Cryptography-I
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance
United States Military Academy USMA Digital Commons West Point ETD 12-2018 A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility Daniel Hawthorne United States Military Academy, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd Part of the Information Security Commons Recommended Citation Hawthorne, Daniel, "A Quantitative Study of Advanced Encryption Standard Performance as it Relates to Cryptographic Attack Feasibility" (2018). West Point ETD. 9. https://digitalcommons.usmalibrary.org/faculty_etd/9 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by USMA Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in West Point ETD by an authorized administrator of USMA Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF ADVANCED ENCRYPTION STANDARD PERFORMANCE AS IT RELATES TO CRYPTOGRAPHIC ATTACK FEASIBILITY A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Computer Science By Daniel Stephen Hawthorne Colorado Technical University December, 2018 Committee Dr. Richard Livingood, Ph.D., Chair Dr. Kelly Hughes, DCS, Committee Member Dr. James O. Webb, Ph.D., Committee Member December 17, 2018 © Daniel Stephen Hawthorne, 2018 1 Abstract The advanced encryption standard (AES) is the premier symmetric key cryptosystem in use today. Given its prevalence, the security provided by AES is of utmost importance. Technology is advancing at an incredible rate, in both capability and popularity, much faster than its rate of advancement in the late 1990s when AES was selected as the replacement standard for DES. Although the literature surrounding AES is robust, most studies fall into either theoretical or practical yet infeasible. -
Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives
Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives CPSC 367: Cryptography and Security Michael Fischer Lecture 7 February 5, 2019 Thanks to Ewa Syta for the slides on AES CPSC 367, Lecture 7 1/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Multiple Encryption Composition Group property Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard AES Real-World Issues Alternative Private Key Block Ciphers CPSC 367, Lecture 7 2/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Multiple Encryption CPSC 367, Lecture 7 3/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Composition of cryptosystems Encrypting a message multiple times with the same or different ciphers and keys seems to make the cipher stronger, but that's not always the case. The security of the composition can be difficult to analyze. For example, with the one-time pad, the encryption and decryption functions Ek and Dk are the same. The composition Ek ◦ Ek is the identity function! CPSC 367, Lecture 7 4/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Composition within practical cryptosystems Practical symmetric cryptosystems such as DES and AES are built as a composition of simpler systems. Each component offers little security by itself, but when composed, the layers obscure the message to the point that it is difficult for an adversary to recover. The trick is to find ciphers that successfully hide useful information from a would-be attacker when used in concert. CPSC 367, Lecture 7 5/58 Outline Multiple Encryption Birthday Attack Advanced Encryption Standard Real-World Alternatives Composition Double Encryption Double encryption is when a cryptosystem is composed with itself. -
Implementations of Block Cipher SEED on Smartphone Operating Systems
SECURWARE 2011 : The Fifth International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies Implementations of Block Cipher SEED on Smartphone Operating Systems HwanJin Lee, DongHoon Shin, and Hyun-Chul Jung Security R&D Team Korea Internet & Security Agency (KISA) Seoul, Korea {lhj79, dhshin, hcjung}@kisa.or.kr Abstract—As more and more people are using smartphones limited power and offers inferior performance compared to a these days, a great deal of important information, such as PC. Therefore, it is difficult to use an open cryptographic personal information and the important documents of library such as OpenSSL, which is designed for the PC corporations among other things, are being saved on environment, in a smartphone. We need to study on the way smartphones. Unlike a PC, people can access another person’s for the effective use of SEED in smartphone. smartphone without great difficulty, and there is a high This paper presents the results of implementing the block possibility of losing one’s smartphone. If smartphone is lost cipher SEED to a smartphone. The results of a comparison without encryption, important information can be exploited. In with open cryptographic libraries (OpenSSL, BouncyCastle) addition, the open cryptographic library for PCs cannot be will also be presented. The SEED is a block cipher used due to the limited performance of the smartphone. This established as an international standard ISO/IEC and the paper introduces the optimization implementation technique for the smartphone OS and the results of using that technique. Korean standard. Section 2 introduces the SEED and open In addition, the results of a speed comparison with the open cryptographic libraries; Section 3 introduces smartphone cryptographic library will be presented. -
Constructing Low-Weight Dth-Order Correlation-Immune Boolean Functions Through the Fourier-Hadamard Transform Claude Carlet and Xi Chen*
1 Constructing low-weight dth-order correlation-immune Boolean functions through the Fourier-Hadamard transform Claude Carlet and Xi Chen* Abstract The correlation immunity of Boolean functions is a property related to cryptography, to error correcting codes, to orthogonal arrays (in combinatorics, which was also a domain of interest of S. Golomb) and in a slightly looser way to sequences. Correlation-immune Boolean functions (in short, CI functions) have the property of keeping the same output distribution when some input variables are fixed. They have been widely used as combiners in stream ciphers to allow resistance to the Siegenthaler correlation attack. Very recently, a new use of CI functions has appeared in the framework of side channel attacks (SCA). To reduce the cost overhead of counter-measures to SCA, CI functions need to have low Hamming weights. This actually poses new challenges since the known constructions which are based on properties of the Walsh-Hadamard transform, do not allow to build unbalanced CI functions. In this paper, we propose constructions of low-weight dth-order CI functions based on the Fourier- Hadamard transform, while the known constructions of resilient functions are based on the Walsh-Hadamard transform. We first prove a simple but powerful result, which makes that one only need to consider the case where d is odd in further research. Then we investigate how constructing low Hamming weight CI functions through the Fourier-Hadamard transform (which behaves well with respect to the multiplication of Boolean functions). We use the characterization of CI functions by the Fourier-Hadamard transform and introduce a related general construction of CI functions by multiplication. -
Using Address Independent Seed Encryption and Bonsai Merkle Trees to Make Secure Processors OS- and Performance-Friendly ∗
Using Address Independent Seed Encryption and Bonsai Merkle Trees to Make Secure Processors OS- and Performance-Friendly ∗ Brian Rogers, Siddhartha Chhabra, Yan Solihin Milos Prvulovic Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Computing North Carolina State University Georgia Institute of Technology {bmrogers, schhabr, solihin}@ncsu.edu [email protected] Abstract and feasible threat is physical or hardware attacks which involve placing a bus analyzer that snoops data communicated between the In today’s digital world, computer security issues have become processor chip and other chips [7, 8]. Although physical attacks increasingly important. In particular, researchers have proposed may be more difficult to perform than software-based attacks, they designs for secure processors which utilize hardware-based mem- are very powerful as they can bypass any software security protec- ory encryption and integrity verification to protect the privacy and tion employed in the system. The proliferation of mod-chips that integrity of computation even from sophisticated physical attacks. bypass Digital Rights Management protection in game systems has However, currently proposed schemes remain hampered by prob- demonstrated that given sufficient financial payoffs, physical attacks lems that make them impractical for use in today’s computer sys- are very realistic threats. tems: lack of virtual memory and Inter-Process Communication Recognizing these threats, computer architecture researchers support as well as excessive storage and performance overheads. have recently proposed various types of secure processor architec- In this paper, we propose 1) Address Independent Seed Encryption tures [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Secure pro- (AISE), a counter-mode based memory encryption scheme using a cessors assume that off-chip communication is vulnerable to attack novel seed composition, and 2) Bonsai Merkle Trees (BMT), a novel and that the chip boundary provides a natural security boundary. -
Ohio IT Standard ITS-SEC-01 Data Encryption and Cryptography
Statewide Standard State of Ohio IT Standard Standard Number: Title: ITS-SEC-01 Data Encryption and Cryptography Effective Date: Issued By: 03/12/2021 Ervan D. Rodgers II, Assistant Director/State Chief Information Officer Office of Information Technology Ohio Department of Administrative Services Version Identifier: Published By: 2.0 Investment and Governance Division Ohio Office of Information Technology 1.0 Purpose This state IT standard defines the minimum requirements for cryptographic algorithms that are cryptographically strong and are used in security services that protect at-risk or sensitive data as defined and required by agency or State policy, standard or rule. This standard does not classify data elements; does not define the security schemes and mechanisms for devices such as tape backup systems, storage systems, mobile computers or removable media; and does not identify or approve secure transmission protocols that may be used to implement security requirements. 2.0 Scope Pursuant to Ohio Administrative Policy IT-01, “Authority of the State Chief Information Officer to Establish Ohio IT Policy,” this state IT standard is applicable to every organized body, office, or agency established by the laws of the state for the exercise of any function of state government except for those specifically exempted. 3.0 Background The National Institute for Science and Technology (NIST) conducts extensive research and development in cryptography techniques. Their publications include technical standards for data encryption, digital signature and message authentication as well as guidelines for implementing information security and managing cryptographic keys. These standards and guidelines have been mandated for use in federal agencies and adopted by state governments and private enterprises. -
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Oracle Linux 7 NSS
FIPS 140-2 Non-Proprietary Security Policy Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module FIPS 140-2 Level 1 Validation Software Version: R7-4.0.0 Date: January 22nd, 2020 Document Version 2.3 © Oracle Corporation This document may be reproduced whole and intact including the Copyright notice. Title: Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module Security Policy Date: January 22nd, 2020 Author: Oracle Security Evaluations – Global Product Security Contributing Authors: Oracle Linux Engineering Oracle Corporation World Headquarters 500 Oracle Parkway Redwood Shores, CA 94065 U.S.A. Worldwide Inquiries: Phone: +1.650.506.7000 Fax: +1.650.506.7200 oracle.com Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. This document is provided for information purposes only and the contents hereof are subject to change without notice. This document is not warranted to be error-free, nor subject to any other warranties or conditions, whether expressed orally or implied in law, including implied warranties and conditions of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Oracle specifically disclaim any liability with respect to this document and no contractual obligations are formed either directly or indirectly by this document. This document may reproduced or distributed whole and intact including this copyright notice. Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Oracle Linux 7 NSS Cryptographic Module Security Policy i TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title -
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography
State of the Art in Lightweight Symmetric Cryptography Alex Biryukov1 and Léo Perrin2 1 SnT, CSC, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] 2 SnT, University of Luxembourg, [email protected] Abstract. Lightweight cryptography has been one of the “hot topics” in symmetric cryptography in the recent years. A huge number of lightweight algorithms have been published, standardized and/or used in commercial products. In this paper, we discuss the different implementation constraints that a “lightweight” algorithm is usually designed to satisfy. We also present an extensive survey of all lightweight symmetric primitives we are aware of. It covers designs from the academic community, from government agencies and proprietary algorithms which were reverse-engineered or leaked. Relevant national (nist...) and international (iso/iec...) standards are listed. We then discuss some trends we identified in the design of lightweight algorithms, namely the designers’ preference for arx-based and bitsliced-S-Box-based designs and simple key schedules. Finally, we argue that lightweight cryptography is too large a field and that it should be split into two related but distinct areas: ultra-lightweight and IoT cryptography. The former deals only with the smallest of devices for which a lower security level may be justified by the very harsh design constraints. The latter corresponds to low-power embedded processors for which the Aes and modern hash function are costly but which have to provide a high level security due to their greater connectivity. Keywords: Lightweight cryptography · Ultra-Lightweight · IoT · Internet of Things · SoK · Survey · Standards · Industry 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the foremost buzzwords in computer science and information technology at the time of writing. -
Preliminary Analysis: SEED’S First Year
SEED Findings Summary stocktondemonstration.org Preliminary Analysis: SEED’s First Year AUTHORS: CONTRIBUTING RESEARCHERS: Dr. Stacia West, Mina Addo, Mae Carlson, Dr. Amy Castro Baker, Conway Homes Residents Council, Sukhi Samra, Pandora Crowder, Meagan Cusack, Stacy Elliott, Erin Coltrera Daniel Horn, Jenna Steckel, Tooma Zaghloul Preliminary Analysis: SEED's First Year Executive Summary “ Poverty is the biggest issue. Everything we deal with stems from that. There’s so many people working incredibly hard, and if life happens, there’s no bottom. “ —Michael D. Tubbs The Stockton Economic Empowerment Key Findings Include: Demonstration, or SEED, was the nation’s • Guaranteed income reduced income volatility, first mayor-led guaranteed income initiative. or the month-to-month income fluctuations Launched in February 2019 by former Mayor that households face. Michael D. Tubbs, SEED gave 125 Stocktonians $500 per month for 24 months. The cash was • Unconditional cash enabled recipients unconditional, with no strings attached and no to find full-time employment. work requirements. • Recipients of guaranteed income were This Randomized Control Trial (RCT) pilot is being healthier, showing less depression and anxiety evaluated by a team of independent researchers, and enhanced wellbeing. Dr. Stacia West of the University of Tennessee • The guaranteed income alleviated financial and Dr. Amy Castro Baker of the University of scarcity creating new opportunities for Pennsylvania, and funded by the Evidence for self-determination, choice, goal-setting, Action Program at the Robert Wood Johnson and risk-taking. Foundation. SEED sought to confront, address, and humanize Our primary research questions are the following: some of the most pressing and pernicious How does guaranteed income impact problems our country faces: inequality, income income volatility? How do changes in income volatility, and poverty. -
Construction of Stream Ciphers from Block Ciphers and Their Security
Sridevi, International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing, Vol.3 Issue.9, September- 2014, pg. 703-714 Available Online at www.ijcsmc.com International Journal of Computer Science and Mobile Computing A Monthly Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology ISSN 2320–088X IJCSMC, Vol. 3, Issue. 9, September 2014, pg.703 – 714 RESEARCH ARTICLE Construction of Stream Ciphers from Block Ciphers and their Security Sridevi, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Karnatak University, Dharwad Abstract: With well-established encryption algorithms like DES or AES at hand, one could have the impression that most of the work for building a cryptosystem -for example a suite of algorithms for the transmission of encrypted data over the internet - is already done. But the task of a cipher is very specific: to encrypt or decrypt a data block of a specified length. Given an plaintext of arbitrary length, the most simple approach would be to break it down to blocks of the desired length and to use padding for the final block. Each block is encrypted separately with the same key, which results in identical ciphertext blocks for identical plaintext blocks. This is known as Electronic Code Book (ECB) mode of operation, and is not recommended in many situations because it does not hide data patterns well. Furthermore, ciphertext blocks are independent from each other, allowing an attacker to substitute, delete or replay blocks unnoticed. The feedback modes in fact turn the block cipher into a stream cipher by using the algorithm as a keystream generator. Since every mode may yield different usage and security properties, it is necessary to analyse them in detail. -
Comparative Study of Cryptographic Encryption Algorithms
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 12, Issue 3, Ver. II (May - June 2017), PP 66-71 www.iosrjournals.org Comparative Study of Cryptographic Encryption Algorithms Chaitra B1, Kiran Kumar V.G.1, Shantharama Rai C2 1(Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering& Management, India) 1(Associate Professor Electronics & Communication Engineering, Sahyadri College of Engineering & Management, India) 2(Principal,, AJ Institute of Engineering &Technology, Mangaluru, India) Abstract: Protection of the network to enhance the safety of the information is great challenge in cryptography. With the developments in the cryptography lightweight cryptography has large space towards security by its simplicity in the implementations. For majority of applications PRESENT and TEA are excellent and preferred choices. However PRESENT is suitable for low constrained devices like RFID tags and sensor network. In this paper we describe ultra-lightweight cryptographic algorithms in detail. Both efficiency and security of information are important while designing and implementation considering security, cost and performance. The efficiency of PRESENT and TEA are higher as they have ability to resist cryptographic attacks and also due to their adequate security. In this paper the performance analysis of PRESENT and Tea are described. I. Introduction In digital era secrecy of the information plays important role in cryptography. Cryptography is the integral part of communication organization. PRESENT is newly introduced lightweight cryptographic algorithm. It is mainly designed for devices which have extremely low constrained resources in terms of area power and time. If we relate the performance analysis with other PRESENT is better block ciphers. -
Chapter 2 the Data Encryption Standard (DES)
Chapter 2 The Data Encryption Standard (DES) As mentioned earlier there are two main types of cryptography in use today - symmet- ric or secret key cryptography and asymmetric or public key cryptography. Symmet- ric key cryptography is the oldest type whereas asymmetric cryptography is only being used publicly since the late 1970’s1. Asymmetric cryptography was a major milestone in the search for a perfect encryption scheme. Secret key cryptography goes back to at least Egyptian times and is of concern here. It involves the use of only one key which is used for both encryption and decryption (hence the use of the term symmetric). Figure 2.1 depicts this idea. It is necessary for security purposes that the secret key never be revealed. Secret Key (K) Secret Key (K) ? ? - - - - Plaintext (P ) E{P,K} Ciphertext (C) D{C,K} Plaintext (P ) Figure 2.1: Secret key encryption. To accomplish encryption, most secret key algorithms use two main techniques known as substitution and permutation. Substitution is simply a mapping of one value to another whereas permutation is a reordering of the bit positions for each of the inputs. These techniques are used a number of times in iterations called rounds. Generally, the more rounds there are, the more secure the algorithm. A non-linearity is also introduced into the encryption so that decryption will be computationally infeasible2 without the secret key. This is achieved with the use of S-boxes which are basically non-linear substitution tables where either the output is smaller than the input or vice versa. 1It is claimed by some that government agencies knew about asymmetric cryptography before this.