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Roma History: the Holocaust

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Roma History: the Holocaust PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA | HISTORY ROMA CHILDREN COUNCIL CONSEIL OF EUROPE DE L´EUROPE IN EUROPE HOLOCAUST 5.0 Holocaust compiled by the editors Ideological Basis | Criminal Police and “Ethnogenetic Registration” of “Gypsies” | The First Deportations and Internment in Collecting Camps | Labour Camps | Mass Executions | The Ghetto Lodz | The “Auschwitz- Erlass” (Auschwitz Decree) | Victims | The Survivors The persecution of “Gypsies” which had lasted for centuries culminated in genocide under the NS regime. Defined as a “problem”, “asocials” and “racially inferior”, the Roma were arrested and murdered in the German Reich and in the German-occupied territories. TRAURIGI ČERHENI Traurigi čerheni ando učo nebo. Traurigi čerheni ando učo nebo. Nan man blajbens ande mro šatno khere. Legede man andar mro šatno khere. Ari man line andar mro šatno vodro, Ando logeri man legede, mra džuvla muklom odoj le čavorenca. odoj tharde man upro praho. A SAD STAR A sad star in the high heavens A sad star in the high heavens there is no staying in my own house they took me from my own house they got me out of my own bed they brought me to the camp leaving my wife and children. where they burnt me to ashes. Ill. 1 Burgenland-Roma song in concentration camps, sung by Paula Nardai (from Hemetek, Ursula / Heinschink, Mozes (1992): Lieder im Leid. Zu KZ-Liedern der Roma in Österreich. In: Jahrbuch des Dokumentationsarchiv des österreichischen Widerstands: 76-93, Wien, p. 81) ple according to skin colour (white, lue was attributed to the “Caucasian”, IDEOLOGICAL BASIS red, yellow, black) into four types and “white”, “Germanic” or “Aryan race”. attributed certain characteristics to each In the mid-19th century, Arthur de Go- type. According to him, the Europeans bineau also postulated the existence of The central terminology and attitudes, are white, “ruled by laws, sanguine, higher and lower “races” in his “Essai which were later used as reasons for and muscular”, while the Asians are sur l’inégalité des races humaines” (Es- killing “unworthy life” by the Na- light yellow, “ruled by opinions, me- say on the inequality of human races). zis, had been determined long before lancholic and stiff”. The term “race” is In his opinion, the “Aryans”, and “Nor- the latter’s ascent to power. The term up to this day inextricably interwoven dic peoples” in particular belonged to “race”, for instance, has been used with judgements on value. The skin the higher races; thus, he reflected the since the 17th century in order to cate- colour as a means of differentiation is general body of thought. What was gorise people. Usually, this was done still common, even if the underlying new, however, was his strict rejection according to geographic criteria com- notion of “races” has lost ground. of “mixing” the “races”, which would bined with external characteristics, like In the 19th century several racial lead to degeneration and finally to the skin colour or certain peculiarities. theories were circulating. The different destruction. In connection to this, the In the 18th century, Carl von Linné, the nature of – 3 to 11, depending on the Belgian Richard Liebich coined the founder of the modern systematology individual theory – races was turned term “unworthy life” a few years later of all living things, differentiated peo- into different values. The highest va- (1868). Ideological Basis Criminal Police and “Ethnogenetic Registration” of “Gypsies” Ill. 3 Paul Ansin, called Weiskopp, was removed from the “Wehrmacht” for being a “Gypsy”. He was shot in Auschwitz-Birkenau after the day he arrived there, still wearing his uniform. (from Gilsenbach, Reimar (1993): Oh Django, sing deinen Zorn. Sinti und Roma unter den Deutschen. Berlin: BasisDruck Verlag, p. 70) Ill. 2 The book “Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Le- bens” (Opening the way to the extermination of unworthy life) by jurist Karl Binding and doctor Alfred Hoche. Binding and Hoche, like others, dealt with the state‘s care of the mentally challenged in terms of financial cost-benefit calculation. Consequently, they argued that all those, who were a burden to society, should be killed (those leading a “ballast existence”). “It can be deduced that the average expenditure per person and year for the care of these idiots accounts for 1,500 M. If we take together, all the idiots in Germany that are in nursing homes, that comes to an estimated total of 20-30,000. If we suppose, for an individual case, that the person will live for 50 years, it can easily be seen that an enormous sum, in the form of food, clothing and heating, is withdrawn from the national treasury for unproductive causes.” (translated from Binding, Karl / Hoche, Alfred (1920): Die Freigabe der Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens. Ihr Maß und ihre Form. Leipzig: Felix Meiner, p. 54) Against the background of sci- cial hygienist demands ranged from in- of the increasing resentment towards the entific biology, which considered here- ternment, to abortion and sterilisation, Jews and other population groups. [Ill. ditary factors as fundamental to human to euthanasia. In 1920, Karl Binding and 2] existence, the ideas of superior and in- Alfred Hoche demanded that all those On July 14, 1933, the racial the- ferior, “pure” and “mixed races”, “wor- who lead a “ballast existence” and who ory was finally adopted by the laws of thy” and “unworthy life” found their were a “burden to society” be killed. In the Third Reich. The notion of “unwor- way into criminology. In 1876, the Ita- 1923, the first chair of Racial Hygiene thy life” had a significant influence in lian Cesare Lombroso, for the first time was filled in Munich; its holder, Fritz the Nazi race policy. One the one hand, made “genetic predisposition” respon- Lenz, wrote a text on “Menschliche “hereditary (erbgesund)” and “Ary- sible for the “Gypsies” ’ alleged crimi- Auslese und Rassenhygiene” (Human an” offspring was supported, and on nal acts in his “L’uomo delinquente” selection and racial hygiene), which the other hand mentally and physically (The criminal man). later had some influence on Hitler’s challenged people as well as “asocials” The idea that races could be “Mein Kampf”. Organisations, groups and “foreign races” were persecuted. made “superior” by controlling procrea- of scientists and influential private in- The “Gypsies”, whose place in the sy- tion, an idea which was widely believed dividuals fought to spread the ideas of stem was not easy to determine because in Europe and the United States, was racial hygiene, which fell on fertile of their Aryan descent, were generally coupled with the call for “eradicating” ground in the Germany of the interwar considered “asocial” and were conse- “unhereditary (erbuntüchtige) people” years. Political parties, particularly the quently seen as an “asocial race”, in the in Germany after World War I. The ra- Nazis, used these ideas to fan the flames absence of a better criterion. As far as the Roma were concerned, “Gypsy plague”. Both in Germany and CRIMINAL POLICE AND the Nazis could not only use the nega- Austria the centralisation of the traditi- “ETHNOGENETIC tive prejudices that were deeply rooted onal police “Gypsy battle” started in the REGISTRATION OF GYPSIes” in the population, but also the decades 1920s. At first, the authorities’ registra- of police experience concerning the tion of the Roma aimed at “preventively COUNCIL OF EUROPE ROMA | HISTORY PROJECT EDUCATION OF ROMA CHILDREN IN EUROPE HOLOCAUST 5.0 Excerpt from the circular of Reichsführer seem only logical to solve the Gypsy ques- when dealing with the Gypsy question. SS und Head of the German Police in the tion through the nature of their race. Ex- (2) To attain our goal, it is at first Ministry of Interior, Heinrich Himmler, of perience has shown that half-breeds make necessary to ascertain the racial affiliation December 8, 1938, about fighting the “Gy- up the biggest share of Gypsy criminality. of every single Gypsy living and travelling psy plague”. Additionally, attempts to make the Gypsies about, in the Gypsy way, in the German settle down have failed particularly with the Reich.” “[...] 1 (1) Experiences from the fight pure Gypsies because of their strong migra- Ill. 4 (translated from: Ministerialblatt des Reichs- against the Gypsy plague up to now and the tory instinct. It is thus necessary to consider und Preußischen Ministers des Innern, Jg. 99, Nr. 51, insights of racial-biologic research make it the pure and half-breed Gypsies separately 14.12.1938, pp. 2105-2110) fighting crimes”. In 1936, the “Zentral- When Robert Ritter, doctor and Late in 1938, Heinrich Himmler stelle zur Bekämpfung des Zigeunerun- psychiatrist, took over the leading po- announced in a circular that he would wesens” (Central Bureau for Fighting sition in the “Rassenhygienische und “solve the Gypsy question through the “Gypsy” Plague) was set up in Vien- erbbiologische Forschungsstelle” (Re- the nature of that race”. The theories na. In Germany, the “Reichsführer SS” search Centre for Racial Hygiene) of the of Nazi scientists and politicians re- – Heinrich Himmler – ’s nomination to Reich’s Department of Public Health, mained, however, contradictory until the head of the police force within the he became a central figure in “Gypsy 1942/43. On the one hand, the Roma‘s Ministry of Interior paved the way for research” in the Reich. His real goal Indian descent classified them as “Ary- “standardised” action. was proving that criminal and “asocial” ans”, but on the other hand politicians The “Gypsies” were at first, behaviour was hereditary. Whereas the and scientists wanted to prove their against a background of wide-spread Jews had been accused of intellectually “foreign race” (Artfremdheit) in order anti-“Gypsyism”, seen primarily as a “dissolving” the structure of the state, to legitimise their persecution.
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