The vaccine makers have reached deals with more than 40 countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, Asia, and Africa. What An that requires two doses administered 28 days apart. They called on world leaders to share more doses and commit additional funding to the global effort. Approval status China has approved one of the company s vaccines for general use and another for limited use. , , , and Spain. Vaccine safety. Clinical trials status CoronaVac entered phase three trials in July, with plans to recruit nearly 9,000 healthcare

2 professionals in Brazil, in addition to phase three trials in Indonesia. Latest news On June 1, the WHO listed Sinovac s vaccine for emergency use, clearing the way for it to be distributed to low-income countries through the COVAX Facility. Regulators are also permitting the company to use new vials that allow for 15 doses. Vaccine rollout. The AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine s phase three trial aims to recruit up to 50,000 volunteers in Brazil, the U. Latest news A Russian pharmaceutical company Petrovax announced that more than 90 percent of participants in Russian trials of Ad5-nCoV had high levels of antibodies, but few additional details are currently available. Sinopharm will also undertake phase three trials in locations such as Peru and Bahrain. A similar rule was issued for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, but regulators didn t provide data to back the new regimen. Pharmacies are also extending their hours, and the Biden administration is partnering with Black-owned barbershops and beauty salons to administer the vaccines.

The announcement came after a handful of European countries said they would consider approving the vaccine without E. He added that it s possible people will need an annual booster of the COVID-19 vaccine, though variants will play a key role in determining when a booster will be needed. The committee will meet on June 23; CDC director Rochelle Walensky has asked clinicians to be on the lookout for any patients with symptoms of myocarditis and pericarditis. Latest news On March 3, Bharat Biotech announced that an interim analysis of its phase three trial showed its vaccine is 81-percent effective in protecting against COVID-19 after the second dose. The FDA also said that Moderna s vaccine can now be kept at room temperature for up to a day. Latest news On May 14, China approved the Kangtai shot for emergency use, just weeks after the vaccine launched its phase three clinical trials. Two months later, the Biden administration procured an additional 100 million doses, for a total of 300 million by the end of July. vaccine rollout showing that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are 90 percent effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 in real-world conditions. Despite the ability to dampen the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the diseases, through restrictive interventions, it is believed that only effective vaccines will provide sufficient control over the disease and revert societal live back to normal. regulators may tell Novavax to apply for full approval rather than emergency authorization since the country already has three vaccines available for emergency use. launched a study of the BCG vaccine that is part of the Australian-led trials. It also shows that the vaccine was 64-percent effective in preventing disease in the company s South African trials, which is higher than had previously been reported. still recommends that recipients receive two doses of either vaccine for maximum benefit. 4-percent effective in prevent- ing COVID-19. Since both candidates use the same adenovirus, researchers will investigate whether combining them will improve efficacy of the AstraZeneca vaccine, which is 70. The studies conducted by researchers in Germany and found that all the patients whose cases they studied had high levels of antibodies that activated their platelets. Name . The New York Times reports that CureVac still intends to apply for approval from the European Medicines Agency. On June 8, Pfizer said that it will expand its clinical trials to a larger group of children under age 12. , Brazil, South Africa, and India in September and resumed in the U. The company also plans to file for emergency use authorization for teens ages 12 to 17. hasn t sent any shipments of the vaccine since the first week of May due to a lack of supply caused by earlier issues at the plant. On November 30, Novavax said it had completed enrollment in its phase three trial in the U. have also released reports offering reassurances that severe reactions are rare. Clinical trials status On December 21, CanSino announced that it has recruited more than 20,000 participants for its phase three trials in Pakistan, Russia, Mexico, and Chile. Name EpiVacCorona. Who China s state-run pharmaceutical company, in collaboration with the Wuhan Institute of Biological Products. Clinical trials status On November 18, Pfizer and BioNTech announced the conclusion of their phase three trials. Pfizer and BioNTech have also announced that a phase three trial shows that their vaccine is safe and 100 percent efficacious among children between the ages of 12 and 15, and that it elicited robust antibody responses. 53 million people who received the vaccine found an incidence of 1. CanSino Biologics. Viral vector Essentially a Trojan horse presented to the immune system. What An inactivated vaccine. In November, Russia launched mass trials of its EpiVacCorona vaccine; the trials will inoculate 150 people over the age of 60 and 3,000 volunteers over the age of 18. After an investigation by independent regulators, the trials resumed in the U. Distribution Authorities in China have set a goal to vaccinate 50 million people by Lunar New Year in mid-February, despite the lack of evidence that their available vaccines are safe and effective. The World Health Organization is also coordinating global efforts to develop a vaccine, with an eye toward delivering two billion doses by the end of 2021. On October 23, the company announced it would resume trials, which were fully enrolled with 45,000 participants by December 17. to vaccinate all adults by the end of May. Finlay Institute for Vaccines. Novavax announced that its COVID-19 vaccine is 90. Latest news On January 3, Zydus Cadila announced it had received approval from Indian regulators to launch a phase three trial testing the safety and efficacy of its vaccine in about 30,000 volunteers. Clinical trials status On November 16, Bharat Biotech announced it has begun phase three trials involving 26,000 participants at more than 25 centers across India. On February 3, AstraZeneca and Oxford released a preprint study of a phase three trial showing that their vac- cine is 76-percent effective at preventing COVID-19 after one dose, with no severe cases or hospitalizations reported. Name BNT162b2.

3 billion doses by the end of 2021. Efficacy and safety On February 24, an FDA analysis confirmed Johnson Johnson s earlier report that its vaccine is safe and effective in preventing COVID-19. The agency stresses that the benefits of vaccination still outweigh the risks, and it recommends that people who receive the shot should seek immediate aid if they experience symptoms related to clotting. clinical trials said that it had recommended the company release a later analysis instead, showing the vaccine may be 69 to 74 percent effective. Who An Indian vaccine and pharmaceutical company in partnership with the Baylor College of Medicine. Who One of the world s largest pharmaceutical companies, based in New York, in collaboration with German biotech company BioNTech. What For nearly a hundred years, the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin BCG vaccine has been used to prevent by exposing patients to a small dose of live bacteria. The report found the vaccine is 72-percent effective in preventing COVID-19 based on U. Approval status Not approved for use. In a review of 86 reported cases related to the AstraZeneca vaccine, the EMA s safety committee found a potential link between it and the clots, with most known cases occurring in women under age 60 within two weeks of receiving the first dose. What An inactivated vaccine, which requires two doses that are administered 28 days apart. Who An Indian biotechnology company, in collaboration with the Indian Council of Medical Research and the National Institute of Virology. Distribution The Chumakov Center plans to produce half a million doses per month. The updated analysis of the vaccine s phase three clinical trials also showed that it offers full protection against severe cases of COVID-19 with no serious safety concerns. These modes are considered the most classic ways to make vaccines.

3 Latest news On May 27, Sanofi and GSK announced that they ve started to enroll participants in a phase three clinical study of their COVID-19 vaccine candidate. One week later, the company launched a separate phase three trial in healthcare workers in Mainz, Germany. Merck will dedicate two facilities to producing the vaccine, which could double the amount of available doses. On March 24, AstraZeneca released the primary analysis of its U. The vaccine has also been granted emergency approval in Canada, the European Union, and other countries. Sinopharm filed for final regulatory approval from China in late November, two months after the New Yorker reported that hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians have already been vaccinated under the government s emergency-use approval. What A that uses two strains of adenovirus and requires a second injection after 21 days to boost the immune response. Find out more about vaccines and how they work. The lawsuit will hinge on whether AstraZeneca can prove it has made its best efforts to deliver the doses on time, according to the terms of the contract. The German company s vaccine is only 47 percent effective against COVID-19 and a preliminary study shows that it is particularly ineffective against the variants of concern that are circulating. On April 2, Johnson Johnson announced that it has begun vaccinating children age 12 to 17 as part of its phase 2a . Moderna Therapeutics. The companies say they have submitted the new data to the FDA for review. Name Sputnik V. The study also showed the vaccine is 93 percent effective among participants in this age group two weeks after the first dose. On April 23, the U. It also showed the vaccines are 80- percent effective after one dose. The company has a deal to provide 405 million doses to the European Union if its vaccine is authorized.

Efficacy and safety On February 2, the medical journal The Lancet published the results of a phase three trial in Moscow that found the Sputnik V vaccine is safe and 91. One of the Sinopharm vaccines has also been approved by the World Health Organization as well as in Bahrain, the United Arab Emirates, and other countries. CureVac attributed its results to the virus variants that are now circulating. , which the company described as a routine action. At least half of the doses will be delivered by the end of 2021. Who An Indian pharmaceutical company. Reuters reports that COVAX plans to deliver nearly two billion doses to more than 90 low- and middle-income countries by the end of the year. On February 24, Moderna announced that it has shipped doses of a booster vaccine to the U. The company also announced plans to test the safety and efficacy of a booster shot that would be delivered a year after the first pair of vaccine doses, according to CNBC. Moderna is also investigating using a third dose of its approved vaccine to protect against variants. Distribution On March 2, the U. On April 9, the New England Journal of Medicine published two studies offering new details about the rare blood clotting disorder that s been reported among people who had received the AstraZeneca vaccine. On January 12, Bharat Biotech announced that it had signed an agreement with Precisa Medicamentos, a Brazilian pharmaceutical company, to sell COVAXIN in Brazil. A preliminary study also suggests that the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines protect against a more contagious variant that drove a surge in cases in India, B. Latest news On March 16, Medicago and GlaxoSmithKline announced that their vaccine had entered phase three clinical trials to study its safety and efficacy in up to 30,000 volunteers in 10 countries, including Canada and the U. A CDC advisory committee will meet next week to discuss more than 300 cases of heart inflammation that have been observed among the more than 20 million adolescents and young adults who have been vaccinated. Name ZyCoV-D. On April 2, Moderna announced that the FDA has authorized it to increase the number of doses in its vials from 10 to 11. Globally, Pfizer expects to be able to produce up to 50 million vaccine doses in 2020 and 1. It also announced the findings of its phase 2b clinical trial in South Africa, which showed the vaccine was only 48. On February 17, the New England Journal of Medicine published a preliminary report showing that the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine remains effective in protecting against the virus variants found in the U. Approval status Not approved for use. Efficacy and safety On April 7, a safety review conducted by the European Medicines Agency concluded that there may be a possible link between the vaccine and very rare cases of unusual blood clots. Zydus Cadila. Latest news On January 14, Kazakh health officials granted a nine-month temporary registration to the QazCovid-In vaccine, despite a lack of data from its ongoing phase three trials. The Biden administration has pledged 4 billion to the COVAX Facility. It will do so by delaying administration of the second dose of the AstraZeneca-Oxford drug. WHO s Strategy Advisory Group of Experts estimated the vaccine s efficacy to be 79 percent among all age groups. Safety and efficacy In December, Zydus Cadila said that a combined phase one two study of its vaccine showed it was safe and prompted an immunogenic response, but the company did not share any data. Some versions involve coating a carrier such as nanoparticles with proteins to better aid delivery and uptake by cells. The company said it will initially test the vaccine in adolescents age 16 to 17 before expanding it to younger children. On June 3, the Biden administration said that it will share 80 million doses by the end of June; 75 percent of those doses will be shared through COVAX and the rest will go to countries experiencing surges and to U. Since both use the same adenovirus, researchers will investigate whether a combination of the two will improve efficacy.

The trial will likely begin in July 2021. also announced on June 11 that it will purchase 500 million doses of the Pfizer vaccine and donate them to low- and middle-income countries. Approval status Approved for use in the United Kingdom, the European Union, Argentina, India, and other countries. Name CoviVac. Who A biotechnology company based in Gaithersburg, Maryland. 9 trillion COVID-19 rescue package proposed in January and signed by Biden on March 11. The finding was later confirmed by a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine showing that the vaccine does not protect against mild to moderate cases of COVID-19 caused by the South African variant. On May 7, Pfizer started its application for full FDA approval of its vaccine for people ages 16 and up. The British government has recommended the longer gap in its rollout of the vaccine to prioritize getting the first shot to as many at-risk people as possible. In November 2020, the companies said that their phase one clinical trials showed the vaccine produced antibody and T-cell responses with no severe adverse events reported. Name VLA2001. Safety and efficacy Preliminary results of the vaccine s phase one trial showed that it prompted an immune response with no serious adverse incidents. These are the COVID-19 vaccine prospects that have made it to phase three trials and beyond. Latest news On March 4, the European Union announced that it is starting a rolling review of the Sputnik V vaccine. Knocked-out virus Uses a non-infectious form of the coronavirus that can no longer cause full-blown disease but can still provoke an immune response. 1-percent effective in preventing mild cases of COVID-19 and 100-percent effective at preventing severe cases after taking two doses. Before now, the fastest-ever vaccine for mumps took four years to develop in the 1960s. Approval status Granted temporary registration in Kazakhstan. The company said that it will file for authorization in the third quarter of this year, although the New York Times reports that U. The European Union also said it would donate at least 100 million doses by the end of 2021. Latest news On June 10, a study published in the journal Nature showed that two doses of the Pfizer vaccine protects against several virus variants, including the Delta and Eta variants. Efficacy and safety

4 On December 30, the company announced results of its phase three study showing one of its vaccines to be 79-percent effective in preventing COVID-19. Efficacy and safety On April 1, Pfizer and BioNTech announced that their vaccine is 91. 4 percent effective against COVID-19, including the more contagious virus variants that are circulating. Valneva says it hopes to file for regulatory approval in the fall of 2021. Clinical trials status In December, the institute announced that the Kazakh Ministry of Health approved the launch of phase three trials, which will assess the vaccine s safety and efficacy in 3,000 volunteers. A planned trial in Bangladesh was delayed, after Bangladesh refused in October to co-finance a late-stage trial. China began to innoculate medical workers and other high-risk groups with the Sinopharm trial vaccines in July, making it the first experimental vaccine available to civilians beyond clinical volunteers. The European Union said on April 14 that it has begun negotiations with Pfizer-BioNTech for 1. university, in collaboration with the biopharmaceutical company AstraZeneca. Two hundred million doses will be delivered by the end of 2021 and the rest will be delivered in the first half of 2022. The European Union also said on April 26 that it is suing AstraZeneca over the delays in shipping hundreds of millions of doses of its vaccine. Phase two Widens the testing pool to include groups of people who may have the disease or be more likely to catch it, to gauge the vaccine s effectiveness.

Here are the vaccines that have made it to phase three and beyond. Institute of Medical Biology at the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences. Still, Nature reports that it is 100 percent effective at preventing severe disease and therefore is key to helping curb the . The trial will evaluate the efficacy and safety of the vaccine among more than 1,200 volunteers ages 18 to 80 at 15 sites across India. Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products. 4 percent, slightly more than the 50-percent minimum recommended by the World Health Organization. Approval status On December 18, the FDA granted emergency approval to Moderna s COVID-19 vaccine, a day after an advisory panel decided 20-0, with one abstention, that the benefits of the vaccine outweigh the risks, such as the mild side effects reported in their clinical trial. On June 10, Johnson Johnson also announced that the FDA has approved an extension of the shelf life of its vaccine from three to four and a half months. The agency stresses that these cases are rare but asked clinicians to be on the lookout for symptoms. It has since been approved in Belarus, Argentina, Venezuela, and other countries. Name Bacillus Calmette-Guerin BRACE trial. Who A China-based pharmaceuticals company. Hungary has already authorized the vaccine. Latest news On April 26, the companies announced that they have received approval to launch a phase three clinical trial of their vaccine candidate. 6-percent effective in preventing COVID-19. Approval status Not approved for use. The companies also said that the vaccine s efficacy increased to 82 percent when the second dose was taken after 12 weeks or longer, rather than the originally recommended four-week interval. Severe allergic reactions following with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine have been reported in many countries. When this modified ade- novirus is injected into humans, the hope is that it will instruct cells to make coronavirus proteins and will trigger an immune response.

Efficacy and safety On May 17, the companies announced that a study of their phase two clinical trials shows the vac- cine generated a high level of neutralizing antibodies with no safety concerns. An earlier CDC report released February 19 revealed that severe reactions to the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are rare. Who A Russian research center. What A con- jugate vaccine that uses part of the virus spike protein. Who A Russian research institution, in partnership with the state-run Russian Direct Investment Fund. Distribution India has the second-highest caseload in the world only behind the U. What A protein vaccine, namely it uses small fragments of viral antigens called peptides to produce an immune response. The study showed that the vaccine elicits neutralizing antibodies and a T-cell response among people who live in areas where the variants are widely circulating, including Brazil and South Africa. The vaccine can otherwise be safely stored on ice or in a normal refrigerator for 30 days. Efficacy and safety Reports released in early January place CoronaVac s efficacy below that of other authorized vaccines. Data for children ages two to five will likely come soon afterward, while data for the youngest age group is not expected until October or November. Both trials showed the vaccine is 100-percent effective at preventing severe cases of the disease. What A protein vaccine that involves a nanoparticle carrier to better aid delivery and uptake by cells. Clinical trials status On December 11, AstraZeneca and Russia s Gamaleya Institute announced plans to work together to study the possibility of combining Oxford s vaccine with Gamaleya s Sputnik V vaccine.

The Chinese government has approved the vaccine for military use only, for a period of one year. The study did not measure T cell-mediated immune responses. Latest news On November 10, a U. The agencies said that the risk of blood clots is very low and that the benefits of getting the vaccine outweigh the risks. On December 30, the U. , the United States, and South Africa. COVAX has distributed more than 80 million doses to 129 countries. health officials had taken the unusual step of questioning the decision to release the interim results, describing them as outdated and potentially misleading. Bharat Biotech. regulators have also approved this vaccine for use in the same age group, while the European Union granted conditional authorization. Distribution If the vaccine is approved for use, it will be distributed through the COVAX Facility, a global effort to ensure the equitable distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. has not yet authorized the company s vaccine for use. The data also suggest that the vaccine may reduce asymptomatic transmission of the virus. were expected to fall by 80 percent as a result of the factory mixup that ruined about 15 million doses at the end of March. Given the urgent need, some vaccine developers have compressed the clinical process for SARS-CoV-2 by running trial phases simultaneously. 4-percent effective in preventing COVID-19. On August 15, Russian biopharmaceutical company Petrovax announced it had launched the first phase three clinical trial of Ad5-nCoV. In October, the U. The committee will meet on June 18. In the United States, more than half of the population has received at least one dose, and 44 percent of people are fully vaccinated. Latest news On January 13, Russian state news agency TASS reported that of the more than 2,000 volunteers who had received both doses of EpiVacCorona s two-dose regimen, none reported adverse reactions from the vaccine. One type involves introducing a piece of DNA from SARS-CoV-2 into another unrelated germ for example, an adenovirus, which typically causes the common cold. Name QazCovid-in. Approval status On October 14, Russia granted regulatory approval to EpiVacCorona even though the vaccine candidate has not published any results and has not entered phase three of its clinical trials. The COVID-19 candidates, like all vaccines, essentially aim to instruct the immune system to mount a defense, which is sometimes stronger than what would be provided through natural and comes with fewer health consequences. 5 billion doses by the end of 2022. On October 12, Johnson Johnson announced that it paused phase three trials for an independent safety review due to an unexplained illness in a participant. Approval status Approved for use in the U. Here, we provide an overview of these pre clinical efforts and provide background information on the technologies behind these vaccines. Latest news On June 11, the New York Times reported that the FDA has told Johnson Johnson to throw out 60 million doses made at its plant in

5 Baltimore. According to Agence France Presse, the companies will collectively provide around 3. They aim to recruit 10,000 health- care workers in the study. At present, a double-digit number of efforts are devoted to the development of a vaccine against COVID-19.

On February 18, Pfizer and BioNTech announced the launch of a phase two three clinical trial to study the vaccine s safety and efficacy among 4,000 pregnant women over the age of 18. Approval status On February 20, Russia approved the CoviVac vaccine for use even though late-stage clinical trials to test its safety and efficacy have not yet begun. Efficacy and safety On February 17, the New England Journal of Medicine published a preliminary report showing that Moderna s vaccine remains effective in protecting against the virus variant found in the U. On May 27, however, COVAX acknowledged that the crisis in India has led to a shortfall of 190 million doses. Approval status On December 2, the U. Global leaders have pledged to donate 870 million doses to the low- and middle-income countries. Evidence has emerged over the years that this vaccine may boost the immune system and help the body fight off other diseases as well. What An adjuvant-supported recombinant-protein vaccine. Name CVnCoV. On April 15, Bourla told CNBC that people will likely need a third dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine within 12 months of being fully vaccinated. The company did not provide any data backing up its claim. Who A government-run research institute in Cuba. To do so, traditional vaccines use the whole coronavirus, but in a killed or weakened state. There were no serious adverse reactions documented. However, on June 11 CBS News reported that the agency has convened an emergency meeting of its advisory committee to discuss rare but higher-than-expected cases of heart inflammation among people who have received the mRNA vaccines. The report documented only 4. AstraZeneca University of Oxford. What A viral vector vaccine. It sequenced 124 cases of COVID-19 among clinical trial participants and found only one case was caused by the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and more than half were caused by variants of concern. Some transfer the instructions for coronavirus proteins into an unrelated virus that is unlikely or even incapable of causing disease. What An inactivated virus, adjuvant-supported vaccine, with two doses administered three weeks apart. The move is part of the bloc s plans to pivot away from the AstraZeneca and Johnson Johnson vaccines in favor of the mRNA vaccines. What An inactivated vaccine. In a joint statement, COVAX administrators said the consequences of that shortfall could be catastrophic. , joining Pfizer s candidate. On September 8, AstraZeneca paused the trials for a safety review due to an adverse reaction in one participant in the U. Biden said that the additional doses will allow the U. States, which are still responsible for rollout decision making, have widened eligibility to include all people 12 and older. UAE officials also claimed the vaccine is 100-percent effective in preventing moderate and severe cases of the disease. Efficacy and safety On March 11, Novavax announced that a final analysis of its phase three clinical trials in the U. Early data suggested that the vaccine will still effectively protect against the variant that is prevalent throughout the U. On April 9, CNBC reported that shipments of the Johnson Johnson vaccine in the U. The vaccine is also 100 percent effective at preventing moderate and severe disease among 29,960 clinical trial participants age 18 and older in the U.

On February 15, the WHO listed the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine for emergency use, which will allow the agency to be- gin rolling out the vaccine in low-income countries through the COVAX Facility. What A viral vector vaccine that requires two doses. 13 cases per 100,000 vaccines. Results from a late-stage clinical trial released on January 13 found that CoronaVac had an efficacy of 50. Even after a vaccine is authorized or fully licensed, it faces potential roadblocks when it comes to scaling up production and distribution, which also includes deciding which populations should get it first and at what cost. Oxford and AstraZeneca expect to produce up to three billion doses of the vaccine in 2021. COVID-19 vaccines have reached consumers in record time. will focus on adults who have been less eager to get the vaccine. The company started the third phase of its clinical trials in July 2020. Name CoronaVac. On May 12, the CDC approved Pfizer s vaccine for emergency use in adolescents ages 12 to 15. study published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation found that among 6,201 healthcare workers in Los Angeles, those who had previously received the BCG vaccine reported symptoms of COVID-19 less often than those who hadn t, a finding that study authors say strengthens the case for further research. Latest news On May 7, the World Health Organization listed the Sinopharm vaccine for emergency use in adults 18 and older. On April 26, the Associated Press reported that the U. In addition, we discuss potential hurdles that need to be addressed prior to mass scale clinical translation of successful vaccine candidates. The news came a few days after the CDC announced that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines reduce the risk of infection by 91 percent for fully vaccinated people. Latest news On June 9, a study published in the journal Nature Medicine found that people who have received the AstraZeneca vaccine have a slightly increased risk of a bleeding disorder. Approval status Not approved for use. Latest news On June 14, Novavax announced that its vaccine is safe and 90. Clinical trials status In April, researchers from the Murdoch Children s Research Institute began a series of randomized controlled trials that will test whether BCG might work on the coronavirus as well. Researchers said the benefits of getting the vaccine outweigh the risks. On May 4, President Joe Biden announced a shift in his administration s immunization strategy, with a new goal to administer at least one shot to 70 percent of American adults and fully immunize 160 million adults by July 4. On April 7, a preliminary study of CoronaVac s vaccine rollout in Brazil showed that the vaccine is about 50 percent effective in protecting against COVID-19 in a region where the highly transmissible P. The trial will compare the efficacy of the vaccine to that of AstraZeneca s conditionally approved vaccine. Who The largest child health research institute in Australia, in collaboration with the University of Melbourne. What Two inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Who A German biopharmaceutical company in partnership with Bayer, a German multinational pharmaceutical company. The news came a day after CNN reported that the U. Overall, the U. , Asia, Africa, and Latin America. However, it may be less effective in protecting against the South African variant although researchers noted that further study is needed. announced changes to its vaccine delivery plan With COVID-19 infections spreading rapidly, the country said it would prioritize delivering the first dose of either vaccine to as many at-risk people as possible, based on data provided to and released by health regulators. Pfizer has expanded the trial to include 44,000 people across multiple countries.

Clinical trials status On December 14, CureVac announced it had begun enrolling participants in a phase 2b 3 study to assess its vaccine s safety and efficacy in more than 35,000 participants in Europe and Latin America. Up to 400 participants will also be vaccinated against the seasonal flu as part of a sub-study that will help determine whether it is safe to give patients both vaccines at the same time. According to the New York Times, AstraZeneca has said it will only be able to deliver a third of the 300 million doses it had promised Europe by the end of June. Distribution Project members say their candidate can be stored at temperatures seen in common refrigeration. The agency has confirmed 226 cases of myocarditis and pericarditis among the nearly 130 million Americans who have received the vaccines. Vector Institute. Vaccines and clinical trials. The agency says these

6 cases are rare but higher than expected. Those findings are bolstered by a Mayo Clinic study showing that the mRNA vaccines made by Pfizer and Moderna have been shown to significantly reduce asymptomatic transmission in the U. Questions have been raised over the vaccine s storage, which requires ultra-cold freezers set at minus 70 degrees Celsius -94 degrees F. Distribution Pfizer and BioNTech have signed several contracts with the U. Who A vaccine developer based in France. Yet several efforts are underway to help produce and distribute the vaccines more quickly. The Europeans Medicines Agency also said that the cases it reviewed occurred in people under 60 mostly women within three weeks of vaccination. 5 cases of anaphylaxis per million doses of vaccine administered during the reporting period, which the CDC notes is comparable with rates for other types of vaccines. Vaccine prospects. On December 11, the Trump administration purchased an additional 100 million doses of Moderna s vaccine. More than 60 vaccines are still going through a three-stage clinical trial process that s required before they are sent to regulatory agencies for approval. Who A research institute in Kazakhstan. Chinese officials have said the vaccine will be free for Chinese citizens, and that they will prioritize for high-risk groups such as the elderly and people with underlying conditions. Protein These vaccines are typically made from coronavirus proteins, which can be synthesized or brewed in labs like beer. The findings confirm earlier studies from the U. The current COVID-19 pandemic has a tremendous impact on daily life world-wide. Name Ad5-nCoV. The trials launched in July, enrolling a diverse population in areas with significant SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nucleic acid Relies on injecting snippets of a virus s genetic material, either DNA or messenger RNA mRNA , into human cells. and across Europe as regulators investigated reports of blood clotting among people who have received the shot. The Gamaleya National Center of and Microbiology. It is also 100 percent effective against moderate and severe disease. Others use only part of the virus whether a protein or a fragment. The trials which will recruit 29,000 volunteers aged 18 or older are expected to be conducted in China, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Ecuador. became the first Western country to approve any COVID-19 vaccine when it authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech candidate making the drug the first mRNA vaccine in history al- lowed for human use. Indonesia has ordered 20 million doses of CanSino s vaccine; Mexico signed an agreement to buy 35 million doses.

White House advisor told CNBC in December that some adverse reactions are expected when a vaccine is distributed to a wider population. Latest news On March 4, Cuba became the first country in Latin America to announce the launch of a phase three clinical trial for one of its COVID-19 vaccines, the Miami Herald reported. Approval status Though the company was still technically in phase two of its trial, on June 25, CanSino became the first company to receive limited approval to use its vaccine in people. The study will test the safety and efficacy of the vaccine in 35,000 volunteers ages 18 and older in the U. and Mexico, which will evaluate the safety and efficacy of its vaccine in up to 30,000 adults. Name mRNA-1273. regulators may ask the company to file for full approval instead, a process that could take longer. Who A Chinese biopharmaceutical company. It is also leading an initiative through the COVAX Facility to ensure that all countries have equitable access to the vaccine. On March 11, Pfizer announced that preliminary findings from Israel s rollout suggest its vaccine is effective at preventing COVID-19 transmission. a month later. The decision came days after the European Medicines Agency said that blood clots should be listed as a very rare side effect of Johnson Johnson s COVID-19 vaccine. Phase three Expands the pool up to the thousands to make sure the vaccine is safe and effective among a wider array of people, given that immune response can vary by age, ethnicity, or by underlying health conditions. Latest news On April 21, Valneva announced the launch of phase three clinical trials to study the safety and efficacy of its COVID-19 vaccine. What A nucleic-acid vaccine that requires two doses taken 21 days apart. Phase one Checks the safety of a vaccine and determines whether it triggers an immune response in a small group of healthy humans. On December 10, the New England Journal of Medicine published the results of Pfizer s phase three study, showing the vaccine was safe and 95-percent effective in protecting against COVID-19 in people 16 and older. shows that its vaccine is 96. Still, as a precautionary measure, U. Efficacy and safety On January 21, The Lancet published interim findings from COVAXIN s phase one study that showed the vaccine elicited an immune response in participants. Distribution Moderna s candidate was the second vaccine to receive emergency authorization in the U. , which showed at the time that its vaccine is 89. On February 7, South Africa halted its use of the AstraZeneca-Oxford vaccine after preliminary laboratory studies showed it offered only minimal protection against the virus variant that is dominant in that country. After a phase one study showed that the vaccine was safe and effective in a group of 144 children, the clinical trials will now enroll up to 4,500 children at more than 90 sites in the U. The analysis of 2. On December 28, Novavax announced the launch of a phase three study in the U. Approval status In August, Russia cleared the Sputnik V vaccine for widespread use and claimed it as the first registered COVID-19 vaccine on the market before the vaccine s phase three trials had begun and despite the lack of published evidence at the time. Most of the doses will be distributed through COVAX, with the aim to deliver at least half of them by the end of 2021. The CDC has also approved Pfizer s vaccine for emergency use in adolescents ages 12 to 15, which is seen as key to helping the country reach herd immunity. The WHO has approved the Pfizer-BioNTech, AstraZeneca-Oxford, Johnson Johnson, Moderna, Sinopharm, and Sinovac vaccines for emergency use. In December, an FDA analysis of the phase three study of Moderna s vaccine confirmed that it is 94. VACCINE CLINICAL TRIAL PROCESS. On September 2, a study of the company s phase one trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that the vaccine was safe and produced coronavirus antibodies at a higher level than is seen among those who have recovered from COVID-19.

Clinical trials status On December 11, the Gamaleya Institute and biopharmaceutical company AstraZeneca announced they will work together to study the possibility of combining Sputnik V with the candidate that AstraZeneca has developed with the University of Oxford. Clinical trials status On September 23, Johnson Johnson announced the launch of its phase three ENSEMBLE trial to evaluate the safety of the vaccine and how well it works among up to 60,000 adults from a variety of countries. A study of clinical trials among adolescents shows that its vaccine is safe and 100 percent effective. Latest news In December, researchers launched phase three clinical trials to test the efficacy and safety of the vaccine in 34,020 participants in Malaysia and Brazil. The vaccine s level of protection is lower than others late-stage trials found that it is 51 percent effective in preventing COVID-19. Preliminary findings from its phase one trials showed that healthy subjects including elderly patients produced coronavirus antibodies and a reaction from T cells, another part of the human immune response. Clinical trials status On September 24, Novavax announced the launch of its phase three trial in the United Kingdom, which will evaluate the vaccine in up to 10,000 people, both with and without underlying conditions. Weekly swabs of participants testing for the presence of the virus found a 67-percent reduction in positive swabs after the first dose. The Cuban government hasn t released any data from early-stage trials but said the phase three trial will be conducted in Havana among 44,000 volunteers. phase three clinical trials showing that its

7 vaccine is 76 percent effective at preventing COVID-19, slightly lower than the 79 percent efficacy it had announced two days earlier based on a partial analysis of the data. 4 percent effective in protecting against COVID-19 including the more contagious virus variants that are circulating. Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems. What A DNA-based vaccine that is delivered by a skin patch. These changes are expected to help the company distribute its vaccine more quickly. Reuters reports that early-stage trials with 200 participants showed the vaccine has no side effects. A separate preliminary study also indicated that the vaccine produces antibodies that can neutralize the virus variant that originated in the U. It will add information about the increased risk of blood clots to the vaccine s label. FDA and CDC lifted the pause on Johnson Johnson s vaccine and said that immunizations can resume immediately. The finding would allow for easier distribution of the vaccine in communities where ultra-cold storage requirements present a challenge. What An inactivated vaccine given in two doses, 14 days apart. Here s the latest on COVID-19 vaccines. plans to share its AstraZeneca vaccine stockpile with the rest of the world up to 60 million doses. regulators have also published safety data for the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showing that most side effects are mild and consistent with what is typical of other vaccines. On February 19, the African Union announced that Russia has offered them 300 million doses of the Sputnik V vaccine, which they will make available starting in May. Latest news In November, Chinese health officials announced the launch of phase three trials for the Anhui Zhifei vaccine. What An mRNA vaccine that s administered in two doses taken 28 days apart. National Institutes of Health for clinical trials. Approval status Authorized for emergency use in India. Name ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. In an April 2020 scientific brief, the World Health Organization found that there is no current evidence that the BCG vaccine protects people against infection with the coronavirus. Preliminary findings from two randomized trials, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association , have shown the vaccine can trigger an antibody response with no serious adverse effects. Here s why determining who is first in line for the vaccine depends on your state. Clinical trials status Moderna announced on December 17 that it is launching clinical trials to evaluate the vaccine s safety in children and people with cancer; it will also establish a pregnancy registry to track the vaccine s safety in people who are pregnant.

, Bahrain, Canada, and the European Union. In its earlier approval of a Sinopharm vaccine, the UAE said that an in- terim analysis of the phase three study showed the candidate is 86-percent effective in preventing COVID-19 with no serious safety concerns. Food and Drug Administration has granted emergency authorization to vaccines made by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson Johnson in less than a year. The study is seeking to recruit 1,000 frontline health-care workers to test the vaccine s effectiveness against COVID-19. On June 9, a study published in the journal Nature showed that Johnson Johnson s vaccine is effective in protecting against virus variants, including the Beta and Gamma variants of concern. The difference comes down to the earlier estimate s exclusion of trial participants who got very mild infections but did not require clinical assistance. What A subunit vaccine that uses pieces of protein from a pathogen to trigger an immune response. The company also said that its clinical trials among adolescents ages 12 to 18 recently completed enrollment. The EMA continues to stress that the odds of developing a clot after vaccination are extremely low, and that the benefits of getting vaccinated outweigh the risks. On February 19, however, Pfizer and BioNTech said that their vaccine can remain stable for two weeks at temperatures between minus 25 and minus 15 -13 to 5 , a common range in pharmaceutical freezers and refrigerators. On April 6, findings from Moderna s phase three clinical trials published in the New England Journal of Medicine showed that its vaccine elicits a strong antibody response for at least six months after the second dose. The vaccine has also been approved in the European Union, Canada, the U. In a letter obtained by the Washington Post , an independent panel of experts at the National Institutes of Health that oversees U. 1 variant is circulating. The FDA and CDC reviewed 15 cases of blood clots. Efforts include a newly launched website to help people find vaccines, as well as an increase in walk-up vaccination sites, pop-up clinics, and increase funding and access to clinics in rural areas. 3-percent effective in preventing COVID-19. The study, which involved more than 22,000 participants, also showed the vaccine is 100-percent effective in preventing moderate or severe cases of the disease, as no such cases were confirmed at least 21 days after receiving the first dose. officials have advised people with a history of serious allergic reactions not to get the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Approval status Authorized for emergency use in China. On June 10, the CDC announced that it will convene an emergency meeting of its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to discuss reports of heart inflammation among young people who have received the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. To do so, the U. Anhui Zhifei.

Name ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. In an April 2020 scientific brief, the World Health Organization found that there is no cur- rent evidence that the BCG vaccine protects people against infection with the coronavirus. Preliminary findings from two randomized trials, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association , have shown the vaccine can trigger an antibody response with no serious adverse effects. Here s why determining who is first in line for the vaccine depends on your state. Clinical trials status Moderna announced on December 17 that it is launching clinical trials to evaluate the vaccine s safety in children and people with cancer; it will also establish a pregnancy registry to track the vaccine s safety in people who are pregnant. Though the process can typically take 10 to 15 years, the U. The FDA granted emergency approval to this vaccine on December 11, a day after an advisory panel decided 17-4 that the benefits of the candidate outweigh the risks for anyone over the age of 16. The company expects to have data for the older group in September and will likely file for emergency authorization for that group later that month. It is also 85 percent effective in people 65 and older and 100 percent effective at preventing severe cases of the disease. Latest news On June 1, Moderna announced that it has applied for full FDA approval of its COVID-19 vaccine for use in people age 18 and older. As of June 18, the U.

The study, which involved more than 22,000 participants, also showed the vaccine is 100-percent effective in preventing moderate or severe cases of the disease, as no such cases were confirmed at least 21 days after receiving the first dose. officials have advised people with a history of serious allergic reactions not to get the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. Approval status Authorized for emergency use in China. On June 10, the CDC announced that it will convene an emergency meeting of its Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices to discuss reports of heart inflammation among young people who have received the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. To do so, the U. Anhui Zhifei.

On June 10, the CDC announced that it will convene an emergency meeting of its Advisory Committee on Immuniza- tion Practices to discuss reports of heart inflammation among young people who have received the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines. To

8 do so, the U. Anhui Zhifei.

As of June 18, the U.

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