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THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN SIMPLE
PLAN’S ALBUM TAKING ONE FOR THE TEAM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By Yohana Maria Vianey Student Number: 174214143
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN SIMPLE
PLAN’S ALBUM TAKING ONE FOR THE TEAM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By Yohana Maria Vianey Student Number: 174214143
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2021
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN SIMPLE PLAN’S ALBUM TAKING ONE FOR THE TEAM
By Yohana Maria Vianey Student Number: 174214143
Approved by
Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum July, 13 2021 Advisor
Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A. July, 13 2021 Co-Advisor
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A Sarjana Sastra Undergraduate Thesis
THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN SIMPLE PLAN’S ALBUM TAKING ONE FOR THE TEAM
By Yohana Maria Vianey
Student Number: 174214143
Defended before the Board of Examiners
On July 27, 2021 and Declared Acceptable
BOARD OF EXAMINERS
NAME SIGNATURE Chairperson : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum Secretary : Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A Member 1 : Dr. B. Ria Lestari, M.Sc. Member 2 : Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum Member 3 : Anindita Dewangga Puri, S.S., M.A
Yogyakarta, July 30, 2021 Faculty of Letters Universitas Sanata Dharma Dean
Dr. Tatang Iskarna
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contain no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis.
July 12, 2021
Yohana Maria Vianey
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Yohana Maria Vianey Nomor Mahasiswa :174214143
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
THE ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES IN SIMPLE PLAN‟S ALBUM TAKING ONE FOR THE TEAM beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pengkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya,
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 12 Juli 2021
Yang menyatakan,
Yohana Maria Vianey
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“IT’S NOT ALWAYS EASY, BUT THAT’S LIFE. BE STRONG BECAUSE
THERE ARE BETTER DAYS AHEAD”
-MARK LEE-
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THIS THESIS I DEDICATED TO
MYSELF & MY BELOVED FAMILY
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ because only His grace and blessing, I could finish this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to give my deepest thanks to my thesis advisor Anna Fitriati, S.Pd, M.Hum, who had patiently guided, supported, and gave me advice during the process of working on this undergraduate thesis. I also would like to thank to Anindita Dewangga Puri,
S.S., M.A. as my co-advisor for the time, guidance, suggestion, motivation, and correction.
I would like to give my heartfelt gratitude to my parents, Thomas More and Elisabeth Nurindah, and also my brother Giovanni Battista, who had always encouraged and supported me in completing my thesis. The unconditional love they give to me is the greatest I appreciate. Furthermore, I also would like to thank all the lecturers and staff of Universitas Sanata Dharma for all the good things I have experienced on every occasion.
Finally, I would like to send my special regards to the members of Dolan and Ribut Squad. Thank you for all your supports, memories, and lessons that we have made. Especially I would like to thank my best friends, Angeline, Wulan, and Hubung. Thank you so much for always having my back and keeping up with me and my life.
Yohana Maria Vianey
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ...... ii APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ...... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .. vi MOTTO PAGE ...... vii DEDICATION PAGE ...... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix TABLE OF CONTENT...... x LIST OF TABLES ...... xii LIST OF FIGURES ...... xiiiii ABSTRACT ...... xiv ABSTRAK ...... xv CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Problem Formulation ...... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4 CHAPTER II ...... 5 REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... 5 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 5 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 7 1. Morphology ...... 7 2. Morpheme ...... 8 3. Affixes ...... 9 4. Derivational Prefix ...... 11 5. Derivational Suffixes ...... 12 6. Semantics ...... 16 C. Theoretical Framework ...... 17
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TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODOLOGY ...... 19 A. Object of the Study...... 19 B. Approach of the Study ...... 20 C. Method of the Study ...... 20 1. Data Collection...... 21 2. Data Analysis ...... 21 CHAPTER IV ...... 24 ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...... 24 A. The use of Derivational Affixes Found in the Song Lyrics from Simple Plan Album Taking One for the Team ...... 25 1. Prefix ...... 26 2. Suffix ...... 29 B. The Meaning of Derivational Affix Found in Song Lyrics Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for the Team ...... 38 4. Prefix {in-} ...... 40 5. Suffix {-ly} ...... 41 6. Suffix {-ful} ...... 41 7. Suffix {-ize} ...... 41 8. Suffix {-er} ...... 42 9. Suffix {-able} ...... 42 10. Suffix {-al} ...... 43 11. Suffix {-less} ...... 44 12. Suffix {-ness} ...... 44 13. Suffix {-y} ...... 45 14. Suffix {-ity} ...... 45 15. Suffix {-ic} ...... 46 CHAPTER V ...... 47 CONCLUSION ...... 47 REFERENCES ...... 49 APPENDICES ...... 51
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The table of the data...... 20 Table 2. The table of the meaning ...... 21 Table 4.1. The Percentages of Derivational Prefixes Found in The Song ...... 24 Table 4.2. The Percentages of Derivational Suffixes Found in The Song ...... 25 Table 4.3. The meaning of prefix {a-} in a word asleep ...... 39 Table 4.4. The meaning of prefix {dis-} in a word disappear ...... 40 Table 4.5. The meaning of prefix {un-} in a word unsaid ...... 40 Table 4.6. The meaning of prefix {in-} in a word insecure ...... 40 Table 4.7. The meaning of suffix {-ly} in a word perfectly ...... 41 Table 4.8. The meaning of suffix {-ful} in a word beautiful ...... 41 Table 4.9. The meaning of suffix {-ize} in a word apologize ...... 42 Table 4.10. The meaning of suffix {-er} in a word lighter ...... 42 Table 4.11. The meaning of suffix {-able} in a word unbreakable ...... 43 Table 4.12. The meaning of suffix {-al} in a word typical ...... 43 Table 4.13. The meaning of suffix {-less} in a word hopeless ...... 44 Table 4.14. The meaning of suffix {-ness} in a word happiness ...... 45 Table 4.15. The meaning of suffix {-y} in a word crazy ...... 45 Table 4.16. The meaning of suffix {-ity} in a word personality ...... 46 Table 4.17. The meaning of suffix {-ic} in a word nostalgic ...... 46
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Tree Diagram ...... 23 Figure 2. The structure of the word disappear ...... 27 Figure 3. The structure of the word unsaid ...... 28 Figure 4. The structure of the word asleep...... 29 Figure 5. The structure of the word personality ...... 30 Figure 6. The structure of the word shorty ...... 31 Figure 7. The structure of the word happiness ...... 32 Figure 8. The structure of the word apologize ...... 32 Figure 9. The structure of the word unbreakable ...... 33 Figure 10. The structure of the word typical ...... 34 Figure 11. The structure of the word beautiful ...... 35 Figure 12. The structure of the word pointless ...... 35 Figure 13. The structure of the word crazy ...... 36 Figure 14. The structure of the word nostalgic ...... 37 Figure 15. The structure of the word perfectly ...... 38
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ABSTRACT
VIANEY, YOHANA MARIA. (2021). The Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
In comprehending a song lyrics, readers or listeners have to understand the words that are in the song lyrics. In studying the words, we need to know the theory of word formation. One of the most productive formations is affixation. It can be classified into prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. The analysis of derivational affixes is needed in order to figure out the process and the meaning of affixation attached in the words of song lyrics. It will help the readers or listeners to understand the words that are in the song lyrics In this research, the reseacher analysis the derivational affixes find in the song lyrics of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. There are two objectives in this research. The first one is finding out the derivational affixes in the songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. The second one is finding out the meaning of derivational affixes found in the songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. The objects of the study are all songs of Simple Plan in the album Taking One for The Team. The data in this research are collected through the descriptive qualitative method. The researcher uses two approaches: morphological and semantics approaches. The results of the analysis show that there are thirty-six words are attached with the derivational affixes. There are nine words attached with derivational prefixes, and twenty-seven words attached with derivational suffix. According to the function, derivational affixes can divide into four categories; nominalizer, adjectivalizer, verbalizer, and adverbializer. Prefixes find in the song lyrics are prefix {un-}, {in-}, {dis-}, and {a-}. On the other hand, suffixes find in the song lyrics are suffix {-ly}, {-ful}, {-ize}, {-able}, {-ic}, {-al}, {-y}, {-ity}, {-less}, {- ness}, and {-er}. The affixation process in the song lyrics show considerably useful to help the readers or listeners to have the capabilities of breaking down unfamiliar words into segments that are easily to understood. Besides, it also helps to increase their vocabulary and learn new words becomes simpler. While the meaning of affixation in the song lyrics show considerably useful to help the readers or listeners to understood the meaning behind different vocabulary words. It also helps them to understand the message conveyed through the lyrics of the song.
Keywords: Derivational Affixes, Song Lyrics, Morphology, Semantics
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ABSTRAK
VIANEY, YOHANA MARIA. (2021). The Analysis of Derivational Affixes in Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. Yogyakarta: Prodi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Dalam memahami sebuah lirik lagu, pembaca diharuskan untuk memahami kata-kata yang terdapat dalam lirik tersebut. Dalam mempelajari kata- kata tersebut, kita perlu mengetahui teori tentang pembentukan kata dalam bahasa Inggris. Salah satu pembentuan kata yang produktif adalah afiksasi, yang terbagi menjadi awalan, imbuhan, dan akhiran. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menganalisis affiks derivatif yang ditemukan dalam lirik lagu dari album Simple Plan yang berjudul Taking One for The Team. Ada dua latar belakang permasalahan dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, menemukan afiks derivatif apa saja yang ditemukan dalam lirik lagu dari album Simple Plan yang berjudul Taking One for The Team.. Kedua, menemukan makna dari afiks derivatif yang ditemukan dalam lirik lagu dari album Simple Plan yang berjudul Taking One for The Team. Data penelitian ini adalah semua lagu Simple Plan yang terdapat dalam album yang berjudul Taking One for The Team. Data dalam penelitian ini didapat melalui metode deskripsi kualitatif. Peneliti menggunakan dua pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan morfologi dan semantik. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 36 kata yang mengalami afiks derivatif dengan 9 kata yang dilekati oleh awalan derivatif dan 27 kata yang dilekati oleh akhiran derivatif. Berdasarkan fungsinya, afiks derivatif dibagi menjadi 4 kategori, yaitu, nominalizer, adjectivalizer, verbalizer, and adverbialize. Awalan derivatif yang ditemukan dalam lirik lagu adalah awalan {un-}, {in-}, {dis-}, dan {a-}. Sedangkan, akhiran derivatif yang terdapat dalam lirik lagu adalah akhiran {-ly}, {-ful}, {-ize}, {-able}, {-ic}, {-al}, {-y}, {- ity}, {-less}, {-ness}, and {-er}. Proses afiksasi dalam lirik lagu membantu pembaca atau pendengar untuk memiliki kemampuan memecah kata-kata asing menjadi beberapa bagian yang mudah untuk dipahami. Selain itu juga membantu untuk menambah kosakata mereka serta mempelajari kata-kata baru yang lebih sederhana. Sedangkan, makna afiksasi dalam lirik lagu membantu pembaca atau pendengar untuk memahami makna di balik kosa kata yang berbeda. Hal ini juga membantu mereka untuk memahami pesan yang disampaikan melalui lirik lagu tersebut.
Kata kunci: Derivational Affixes, Song Lyrics, Morphology, Semantics
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language holds such a very significant role in our daily life. We believe that language is the greatest invention of all time. Language is one of the aspects which define our identities. People often use words or features of a dialect to express or convey an image or identity with which they want to show to interlocutors. Without language, there is no society. It is the most important method to get communication (Crystal, 1985). Language is a prominent tool for humans to communicate and interact with others and it helps humans to understand each other. There are two types of language that we need to cope with, oral and written. In this research, the researcher examines words that are in the song lyrics.
The study that is concerned with words is morphology. Morphology is a part of linguistics which can be defined as a study of word formation. We study words more deeply, including the structures or how the words are formed, and some elements apply to other words (Yule, 2010). In further studies of morphology, words consist of bound and free morphemes.
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in a language; the morpheme is not necessarily equivalent to a word but maybe a smaller unit (Brinton,
2000:82). There are two morphemes; the first one is a free morpheme, which can stand as a single word. The second one is bound morpheme which cannot stand alone as a word; hence, it needs to attach to any word. Consequently, bound
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morphemes will be meaningful only if combined with some other words categorized as free morphemes. Later, the bound morphemes are known as affixes.
Derivational and inflectional morphemes are two types of bound morphemes.
The lyrics of a song are an example of how derivational affixes may be used to be analyzed since in the song lyrics, some words attached with affixes.
The lyrics of the song are also a build-up of these grammatical morphemes. The composer shares the experience through the song in the form of written words such as lyrics and spoken words such as sound. We can find a lot of morphemes such as prefixes, infixes, or suffixes stated in the song lyrics.
In this study, the researcher uses song lyrics since song lyrics were written to describe and give information and the deep feeling in the lyrics for each song.
Cited from Puti (2018), she defines, “sometimes a structure or sentence pattern can be fixed in the learner's mind through a song”. Songs are useful in terms of introducing new words, practicing familiar words, and teaching multi-word units.
A song can be a helpful medium to learn English in a fun way, as it will be much more interesting to remember the vocabularies. Therefore, listening to a song and reading the lyrics enable people to increase and enrich their vocabularies.
Hence, the researcher uses the lyric of songs on Simple Plan‟s Album
Taking One for The Team. The aim of this study is to figure out the process and the meaning of affixation attached in the word of song lyrics. By reading this study, the researcher hopes readers or listeners understand the words that are in the song lyrics.
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The researcher focuses on derivational affixes. The researcher analyses the processes, the types of affixes and the meanings that the words denote after they are formed. This analysis pays attention to forming the words found in the song lyrics, the types of derivational affixes, and the meaning of words after being created.
The researcher chooses Simple Plan since the songs talk about love and the life of teenagers. On the other hand, the researcher found many derivational affixes in their songs in this album.
B. Problem Formulation
Based on the explained above, the research questions are formulated as follows:
1. What are the types and the process of derivational affixes found in the
songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team?
2. What are the meanings of the derivational affixes found in the songs of
Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team?
C. Objectives of the Study
In this part, the researcher has two problems that should be explained according to the problem formulations. First, the researcher finds out what derivational affixes were found in the songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. This explanation signifies the types of derivational affixes and the process of changing the root of a word to create a new word.
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The second problem is the researcher tries to figure out the meaning of derivational affixes found in the songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for
The Team. It explains the meaning of the root of a word after it is attached with derivational affixes.
D. Definition of Terms
The first term is morphology. According to Fromkin, morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed
(2009). A single word may be composed of one or more morphemes.
The second term is a morpheme. A morpheme is the smallest significant unit in a language; the morpheme is not necessarily equivalent to a word but maybe a smaller unit (Brinton, 2010, p. 82). There are two kinds of morphemes: free morphemes and bound morphemes.
Affix is the third term. It is a morpheme that occurs when it is attached to some other morpheme such as root (Katamba & Stonham, 2006). Obviously, by definition, affixes are bound morphemes.
The last term is a derivational affix. According to Merrells, O‟Grady,
Aronoff, & Rees-Miller (2017), “Derivational affix is an affix that uses to build a word with a meaning and/or category distinct from that its base”. When the morphemes are attached to the base of the word, it will create a new meaning and new category for the word.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three sections; review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The first part is a review of related studies taken from three journal articles and an undergraduate thesis. The second part is a review of related theories that shows how the theories will answer the problem. The last part is a theoretical framework that presents the role of theories to solve the problem.
A. Review of Related Studies
In this part, the researcher reviewed four related studies that were related to morphology. The first related study was taken from a journal article written by
Aprianti and Parmawanti (2020). They examined the derivational and inflectional morpheme analysis in the song lyrics of Lady Gaga A Star is Born Album. They used morphology as the approach in analyzing data since the researchers analyzed the morpheme. The selected song was Shallow and Always Remember Us This
Way as their object to be analyzed. Based on their research, Aprianti and
Parmawati found many affixes attached to the data. Then affixes were divided into two types, prefix, and suffix. Suffixes include {–s}, {-es}, {-r}, {-ing}, {-ed},
{-ly} while prefixes include {re-} and {al-}.
The following related study was taken from a journal article written by
Endang (2014). In her study, she analyzed the derivational and inflectional morphemes in the song lyrics by Adele. Her research found 14 data belonging to
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derivational suffixes and 33 data belonging to inflectional suffixes. She also attached the meaning of the suffixes in Adele‟s songs.
The third related study was taken from undergraduate thesis conducted by
Putri (2018) entitled “Derivational Affixes on Song Lyrics in Justin
Bieber‟s Purpose Album”. In her analysis, she identified the process of derivational affixes and figured out the function of each derivational affixes on song lyrics. The result of her study showed two types of affix that found in Justin
Bieber‟s album, suffix and prefix. From the analysis, she found several types of suffix as follows:{-ty}, {-ness}, {-ion}, {-ful}, {-er}, {-y}, {-ve}, {-ive}, {-al}, {- ent}, {-ary}, {-ence}, and {-ly}. Besides, several prefixes that are found {re-},
{in-}, {pro-}, {com-}, {un-}, {im-}, and {dis-}. She also explained the function of each affix she found in her research.
The fourth related study was taken from a journal article written by
Eunawati and Alawiyah (2018). They have analyzed the affixation in the Script song lyrics “Hall of Fame”. Their research described the phase of affixation by describing the impact of affixation into the structure of the sentences. Besides, they also described the change of context meaning that is caused by affixation in
The Script song lyrics. Their study showed that affixation happened in two different conditions depending on the kinds of affixes that are combined with the free morpheme. First, an inflectional affix occurs when an affix joins with a free morpheme. An inflectional affix does not create a new meaning. Second, a derivational affix occurs when an affix joins with a free morpheme. Different from an inflectional affix, a derivational affix creates a new meaning.
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In this present research, the researcher took a different focus from the previous researches. The researcher focused only on derivational affixes. On the other hand, the researcher who developed this research was not only analyze the meaning but also analyzed the types and the process of affixation. The similarity between the previous researches and this research was the object, which is song lyrics.
According on what has been explained in the previous paragraph, the researcher used a morphological approach in this study to explore the processes of the derivational affixes attached to the song lyrics. Meanwhile, to figured out the meaning of the affixes, the researcher used a semantics approach.
B. Review of Related Theories
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses some theories in elaborating the data. The theories used are taken from some books and journals.
1. Morphology For every word we have learned, we intuitively know something about its internal structure. For example, our intuition tells us that the word tree can not be broken down into any meaningful parts. However, the word trees is derived from two parts; the word tree and the suffix {-s}. The suffix {-s} makes the word trees in plural form (known as a plural ending). According to that illustration, morphology is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the interrelationships among words (Akmajian, Demers, & Harnish,
2017). While according to Fromklin, et al. (2009), morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and the rules by which they are formed. It means
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morphology defines two concepts of morphological analysis. There are „word‟ and „morpheme‟.
From the definition above, the researcher concludes that morphology is the study of „forms of words‟. It is a branch of linguistics that is related to word formation in every language. In morphology, we learn how to know and classify the characteristics of the words and how to create a new word in a language.
2. Morpheme
The word morpheme is derived from the Greek word morphe, meaning
„form‟ (Fromkin et al., 2009, p. 81). According to Brinton and Brinton (2010) a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the language (p.82). For example, the words happy, sad, think, drink, beauty, tall, pink, and blue are morphemes.
The words playing, beautiful, desks, suffixes, hunters, manly, and gentleman are the words that contain more than one morpheme.
In English, a morpheme is divided into two categories; they are free and bound morphemes. Akmadjian et al. (2017) state that a free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word in a phrase, such as a word weak. While a bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone. It has to be attached with another morpheme, such as {-able}, {-es}, {anti-}, and
{un-}. As a consequence, bound morphemes will be meaningful only if they have been combined with some other words which are categorized as free morphemes.
Based on the function, bound morpheme can be divide into two categories; derivational and inflectional. According to Merrells, O‟Grady, Aronoff, & Rees-
Miller (2017), “A derivational uses an affix to build a word with a meaning and/or
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category distinct from that its base”. When the morphemes are attached to the base of the word, it will create a new meaning and new category for the word. For example, the addition of {-er} to teach teacher means „a person who teaches‟ and the addition of {-ing} to teach teaching means „the work of the teacher‟.
Furthermore, The inflectional morphemes are morphemes which are not creating new meaning. According to Bauer (1988), those morphemes never change the syntactic category of the word to which they are attached. In other words, inflectional morphemes rectify and indicate the grammatical information about them already. As an example, the suffix {-ed} in a word baked signals that the verb is past tense.
Derivational Bound Morpheme Inflectional Free
3. Affixes
Affixes are morphemes that appear when they are attached to another morpheme, such as roots. (Katamba & Stonham, 2006). Obviously, by definition, affixes are bound morphemes. In comparison, Szymanek (1989) states that affixation is a combination of a bound morpheme with a root. Most of the new words are created by using affixation. Affixation is the most common process to
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form new words. In English, there are three main types of affixations; they are suffixation, prefixation, and infixation. a. Prefix
Prefix is an affix attached before a root, such as {un-}, {pre-}, {bi-}, {di-},
{multi-}, etc. For example, is the word unhappy. The word unhappy has an affixation from prefix {un-} + happy unhappy. Another example is word bisex.
The word bisex come from prefix {bi-} + sex bisex. By attaching suffix {un-} or suffix {bi-} before the base of words, the meaning will change and create a new world. b. Infix
Infix is an affix inserted into the root itself. Infixes are very common in
Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew; however, infixing is very rare in
English. Even if an infix is used in English, it is mostly used in informal writing or speaking as a slang word that is not used in a polite situation. For example, infix bloody in the word fan-bloody-tastic. That infix has a meaning as an expression of sarcasm or enthusiasm. c. Suffix
Suffix is an affix attached after a root, such as {-less}, {-ing}, {-est}, {- ness}, {-ship}, {-ment} etc. For example, the word driver that comes from the root word drive + {-er} driver. By attaching suffix {-er} after the base of words, the meaning will change and create a new world. In English, suffixes are categorized into two types, derivational and inflectional.
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4. Derivational Prefix
According to Akmajian et al. (2007), derivational prefixes often make change the part of speech of the root. In other words, it can change the meanings and creates a new word from the root. That is why the derivational prefix does not usually change the word class of the root. Below are examples of the derivational prefixes in English. a. Prefix {un-}
There are two kinds of prefix {un-} in English. The first one is attached to adjectives to form new adjectives, and the second one is attached to verbs to form new verbs. Both of this kinds do not change the part of speech, however it changes the meaning of the word that attached with this suffix. The meaning of prefix {un-} is „not‟.
The second is attached with verbs to form new verbs. According to
Hornby (1986), this prefix has a meaning „to do the opposite of‟. b. Prefix {in-}
The prefix {in-} is the most attached to adjectives. The meaning of this prefix is „not‟. The uniqueness of prefix {in-} is when the prefix is attached to the bases with bilabial phonemes in the initial position. The prefix will change into
{im-}. For examples {in-} + balance imbalance; {in-} + perfect imperfect;
{in-} + moral immoral. Another uniqueness of prefix {in-} is when it attaches to the bases with liquid phonemes in the initial position. The prefix will be pronounced like the phone of the liquid phonemes which follow it. For example, the word illegal. The word illegal comes from the prefix {in-} + legal illegal.
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On the other hand, the prefix {in-} can also attach with nouns to form new nouns. The meaning of this prefix is „lack of‟ or „the state of‟. c. Prefix {dis-}
The prefix {dis-} can be attached to verbs to form new verbs, attached to nouns to form new nouns, and adjectives to form new adjectives. This prefix has several meanings, but its basic meaning is „not‟. Bauer (1983) states that prefix
{dis-} attached to verbs are more productive than attached to nouns and adjectives. d. Prefix {a-}
The prefix {a-} is a derivational morpheme that can be attached to adjectives to form new adjectives. This prefix has several meanings, but its basic meaning is „not‟.
5. Derivational Suffixes
According to Fromkin, et al. (2009), derivational suffixes derive a new meaning when been added to a base word. It derives new words by either changing the meaning or the part of speech or both. There are four kinds of derivational suffixes and their meaning. Below are examples of derivational suffixes in English. a. Nominalizer
This function of suffixes are to convert verbs and adjectives into nouns.
This function can also be applied to words that contain nouns. A suffix that categorizes as a nominalizer are:
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i. Suffix {-er}
Suffix {-er} which attached to the verb will change the verbs to a noun.
This suffix creates a new meaning „a person who performs an action‟. The example is sing {verb} + {-er} singer. Suffix {-er} attached to the word sing has the meaning „a person who is singing‟. ii. Suffix {-ness}
Suffix {-ness} which attached to the adjectives will change the adjectives into nouns. Suffix {-ness} has a meaning „to expressing a state or a condition, for example lonely (adjective) + {-ness} loneliness. As a result, loneliness has the meaning „the expressing of lonely‟. b. Adjectivalizer
The function of suffixes are convert nouns and verbs into adjectives. This function can also be applied to words that contain adjectives. The suffix that categorized as an adjectivalizer are:
i. Suffix {-able}
Suffix {-able} can be attached to verbs and nouns to form adjectives. This suffix has the meaning as „capable of being‟. The example of suffix {-able} is word readable. It comes from word read (verb) + {-able} readable (adjective).
Suffix {-able} that is attached to the word read has the meaning „can be read‟. ii. Suffix {-ful}
Suffix {-ful} is usually attached to nouns to form adjectives. The meaning of suffix {-ful} is „notable for‟. The example of suffix {-ful} in a word painful. It
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comes from word pain (noun) + {-ful} painful (adjective). Hence, the word
painful means “feeling pain”.
iii. Suffix {-less}
Suffix {-less} is the derivational morpheme that changes nouns to
adjectives. This suffix has a meaning as „without‟. The examples of suffix {-less}
are power (noun) + {-less} powerless (adjective); home (noun) + homeless
(adjective). In the word powerless, suffix {-less} gives the meaning „without
power‟, while in the word homeless, the suffix gives the meaning „without a
home‟.
iv. Suffix {-ic}
Suffix {-ic} is the derivational morpheme which changes nouns to
adjectives. This suffix has a meaning as „of or pertaining to‟. For example, when
suffix {-ic} attached in a word nostalgia and become nostalgic, it means
“pertaining to nostalgia‟.
c. Verbalizer
The function of the suffix that categorizes as verbalizer is to convert the
adjectives and nouns into verbs. Suffixes that categorize verbalizer are: i. Suffix {-ize}
Suffix {-ize} usually attached to base nouns and adjectives and change the
base into verbs. The meaning of this suffix is „become‟. For example, the word
realize. It comes from a word real (adjective) + {-ize) realize (verb). Suffix {-
ize} in the word realize makes a meaning „make appear real‟.
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ii. Suffix {-ify}
Suffix {-ify} is the derivational morpheme which change nouns and
adjectives into verbs. This suffix has a meaning as „make‟, for examples specific
(adjective) + {-ify} specify (verb); beauty (noun) + {-ify} beautify (verb).
d. Adverbializer
This function this suffix converts a word as an adjective, noun, and verb.
Suffix that categorizes adverbializer is:
Suffix {-ly}
Suffix {-ly} is the derivational morpheme that changes adjectives into
adverbs. This suffix has a meaning as „in a manner denoted by‟, for example, slow
(adjective) + {-ly} slowly (adverb).
6. Semantics
According to Fromkin et al. (2009:173), “the study of the linguistic
meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences is called semantics”. In
semantics, meaning is derived from one‟s understanding of a language. By
studying the meaning, we will understand the meaning of words, phrases, and
sentences that speaker said or wrote. In order to understand the meaning that of
the words, phrases, or sentences, we can use a dictionary.
John Lyons (1995) states that there are two kinds of meaning: lexical and
grammatical. Lexical meaning is the meaning found in a dictionary. In contrast,
the grammatical meaning is “part of lexical meaning which derives from their
being member of one category rather than to another” (Lyons, 1995, p. 73). For
example, the words boy and boys have the same lexical, but they have different
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grammatical meanings. The word boy has a singular grammatical meaning, while the word boy has a plural grammatical meaning.
In this study, learning the meaning of the suffix is necessary since the suffix can change the meaning after they are attached to the root word. By knowing the meaning, we will know what the message that will be delivered is.
As an example, the word disappear in the song lyric “Suddenly all my problems disappear on cue” (Singing in The Rain, line 23). The word disappear has a negative meaning. If the root appear means “start to be seen or known”, disappear means “not exist”. As a result, when the verb disappears put on the whole sentence, it becomes “Suddenly all my problems are not existing on cue.”
C. Theoretical Framework
The researcher uses some theories to guide in conducting this research.
Morphology is the main theory used to analyze the research where morphology correlates with the affixation process that contains the suffix. In addition, the morphological theory helps the researcher understand word formation, including the change of meaning.
There are two research questions in this research. The first problem is finding out the derivational affix found in the lyric of Simple Plan‟s Album
Taking One for The Team. The second problem is to analyze the meaning of derivational affixes in the songs of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The
Team. To analyze the first problem, the researcher uses the theory of morphology and affixation. The theory of morphology helps the researcher to understand the
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kinds of morphemes. Whereas, the theory of affixation helps the researcher identify the affixation process when the affix are attached to the words.
The second problem is analyzing the meaning of the derivational affixes found in the songs of Simple Plan‟s album Taking One for The Team. In this problem, the researcher used the theory of semantics. The use of the theory of semantics helps the researcher to figure out the meaning of each suffix that attach to the words.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into three sections; object of the study, approach of the study, and method of the study. The first part is object of the study. In this part, the researcher describes the object of the study. The second part is approach of the study that shows the approach which the researcher used. The last part is method of the study which will be divided into two parts; data collection and data analysis.
A. Object of the Study
This research contains of morpheme and affixation, particularly derivational affixes. The researcher used all songs in Simple Plan‟s Album Taking
One for The Team as the object of the research. Album Taking One for The Team is a fifth Simple Plan‟s album that had released on February 19th, 2016. This album was produced by Howard Benson and there are sixteen songs in the album.
The songs “Opinion Overload”, “Boom”, “Kiss Me Like Nobody‟s Watching”,
“Farewell”, “Singing in The Rain”, “Everything Sucks”, “I Refuse”, “I Don‟t
Wanna Go To Bed”, “Nostalgic”, “Perfectly Perfect”, “P.S I Hate You”, “Problem
Child”, “I Dream About You”, “I Don‟t Wanna Be Sad”, “Summer Paradise”, and
“I‟d Do Anything”.
The lyrics of songs are utilized to discover and analyze derivational affixes.. The researcher collects all the words that contain with derivational affixes processes. The researcher also used the Oxford Dictionary to help find out the root
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words. On the other hand, the dictionary's use also helps the researcher find out the part of speech of the words before receiving with derivational affixes.
B. Approach of the Study
In this research, the researcher uses morphology to analyze the data since the data of this research is words, the smallest unit that carries a meaning.
Morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the interrelationships among words (Akmajian et al., 2017). A morphological approach is used to answer the first problem. In order to answer the second problem is analyzing the meaning of derivational affixes, the researcher using the semantics approach. According to Fromkin et al. (2009), “semantics is a study of the linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases, and sentences”.
C. Method of the Study
This research used a descriptive qualitative method that aimed at analyzing the derivational affixes found in song lyrics. According to Creswell (2018), qualitative is a methodology for investigating and understanding the importance people or gatherings credit to a social or human issue. Tirangga (2014) stated that
“descriptive research is a research method to describe the subject or the object of the research based on the fact or reality”. The data which the researcher used is taken from Simple Plan‟s album Taking One for the Team. This part is divided into two parts. The first was data collection. In this part, the researcher described the process of collecting data. The second was data analysis. In this part, the researcher explained the steps of how to analyze the data.
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1. Data Collection
The researcher's data was a song lyric from Simple Plan‟s Album Taking
One for the Team. The researcher used qualitative method to collect all the words attached by derivational affixes in the song lyrics. The researcher also used a population strategy to collect the data. Creswell (2018) states, “a population is a group of individuals who have the same characteristics”. The researcher used population strategy since the data that the researcher collected were all words that contain derivational affixes.
There are some steps to collect the data. First, the researcher read the lyrics of song from Simple Plan‟s album Taking One for The Team. The researcher found the lyrics from the website songlyrics.com. The researcher chose the website, songlyrics.com, because the website shows the lyric completely. After that, the researcher collected the words that contain derivational affixes. The results of the analysis showed that there are thirty-six words were attached with the derivational affixes. There are nine words attached with derivational prefixes, and twenty-seven words attached with derivational suffix. Since the researcher found some words occurred repeatedly, the researcher counted those words as one word. After it reduced some words that occurred repeatedly, the researcher found twenty-one words attached by derivational suffixes and seven words attached by derivational prefixes.
2. Data Analysis
There are some steps to analyze the data. First, the researcher collected the words that contain derivational affixes found in the song lyrics, then the
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researcher classified those derivational affixes. The researcher classified the derivational affixes attached in the song lyrics based on prefix and suffix. The researcher also identified the etymologies of the words using Online Etymology
Dictionary. The researcher used a table to display the derivational affixes found in the song lyrics. The use of a table made the analysis become more systematic and easier to be understood.
Table 1. The table of the data Word Prefix Suffix Analysis Note Description Derivational Affix in “Opinion Overload” Head 1620s, "at the head, Ahead (noun) in front," from a- {a-} - Adjectivalizer (line 12) Ahead "on" from {a-} (adverb) + head. 1530s; from Latin exactus (precise, accurate), past- Exact participle adjective Exactly (adjective) from exigere (deman - {-ly} Adverbalizer (line 12) Exactly d, require, enforce). (adverb) Related: exact (adj) + {-ly} means in an exact manner, with minute correctness......
Second, the researcher defined the process of derivational affixes attached to the song lyrics. In this step, the researcher used a tree diagram.
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Figure 1. Tree Diagram (Singing in The Rain, line 23)
Suddenly all my problems disappear on cue
Verb
{dis-} verb
appear
The last step to do was exploring the meanings resulted from the derivational affixes in the lyrics. In this step, the researcher categorized the meaning of the roots before and after receiving the derivational affix.
Table 2. The table of meaning Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics favored by good have a good Happy luck or Happiness fortune fortune fortune
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CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher answers the problems formulated. This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part answers and discusses the derivational affixes found in the song lyrics of Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. The following part will be the discussion of the derivational affixes meaning found in the song lyrics.
There are 36 words attached with derivational affixes found in the song lyrics from Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. There are 9 words with the derivational prefixes and 27 words with the derivational suffixes. The researcher used the theory of morphology to analyze the affixation. To avoid the error, the researcher used the Oxford Dictionary to help find out the root and the part of speech of the words before receiving with derivational affixes.
Table 4.1 The Percentages of Derivational Prefixes Found in The Song No Derivational Prefixes Amount Percentage 1. Prefix {a-} 3 33.3% 2. Prefix {dis-} 3 33.3% 3. Prefix {un-} 2 22.2% 4. Prefix {in-} 1 11.1% Total 9 100%
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Table 4. 2The Percentages of Derivational Suffixes Found in The Song Lyrics No Derivational Affixes Amount Percentage 1. Suffix {-ly} 4 14.8% 2. Suffix {-ful} 2 7.4% 3. Suffix {-ize} 3 11.1% 4. Suffix {-er} 1 3.7% 5. Suffix {-ity} 2 7.4% 6. Suffix {-able} 1 3.7% 7. Suffix {-less} 3 11.1% 8. Suffix {-y} 5 18.5% 9. Suffix {-ness} 1 3.7% 10. Suffix {-ical} 4 14.8% 11. Suffix {-ic} 1 3.7% Total 27 100%
The table represents the affixes found in the song lyrics from Simple
Plan‟s Album Taking One for The Team. There are two kinds of affixes found in the song lyrics; prefix and suffix. From the table above, the most productive suffix is suffix {-y}. In contrast, the most productive prefix is the prefix {dis-}.
A. The use of Derivational Affixes Found in the Song Lyrics from Simple
Plan Album Taking One for the Team
In this part, the researcher elaborates the data into two categories. The first category of data lies in the process of affixation. Meanwhile, the second category of data indicates the function of derivational affix. For the first data category, the researcher used the tree diagram to display the process of affixation. Afterward, in the second category, the researcher explained the function of derivational affix, which is attached with the word.
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1. Prefix
Prefix is an affix attached before a root, such as {un-}, {pre-}, {bi-}, {di-},
{multi-}, etc. The examples are the words unhappy and bisex. The process in word unhappy goes as follows, {un-} + happy unhappy. Meanwhile, word bisex is created from {bi-} + sex bisex. In the song lyrics from Simple Plan
Album Taking One for The Team, there are several prefixes, such as {dis-}, {un-}, and {a-}. Based on the function of the prefixes, there are four functions categories. They are nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, and adverbializer.
However, prefixes that found in this song lyrics are verbalizer and adjectivalizer are explained below. a. Verbalizer
The verb formation or known as verbalizer is a morpheme that used to change the word category of a word, from adjective and noun into verbs. This function can also be applied to verbs. Below is an example of a prefix that is categorized as a verbalizer found in song lyrics.
Prefix {dis-}
Prefix {dis-} lies in the lyric “Suddenly all my problems disappear on cue” in the song Singing in the Rain, line 23.
Verb
{dis-} verb
appear
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Figure 2. The structure of the word disappear Disappear, first known in early 15c from the word disaperen, means
"cease to be visible, vanish from sight, and be no longer seen. “It is from the Old
French aparoir, aperer in late 13 century and has a meaning “come into view”.
After that, it has adopted into English and change into appear.
The word disappear consists of two morphemes: one free morpheme and one bound morpheme. The free morpheme is a word appear, and the bound morpheme is {dis-}. The process of affixation begins with morpheme appear and attached with prefix {dis-}. Then it becomes disappear. Even though the word class does not change, it changes the meaning. The use of prefix {dis-} in the word disappear gives a negative meaning. The function of this prefix is to change the root verb into a new verb or known as a verbalizer. b. Adjectivalizer
The adjective formation or known as adjectivalizer is a morpheme that has a function to change a word as nouns and verbs into adjectives. Below are examples of prefixes that categorized as adjectivalizer found in song lyrics.
i. Prefix {un-}
Prefix {un-} lies in the lyric “Cuz so many things were left unsaid” in the song I’do Anything, line 9.
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Adjective
{un-} verb
verb {-d}
say
Figure 3. The structure of the word unsaid From the diagram above, it can be analyzed that the word unsaid consists of three morphemes. The root of the word unsaid is a word „say‟. After that, it attached with inflectional suffix {-d} and becomes „said‟ (it is the past participle of the word „say‟). Then, the word „said‟ attached with prefix {un-} and becomes
„unsaid‟. The word say has been adopted from Old English secgan. It has a meaning “to utter, inform, speak, tell, relate". Past tense said developed from Old
English segde. ii. Prefix {a-}
Prefix {a-} lies in the lyric “I would fall asleep, you would carry me” in the song Problem Child, line 7.
Adjective
{a-} verb
sleep
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Figure 4. The structure of the word asleep The word asleep was first known in 1200c from aslepe, o slæpe, "in or into a state of slumber.” The original term comes from Old English slæpe and then has changed into sleep. Asleep consists of two morphemes. The free morpheme, or known as a root, is sleep, and the bound morpheme attached to it is the prefix {a-}. It is categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the category of word class. The process begins with morpheme sleep as a verb has attached prefix {a-} become asleep as an adjective. Since prefix {a-} is attached to the verb, it changes the word category verb into an adjective. Therefore, this function is known as an adjectivalizer.
2. Suffix
A suffix is an affix attached after a root, such as {-less}, {-ing}, {-est}, {- ness}, {-ship}, {-ment} etc. Some examples are driver and hopeless. The processes are drive + {-er} driver, hope + {-less} hopeless. By attaching suffix {-er} or suffix {-less} after the base of words, the meaning will change and create a new world. In the song lyrics from Simple Plan Album Taking One for
The Team, several prefix appear, such as {-ly}, {-ful}, {-able}, {-cal}, {-ure}, {- less}, {-ate}, {-y}, {-ion}, {-ness}, {-ed}, {-ing}, {-al} and {-ity}. According to the function, suffixes divided into four categories; nominalizer, verbalizer, adjectivalizer, and adverbalizer that are explained below. a. Nominalizer
Noun formation or known as nominalizer, is a kind of derivational process. It has a function to change the word class from verbs and adjectives into
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a nouns. This function can also be applied to words that contain nouns. Some suffixes that are categorized as nominalizer found in song lyrics are suffix {-ity}
{-y}, and {-ness}.
i. Suffix {-ity}
Suffix {-ity} lies in the lyric “I've got a badass personality” in the song I
Don’t Wanna be Sad, line 25
Noun
adjective {-ity}
noun {-al}
person
Figure 5. The structure of the word personality The word personality is initially used in English in 1795. It has the meaning “quality or fact of being a person”. From the diagram above, it can be seen that the word personality consists of three morphemes. One free morpheme is the word person from the word category noun, and two bound morphemes are suffix {-al} and suffix {-ity}. The affixation process starts with the morpheme person as a noun attached by the suffix {-al} and progresses to become personal.
Afterwards, the word personal as an adjective if attached the suffix {-ity} it becomes personality. This suffix is categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the word category.
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ii. Suffix {-y}
Suffix {-y} lies in the lyric “This is Simple Plan shorty” in the song I
Don’t Wanna Go to Bed, line 71.
Adjective
Noun {-y}
short
Figure 6. The structure of the word shorty The word shorty is used for the first time in 1888. This meaning of this
word is associated with or referring to a short person. Shorty consists of two
morphemes. The free morpheme or known as a root is short, and the bound
morpheme is suffix {-y}. Short, come from Old English sceort, scort means short
or not tall. The process begins with the morpheme short as a noun and the suffix
{-y} attached to it and becomes shorty as an adjective. iii. Suffix {-ness}
Suffix {-ness} lies in the lyric “It's like happiness just wasn't meant for
me” in the song I Don’t Wanna be Sad, line 20.
Noun
adjective {-ness}
happy
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Figure 7. The structure of the word happiness The root of the word happiness is happy. Happy is categorized as an adjective. Then it is attached with suffix {-ness} to become happiness as a noun.
This suffix is a derivational affix since it changes the word class of happy. The word happiness itself has been known since the 1520s and has the meaning “good fortune.” While the word happy was known beforehand in late 14c, that has a sense of “lucky, favored by fortune, being in advantageous circumstances.” b. Verbalizer
The verb formation or known as verbalizer is used to change the word category of a word, from adjective and noun into verbs. This function can also be applied to verbs. The suffix that is categorized as verbalizer that is found in song lyrics is only the suffix {-ize}.
Suffix {-ize}
Suffix {-ize} lies in the lyric “I won't apologize” in the song Opinion
Overload, line 32.
Verb
Noun {-ize}
apology
Figure 8. The structure of the word apologize The word apology was first known in English is in the early 15c. It comes from Late Latin apologia that has meaning defense or justification. Then in the
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original English sense of "self-justification" generates a meaning "give an expression of regret for a wrong done."
Apologize has two morphemes, „apology‟ as the root or free morpheme and suffix {-ize} as a bound morpheme. The process begins with the word apology as a noun. Afterward, the word apology has added the suffix {-ize} and has become apologize as a verb. From the process, it can be seen that suffix {-ize} is categorized as a derivational affix since it changes the word class. c. Adjectivalizer
The adjetivalizer or adjective formation function converts nouns and verbs into adjectives. This function can also be applied to words that contain as adjectives. Suffix that categorized as adjectivalizer that found in song lyrics are suffix {-able}, {-cal}, {-ful}, {-less}, {-ic}, and {-y}. i. Suffix {-able}
Suffix {-able} lies in the lyric “What we got's unbreakable” in the song
Boom, line 18.
Adjective
Verb {-able}
break
Figure 9. The structure of the word unbreakable The word breakable has attached with derivational prefix where it consists of root break. The word break comes from Old English brecan in 14c. The root
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attached with suffix {-able} as a bound morpheme. The suffix {-able} is categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the function of word class from verb to adjective when it is attached in word break. The word breakable was known in English in 1560s. ii. Suffix {-ical} Suffix {-al} lies in the lyric “Go ahead and say that we're typical” in the song Kiss Me Like Nobody’s Watching, line 21.
Adjective
Noun {-al}
type
Figure 10. The structure of the word typical The word typical consists of two morphemes; the root word type and suffix {-ical}. The word type as a noun comes from Latin typus (figure, image) in the late 15c. Then it has attached with suffix {-ical} becomes typical as an adjective. The word typical first known in English in the 1600 and has a meaning as “symbolic”. Suffix {-ical} categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the category of word class. iii. Suffix {-ful}
Suffix {-ful} lies in the lyric “Someday you're gonna see you're beautiful this way” in the song Perfectly Perfect, line 29.
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Adjective
Noun {-ful}
beauty
Figure 11. The structure of the word beautiful The word beautiful comes from the root „beauty‟. The word „beauty‟ comes from Anglo-French beaute in the early 14c. that has a meaning beauty, seductiveness or beautiful person. Beautiful consists of two morphemes; „beauty‟ as a free morpheme and suffix {-ful} as a bound morpheme. Suffix {-ful} categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the category of word class.
The process of affixation begins with morpheme beauty as a noun. It is attached by the suffix {-ful} and becomes beautiful as an adjective. The word beautiful is used for the first time in English in the mid15 century, and has a meaning fashionable set. iv. Suffix {-less}
Suffix {-less} lies in the lyric “It's pointless, I don't even like it” in the song Everything Sucks, line 9.
Adjective
Noun {-less}
point
Figure 12. The structure of the word pointless
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From the diagram above, it can be seen that the word pointless consists of two morphemes. The word „point‟ is a free morpheme and suffix {-less} is a bound morpheme. The word „point‟ was first known in 1200c, from word pointe means the single item in a whole. Then Middle English was borrowed „point‟ as
“the smallest amount” in 1300c. While pointless with a meaning of no effect or force, to no purpose was recorded in 1726.
Suffix {-less} that is attached with the word „point‟ is categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the word class category. The process begins with morpheme point as a noun that adds suffix {-less} to become pointless. This word pointless is categorized as an adjective. v. Suffix {-y}
Suffix {-y} lies in the lyric “Or all the crazy nights, all the stupid fights” in the song Problem Child, line 23.
Adjective
Noun {-y}
craze
Figure 13. The structure of the word crazy Crazy was first known in the 1570s, and has a meaning "diseased, sickly."
The word crazy comes from the word „craze‟ as a noun; then it is attached with suffix {-y} become crazy. The word class changes from noun to adjective. This
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suffix belongs to the derivational affix process because it changes the word category. vi. Suffix {-ic}
Suffix {-ic} lies in the lyric “Feeling nostalgic” in the song Nostalgic, line 15.
Adjective
Noun {-ic}
nostalgia
Figure 14. The structure of the word nostalgic The word nostalgic was first used in 1807 and it came from Greek. It means „relating to nostalgia, homesick‟. Nostalgic consists of two morphemes, nostalgia as free morpheme and suffix {-ic} as a bound morpheme. With substantial changes, noun words that have ending -ia or -is and attached with suffix {-ic}, those endings will disappear and are automatically replaced with suffix {-ic}. The process of affixation begins with suffix {-ic} that is attached with morpheme nostalgia. It then creates the word nostalgic. This suffix is categorized as a derivational suffix since it changes the word class from noun to adjective. d. Adverbializer
Adverb formation or adverbalizer has a function to change a word as an adjective, noun, and verb into an adverb. A suffix that is categorized as adverbializer found in song lyrics is suffix {-ly} only.
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Suffix {-ly}
Suffix {-ic} lies in the lyric “You're perfectly perfect to me” in the song
Perfectly Perfect, line 13.
Adverb
adjective {-ly}
perfect
Figure 15. The structure of the word perfectly The word „perfect‟ was first known in early 15c; from Middle English parfit that has a meaning flawless in perfect form or manner. Then in 13c, the word perfectly that is formed of the word perfect (adj) + suffix {-ly}. It means completely or thoroughly.
Perfectly consists of two morphemes; „perfect‟ as a free morpheme and suffix {-ly} as a bound morpheme. Suffix {-ly} is categorized as a derivational affix because it changes the word class category. The process of affixation begins with morpheme perfect that is attached with suffix {-ly} and becomes perfectly as an adverb.
B. The Meaning of Derivational Affix Found in Song Lyrics Simple Plan’s
Album Taking One for the Team
In this section, the researcher identified the meaning introduced by each derivational affix attached to song lyrics from Simple Plan's Album. The importance of meaning in derivational affixes cannot be overstated. It is important
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since if we know the meaning, we will know what the message will be delivered.
In introducing the meaning, the researcher elaborates in each affix as follows.
1. Prefix {a-}
The prefix {a-} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “I would fall asleep, you would carry me” (Problem Child, line 7). The word sleep has the meaning “to rest your mind and body in bed with your eyes closed”. Then it has attached by prefix {a-} and becomes asleep. The meaning of that word also changes into “sleeping deeply”. If the meaning is put in the whole sentence, it becomes “I would be sleeping deeply, you would carry me.”
Table 4.3. The meaning of prefix {a-} in a word asleep Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics to rest your body and sleeping being sleeping Sleep mind in bed Asleep deeply deeply with your eyes closed
2. Prefix {dis-}
The prefix {dis-} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “Suddenly all my problems disappear on cue” (Singing in The Rain, line 23). The word disappear is a verb that has a negative meaning. It is derived from the root verb appear that has been added prefix {dis-}. If the word appear has meaning “start to be seen or known”, disappear means otherwise or “missing not exist”. Hence, when the meaning is put in the whole sentence, it becomes “Suddenly all my problems are missing on cue.”
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Table 4.4. The meaning of prefix {dis-} in a word disappear Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics start to be seen not exist, Appear Disappear missing or known missing
3. Prefix {un-}
The meaning of the prefix {-un} as stated in the song lyrics ”Were left unsaid” (I‟d Anything, line 9). The word said means “to speak or to tell somebody something using words”. Then it has attached with the prefix {un-} and becomes unsaid. The meaning also changes into “not spoken or silently”.
Therefore, when it puts in the whole sentence, it becomes “Were left silently”.
Table 4.5. The meaning of prefix {un-} in a word unsaid Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics to speak or tell someone not spoken, Said Unsaid silently something silently using word
4. Prefix {in-}
The meaning of the prefix {in-} as stated in the song lyrics, ”Could have any insecurities” (Perfectly Perfect, line 6). The word insecure has an opposite meaning with the word secure. If the word secure means “feeling comfortable and confident”, the word insecure means “not confident”. Consequently, if the meaning of insecure is put in the whole sentence, it becomes “Could have any not confident”.
Table 4.6. The meaning of prefix {in-} in a word insecure Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics feeling not Secure comfortable Insecurity being not confident confident and confident
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5. Suffix {-ly} The meaning of suffix {-ly} as stated in the song lyrics ”You're perfectly perfect to me” (Perfectly Perfect, line 16). The word perfect has a meaning
“having everything necessary”. However, when it has attached with suffix {-ly}, it changes into a new meaning, “being perfect or in a perfect way”. Hence when a word perfectly puts in a whole sentence, it becomes “You‟re being perfect to me”.
Table 4.7. The meaning of suffix {-ly} in a word perfectly Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics having being Perfect everything is Perfectly perfect or in being perfect necessary perfect way
6. Suffix {-ful}
The suffix {-ful} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “Someday you're gonna see you're beautiful this way” (Perfectly
Perfect, line 25). The word beauty has the meaning “a person or thing that is beautiful”. Afterward, it has suffix {-ful}, it changes into a new meaning, “having beauty”. Therefore, when the meaning of beautiful is put in a whole sentence, it becomes “Someday you're gonna see you're full of beauty this way”.
Table 4.8. The meaning of suffix {-ful} in a word beautiful Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics a person or having Beauty thing that is Beautiful full of beauty beauty beautiful
7. Suffix {-ize}
The suffix {-ize} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics “To apologize for who I am” (I refuse, line 9). The word apologize means “to say that you are sorry for doing something wrong”.
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Before it is attached with suffix {-ize}, the word apology means “a word or statement saying sorry for something that has been done wrong”. Consequently, when the meaning of apologize is put in a whole sentence, it becomes “To say sorry for who I am”.
Table 4.9. The meaning of suffix {-ize} in a word apologize Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics a word or statement to say sorry saying sorry for doing Apology Apologize to say sorry for something something that has been wrong done wrong
8. Suffix {-er}
The suffix {-er} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “You shine bright like lighters in the dark” (Boom, line 9). The word light means “become brighten”, and after it is attached by suffix {-er} it changes into a new meaning “person who bright”. Accordingly, when the meaning is put in the whole sentence, it becomes “You shine bright like a person who perform bright in the dark”.
Table 4.10. The meaning of suffix {-er} in a word lighter Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics become person who person who Light Lighter brighten bright perform bright
9. Suffix {-able}
The meaning of suffix {-able} is in the song lyrics, “What we got's unbreakable” (Boom, line 18). The word break means “to separate into parts with suddenness or violence”, and after it has been attached by suffix {-able} it
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changes into a new meaning, “capable being break”. Adding prefix {un-} in the word breakable results in the change of meaning. Prefix {-un} indicates the negation of the verbs. Breakable means likely to be broken or easily broken.
Therefore, unbreakable has the meaning otherwise “impossible to break”.
Therefore, when the meaning of unbreakable is put in the whole sentence, it becomes” What we got's not separated”.
Table 4.11. The meaning of suffix {-able} in a word unbreakable Root Meaning of Meaning Meaning The Meaning Steam + + root + of root + in the song root of root affix affix suffix affix lyrics to separate into parts capable of impossible Break Unbreak not Break with being to be able able separated suddenness broken broken or violence
10. Suffix {-ical}
The suffix {-ical} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “Go ahead and say that we're typical” (Kiss Me Like Nobody‟s
Watching, line 21). A word type means “a group of people or things that share particular qualities or features”. However, when it has attached by suffix {-ical} it changes into a new meaning “having the usual qualities or features of a particular type of person, thing or group”. Therefore, when the meaning of typical is put in the whole sentence, it becomes “Go ahead and say that we're having the usual particular type”.
Table 4.12. The meaning of suffix {-ical} in a word typical Meaning of Root + Meaning of Meaning in the The root root affix root + affix song lyrics a group of having the usual having the usual Type people or Typical qualities or particular type things that features of a
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share particular particular type qualities or of person, thing features or group
11. Suffix {-less}
The suffix {-less} change the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “You'll never make it far, you are just a hopeless case” (I Refuse, line
22). The word hope as a noun means “expectation of the fulfillment of successful”, and it has attached with by suffix {-less} it changes into a new meaning “having no expectation of good or success”. Hence, when the meaning of hopeless is put in the whole sentence, it becomes” You'll never make it far, you are just not good case”.
Table 4.13. The meaning of suffix {-less} in a word hopeless Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root root Root + affix root + affix song lyrics having no expectation expectation Hope of fulfillment Hopeless not good of good or of successful success
12. Suffix {-ness}
The suffix {-ness} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in song lyrics, “It's like happiness just wasn't meant for me” (I Don‟t Wanna be Sad, line
20). The word happy means “favored by luck or fortune”. Then, when it has attached by suffix {-ness}, it changes into a new meaning “good fortune”.
Therefore, when the meaning of happiness is put in a whole sentence, it becomes
“It‟s like being happy just wasn't meant for me”.
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Table 4.14. The meaning of suffix {-ness} in a word happiness Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root Root + affix root root + affix song lyrics favored by good Happy luck or Happiness being happy fortune fortune
13. Suffix {-y}
The suffix {-y} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in song lyrics,
“Why I've been acting crazy” (Everything Sucks, line 27). The root word craze as a verb means “to make insane”. Afterwards, when it has attached by suffix {-y} it changes into a new meaning “person who is or acts crazy”. Consequently, when the meaning of crazy is put in a whole sentence, it becomes “Why I've been acting crazy”.
Table 4.15. The meaning of suffix {-y} in a word crazy Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root root Root + affix root + affix song lyrics person who to make Craze Crazy is or acts acting crazy insane craze
14. Suffix {-ity}
The suffix {-ity} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in song lyrics, “I've got a badass personality” (I Don‟t Wanna be Sad, line 25). The word personality as a noun has a meaning “the quality or state of being a person”. It comes from the root word person that has the meaning “human being”. The word person then attached with the suffix {-nal} and becomes personal which means
“relating to particular person”. Therefore, when the meaning of word personality is put in the whole sentence, it becomes ”I've got a badass personally”.
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Table 4.16. The meaning of suffix {-ity} in a word personality Meaning Meaning Meaning The Meanin Root + Root + of root + of root + in the song root g of root affix affix affix affix lyrics relating the quality human to or state of Person Personal Personality personally being particular being person a person
15. Suffix {-ic}
The suffix {-ic} changes the meaning of the word that is stated in the song lyrics, “Feeling nostalgic” (Nostalgic, line 25). The word nostalgic has the meaning “feeling or inspiring nostalgia”. Before it attached with suffix {-ic}, the word nostalgia has the meaning “a state of being homesick”. Therefore, when the meaning of word nostalgic is put in the whole sentence, it creates the new meaning “missing or longing for the past”. It becomes “Feeling missing”.
Table 4.17. The meaning of suffix {-ic} in a word nostalgic Meaning of Meaning of Meaning in the The root root Root + affix root + affix song lyrics feeling or a state of inspiring Nostalgia being Nostalgic feeling missing nostalgia or homesick missing
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter showed the conclusion of the analysis results discussed in the previous chapter. The result of the analysis showed that the objectives of the studies were achieved. First is discussed about the results of the derivational affixes attached in song lyrics Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for the Team.
Second is discussed about the results of the meaning of derivational affixes attached in the song lyrics Simple Plan‟s Album Taking One for the Team.
In the previous chapter, the researcher discovers 36 words attached with derivational affix found in the song lyrics. There are 9 words with derivational prefixes and 27 words with derivational suffixes. Since the researcher found some words occurred repeatedly, the researcher counted those words as one word. After it reduced some words that occurred repeatedly, the researcher found 21 words attached by derivational suffixes and 7 words attached by derivational prefixes.
According to the function, derivational affixes are divided into four categories; nominalizer, adjectivalizer, verbalizer, and adverbializer. Prefix that found in the song lyrics are prefix {un-}, {in-}, {dis-}, and {a-}. On the other hand, suffix that found in the song lyrics are suffix {-ly}, {-ful}, {-ize}, {-able},
{-ic}, {-al}, {-y}, {-ity}, {-less}, {-ness}, and {-er}.
The correlation of this study with our life is the affixation process in the song lyrics showed considerably useful to help the readers or listeners to have the capabilities of breaking down unfamiliar words into segments that are easily to
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understood. Besides, it also helps to increase their vocabulary and learn new words becomes simpler.
Furthermore, the meaning of affixation in the song lyrics showed considerably useful to help the readers or listeners to undestood the meaning behind different vocabulary words. It also help them to understand the message conveyed through the lyrics of the song.
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REFERENCES
Akmajian, A., Demers, R. A., & Harnish, R. M. (2007). Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication (7th ed). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Aprianti, Ira Nur, A. P. (2020). Derivational and Inflectional Morpheme Analysis on The Song Lyrics of Lady Gaga "A Star is Born" Album. Professional Journal of English Education, 3(3). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341602637_DERIVATIONAL_ AND_INFLECTIONAL_MORPHEME_ANALYSIS_ON_THE_SONG_ LYRICS_OF_LADY_GAGA_A_STAR_IS_BORN_ALBUM
Arikunto, Suharsima. (1998). Prosedure Penelitian Suatu Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta
Brinton, L. J. (2010). The linguistic structure of modern English (Rev. ed). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualiatative Inquiry and Research Design Choosing Among Five Approaches (4th ed). Los Angeles: SAGE.
Endang, Nurul S. (2014). The Analysis of Derivational and Inflectional Morphemes in Lyrics of Songs Adele Albums. Surakarta: Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. M. (2009). An Introduction to language (9th ed). Boston, MA: Cengage Wadsworth.
Katamba, F., & Stonham, J. T. (2006). Morphology (2nd ed). Houndsmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire ; New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan.
Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic semantics: An introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press.
O'Grandy, W., Archibald, J., Arronof, M. & Rees-Miller, J. (2017). Contempory Linguistics: An inroduction. (7th ed). Boston: Bed ford/ St. Martin.
Paila, A. K. (2017). Derivational Suffixes in Religious Terms in "The Cult of Mary" Found in National Geographic Magazine. Yogyakarta: Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Prabandari, G. A. (2014). Derivational Suffixes Found in Gilbert’s Eat Pray Love. Denpasar: Udayana University.
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Putri, A. S. (2018). Derivational Affixes on Song Lyrics in Justin Bieber's Purpose Album. Surabaya: State Islamic University Sunan Ampel.
Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
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APPENDICES
Word Prefix Suffix Analysis Note Description Derivational Affix in “Opinion Overload” Ahead head (noun) 1620s, "at the head, in front," {a-} - Adjectivalizer (line 12) ahead (adverb) from a- "on" from {a-} + head. 1530s; from Latin exactus (precise, accurate), past- participle adjective Exactly Exact (adjective) from exigere (demand, require, - {-ly} Adverbalizer (line 12) Exactly (adverb) enforce). Related: exact (adj) + {-ly} means in an exact manner, with minute correctness. Late 14c; from Old French respect and from Latin Respect (noun) respectus. Respectful 1580s, respect (n) + {-ful} Disrespectful {dis-} {-ful} (adjective) Adjectivalizer means full of outward civility (line 21) Disrespectful that attested from 1680s. (adjective) 1670s, {dis-} + respectful (adj) means showing disrespect, wanting in respect. Early 15c., "defense, justification," from Late Apologize Apology (noun) - {-ize} Verbalizer Latin apologia. The original (line 32) Apologize (verb) English sense of "self- justification" yielded a
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meaning "frank expression of regret for wrong done." 1590s, "to speak in defense of;" from apology + {-ize}. Sense of "regretfully acknowledge" is attested by 1725. Derivational Affix in “Boom” 1200c., "to shed light; to set on fire," late Old Lighter Light (verb) - {-er} Nominalizer English lihtan (Anglian). (line 10) Lighter (noun) 1550s, light + {-er} means “person who light.” 14c; from Old English brecan. It closely related to breach, Break (verb) brake, and brick. Breakable Unbreakable Late 15c, {un-} + breakable {un-} {-able} (adjective) Adjectivalizer (line 18) 1560s, from break (v) + {- Unbreakable able} means capable of being (adjective) broken. As a noun, breakable is attested from 1820. Derivational Affix in “Kiss Me Like Nobody’s Watching” 1550s; from Latinized form of Greek kynikos (a follower of Cynic (noun) Antisthenes), literally “dog- Cynical - {-ical} Cynical Adjectivalizer like”, from (line 20) (adjective) kyōn (genitive kynos) "dog". 1580s, from cynic + {-al}, with a capital –c means resembling
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Cynic philosopher. By 1660s with a lower –c the meaning is disposed to disbelieve the sincerity of personal character and express it into sarcasm. Late 15c; From Latin typus (figure, image, kind), from Greek typos (impression, figure in relief, image, statue). 1600; type (n) + {-cal}, from Type (noun) Medieval Latin typicalis has a Typical - {-ical} Typical Adjectivalizer meaning “symbolic”, while (line 21) (adjective) from Late Latin typicus has meaning “of or pertaining to a type”. In a Greek typikos, from typos “impression”. Sense of characteristic is first recorded in 1850. Derivational Affix in “Farewell” early 14c., "actually existing, true, from Old French reel "real, actual," Realize Real (adjective) 1610s, "bring into existence," - {-ize} Verbalizer (line 5) Realize (verb) from French réaliser "make real". Sense of "understand clearly, make real in the mind" is first recorded 1775.
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Derivational Affix in “Singing in The Rain” Early 14c; from Anglo- French sodein or directly from Sudden Old Suddenly (adjective) French sodain, subdain "imme - {-ly} Adverbalizer (line 23) Suddenly diate, sudden" (Modern (adverb) French soudain) Late 13c, from sodeinli; sudden + {-ly} Late 13c; “come into view,” from Old French aparoir, aperer "appear, come to light, come forth" (12c., Modern French apparoir), Disappear Appear (verb) from Latin apparere "to {dis-} - Verbalizer (line 23) Disappear (verb) appear, come in sight, make an appearance". Early 15c, disaperen, "cease to be visible, vanish from sight, be no longer seen“. From {dis- } + appear. Derivational Affix in “Everything Sucks” 1200c, pointe “minute amount, single item in a whole” a Point (noun) Pointless merger of two words, both - {-less} Pointless Adjectivalizer (line 9) ultimately from Latin pungere (adjective) “to prick, pierce”. Middle English was borrowed
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point as “the smallest amount” in 1300c. The meaning “small mark, dot” in English is from mid 14c. Early 14c, of a sword, “having no sharp point, terminating in a square or rounded end”, from point (n) + {-less}. Meaning “of no effect or force, to no purpose” is from 1726. Late 15c., means “break down in health,". Then in mental sense of "derange the intellect Craze (verb) Crazy of, make insane.” The - {-y} Crazy (noun) Nominalizer (line 27) intransitive sense of "become insane" is by 1818. 1570s, "diseased, sickly" from craze + {-y}. Derivational Affix in “I Refuse” Late 13c; “come into view,” from Old French aparoir, aperer "appear, come to light, come forth" (12c., Disappear Appear (verb) {dis-} - Verbalizer Modern French apparoir), (line 2) Disappear (verb) from Latin apparere "to appear, come in sight, make an appearance". Early 15c, disaperen, "cease to
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be visible, vanish from sight, be no longer seen“. From {dis- } + appear. Early 15c., "defense, justification," from Late Latin apologia. The original English sense of "self- justification" yielded a Apologize Apology (noun) - {-ize} Verbalizer meaning "frank expression of (line 9) Apologize (verb) regret for wrong done." 1590s, "to speak in defense of;" from apology + {-ize}. Sense of "regretfully acknowledge" is attested by 1725. Late 14c; from Old English quiet (peaceable, restful) and Quietly Quiet (adjective) directly from Latin quietus - {-ly} Verbalizer (line 17) quietly (verb) (calm, at rest, free from exertion). Quiet + {-ly} 1200c as “expectation of something desired” also “trust, Hope (noun) confidence”. Hopeless - {-less} Hopeless Adjectivalizer 1560s, from hope (n) + {-less} (line 22) (adjective) means offering no grounds for hope. From 1580s as “having no expectation of success”. Derivational Affix in “I Don’t Wanna Go to Bed”
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Early 15c, from sleep (n) + {- less}. Old English had Sleep (noun) Sleepless slæpleas but the modern word - {-less} Sleepless Adjectivalizer (line 3) seems to be a re-formation. (adjective) Similar formation in German schlaflos, Dutch slapeloos. Late 15c., means “break down in health,". Then in mental sense of "derange the intellect Craze (verb) Crazy of, make insane.” The - {-y} Crazy (noun) Nominalizer (line 32) intransitive sense of "become insane" is by 1818. 1570s, "diseased, sickly" from craze + {-y}. Come from Old English sceort, scort and has a meaning Shorty Short (adjective) - {-y} Nominalizer "short, not long, not tall; brief" (line 71) Shorty (noun) 1888, from short (adj) + {-y} has a meaning “short person”. Derivational Affix in “Perfectly Perfect” 1530s, from Latin securus, of persons, "free from care.” Secure (adjective) 1640s, "unsafe," also "not fully Insecurity Insecure {in-} {-ity} Nominalizer assured, not free from fear or (line 6) (adjective) doubt," from Medieval Insecurity (noun) Latin insecurus ({in-} + secure})
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In the same year, "state of being unsafe," also "lack of assurance or confidence, apprehension." specific psychological sense is by 1917, from {in-} + secure + {-ity}. Late 15c., means “break down in health,". Then in mental sense of "derange the intellect Craze (verb) Crazy of, make insane.” The - {-y} Crazy (noun) Nominalizer (line 12) intransitive sense of "become insane" is by 1818. 1570s, "diseased, sickly" from craze + {-y}. Early 15c; from Middle English parfit (flawless, ideal), Latin perfectus (completed, excellent, accomplished). Perfect Perfectly 1300c, perfect (adj) + {-ly} - {-ly} (adjective) Adverbializer (line 16) means “completely, Perfectly (adverb) thoroughly, wholly. In the late 14c it has a meaning as “flawlessly, in perfect form or manner”. Late 15c; From Latin typus Type (verb) Typical (figure, image, kind), from - {-ical} Typical Adjectivalizer (line 23) Greek typos (impression, figure (adjective) in relief, image, statue).
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1600; type (n) + {-cal}, from Medieval Latin typicalis has a meaning “symbolic”, while from Late Latin typicus has meaning “of or pertaining to a type”. In a Greek typikos, from typos “impression”. Sense of characteristic is first recorded in 1850. Early 14c, from Anglo-French beaute and Old French biauté means beauty, Beauty (noun) seductiveness, beautiful Beautiful - {-ful} Beautiful Adjectivalizer person. (line 29) (adjective) Mid 15c, from beauty + {-ful} “the fashionable set” first attested 1964 in Vogue Magazine. Derivational Affix in “Problem Child” 1200c, from {a-} + sleep (n) Asleep Sleep (noun) aslepe, o slæpe, "in or into a {a-} - Adjectivalizer (line 7) Asleep (adjective) state of slumber," from Old English on slæpe. Late 15c., means “break down Craze (noun) in health,". Then in mental Crazy - {-y} Crazy (adjective) Adjectivalizer sense of "derange the intellect (line 23) of, make insane.” The intransitive sense of "become
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insane" is by 1818. 1570s, "diseased, sickly" from craze + {-y}. Derivational Affix in “I Don’t Wanna be Sad” Late 14c, happy has a meaning lucky, favored by fortune, being in advantageous circumstances. Happiness Happy (adjective) - {-ness} Nominalizer 1520s, from happy + {-ness} (line 20) Happiness (noun) means good fortune. Then in the 1590s, it has a meaning pleasant and contented mental state. In late 12c, from Old French personnel that has a meaning pertaining to the self or to self- conscious individual. Person (noun) In the same year, from personal Personal Personality {-al} (adj) + {-ity} has a meaning - (adjective) Nominalizer (line 25) { -ity} quality or fact of being a Personality person. Then in 1795, (noun) personality has been recorded as a sense of a distinctive essential character of a self- conscious being. Derivational Affix in “I’d Do Anything” Unsaid Say (verb) From Old English secgan "to {un-} - Adjectivalizer (line 9) Said (adjective) utter, inform, speak, tell,
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Unsaid relate". Past tense said (adjective) developed from Old English sedge. Old English unsæd, from {un- } + past participle of say (v). 1200c, from {a-} + sleep (n) Asleep Sleep (noun) aslepe, o slæpe, "in or into a {a-} - Adjectivalizer (line 21) Asleep (adjective) state of slumber," from Old English on slæpe. Derivational Affix in “Nostalgic” 1726, from Greek algos means „severe homesick‟. Nostalgia (noun) 1806, nostalgic from Nostalgic - {-ic} Nostalgic Adjectivalizer nostalgia + {-ic} means (line 15) (adjective) „relating to, characteristic of, or affected with nostalgia, homesick.‟