DOCSLIB.ORG

Archaic Human Ancestry in East Asia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Archaic Human Ancestry in East Asia Archaic human ancestry in East Asia Pontus Skoglunda,1 and Mattias Jakobssona,b,1 aDepartment of Evolutionary Biology and bScience for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Edited by Richard G. Klein, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, and approved September 27, 2011 (received for review May 23, 2011) Recent studies of ancient genomes have suggested that gene flow adequate sampling of ancient and/or contemporary human ge- from archaic hominin groups to the ancestors of modern humans netic variation (23–25). occurred on two separate occasions during the modern human Although genome sequence data only exist for a small number expansion out of Africa. At the same time, decreasing levels of of individuals representing a handful of populations (8), genome- human genetic diversity have been found at increasing distance from wide SNP genotype data (34, 35) have been collected for a large Africa as a consequence of human expansion out of Africa. We number of populations from around the world, including urban, analyzed the signal of archaic ancestry in modern human popula- rural, and indigenous groups (36, 37). However, inference using tions, and we investigated how serial founder models of human genotype data is complicated by ascertainment bias; the bias that expansion affect the signal of archaic ancestry using simulations. For arises from discovering SNPs in sequence data from a limited descendants of an archaic admixture event, we show that genetic number of individuals resulting in enrichment of common alleles, drift coupled with ascertainment bias for common alleles can cause particularly in the populations from which the discovery panel was constructed (38, 39). To determine fine-scale patterns of artificial but largely predictable differences in similarity to archaic archaic admixture in the large collection of populations that have genomes. In genotype data from non-Africans, this effect results in been SNP genotyped, we need to understand the impact of as- a biased genetic similarity to Neandertals with increasing distance certainment bias on signals of archaic admixture. from Africa. However, in addition to the previously reported gene In this study, we analyzed patterns of genetic variation in fl fl ow between Neandertals and non-Africans as well as gene ow modern humans in the light of the two archaic genomes using “ ” between an archaic human population from Siberia ( Denisovans ) genotype data from a diverse set of extant populations, and we and Oceanians, we found a significant affinity between East Asians, found a signal of Denisova admixture in contemporary East Asian particularly Southeast Asians, and the Denisova genome—a pattern populations. We also studied the effect of ascertainment bias that is not expected under a model of solely Neandertal admixture under serial founder models of human expansion to show that the in the ancestry of East Asians. These results suggest admixture signal of Denisova admixture in contemporary East Asians is between Denisovans or a Denisova-related population and the opposite to the expectation under a model of solely Neandertal ancestors of East Asians, and that the history of anatomically admixture with the ancestral population of non-Africans followed modern and archaic humans might be more complex than previ- by greater genetic drift in East Asia than in Europe (40). ously proposed. Results human origins | ancient DNA To investigate the distribution of the signal of archaic human ancestry in a diverse and worldwide set of populations, we idespread evidence from genetics, linguistics, fossils, and extracted the Neandertal variant and the Denisova variant from Warcheology suggests that a wave of migration of anatomically the Neandertal (23) and Denisova (24) genomes at 40,656 loci modern humans out from Africa occurred within the last ∼100,000 overlapping with genotypes from 1,568 globally distributed ex- – tant humans (34, 35, 41, 42) and the chimpanzee genome (43) years (1 8). Until recently, evidence from genetic data has been fi inconclusive (9) with regard to the possibility of gene flow from the using largely the same lters for base quality, mapping quality, archaic human populations that already resided in Eurasia at the and postmortem degradation as previous studies (24). From each time of the out of Africa migration into the expanding population extant individual, we used one randomly sampled allele at each of anatomically modern humans, with some studies favoring some SNP to mimic the data from the archaic individuals, and we in- degree of admixture or shared ancestry (10–14) and others con- cluded one SNP from each pair of SNPs in high linkage dis- r2 > cluding either that admixture is unsupported or unnecessary to equilibrium ( 0.2), resulting in 38,848 SNPs. explain the data at hand (15–22). Principal Component Analysis of Archaic Ancestry. We performed Recent analyses of large-scale ancient genomic sequence data fi fi provided the most rigorously tested genetic evidence for ad- principal component analysis (PCA) (44) by de ning the rst two mixture so far, suggesting that a fraction of the ancestry of all principal components (PCs) using the Denisova, the Neandertal, modern humans of recent non-African ancestry traces back to and the chimpanzee and projected extant humans on the resulting Neandertals (23) and that a related archaic group, Denisovans, axes of variation (24). This setup resulted in PC1 describing gen- contributed an additional fraction of the ancestry of humans eral genetic similarity to archaic humans (represented by both the living in Oceania today (24). However, neither fine-scale geo- Neandertal and Denisova genomes) and PC2 contrasting genetic graphic patterns of archaic ancestry nor the impact of many similarity between Neandertal and Denisova. Under the assump- demographic events—such as founder events causing genetic tion of a common shared history between Neandertal and Deni- — sova (24) as well as no admixture between archaic populations and drift on archaic ancestry signals have been extensively studied. fi In addition, a model positing Neandertal-related gene flow into the ancestors of extant human populations since the diversi cation the ancestors of non-Africans—potentially occurring in the Middle East (23)—is supported by the possible Late Pleistocene ANTHROPOLOGY overlap of Neandertals and early modern humans in the Eastern Author contributions: P.S. and M.J. designed research; P.S. and M.J. performed research; Mediterranean (4, 6, 25). Similarly, the suggestion of archaic P.S. analyzed data; and P.S. and M.J. wrote the paper. Asian ancestry in Oceania is partly supported by some mor- The authors declare no conflict of interest. phological interpretations of the fossil record (4, 26). However, This article is a PNAS Direct Submission. similar, and arguably more suggestive (4, 6), morphological evi- Freely available online through the PNAS open access option. dence for admixture with archaic populations has been found in 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] or early modern human remains from East Asia (4, 6, 27–30) and [email protected]. EVOLUTION Europe (4, 31–33). Thus, it is possible that additional genomic This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. signs of archaic admixture remain undetected because of in- 1073/pnas.1108181108/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1108181108 PNAS | November 8, 2011 | vol. 108 | no. 45 | 18301–18306 Downloaded by guest on September 30, 2021 of modern humans (Fig. 1A), extant individuals are expected to be (Fig. 1C). Because it is well-known that PCs of modern human homogeneously distributed between archaic human and chim- genetic variation capture geography to some extent (35, 46), we panzee variations (24) (SI Materials and Methods). also computed PCs using modern human genetic variation in We recovered the previously reported (24) pattern—that ex- Eurasia (SI Results) and found that the top two PCs of differ- tant human variation is largely organized in three clusters cor- entiation between Europe and East Asia were correlated with −5 responding to Africans, Oceanians, and other non-Africans, the archaic ancestry signal (PC1: rs = 0.138, P < 10 ; PC2: rs = respectively (Fig. 1B and Fig. S1). In the worldwide collection of 0.090, P = 0.002). This result suggests that, if separated along the extant populations, we used Procrustes superimposition (45) to major axes of differentiation between Europe and East Asia, compare PC1 and PC2 with geographic coordinates (longitude individuals on the eastern end of the spectrum tend to be more and latitude) for each population and found that sampling lo- similar to archaic human genomes. In contrast, after correction cation was mirrored, to some extent, by archaic ancestry (indi- for multiple tests, we found no correlations between the archaic − viduals: Procrustes correlation = 0.127, P << 10 6; population ancestry signal and intraregional PCs within Europe, and we did means: Procrustes correlation = 0.309, P < 0.01). This pattern not find patterns of variation in archaic ancestry within Africa was expected given a model with two episodes of archaic gene and America that could not be explained by more recent ad- flow involving non-Africans and Oceanians (Fig. 2B) (23, 24). mixture with non-African populations (SI Results and Table S2). However, PC1 and PC2 were also correlated with geography To disentangle the signal of Denisova admixture from the in a region comprising Eurasia and the Americas (individuals: signal of Neanderthal admixture, we investigated the distribution − Procrustes correlation = 0.104, P < 10 4; population means: of PC2, which separated Denisovans and Neandertals, and found Procrustes correlation = 0.335, P = 0.017), which seemed in- that proximity to Neandertal increases with distance from Africa compatible with previously suggested admixture scenarios pos- (individuals: rs = 0.078, P = 0.010). However, East Asians were tulating that archaic ancestry is homogeneous in people of an exception to this trend in that they were significantly closer to European, Asian, and Native American descent (23, 24).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Denisovan Portrait Drawn From
    IN FOCUS NEWS trees across 13 provinces in the country’s north since the programme began in 1978. Around 2000, deserts across the country MAAYAN HAREL MAAYAN were expanding by 10,400 square kilometres a year, says the government. But in 2017, it reported that China’s deserts were shrinking by more than 2,400 square kilometres a year. A 2018 study1 of satellite data from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration found that forest cover has increased in line with government statistics, but suggested that changes in logging policy were more important than afforestation — planting forests where none were before. In 1999, the Chinese government began planting millions of trees in its Grain for Green Program, intended to repair dam- aged farmland in the northern Loess Plateau, which is roughly the size of France. And the afforestation drive is continuing apace: in 2018, the government announced a target of 30% forest coverage by 2050. At the moment, the coverage is around 22%. It’s still too early to determine whether it has solved the problem, says Congbin Fu, director of the Institute for Climate and Global Change Research at Nanjing University. Land restoration can take An artist’s impression of a young female Denisovan, based on skeletal traits derived from ancient DNA. several decades or even 100 years, he says. There are pitfalls to mass tree-planting. ANCIENT HUMANS Large parts of China — including some areas where trees are being planted — are getting drier. A paper2 co-authored by Sternberg found that arid areas in China had increased Denisovan portrait by roughly 1.6 million square kilometres, about the size of Iran, since 1980 — probably due largely to anthropogenic climate change.
    [Show full text]
  • No Evidence for Recent Selection at FOXP2 Among Diverse Human Populations
    Article No Evidence for Recent Selection at FOXP2 among Diverse Human Populations Graphical Abstract Authors Elizabeth Grace Atkinson, Amanda Jane Audesse, Julia Adela Palacios, Dean Michael Bobo, Ashley Elizabeth Webb, Sohini Ramachandran, Brenna Mariah Henn Correspondence [email protected] (E.G.A.), [email protected] (B.M.H.) In Brief An in-depth examination of diverse sets of human genomes argues against a recent selective evolutionary sweep of FOXP2, a gene that was believed to be critical for speech evolution in early hominins. Highlights d No support for positive selection at FOXP2 in large genomic datasets d Sample composition and genomic scale significantly affect selection scans d An intronic ROI within FOXP2 is expressed in human brain cells and cortical tissue d This ROI contains a large amount of constrained, human- specific polymorphisms Atkinson et al., 2018, Cell 174, 1424–1435 September 6, 2018 ª 2018 Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2018.06.048 Article No Evidence for Recent Selection at FOXP2 among Diverse Human Populations Elizabeth Grace Atkinson,1,8,9,10,* Amanda Jane Audesse,2,3 Julia Adela Palacios,4,5 Dean Michael Bobo,1 Ashley Elizabeth Webb,2,6 Sohini Ramachandran,4 and Brenna Mariah Henn1,7,* 1Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA 2Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA 3Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA 4Department of Ecology and Evolutionary
    [Show full text]
  • THE FORGOTTEN CONTINENT Fossil Finds in China Are Challenging Ideas About the Evolution of Modern Humans and Our Closest Relatives
    NEWS FEATURE THE FORGOTTEN CONTINENT Fossil finds in China are challenging ideas about the evolution of modern humans and our closest relatives. n the outskirts of Beijing, a small BY JANE QIU government is setting up a US$1.1-million limestone mountain named Dragon laboratory at the IVPP to extract and sequence Bone Hill rises above the surround- spread around the globe — and relegated Asia ancient DNA. Oing sprawl. Along the northern side, a path to a kind of evolutionary cul-de-sac. The investment comes at a time when palaeo- leads up to some fenced-off caves that draw But the tale of Peking Man has haunted anthropologists across the globe are starting to DEAGOSTINI/GETTY 150,000 visitors each year, from schoolchildren generations of Chinese researchers, who have pay more attention to Asian fossils and how to grey-haired pensioners. It was here, in 1929, struggled to understand its relationship to they relate to other early hominins — creatures that researchers discovered a nearly complete modern humans. “It’s a story without an end- that are more closely related to humans than ancient skull that they determined was roughly ing,” says Wu Xinzhi, a palaeontologist at the to chimps. Finds in China and other parts of half a million years old. Dubbed Peking Man, Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Ver- Asia have made it clear that a dazzling variety of it was among the earliest human remains ever tebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Homo species once roamed the continent. And uncovered, and it helped to convince many (IVPP) in Beijing.
    [Show full text]
  • South Bay Historical Society Bulletin December 2017 Issue No
    South Bay Historical Society Bulletin December 2017 Issue No. 17 First People ocean and from the broad Tijuana River lagoon that existed back then. Also found was Coso Who were the First People? Where did they obsidian from Inyo County over 300 miles away, live? How were they able to survive? At our showing that these people had an extensive meeting on Monday, December 11 at 6 pm in trade network.2 the Chula Vista Library, Dennis Gallegos will answer these questions. His new book, First The First People may have come to the South People: A Revised Chronology for San Diego Bay long before those found at Remington Hills. County, examines the archaeological evidence Scientists from the San Diego Natural History going back to the end of the Ice Age 10,000 Museum have examined mastodon bones years ago. The ancestors of todayʼs Kumeyaay may have come down the coast from the shrinking Bering land bridge. Ancestors who spoke the ancient Hokan language may have come from the east, overland from the receding waters of the Great Basin. These early people (Californiaʼs first migrants) were called the “Scraper-Makers” by the pioneering archaeologist Malcolm Rogers in the 1920s.1 The name came from the stone tools that Rogers discovered at many sites in San Diego County, from the San Dieguito River in the north to the Otay River in the south. Rogers described their culture as the “San Dieguito pattern” based on his research at the Harris site near Lake Hodges on the San Dieguito River. This same cultural pattern and stone tools have been found at the Remington Hills site in western Otay Mesa.
    [Show full text]
  • Arguments That Prehistorical and Modern Humans Belong to the Same Species
    Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 6 May 2019 doi:10.20944/preprints201905.0038.v1 Arguments that Prehistorical and Modern Humans Belong to the Same Species Rainer W. Kühne Tuckermannstr. 35, 38118 Braunschweig, Germany e-mail: [email protected] May 2, 2019 Abstract called either progressive Homo erectus or archaic Homo sapiens. I argue that the evidence of the Out-of-Africa A more primitive group of prehistorical hu- hypothesis and the evidence of multiregional mans is sometimes classified as Homo erec- evolution of prehistorical humans can be un- tus, but mostly classified as belonging to dif- derstood if there has been interbreeding be- ferent species. These include Homo anteces- tween Homo erectus, Homo neanderthalensis, sor, Homo cepranensis, Homo erectus, Homo and Homo sapiens at least during the preced- ergaster, Homo georgicus, Homo heidelbergen- ing 700,000 years. These interbreedings require sis, Homo mauretanicus, and Homo rhodesien- descendants who are capable of reproduction sis. Sometimes the more primitive Homo habilis and therefore parents who belong to the same is regarded as belonging to the same species as species. I suggest that a number of prehistori- Homo ergaster. cal humans who are at present regarded as be- A further species is Homo floresiensis, a dwarf longing to different species belong in fact to one form known from Flores, Indonesia. This species single species. shows some anatomical characteristics which are similar to those of the more primitive humans Keywords Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus and other Homo sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis, Homo anatomical characteristics which are similar to erectus, Homo floresiensis, Neandertals, Deniso- those of Homo sapiens [1][2][3].
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of the 'Homo' Genus
    MONOGRAPH Mètode Science StudieS Journal (2017). University of Valencia. DOI: 10.7203/metode.8.9308 Article received: 02/12/2016, accepted: 27/03/2017. EVOLUTION OF THE ‘HOMO’ GENUS NEW MYSTERIES AND PERSPECTIVES JORDI AGUSTÍ This work reviews the main questions surrounding the evolution of the genus Homo, such as its origin, the problem of variability in Homo erectus and the impact of palaeogenomics. A consensus has not yet been reached regarding which Australopithecus candidate gave rise to the first representatives assignable to Homo and this discussion even affects the recognition of the H. habilis and H. rudolfensis species. Regarding the variability of the first palaeodemes assigned to Homo, the discovery of the Dmanisi site in Georgia called into question some of the criteria used until now to distinguish between species like H. erectus or H. ergaster. Finally, the emergence of palaeogenomics has provided evidence that the flow of genetic material between old hominin populations was wider than expected. Keywords: palaeogenomics, Homo genus, hominins, variability, Dmanisi. In recent years, our concept of the origin and this species differs from H. rudolfensis in some evolution of our genus has been shaken by different secondary characteristics and in its smaller cranial findings that, far from responding to the problems capacity, although some researchers believe that that arose at the end of the twentieth century, have Homo habilis and Homo rudolfensis correspond to reopened debates and forced us to reconsider models the same species. that had been considered valid Until the mid-1970s, there for decades. Some of these was a clear Australopithecine questions remain open because candidate to occupy the «THE FIRST the fossils that could give us position of our genus’ ancestor, the answer are still missing.
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Homo Heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908)
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227710322 The status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908) Article in Evolutionary Anthropology Issues News and Reviews · May 2012 DOI: 10.1002/evan.21311 · Source: PubMed CITATIONS READS 121 866 1 author: Christopher Brian Stringer Natural History Museum, London 331 PUBLICATIONS 12,575 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Prehistoric Human behaviour in 3D View project Gibraltar Caves Project – Palaeoenvironmental record of the Late Neanderthals refuge View project All content following this page was uploaded by Christopher Brian Stringer on 13 October 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. All in-text references underlined in blue are added to the original document and are linked to publications on ResearchGate, letting you access and read them immediately. Evolutionary Anthropology 21:101–107 (2012) ISSUES The Status of Homo heidelbergensis (Schoetensack 1908) Chris Stringer The species Homo heidelbergensis is central to many discussions about two clearly do not articulate well. In recent human evolution. For some workers, it was the last common ancestor for the early 1980s, with a shift to cladis- the subsequent species Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis; others tic thinking and influences, I began regard it as only a European form, giving rise to the Neanderthals. Following the to gravitate toward the idea that impact of recent genomic studies indicating hybridization between modern Neanderthals were, after all, a dis- humans and both Neanderthals and ‘‘Denisovans’’, the status of these as sepa- tinct species from Homo sapiens rate taxa is now under discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Genome of the Offspring of a Neanderthal Mother and A
    LETTER https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0455-x The genome of the offspring of a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father Viviane Slon1,7*, Fabrizio Mafessoni1,7, Benjamin Vernot1,7, Cesare de Filippo1, Steffi Grote1, Bence Viola2,3, Mateja Hajdinjak1, Stéphane Peyrégne1, Sarah Nagel1, Samantha Brown4, Katerina Douka4,5, Tom Higham5, Maxim B. Kozlikin3, Michael V. Shunkov3,6, Anatoly P. Derevianko3, Janet Kelso1, Matthias Meyer1, Kay Prüfer1 & Svante Pääbo1* Neanderthals and Denisovans are extinct groups of hominins present-day human DNA fragments constitute at most 1.7% of the data that separated from each other more than 390,000 years ago1,2. (Supplementary Information 2). Here we present the genome of ‘Denisova 11’, a bone fragment To determine from which hominin group Denisova 11 originated, from Denisova Cave (Russia)3 and show that it comes from an we compared the proportions of DNA fragments that match derived individual who had a Neanderthal mother and a Denisovan father. alleles from a Neanderthal genome (‘Altai Neanderthal’, also known as The father, whose genome bears traces of Neanderthal ancestry, ‘Denisova 5’) or a Denisovan genome (Denisova 3), both determined came from a population related to a later Denisovan found in the from bones discovered in Denisova Cave6,8, as well as from a present- cave4–6. The mother came from a population more closely related day African genome (Mbuti)6 (Supplementary Information 4). At to Neanderthals who lived later in Europe2,7 than to an earlier informative sites1, 38.6% of fragments from Denisova 11 carried alleles Neanderthal found in Denisova Cave8, suggesting that migrations matching the Neanderthal genome and 42.3% carried alleles matching of Neanderthals between eastern and western Eurasia occurred the Denisovan genome (Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE of the CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology
    ANTH 101 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY VERSION 1 COLLEGE OF THE CANYONS COLLEGE Physical Anthropology An Open Educational Resources Publication by Taft College Authored and compiled by Sarah Etheredge Editor: Trudi Radtke Version 2 2019 1 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Acknowledgements We would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Dianne G. Van Hook Santa Clarita Community College District College of the Canyons Distance Learning Office Written & Compiled by: Sarah Etheredge Special Thank You to Editor Trudi Radtke for formatting, readability, and aesthetics. Disclaimer: “The contents of this (insert type of publication; e.g., report, flyer, etc.) were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education (Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.” *Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0 2 | Physical Anthropology – College of the Canyons Table of Contents Physical Anthropology .................................................................................................................................. 1 Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Massive Modern Human Dispersal Into Eurasia a 55,000
    Quaternary International xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Before the massive modern human dispersal into Eurasia: A 55,000-year-old partial cranium from Manot Cave, Israel ∗ Gerhard W. Webera, , Israel Hershkovitzb,c, Philipp Gunzd, Simon Neubauerd, Avner Ayalone, Bruce Latimerf, Miryam Bar-Matthewse, Gal Yasure, Omry Barzilaig, Hila Mayb,c a Department of Anthropology & Core Facility for Micro-Computed Tomography, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria b Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel c Dan David Center for Human Evolution & Biohistory Research, Shmunis Family Anthropology Institute, Sackler Fac. of Med., Tel Aviv University, PO Box 39040, 6997801, Tel Aviv, Israel d Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany e Geological Survey of Israel, Yisha'ayahu Leibowitz St. 32, Jerusalem, Israel f Departments of Anatomy and Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, 44106, Cleveland, OH, USA g Israel Antiquities Authority, PO Box 586, 91004, Jerusalem, Israel ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Genetic and archaeological models predict that African modern humans successfully colonized Eurasia between Early modern humans 60,000 and 40,000 years before present (ka), replacing all other forms of hominins. While there is good evidence Neanderthals for the first arrival in Eurasia around 50-45ka, the fossil record is extremely scarce with regard to earlier re- Out-of-Africa presentatives. A partial calvaria discovered at Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel) dated to > 55 ka by ur- Modern human migration anium–thorium dating was recently described.
    [Show full text]
  • 9780806175935.Pdf
    e Search for the First Americans Science, Power, Politics • Robert V. Davis Jr. : Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Davis, Robert V., 1947– author. Title: The search for the first Americans : science, power and politics / Robert V. Davis, Jr.. Description: Norman : University of Oklahoma Press, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references. | Summary: “Case study of the practice of science in its search for the First Americans and examines: (1) the conflicts between the methods of science and the traditional beliefs of modern Native Americans; (2) the power struggles for primacy of place internal to the sciences themselves; and (3) the interactions with external authorities such as government agencies, the press, universities, and museums. It examines how First American issues have been defined and how differences in cultural myths, scientific theories, research methodologies and public policy remain unsettled in modern America. It also investigates the blurred boundaries between science and myth as well as between fact and theory that ultimately weaken the credibility of science as a cultural mechanism for interpreting the natural world”— Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2021023226 (print) | LCCN 2021023227 (ebook) | ISBN 9780806175911 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780806175935 (pdf) Subjects: LCSH: Indians of North America—Origin. | Indians of North America— History. | Indians of North America—Government relations. | Indians of North America—Ethnic identity. | Indians of North America—Science. | Indians of South America—Origin. | BISAC: HISTORY / Indigenous Peoples of the Americas | HISTORY / Civilization Classification: LCC E61 .D25 2021 (print) | LCC E61 (ebook) | DDC 970.004/97—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021023226 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021023227 Copyright © 2021 by the University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the University.
    [Show full text]
  • Tar Adhesives, Neandertals, and the Tyranny of the Discontinuous Mind
    COMMENTARY Tar adhesives, Neandertals, and the tyranny of the discontinuous mind COMMENTARY Jo~ao Zilh~aoa,b,c,1 Were the builders of Stonehenge and the painters than those characterizing the Andamaner cannot be of Altamira (Fig. 1) cognitively and behaviorally like conceived to exist: they stand next to brute benight- present-day humans? Did those prehistoric people have edness. ... Applying the above argument to the language? In the absence of writing, these never-asked Neanderthal skull, and considering ... that it more questions cannot be answered with direct evidence. closely conforms to the brain-case of the Chimpan- However, we take it for granted that, yes, they were, zee, ...there seems no reason to believe otherwise and they did. We do so because we instinctively know than that similar darkness characterized the being to that such works require the capacity for abstract which the fossil belonged” (3). thought, deep foresight, and sophisticated communica- This mindset has defined the stage ever since. tion. In current scientific discourse, this “complex” cog- Its pervasiveness helps to understand why late nition is set against the simpler modes that can be 20th-century paleoanthropology so easily embraced observed in other species and are assumed to also have a corollary of recent African origin models of modern characterized our nonhuman ancestors. Hence the human emergence—that behavioral and cognitive question that lies at the core of much paleoanthropo- modernity seamlessly followed from anatomical mo- logical research: When, how, and why did humans ac- dernity. Within this framework, particulars of cranial quire language and so-called “modern” (i.e., like shape implied the Neandertals’ distinctiveness at the present-day) cognition and behavior? Or, put another species level and, since species are supposed to also way, when did humans become, well, “human”?In differ in behavior, the lack of anatomically modern PNAS, Niekus et al.
    [Show full text]