<<

NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

Technical information on the National Register of Historic Places: , evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resources

U.S. Department of the Interior - Cultural Resources

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND REGISTERING ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES The mission of the Department of Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's and and honor our trust responsibility to . The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, , and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Service cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. This material is partially based on work conducted under a cooperative agreement between the National Conference of State Officers and the U.S. Department of the Interior.

Cover photo: Adolph Bandelier at Pecos National Historical Park, New Mexico, in 1880. Photo taken by George C. Bennett, of New Mexico. NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETIN

GUIDELINES FOR EVALUATING AND REGISTERING ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

by Barbara Little Erika Martin Seibert

Jan Townsend John H. Sprinkle, Jr. John Knoerl

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE National Register, and Education 2000 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... 5

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 7 What is archeology? ...... 7 What is an archeological property? ...... 7 What is the purpose of this bulletin? ...... 9 Archeology and the National Historic Preservation Act ...... 9 Who can prepare nominations for archeological properties? ...... 10 Who can determine the eligibility of archeological properties? ...... 11 When should information be restricted from public access? ...... 11 Using the National Register ...... 12 What if an archeological property is nationally significant? ...... 12 What other National Register bulletins may be helpful? ...... 12 What other National Park Service guidance may be helpful? ...... 13 II. HISTORIC CONTEXTS FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION ...... 14 III. HOW ARE ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IDENTIFIED? ...... 17 IV. EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES ...... 19 National Register Criteria ...... 19 Criteria Considerations ...... 19 Evaluating Properties in Context ...... 20 Local Context ...... 20 State Context ...... 21 National Context ...... 21 The Importance of Small or Overlooked Sites ...... 21 Evaluating Archeological Properties Under the Criteria ...... 22 Criterion A: Event(s) and Broad Patterns of Events ...... 22 Criterion B: Important Persons ...... 24 Criterion C: Design, , and Work of a Master ...... 25 Criterion D: Information Potential ...... 28 Data Sets ...... 31 Important Information and Research Questions ...... 31 Other Significance Considerations ...... 33 Areas of Significance ...... 33 Period of Significance ...... 34 3 Significant Dates ...... 35 Significant Person(s) ...... 35 Cultural Affiliation ...... 35 Architect or Builder ...... 35 Aspects, or Qualities of Integrity ...... 35 Location ...... 38 Design ...... 39 Setting ...... 40 Materials ...... 40 Workmanship ...... 41 Feeling ...... 42 Association ...... 42 V. PREPARING DOCUMENTATION FOR NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY AND LISTING ...... 43 Classification ...... 43 Sites and Districts ...... 43 Multiple Property Submissions ...... 44 Archeological Districts: Contributing and Noncontributing Resources ...... 45 Historic and Current Functions or Uses ...... 46 Architectural Classification Materials ...... 46 Narrative Description ...... 47 Narrative Statement of Significance ...... 49 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES ...... 50 Previous National Park Service Documentation ...... 50 VII. ESTABLISHING BOUNDARIES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ...... 51 Acreage ...... 51 UTM References ...... 52 Verbal Boundary Description ...... 53 Boundary Justification ...... 53 VIII. AND PHOTOGRAPHS ...... 54 Maps ...... 54 Photographs ...... 54 IX. OWNERSHIP ...... 57

X. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 58 APPENDIX A-NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS ...... 61 APPENDIX B-MULTIPLE PROPERTY SUBMISSION COVER DOCUMENTS UNDER WHICH ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES HAVE BEEN NOMINATED ...... 62 APPENDIX C-CHECKLIST FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL NOMINATIONS ...... 65 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This bulletin was prepared by Alexandrowicz, Archaeological ann Knudson, National Park Service, Dr. Barbara Little and Ms. Erika Consulting Services; Patrick Andrus, Archeological Assistance Division; Martin Seibert, working from the National Park Service, National Reg­ Jan Lawson, National Park Service, 1993 bulletin on historical archeol­ ister of Historic Places; Lawrence E. Death Valley National ; ogy prepared by Ms. Jan Townsend, Aten, National Park Service, Inter­ Antoinette J. Lee, National Park Dr. John H. Sprinkle, Jr. and agency Resources Divisions; Leo Service, National Register of Historic Dr. John Knoerl. Dr. Sprinkle and Barker, National Park Service, West­ Places; Ben Levy, National Park Ms. Townsend prepared the final ern Region Office; Beth M. Boland, Service, History Division; Gretchen version of that initial bulletin based National Park Service, National Luxenberg, National Park Service, on Dr. Knoerl's initial work. Dr. Little Register of Historic Places; Harry E. Pacific Northwest Regional Office, expanded the bulletin and both Bradley, Jr., U.S. Department of Cathy Masters, National Park Ser­ Dr. Little and Ms. Seibert incorpo­ Commerce, Office of Federal Prop­ vice, Midwest Archeological Center; rated comments to prepare the erty Programs; Gordon Chappell, Barbara E. Mattick, Florida Depart­ final version. Ms. Carol D. Shull, National Park Service, Western ment of State, Division of Historic Keeper of the National Register Regional Office; Lloyd N. Chapman, Resources; Linda Flint McClelland, and Chief of the National Historic National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic National Park Service, National Landmarks Survey, reviewed all Regional Office; Patty Chrisman, Register of Historic Places; Frances P. versions of the bulletin, provided National Park Service, National McManamon, National Park Service, guidance, and pressed first for the Register of Historic Places; William Archeological Assistance Division; completion of a historical archeology T Civish, Bureau of Land Manage­ Diane Miller, National Park Service, National Register bulletin and then ment, Branch of Recreation, Cultural Interagency Resource Division, for a more general bulletin on & Wilderness; Alice P. Coneybeer, Information Unit; archeology. General Services Administration, Hugh C. Miller, Virginia Department The authors wish to thank all of Region 4; Kirk A. Cordell, National of Historic Resources; Nancy Miller, the individuals who assisted in the Park Service, Southeast Regional National Conference of State His­ development and review of this Office; Julia G. Costello, toric Preservation Officers; David L. bulletin. Mr. Douglas Kupel, for­ for ; Shelly Morgan, Heritage Council; merly a with Arizona State Davis-King, Infotec Research, Inc.; Kenneth H. P'Pool, Mississippi De­ Parks, initially proposed the prepa­ Holly Dunbar, National Park Service partment of and History; ration of a historical archeology bul­ Western Regional Office; Kathryn Patricia L. Parker, National Park letin and drafted a paper on evaluat­ B. Eckert, :viichiganDepartment Service, Interagency Resources ing historical archeological proper­ of State; Jeanette Gaston, Idaho Division, Preservation Planning ties. Although the historical archeol­ Transportation Department, Leland Branch; Margaret Pepin-Donat, ogy bulletin had been -received Gilsen, Oregon State Historic Preser­ National Park Service, Western as useful guidance, many archeolo­ vation Office; Donald L. Hardesty, Regional Office; Paul Robinson, gists and other re­ University of Nevada, Reno, Depart­ Rhode Island Historical Preservation quested that a bulletin be prepared ment of ; Marilyn Commission; Stephanie Rodeffer, that covered archeology in a more Harper, National Park Service, Western Archeological and Con­ general way. For example, many of National Register of Historic Places; servation Center, National Park Ser­ the participants in National Register Susan L. Henry, National Park vice; Beth L. Savage, National Park workshops given in conjunction Service, Interagency Resources Service, National Register Historic with the Society for American Division, Preservation Planning Places; Douglas H Scovill, National Archaeology annual meetings Branch; Martha Sharp Joukowsky, Park Service, Anthropology Divi­ requested a broader bulletin. Archaeological Institute of America; sion; Donna J. Seifert, John Milner Comments and input on the Roger E. Kelly, National Park Associates; Carol D. Shull, National bulletin on historical archeology Service, Western Regional Office; Park Service, National Register of were received from: J. Stephen Thomas E. King, Consultant; Ruth- Historic Places, National Historic

5 Landmarks Survey; Brana Simon, State Historic Preservation Office; Jeff Altschul, Statistical Research, Massachusetts Historical Commis­ Sarah Pope, National Park Service, Inc.; Sarah T. Bridges, Natural Re­ sion; Cathy Buford Slater, Arkansas National Register of Historic Places; sources Conservation Service; Tho­ Historic Preservation Program; Carl Sue Henry Renaud, National Park mas Emerson, Illinois Department Spath, Metcalf Archaeological Con­ Service, Heritage Preservation Ser­ of Transportation; Mike Hargrave, sultants, Inc.; Pat H. Stein, Arizona vices; Becky Saleeby, National Park U.S. Army Construction Engineers State Parks; Thomas Thiessen, Na­ Service, Alaska Support Office; Beth Research Laboratory; William Reed, tional Park Service, Midwest Archeo­ L. Savage, National Park Service, U.S. Forest Service, Boise National logical Center; and Robert Wilson, National Register of Historic Places; Forest; Brana Simon, Massachusetts National Park Service, Southeast Gary D. Shaffer, Maryland Depart­ Historical Commission; Joseph Archeological Center. ment of Housing and Tainter, U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Comments and input on the Development; Carol D. Shull, Mountain Research Station. bulletin on archeology were re­ National Park Service, National The collective contribution of ceived from: Michael A. Aimone, Register of Historic Places, National people who gave their and DCS/Installations and Logistics, Historic Landmarks Survey; Dave expertise in commenting has Department of the Airforce; Daphne Skilton, Oregon State Historic Pres­ vastly improved the quality of Owens Battle, Historical ervation Office; Gary P.Smith and this publication. Commission; Mark F. Baumler and Staff, Bureau of Land Management, This bulletin has been prepared Staff, Montana State Historic Preser­ Montana State Office; Catherine pursuant to the National Historic vation Office; Ira Carl Beckerman, Spohn, Pennsylvania Department of Preservation Act of 1966, as Pennsylvania Department of Trans­ Transportation; Fern Swenson, State amended, which directs the portation; Diane Dalla! and Mem­ Historical Society of North Dakota; Secretary of the Interior to develop bers, The Professional Archaeologists Charlotte Taylor and Staff, Rhode and make available information of New York , South Street Island Historical Preservation and concerning historic properties. Seaport Museum; Elsa Gilbertson, Heritage Commission; Al Tonetti, It was developed under the general Vermont Division for Historic Pres­ ASC Group, Inc.; Jan Townsend, editorship of Carol D. Shull, Keeper ervation; Leland Gilsen, Oregon Bureau of Land Management, of the National Register of Historic State Historic Preservation Office; Eastern States; Rosetta Virgilio, Places and Chief of the National David B. Guldenzopf, Department Nuclear Regulatory Commission; Historic Landmarks Survey. Beth of the Army; Ruben 0. Hernandez John R. Welch, Bureau of Indian L. Savage, architectural historian, and Staff, Resource Stewardship, Affairs, Fort Apache Agency and National Register of Historic Places, Tennessee Valley Authority; Thomas White Mountain Apache . is responsible for publications E. King, Consultant; Chris Kula, Dr. Little and Ms. Martin Seibert coordination. Sarah Dillard Pope, Pennsylvania Department of especially would also like to thank historian, National Register of Transportation; Joni L. Manson, the following people who partici­ Historic Places, provides editorial Ohio Historical Society; Cecil pated in the Evaluation subgroup and technical support. Comments McKithan and Staff, National Park during the Workshop on Evaluating on this publication may be directed Service, Southeast Regional Office; and Improving Federal Archeology to Keeper, National Register of Anmarie Medin, California Depart­ Guidance in Washington, D.C., Historic Places, National Park Ser­ ment of Transportation; Sheila Mone, June 27-29, 2000 and provided vice, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, California Department of Transpor­ valuable comments during the last Washington, D.C. 20240. tation; Nancy Niedernhofer, Oregon stages of this bulletin's preparation:

6 I. INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS For example, archeologists seek to WHAT IS AN ARCHEOLOGY? understand the effects of environ­ ARCHEOLOGICAL mental change and population Archeology is the study of pressure and the impact of PROPERTY? ways of life through material actions on the . Such As interact with their remains. Archeology is often questions often require pieces of environment and with each other, combined with and information fromnumerous small they leave behind evidence of their to generate multi­ and large sites. Like most , actions. Derived from the common disciplinary or interdisciplinary archeology is less involved with phrase" archeological site," the studies of past lifewaysand is usu­ spectacular discoveries than with National Register defines an arch­ ally categorized as a social . testing modest hypotheses about eological,property as the place or In the it is considered rather humble phenomena. The places where the remnants of a past one of the four fields of anthropol­ accumulated results of such tests survive in a physical context ogy along with cultural, biological, provide the basis for large scale re­ that allows for the interpretation of and . search. Thus, no one should be sur­ these remains. It is this physical Archeologists have at least three prised at the fact that archeologists evidence of the past and its pattern­ connected over-arching goals. The often work more on small, simple, ing that is the archeologist's data first is to reconstruct sequences of ordinary, and seemingly common base. The physical evidence, or and events in chronological properties rather than the rare, big, archeological remains, usually takes order in local and regional contexts. impressive . The second is to reconstruct past lifeways, including the ways that people made a living (such as how they obtained and raised food as well as how they produced, distrib­ uted and consumed and other goods); the ways they used the land­ scape (such as the size and distribu­ tion of camps, villages, towns, and special places); and their interactions with other societies and within their own society (such as structure, social organization, politi­ cal organizations and relationships). The third is to achieve some under­ standing of how and why human societies have changed through time. To pursue these goals, archeolo­ gists must assemble information from many individual sites. The synthesis of archeological research requires a great deal of time, but it is the accumulation and comparison of answers to many questions of seem­ Figure 1. Metal artifacts of Spanish origin excavated fromsite LA 12315 in ingly local or short-term interest that Bernalillo County,New Mexico, represent the physical remnants resulting from allow questions of major anthropo­ contact between the Spanish and Native American groups in the southwestern logical significance to be addressed. United States. (Museum of Albuquerque)

7 the formof artifacts e.g.,( fragments of tools or ceramic vessels), features ( e.g., remnants of walls,cooking , or trashmiddens), and ecological evidence (e.g., remaining from that were in the area when the activitiesoccurred). Ecological remains of interest to archeologists are often referred to as "ecofacts." Things that are of archeological importance may be very subtle, that is, hard to see and record. It is not only artifacts them­ selves that are important but the locations of artifactsrelative to one another, which is referred to as archeological context (not to be confused with historic contexts, discussed below). In accordance with National Reg­ ister terminology, an archeological property can be a district, site, build­ ing, structure, or object. However, archeological properties are most Figure 2. An excavated Spanish house fromsite LA 12315 in Bernalillo County, often sites and districts. New Mexico, is an example of an archeological . An archeological property may (Museum of Albuquerque) be"prehistoric" (pre-contact), "historic" (post-contact), or contain components from both periods. What is often termed prehistoric . archeologystudies the archeological remains of indigenous American societiesas they existed before sub­ stantialcontact with Europeans and resulting written records. The Na­ tional Historic Preservation Act treats as a part of history for purposes of national policy; therefore the terms"historic," and, "historical," as used in this docu­ ment, refer to both pre and post­ contact periods. We use the term "pre-contact" instead of" prehistoric" in this bulletin unless we are directly quotingmaterials which use the term "prehistoric," quotinglegisla­ tion or regulations,or unless we are referring to the language used in other bulletins. The date of contact varied across the country. Therefore there is no single that marks the transition from pre-contact to post-contact. It is important to use the periods of significancefor a property to Figure 3: Eco/acts can include juniper berries, charred corn cobs, cornkernels, understand its chronological place squash seeds, eggshell fragments, wild seeds, peach pits, gourd seeds, in the history of what is now the and domesticated beans. (Museum of Albuquerque)

8 United States. For example, between Archeological properties also may should be prepared for archeological 1492 and 1495, Christopher Columbus include standing or intact buildings properties where the management landed on the island of Puerto Rico; or structures that have a direct his­ or preservation of the property is Juan Ponce de Leon named and ex­ torical association with below-ground anticipated or desirable. All arche­ plored the Florida peninsula in 1513; archeological remains. Historic ologists should be well versed in the English labeled a portion of the places such as , the the kinds and level of information Atlantic coastline (now North Caro­ home of , that needed to complete a National lina) as "Virginia" in 1584, and Jean are well-recognized for their histori­ Register nomination form prior to Nicolet arrived in Wisconsin in 1634. cal and architectural importance conducting fieldwork. In the western United States, Juan often contain hidden archeological In many ways, a National Regis­ de Anza contacted the Native Ameri­ components. ter nomination often is similar to a cans of what is now inland Southern Archeological remains can be synopsis of an archeological research California in 1749, the year that Alex­ terrestrial or underwater. Although report. Research summaries describe andria, Virginia, already a thriving it is common to think of underwater the physical environment of the site, port, was officially chartered; and archeology as dealing exclusively with sketch the cultural background for Meriwether Lewis and William Clark shipwrecks, there are many types of the project area, outline the history first contacted the Native Americans sites that are submerged. Some sites, of previous investigations, detail the of the northwest plains in 1805, sev­ for example, are submerged under of the archeological record eral centuries after Columbus arrived the water of reservoirs. at the site, and elucidate the impor­ in the New World. Thus, the bound­ Archeologists strive to better un­ tant scientific questions that were ary between the pre-contact and derstand humankind and its history addressed by the study. National post-contact periods is individually through the study of the physical Register nominations contain com­ defined from region to region. What remains that are left behind and the ponents comparable to this ideal constitutes contact between Native patterning of these remains. Even research report, with specific em­ Americans and Europeans also varies. modern trash cans and landfills may phasis on the description of the site In most regions of the country, Na­ be worthy of investigation (e.g., Rathje and its significance in understanding tive American groups experienced 1977, 1979). For the purposes of the our past (See also, Sprinkle 1995). European contact through long-range National Register of Historic Places, This bulletin provides specific trade and the diffusion of European however, archeological properties are guidance on how to prepare diseases long before they had any at least 50 old. An archeological National Register of Historic Places direct, face-to-face interaction with property less than 50 years old may nomination forms for archeological Europeans. be listed in the National Register if the properties. This guidance applies Historical archeology is the arche­ exceptional importance of the archeo­ also to the preparation of the indi­ ology of sites and structures dating logical remains can be demonstrated. vidual nominations that accompany from time periods since significant multiple property National Register contact between Native Americans WHAT IS THE PURPOSE nominations. It also applies to Deter­ and Europeans. Documentary OF THIS BULLETIN? mination of Eligibility (DOE) docu­ records as well as oral can ments. Although DOE documents be used to better understand these The purpose of this bulletin is need not be prepared on the stan­ properties and their inhabitants. to assist in the documentation of dard nomination forms, use of the An integrated historical and archeo­ archeological properties for the forms will ensure that all relevant logical investigation will generally National Register. Across the information is included. produce more information about United States, archeological proper­ a particular historic property (or ties are a finite and increasingly ARCHEOLOGY activities associated with that prop­ threatened cultural resource. AND THE erty) than would have been gleaned Because archeological sites contain through the separate study of either a unique source of information NATIONAL HISTORIC the archeological remains or the about the past, their study can often PRESERVATION ACT historical record alone. For reasons require a considerable investment of consistency, we use the term of personnel and funding in back­ Most archeology in the "post-contact" instead of "historical," ground research, excavation, and United States is done as a result of when referring to archeology, where curation. As the only official national statute and regulation, particularly appropriate, in this bulletin unless listing of important archeological that of the National Historic Preser­ we are directly quoting materials properties, the National Register is vation Act of 1966, as amended which use the term "historical," a valuable in the management (NHPA). 106 of the National quoting legislation or regulations, and preservation of our increasingly Historic Preservation Act requires or unless we are referring to the rare archeological resources. Thus, that Federal agencies take into language used in other bulletins. National Register nominations account the effect their projects

9 have on properties listed in or eligible for listing in the National Listing of a property in the National Register of Historic Places Register of Historic Places. As part does not give the Federal government any control over a of the process, the State Historic property, nor does it impose any financial obligations on the PreservationOfficer (SHPO), Fed­ owners, or obligationsto make the property accessible to the eral Preservation Officer(FPO) or public, or interfere with an owner's right to alter, manage, Tribal Historic PreservationOfficer (THPO) and the Advisory Council or dispose of their property. Listing in the National Register on Historic Preservation,where provides recognition that a property is significant to the Nation, appropriate, must be affordedan the State, or the community and assures that Federal agencies opportunity to comment on the consider the historic values of the property in the planning for proposed project. It is the respon­ Federal or Federally assisted projects. In addition,listing in the sibility of the Federal Agency to National Register ensures that significant archeological resources comply with the Advisory Council's become part of a national memory. Listing may influence the regulations,36 CFR Part 800, to public's perceptionof archeological resources, and often influences ensure that these cultural resources are considered in the Federal ­ a community's attitude toward its heritage(See also NPS 1994: ning process. viii, ix; Little 1999). The evaluation criteria for the National Register of Historic Places are used for the daily work of cultural resource management by For more information about the Advisory Council's regulations every Federal agency to identify and Section106, see the website for the Advisory Council for cultural resources that may be Historic Preservation at www.achp.gov, or refer to the Federal affected by Federal or Federally assisted projects. The criteria are RegisterNol. 64, No. 95. applied far beyond the actual listing of sites in the Register; they are applied to nearly every potentially scientific,and preservationcommu­ the significance of an archeological threatened site on Federal, much nitiesabout the significanceconcept, property. These qualificationsin­ state land, and on private lands. archeology, and cultural resource clude a graduatedegree in archeol­ Defining the research potential and management in general. ogy, anthropology, or a related field; other values of archeological sites field and analytical experience in and districts according to these crite­ WHO CAN PREPARE North American archeology; at least ria has affected the way the public, one year of full-timesupervisory as well as the profession, regards the NOMINATIONS FOR experience in the study of archeo­ significance of archeology. There has ARCHEOLOGICAL logical properties; and a demon­ been a great deal of discussion in stratedability to carry research to the professional literature about the PROPERTIES? completion.With guidance from a significance concept and its applica­ SHPO, FPO, or THPO or Federal tion to archeological properties. Anyone may prepare an archeo­ agency or with training through For an annotated bibliography see logical property nomination and paraprofessional certificationpro­ Briuer and Mathers (1997). See also submit it to the NationalRegister gramsor academic course work, Briuer and Mathers (1996) and Lees through the appropriate SHPO, a avocational archeologists and others and Noble (1990a, 1990b). Different FPO, or a THPO. At a minimum, the can acquire the knowledge needed groups value properties for many preparer(s) should have a first-hand to prepare archeological nomina­ different reasons. The importance knowledge of the relevant archeo­ tions.The minimum qualifications of consultationwith descendant logical and historical literature and for an archeologist are outlined in and other concerned of archeological resources similar the Professional Qualification has been emphasized in much pro­ to the property being nominated Standards for Archeology in the fessional and scholarly literature or have the assistance of persons Secretary of the Interior's Standards (Dongoske et al. 2000; Stapp and who do. and Guidelines for Archeology and Longenecker 2000; Epperson 1999; In general, archeologists who Historic Preservation( 48 FR 44716). Blakey 1997; Blakey and LaRoche meet the minimum qualifications for , regulations,standards, and 1997; Swidler et al. 1997), encourag­ a professional in archeology have conventions related to cultural re­ ing professionals to promote the knowledge or expertise needed sources can be found on the communication among the social, to adequately describe and evaluate at .

10 WHO CAN DETERMINE cal Properties Under the Criteria," sion of privacy; (2) risk harm to the THE ELIGIBILITY OF in Section IV) either by the formal historic resource; or (3) impede the determination of the Keeper (36 CFR use of a traditional religious site by ARCHEOLOGICAL 63) or by the consensus process. lt is practitioners. essential to note that the same criteria, PROPERTIES? In this context privacy refers to the including concepts of significance privacy of individuals, as this term is Section 106 of the National and integrity, apply to properties defined by Federal . Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) determined eligible and those requires Federal agencies to consider accepted by the Keeper for formal Archeological Resources Protec­ the impacts of their undertakings on listing in the National Register. This tion Act (ARPA) protects archeologi­ properties included in or eligible for means that a property determined cal resources on public lands and inclusion in the National Register of eligible could be nominated to the Indian lands. Section 9(a) permits Historic Places. Regulations provide National Register because it meets the withholding from the public of two ways to make eligibility evalu­ the same criteria, although nomina­ information concerningthe nature ations. Formal determinations are tion is not legally required. and location of any archeological made by the Keeper of the National resource unless such information Register at the request of the Federal WHEN SHOULD does "not create a risk of harm to agency official (36 CFR 63.2). More such resources or to the site at which commonly, Federal agencies use INFORMATION BE such resources are located" [(9(a)(2)]. the Consensus Determination of RESTRICTED FROM The full text of the relevant sections Eligibility (Consensus DOE) process PUBLIC ACCESS? of these laws should be consulted. provided by Section 800.4 of the Vandalism, (also called pot hunting, looting, Advisory Council on Historic Although the information in the relic hunting, bottle collecting, etc.) Preservation's regulations. This National Register is part of the and removal of historic features allows Federal decision makers, in public record, Section 304 of the or structures are all activities that consultation with SHPOs, FPOs or National Historic Preservation Act diminish the integrity of an archeo­ THPOs, and other consulting parties (NHPA), as amended in 1992 and logical site. In order to minimize the to assess a property and, should Section 9(a) of the Archeological possibility that these activities will they both agree that it meets the Resources Protection Act (ARPA) criteria for listing on the National occur as a result of nominating the provide the legal authority for re­ Register of Historic Places, treat the site to the National Register, the stricting information about archeo­ property as eligible for purposes of preparer or the appropriate Preser­ logical properties. The National compliance with Section 106 of the vation Officer may ask that the Register bulletin Guidelines for NHPA as implemented by the Restricting Information About Historic specific location of the property be Council's regulations. restricted. There is no need to prove and Prehistoric Resources specifies the The use of the consensus process that a particular site is at risk if other legislative authority and provides does not allow for a lower threshold similar types of sites are endan­ procedural guidelines for restricting for significance than the formal gered. Other kinds of information information in the National Register Determination of Eligibility or Na­ (e.g., the presence of human remains as well as in other inventories. tional Register listing procedures. or marketable artifacts) may also be Section 304 (a) Authority to Determination of Eligibility is a restricted. Restricted information Withhold from Disclosure, reads legally recognized finding that a other than location should be clearly as follows: property meets the criteria for listing marked as such on a separate con­ in the National Register. Under The head of a Federal agency tinuation sheet and not in the body Section 106, properties that are or other public official receiving of the text. Locational information is eligible are given the same legal grant assistance pursuant to this provided in specific sections of the status as properties formally listed Act, after consultation with the nomination and is deleted easily. in the National Register, requiring Secretary, shall withhold from For this reason, the preparer should that the Federal agency official disclosure to the public, informa­ ensure that locational information "take into account" the effects of an tion about the location, character, is indeed restricted to easily deleted undertaking upon them. To qualify, or ownership of a historic parts of the text and not scattered a property must be found to meet resource if the Secretary and the throughout the description of one or more of the National Register agency determine that disclosure the property. criteria (See "Evaluating Archeologi- may- (1) cause a significant inva-

11 If the property and its location are Listing of resources promotes national significance, including high generally known, then locational their preservation rather than de­ historical integrity. There are six information should not be restricted. struction, thereby fostering steward­ NHL Criteria, however, archeologi­ Also, if all of the site information ship of significant places. Planning cal sites are evaluated generally should be made available to those is more efficiently done when infor­ under Criterion 6, which reads: conducting research or, for example mation about properties that are (6) that have yielded information developing heritage tourism or edu­ recognized as significant is readily of major scientific importance cation projects, then the information available in nominations. Unless by revealing new , or by should not be restricted. properties are actually listed in the shedding light upon periods of National Register, it is difficult for occupation over large areas of USING THE archeological sites-particularly the United States. Such sites are NATIONAL REGISTER those not readily apparent to the those which have yielded, or casual observer-to be fully appre­ which may reasonably be The National Register helps us ciated by the public. However, the expected to yield, data affecting understand and appreciate our Section 106 process treats properties theories, concepts and ideas to a heritage and what specific places that are eligible for the National major degree. mean in American history. National Register in the same manner as If a property appears to be Register documentation is used by properties that are listed in the Na­ nationally significant and qualify for researchers, planners, teachers, tional Register for the purposes of designation as a National Historic tourism professionals, community managing archeological properties. Landmark, then Appendix V of advocates, property owners and the How to Complete the National Register general public. National Register WHAT IF AN Registration Form should be con­ documentation is an important sulted for additional guidelines on source of archeological information ARCHEOLOGICAL completing the National Register directly available to the general PROPERTY IS form and providing supplemental public. The National Register Infor­ NATIONALLY information. (Also see technical mation System (NRIS) is a data base briefs on the NHL program: Grumet that is available to anyone via the SIGNIFICANT? 1988; 1990.) In-depth guidance is Internet as a link on the National provided in the National Register Register Web Page: www.nr.nps.gov. Archeological properties are bulletin How to Prepare National His­ It does not contain specific locational nominated at the local, state, or toric Landmark Nominations (For more information for properties where national level of significance. The information on ordering and view­ this information is restricted. The SHPO, THPO or the FPO make the ing National Register Bulletins via NRIS facilitates research that is recommendation as to level of sig­ the Internet, go to: www.cr.nps.gov/ regional and comparative. Multiple nificance based upon the documen­ nr/publications). property documentation, in par­ tation presented in the nomination. ticular, can provide excellent source Most archeological sites are listed WHAT OTHER material for both professional re­ as significant at a statewide or search and popular interpretation local level. Note that "statewide" is NATIONAL (See Appendix B of this bulletin). checked for "regionally" significant REGISTER BULLETINS The National Register's Te aching properties. The preservation officer with Historic Places program devel­ may check "nationally" significant MAY BE HELPFUL? ops lesson plans based on National if the significance of the property Register documentation. These transcends regional significance. Appendix A, of this bulletin lists the current National Register bulle­ lesson plans are available to teachers The Secretary of the Interior can tins that provide guidance on nomi­ and others via the Internet at go a step further with national sig­ nating properties to the National . nificance and designate a property Register. The primary bulletin for all National Register travel itineraries, as a National Historic Landmark individual and district nominations Discover Our Shared Heritage, (NHL). In order to make this deter­ is How to Complete the National Regis­ describe and link registered historic mination, the Secretary applies the ter Registration Form. How to Complete places. Travel itineraries are available NHL Criteria and follows the pro­ the National Register Multiple Property on the Internet at www.cr.nps.gov/ cedures in 36 CFR, Part 65-National Documentation outlines how to pre­ nr/travel and some are available Historic Landmarks Program. The pare a multiple property documen­ in print. NHL Criteria set a stringent test for tation form.

12 It is important to consult How to WHAT OTHER Apply the National Register Criteria NATIONAL PARK for Evaluation, especially when evalu­ ating archeological properties that SERVICE GUIDANCE may also be important for their MAY BE HELPFUL? association with historical events or broad patterns, significant persons, National Park Service Thematic or significant . How to Framework (NPS 1996) Establish Boundaries for National www.cr.nps.gov/history/ Register Properties and in particular thematic.html its appendix, Definition of National Register Boundaries for Archeological Archeological Assistance Program Properties, will be especially helpful. Te chnical Briefs www.cr.nps.gov/ Those working with places of cul­ aad/aepubs.htm#briefsl): tural value to local communities, #3: Archeology in the National Indian tribes, other indigenous Historic Landmarks Program. groups, and minority groups will 1988, 1990. Robert S. Grumet. want to consult Guidelines for Evalu­ #10: The National Historic ating and Documenting Traditional Landmarks Program Theme Cultural Properties. Other National Study and Preservation Planning. Register Bulletins, especially those 1992. Robert S. Grumet. on particular resource types such as: Heritage Preservation Services America's Historic Battlefields, Mining (www2.cr.nps.gov): Protecting Sites, and Rural Historic , Archeological Sites on Private Lands. may also be useful. 1993. Susan L. Henry. Preserva­ In addition to the requirements tion Planning Branch, Inter­ described in this and other National agency Resources Division, Register bulletins, individual SHPOs, National Park Service. THPOs and FPOs may request addi­ tional information not required as Strategies for Protecting Archeological part of a complete National Register Sites on Private Lands. 2000. form. Prior to budgeting for, or Susan L. Henry Renaud. Heritage embarking upon, a nomination Preservation Services, National project, consult the appropriate Park Service. www2.cr.nps.gov/ Preservation Officer about addi­ pad/strategies tional requirements and the nomi­ nation review process.

13 II. HISTORIC CONTEXTS FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL EVALUATION

Historic contexts provide a basis include the type of property; the historic preservation plan based for judging a property's significance data sets and archeological pattern­ upon work and research that has and, ultimately, its eligibility under ing represented at the site; the already been done; and the research the Criteria. Historic contexts are region in which the property is interests and theoreticalorientation those patterns, themes, or trends in located; the time period that the of the archeologist. history by which a specific occur­ property was occupied or used; the Archeological properties can be rence, property, or site is understood history of the region where the site associated with a variety of historic and its historic meaning (and ulti­ is located; the role that the property contexts, and these contexts will mately its significance) is made clear. played in the historical development contain varying levels of refinement Context discussion includes relevant of the jurisdiction, state, and region and sophistication. Only those con­ informationfrom what is often in which it is located; the property's texts important to understanding called a "culture history" or "histori­ role in America's history; the infor­ and justifying the significance of the cal and archeological background" mation identified in the State property must be discussed. section in archeological site reports. This bulletin addresses evaluation, but survey and identificationgoals also should be based on historic EXAMPLE: Through research one has learned that the well­ contexts. preserved of an eighteenth-century sugar factory are di­ A historic context is a body of rectly linked to the chartering and early economic development thematically, geographically, and of a town in which they are located. The ruins also are the only temporally linked information. For surviving sugar factory ruins that illustrate the region's early an archeological property, the his­ maritime and international trade activities. In addition, research toric context is the analytical frame­ indicates that 100 years after its abandonment the sugar factory work within which the property's importance can be understood and housed a state militia unit for a few weeks; this was the only to which an archeological study is other use of the property. likely to contribute important • To illustrate the sugar factory's significance,discuss the information. establishment and early economic development of the town A historic context is multi­ dimensional; numerous contexts and the maritime and international trade activities of the may be appropriate for an indi­ region at the time the factory was in operation. The association vidual archeological property. For of the sugar factory with these activities, as well as the tech­ example, an architectural context nologyof sugar production, must be addressed. would be applicable if one were • Assuming no historical importance associated with the militia's nominating a property with a stand­ ing structure that is directly associ­ stay, however, it is unlikely that an archeological study of the ated with the archeological deposits property would contribute informationimportant to under­ and is also an excellent example of standing the state's . As a result, this aspect of an important architectural that the property's history need not be discussed as a context. has been rarely documented. Many factors influence the • If the use of the factory by the militia unit has a bearing on determination of which contexts the integrity of the property, this should be noted in the are most important vis-a-vis a given descriptive text. archeological property. These factors

14 The discussion of historic contexts should be organized in a manner Further guidance may be found in the National Register that best presents the context infor­ bulletin How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property mation for the given property. Documentation Form.For additional guidance, consult the Document the supporting evidence for the significance criteria checked National Park Service's Thematic Framework (1996). The and for the information categories Thematic Framework provides guidance on the development (Areas of Significance, Historic of historic contexts. Consideration of the main themes and Function, Period of Significance, associated topics will promote a framework that includes many and Cultural Affiliation). If appli­ levels of community and regional history. The frameworkis cable, document Architectural Clas­ designed to assist in the development of historic contexts by sification,Criteria Considerations, guiding researchers to ask thorough questions about a property Significant Dates, Significant Person, or region. The text of the Thematic Framework is available at and Architect/Builder. Each informa­ tion category does not need to be www.cr.nps.gov/history/thematic.html.While the Thematic discussed separately. Nevertheless, Framework may serve as a guide for developing contexts, the reader should be able to see the please see, 'J\reasof Significance," in Section IV of this bulletin link between the information pre­ for guidance on determining the area of significance. sented in the discussion of historic contexts and that provided in the information categories. For example, if "Education" is entered under " ...a property is not eligible if it 2. Assemble existing information 'J\reasof Significance," the "Historic cannot be related to a particular about the historic context; Context" discussion must include time period or cultural group and, 3. Synthesize the information; as a result, lacks any historic context sufficient information to justify 4. Define property types; entering that category. within which to evaluate the impor­ In addition, the information tance of the information to be 5. Identify further informationneeds. presented in the historic contexts gained." However, pre-contact sites All archeological sites have some and in other sections of the signifi­ which lack temporal diagnostics or potential to convey information cance section must be interrelated. radiocarbon dates may still be eli­ about the past, however, not all of For example, a nomination that gible within a context which defines that informationmay be important includes hypotheses on economic important atemporal or non-cultural to our understanding of the pre and development among its important questions, such as those that concern post-contact periods of our history. research questions should have site formation processes or archeo­ The nature of important information a discussion of the property's, logical methodology. Therefore, sites is linked to the theories or paradigms district's, or region's economic de­ of unknown age, or broadly defined that drive the study of past societies. velopment in the historic context. age, may be found eligible within a It is important to realize that historic Major decisions about identifying, research framework which specifies contexts, and therefore site signifi­ evaluating, registering, and treating the important information potential cance, should be updated and historic properties are most reliably of such sites. changed to keep pace with current made in the context of other related Evaluation uses the historic work in the discipline. As Nicholas properties. A historic context is an context as the framework within Honerkamp (1988:5) writes: organizational format that groups which to apply the criteria for We ignore theory at our peril... information about related historic evaluation to specificproperties or It is very easy to become scientifi­ properties, based on a theme, geo­ property types. Historic contexts are cally and/orhumanistically super­ graphic limits and chronological linked to actual historic properties fluous if we do not continually period. Contexts should identify through the concept of the property redefinewhat is important and gaps in data and knowledge to type. The following procedures why it is important. If as arche­ help determine what is significant should be included in creating a ologists we can identify questions information. historic context: that matter and then explain why The National Register bulletin I. Identify the concept, time period How to Apply the National Register and geographic limits for the they matter, a number of things Criteria for Evaluation states that, historic context; then begin to fall into place. For

15 instance, field methodologies and identified local, regional, or state­ routines become driven wide historic contexts. The State, by solid research designs instead Tribal or Federal historic preserva­ of existing in a theoretical vacuum tion office may be able to provide and being applied in a mech­ relevant historic contexts. In many anistic fashion; in the cultural cases, the 'Areas of Significance" or resource management context, the historic "Functions and Uses," the "significance" concept be­ listed in How to Complete the National comes better defined and less Register Registration Form suggest slippery in its application ... appropriate historic contexts. Help­ ful information regarding historic To assist in the preparation of National Register nominations, all contexts also may be found in mul­ SHPOs have gathered information, tiple property National Register such as county and state , submissions for similar historic cartographic sources, archeological properties (see 'Appendix B" of this and architectural site files, and man­ bulletin). For discussion on evaluat­ agement documents that foster the ing archeological properties in con­ identification, evaluation, and pres­ text, please see "Evaluating Proper­ ervation of cultural resources. These ties in Context" in Section IV materials may include previously

16 Ill. HOW ARE ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES IDENTIFIED?

Proper identification of a historic Generally background research logical properties. Artifacts in the property serves as the foundation should be completed prior to the plow-disturbed of active and for evaluation, a sound National field studies. This research may in­ former agricultural fields can also Register nomination, and for sub­ volve: examining primary sources of demonstrate the location of archeo­ sequent planning protection, and historical information (e.g., deeds logical properties. Non-native plant management of the resource. When and wills), secondary sources (e.g., species or spatial patterning of considering a property for listing in local histories and genealogies), plants (such as clusters of daffodils, the National Register, the nomina­ and historic cartographic sources; lilac bushes, or groupings of cedar tion preparer needs to be able to reviewing previous archeological trees) may signal the presence of an answer questions about the history research in similar areas, models that archeological property. of the property and its physical set­ predict site distribution, and archeo­ Archeologists usually identify the ting, the characteristics of the site's logical, architectural, and historical presence and extent of a site through archeological record, and the bound­ site files; and conducting excavation of randomly, systemati­ aries of the property. informant interviews. cally, or judgmentally placed test The identification of archeological Information obtained only units. Te st units are used to show the properties generally involves back­ through archeological survey or presence or absence of artifacts and ground research, field survey, test excavations may be needed for features below the ground archeological testing and analysis, many archeological properties be­ surface. The fieldwork to determine and evaluation of the results. Arche­ fore a nomination can be prepared. the National Register eligibility of an ologists use a variety of information The identification of archeological archeological property should follow sources to reconstruct the history of properties is discussed more thor­ logically from the historic context a property including written docu­ oughly in the National Register used. For example, the context ments, oral testimony, the presence bulletin Guidelines for Local Surveys: should provide important research and condition of surviving build­ A Basis for Preservation Planning, questions and the data needed for ings, structures, landscapes, and especially Chapter 11, "Conducting an eligibility determination. Such objects, and the archeological record. the Survey," and Appendix 1, data may include the horizontal and Where the archeological record is "Archeological Surveys." Also see vertical extent of a site, well-known, the locations and types The Secretary of Interior's Standards or periods of occupation/use, site of sites may serve as the basis for and Guidelines for Identification. type, site function, and internal predictive models for further site Individual states or localities may configuration. identification. Written documentary have specific guidelines or permit Increasingly, archeologists are resources, oral history, and tradi­ requirements for archeological using scientific instruments to tional knowledge may provide infor­ investigations. Contact your identify subsurface archeological mation about the people and activi­ SHPO, THPO, or the FPO prior features. Remote sensing techniques, ties that occurred at a site, and can to beginning any archeological that include ground-penetrating enumerate aspects of the archeologi­ research project. (CPR), resistivity, and soil cal property's use, abandonment In order to identify the presence chemistry surveys, are often applied and subsequent alteration. Extant and location of a site, an archeologist in conjunction with test excavations buildings, structures, landscape generally begins by inspecting the that confirm the presence of subsur­ features, and objects can provide ground surface or probing below face cultural remains (Thomas 1987). important temporal and functional the surface using soil cores or shovel Such prospecting techniques are information upon which to base tests. Artifacts and features are the non-destructive and can provide additional research. most common indicators of archeo- rapid three-dimensional reconnais-

17 Figures 4 and 5: Historic cartographic resources are an excellent source of information on a variety of archeological properties. These1848 maps by Squire and Davis show earthen walls in the shape of a square, circle and semi-circle with mounds inside and outside of enclosures associated with the Hopewell from300 B.C. to A.D. 500. Thearea is part of the Seip and Dill Mounds District in Seip County, Ohio. (Ohio Historical Society, Seip Mound State Memorial)

18 IV. EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

NATIONAL REGISTER Properties nominated to the CRITERIA CRITERIA National Register under Criteria A, CONSIDERATIONS B, or C often contain archeological The quality of significance in deposits. For example, a nineteenth­ Unless certain special requirements American history, architecture, century farmstead (including the (known as the criteria considerations) archeology, engineering and culture main houses and outbuildings) that are met, moved properties; birth­ is present in districts, sites, build­ qualifies for listing under Criteria A, places; cemeteries; reconstructed ings, structures, and objects that B, or C may have intact archeological buildings, structures, or objects; possess integrity of location, design, deposits. In many cases, however, commemorative properties; and setting, materials, workmanship, these deposits are undocumented. properties that have achieved sig­ feeling, association, and: In such cases, the preparer should nificance within the past 50 years clearly note the potential for archeo­ are not generally eligible for the A. that are associated with events logical deposits in the text of the National Register. The criteria con­ that have made a significant nomination. Unless the significance siderations, or exceptions to these contribution to the broad patterns of the property is justified under rules, are found in How to Complete of our history; or Criterion D, Criterion D should not the Natio11al Register Registration B. that are associated with the lives be checked on the nomination form. Form and How to Apply tlzc National of persons significant in our past; Once additional studies are done to Register Criteria for Eva/11atio11. or document the archeological infor­ The National Register criteria mation retained from the site, then C. that embody the distinctive considerations are: the nomination form should be characteristics of a type, period, amended to add Criterion D. A. A religious property may be or method of construction, or thalt In a case, such as that noted eligible if it derives its primary represent the work of a master, above, the archeological deposits significance from architectural or that possess high artistic value,, need not relate to the significance of or artistic distinction or historical or that represent a significant the documented standing structures. importance. and distinguishable entity whose For example, the Henderson Hill B. A property removed from its components may lack individual Historic District in West Virginia is a original or historically significant distinction; or large nineteenth-century farm com­ location can be eligible if it is D. that have yielded, or may be plex eligible under A, B, C, and D. significant primarily for its likely to yield, information impor­ The archeological component of the architectural value or it is the tant in prehistory or history. farm itself has not been evaluated surviving property most impor­ but three Woodland period mounds A National Register property tantly associated with a historic on the property are likely to yield must meet at least one of the above person or event. important information. If additional National Register criteria; it may meet documentation were to be added C. A birthplace or grave of a histori­ more than one. Each criterion that is to demonstrate the information cal figure may be eligible if the checked on the nomination form potential of the nineteenth-century person is of outstanding impor­ must be fully justified. For example, archeological deposits, both sig­ tance and if there is no other if a Civil War battlefield qualifies nificant contexts (the relevant, appropriate site or building under Criteria A and D, then both nineteenth-century historic context, directly associated with his or the battle and its importance and the and the Woodland period) should her productive life. important information that archeo­ be justified. logical investigations would likely yield need to be addressed.

19 D. A cemetery may be eligible if it the following sequence for survey results, or in the investment derives its primary significance evaluation: of money and other resources in from graves of persons of tran­ a property later found to lack 1. Categorize the Property; scendent importance, from age, historic value. from distinctive design features, 2. Determine which historic con­ A statement of significance, or from association with historic text(s) the property represents; whether designed to show that a events. property is or is not significant, 3. Determine whether the property should be developed as a reasoned E. A reconstructed property may be is significant under the National argument, first identifying the his­ eligible when it is accurately ex­ Register Criteria; toric context or contexts to which the ecuted in a suitable environment 4. Determine if the property repre­ property could relate, next discuss­ and presented in a dignified man­ sents a type usually excluded ing the property types within the ner as part of a restoration master from the National Register.; context and their relevant character­ plan and when no other building istics, and then showing how the or structure with the same asso­ 5. Determine whether the property property in question does or does ciations has survived. retains integrity. not have the characteristics required F A property primarily commemo­ There are a few things to keep in to qualify it as part of the context. rative in intent can be eligible if mind when following this sequence. In order to decide whether a design, age, , or symbolic Historic contexts usually have been property is significant within its value has invested it with its own developed in some form for the historic context, determine: historic significance. identification of properties. It is pos­ sible, though, that the contexts will • the facet of history of the local G. A property achieving significance need to be further developed for area, state, or the nation that the within the last 50 years may be evaluation. The assessment of integ­ property represents; eligible if it is of exceptional rity is the final step in the sequence importance • whether that facet of pre-contact or and should not be used as an initial post-contact history is significant; Note: if a property is an integral step with which to screen properties. part of a district or site that meets Since decisions regarding the • whether it is a type of property the criteria, then do not apply the evaluation of properties involves that has relevance and importance criteria considerations to the placing properties in historic con­ in illustrating the historic context; individual property. For example, texts, the more that is known about a nomination for an archeological a given context, the better the evalu­ • how the property illustrates that district consisting of archeological ation decisions about particular history; and sites, some above-ground ruins, properties will be. Evaluation deci­ several standing structures, and two sions can be made on the basis of • whether the property possesses historically associated cemeteries incomplete data, but it is wise not the physical features necessary to need not address the criterion con­ to make them without some convey the aspect of pre-contact sideration for cemeteries because the information on historic contexts, or post-contact history with two cemeteries are an integral part significance, and their component which it is associated. of the district. For more information property types. A decision that a on cemeteries and places, given property is not significant LOCAL CONTEXT see the National Register bulletin should never be made without ac­ Guidelines for Evaluating and Register­ cess to a reasonable body of data on The level of context of archeologi­ cal sites significant for their informa­ ing Cemeteries and Burial Places. A relevant historic contexts, since such cemetery that is nominated under an uninformed decision may result tion potential depends on the scope of the applicable research design. Criterion D for information potential in the property's destruction with­ does not need to meet Criteria out attention to its historic values. For example, a late Mississippian village site may yield information in Consideration D. When an evaluation must be made without a firm understanding a research design concerning one EVALUATING of the relevant historic contexts, settlement system on a regional scale, while in another research de­ PROPERTIES IN however, it should be made on the basis of as much relevant data as it is sign it may reveal information of CONTEXT possible to accumulate. There should local importance concerning a single group's manufacturing be full recognition that it may result techniques or house forms. It is a The National Register bulletin in the destruction of a property that How to Apply the National Register might later be found to be very sig­ question of how the available infor­ Criteria for Evaluation, recommends nificant, on the basis of complete mation potential is likely to be used.

20 STATE CONTEXT munity and the relationship of this Sullivan states that archeologists Spanish colony to world economic have been remiss in not fully evalu­ Pre-contact and many early colo­ networks. (See the previous section, ating the contexts of subsistence nial sites are not often considered to "What if an archeological property is remains. Because we have focused have "State" significance, per se, nationally significant?") all our attention on sites of food largely because States are relatively consumption (the large Pueblo sites recent political entities and usually THE IMPORTANCE OF SMALL with architecture) rather than on do not correspond closely either to OR OVERLOOKED SITES sites of production (including these Native American political territories small sites), we have misinterpreted or cultural areas or to U.S. lands Archeological properties which the role of wild resources among prior to statehood. Numerous sites, obviously stand out within the the Western Anasazi. The editors however, may be of significance to a landscape, such as the ruins of (Tainter and Tainter 1996:17) of a large region that might geographi­ southwestern pueblos and the recent volume summarize his point cally encompass parts of one, or mounds and earthworks of the mid­ this way: usually several, States. Pre-contact continent, may clearly convey their resources that might be of State sig­ significance simply because they are Sullivan makes the important nificance include regional sites that visible. It is no surprise that arche­ suggestion that we have mis­ provide a diagnostic assemblage of ologists have spent a lot of energy understood Puebloan subsistence artifacts for a particular cultural on researching and writing about because we have focused our group or time period or that provide these salient sites (e.g. Tainter and research on locations where food chronological control (specific dates Tainter 1996:7). However, it is clear was consumed (pueblos) rather or relative order in time) for a series from many studies that small sites than locations where it was of cultural groups. also yield important information. produced. The latter may be Many of the arguments made by small, ephemeral artifact scatters. NATIONAL CONTEXT Talmage and others (1977) in "The Many archaeologists overlook the Importance of Small, Surface, and importance of these small sites A property with national signifi­ Disturbed Sites as Sources of Signifi­ [See also Sullivan,. Tainter, and cance helps us to understand the cant Archeological Data" still hold. Hardesty 1999; Tainter 1998]. history of the nation by illustrating For example, demonstrating the Overlooking the significance of the nationwide impact of events or significance of small sites on the persons associated with the prop­ small sites may skew our under­ Colorado Plateau, Alan Sullivan standing of past lifeways as those erty, its architectural type or style, or (1996) has looked at the evidence of information potential. It must be of sites not only receive less research wild-resource production from two attention, but also are destroyed exceptional value in representing or non-architectural sites along the east­ illustrating an important theme in without being recorded thoroughly ern south rim of the Grand Canyon. because they are "w ritten off" as the history of the nation. Awatovi The most obvious features at these Ruins in Navajo County, Arizona, is ineligible for listing in the National sites are piles of fire-cracked rocks. Register. Such losses point up the an example of a pre-contact site of Several things suggest that these are national significance. Designated a need to continuously reexamine production locations-the form of the historic contexts and allow new dis­ National Historic Landmark in 1966, rock piles, paleobotanical contents, Awatovi, meaning "high place of the coveries to challenge our ideas about and patterned artifacts, including the past. The development of local, bow," was one of the largest and manos and metates and Tusayan most important of the five villages statewide, and national historic con­ Grayware. There are no fragments texts is also important because these of Tusayan. Settled during the late of trough metates, a form associated twelfth century, it was the site of at contexts are used to judge signifi­ with processing. In the Upper cance by developing research agen­ least two thriving Hopi villages. A Basin trough metates are found post-contact site that is of national das for all types of sites. If no historic exclusively at architectural sites. context exists which relates to a spe­ significance is Mission Santa Ines in Sullivan (1996:154) surmises that Santa Barbara County, California. cific property, a site's significance "these patterned differences in may be difficult to distinguish and This National Historic Landmark metate form support the hypothesis represents one of the most intact consequently, the site may be deter­ that the role of wild resources in mined ineliglible and/or destroyed. physical records of a colonial mis­ Western Anasazi subsistence econo­ sion institution in the western Evaluators of archeological prop­ mies has been underestimated" erties using the National Register United States. Archeological infor­ because our economic models are mation recovered from Mission Criteria should be aware of new dis­ based on data skewed toward con­ coveries and developments that affect Santa Innes can shed light on the sumption rather than production history of this diverse mission com- historic contexts and take them into locales and assemblages. account during site evaluation.

21 It is also important to consider EVALUATING • a series of linked events or a significance before considering ARCHEOLOGICAL historical trend (e.g., a military integrity. At Fort Leonard Wood in campaign, relocation of Native , Smith (1994:96) developed PROPERTIES UNDER Americans to missions, establish­ a regional context through a com­ THE CRITERIA ment of a town, growth of a city's bined cultural, historical, and land­ , a major migration, scape approach. The context assists The use of Criteria A, B, and C for establishment of a new cultural in identifying sites that best repre­ archeological sites is appropriate in or political system, emergence sent the range and variety of culture limited circumstances and has never of ). history. Smith found that the most been supported as a universal appli­ 2. Document the importance of difficult part in devising such a con­ cation of the criteria. However, it is the event(s) within the broad text was the integration of the his­ important to consider the applica­ pattern(s) of history. For example, toric context with the archeological bility of criteria other than D when the nomination of a Revolutionary remains. Smith used site types as evaluating archeological properties. War battle site, at a minimum, the key in an approach that could be The preparer should consider as should include a discussion of the well whether, in addition research used as a model for approaching the to importance of the battle and its significance, a site or district has evaluation and management of com­ relevance to the Revolutionary War. traditional, social or religious sig­ mon site types. In developing the Note that broad patterns of our nificance to a particular group or history (including ) context for the Fort Leonard Wood community. It is important to note are the same as what the National settler community, Smith identified that under Criteria A, B, and C the Register calls historic contexts, different types of settlers with pur­ archeological property must have which are defined as relevant poses ranging from subsistence to demonstrated its ability to convey historic themes set within a time cash cropping and characterized its significance, as opposed to sites associated sites according to their eligible under Criterion D, where period and geographic region. archeological visibility, signature, only the potential to yield informa­ 3. Demonstrate the strength of and sensitivity. Some sites, such as tion is required. association of the property to the twentieth-century tenant sites, have event or patterns of events. In order high visibility, easily identified sig­ CRITERION A: to do this, the property must have natures, and low sensitivity. It would EVENT(S) AND BROAD existed at the time of and be directly be important to examine some but PATTERNS OF EVENTS associated with the event or pattern by no means all of this common type of events. A mission built 50 years Mere association with historic of site. (See also Peacock and Patrick after the Pueblo Revolt would prob­ events or trends is not enough, in 1997 for a discussion of common site ably have no direct association with and of itself, to qualify under types and information potential). the Pueblo Revolt. A mission that Criterion A-the property's specific Other sites, such as those of early was abandoned as a result of the association must be considered Pueblo Revolt, on the other hand, squatters, have very low visibility, important as well. Often, a com­ would have a direct association. low signatures (that is, they are diffi­ parative framework is necessary to cult to identify), and very high sensi­ determine if a site is considered an 4. Assess the integrity of the tivity because they are extremely important example of an event or property. Under Criterion A, a prop­ rare and would provide important pattern of events. erty must convey its historic signifi­ information. Even a damaged site cance. For example, archeological could address research questions 1. Identify the event(s) with which the property is associated. properties must have well-preserved if it were a less common type. In a features, artifacts, and intra-site region that is very poorly known, for Generally for archeological proper­ ties this is demonstrated primarily patterning in order to illustrate a example, the investigation even of through specific historic contexts. specific event or pattern of events deflated sites may yield information Archeological evidence supports the in history. Refer to the section potential for 1) basic archeological linkage. Event or even1ts include: 'Aspects, or Qualities, of Integrity," questions about use of the region on page 40 for an example of when and 2) baseline data on site condi­ • a specific event marking an a site would or would not be eligible tion with which to evaluate other important moment in American under Criterion A due to integrity similar sites in the region. (including local) history (e.g., a of setting. battle, treaty signing, court decision); or

22 Archeological sites that are recog­ significance under Criterion A, but eligible under Criterion A as well as nized "type" sites for specific archeo­ not D. The site may not be eligible at D as part of the first Indian land logical complexes or time periods are the state level of significance under reservation in South Carolina. The often eligible under Criterion A. Criterion A, as it may not exemplify Yamasee played a key role in the Because they define archeological an important quarry, comparatively, defense of South Carolina against complexes or cultures or time peri­ for the region. the Spanish from 1684 to 1715. ods, type sites are directly associated Some sites may be listed for their A which with the events and broad patterns significance in the history of archeol­ includes both traditional cultural of history. In addition, archeological ogy. In Colorado, the first Basket­ places and archeological sites may be sites that define the chronology of a maker II rockshelter excavated is eligible under Criteria A and D for region are directly associated with listed under Criterion A at the state its significance in the areas of Ethnic events that have made significant level for archeology. House types Heritage and Archeology. In an ex­ contributionsto the broad patterns and domestic features were identi­ ample from California, a landscape of our history. fied archeologically here for the first containing a village site and addi­ Properties that have yielded im­ time. The rockshelter, excavated in tional cultural features, as well as portant information in the past and LaPlata County by Earle Morris in natural features of oak groves and that no longer retain additional re­ 1938, is also listed for Criterion D grasslands, demonstrates the man­ search potential,such as completely because at least half of the agement of hunted and gathered excavated archeological sites, must remains and there is likely to be resources through burning to pro­ be assessed essentially as historic information there on the transition mote particular environments. sites under Criterion A. Such sites from the Archaic to Basketmaker One of several research questions must be significant for associative adaptations. identified concerned the relation­ values related to: 1) the importance The Yamasee Indian towns in the ship between inland and coastal of the data gained; or 2) the impact South Carolina Low Country are sites in the region. of the property's role in the history of the development of anthropology/ archeology or other relevant disci­ plines. Like other historic properties, the site must retain the ability to convey its association as the former repository of important information, the location of historic events, or the representation of important trends. For instance, a completely excavated pre-contact quarry site known to have been the only quarry site utilized by Native Americans in a northeastern state has revealed im­ portant information concerning the seasonal rounds of Nativegroups, and the procurement and reduction of local lithic materials. Information about how mining materials from this quarry functionedwithin the overall cultural system of the area and affected settlement and subsis­ tence practices and the intact physi­ cal environment of the site convey its importance as the best example of pre-contact industry and commerce in this locale. The quarry is visible, located in a remote area, and main­ Figure6: Listed under CriteriaA and D, the CharlesForte site (38BU51) tains integrity of location, setting, is near Beaufort, South Carolina. Thefort was built in 1562 and feeling, and association. The site representsthe first European occupation of South Carolina. would be eligible at the local level of CT.M.Rhett)

23 state, or national historic context. The Multiple Property Submission (MPS) "Precontact American Under Criterion B, a property must Indian Earthworks, 500 BC - AD 1650" for Minnesota creates regis­ be illustrative rather than commem­ tration requirements for earthworks under Criteria A, B, C, and D. orative of a person's life. An illustra­ The following two examples demonstrate the requirements. tive property is directly linked to the Site X was firstmapped in 1885 and contains more than 60 person and to the reason why that mounds and earthworks. A village site appears to be immediately person is considered to be important. associated with the site. Several of the mounds have looter's holes In most cases, a monument built to commemorate the accomplishments in them but the site has never been plowed. The site is stillwooded of a judge, for example, important in and there is no recent development on or near the site. It is essen­ this nation's history would not be tiallyin pristine condition. This site has excellent integrity of eligible for listing in the National design, setting, materials, feeling, and association, and could Register. (For exceptions to this therefore be nominated to the NationalRegister under Criteria A, general rule refer to the "Criteria C, and D. Consideration F: Commemorative Site Y consisted of at least 225earthworks and mounds and Properties" discussion in How to associated village site. It is the for a Late Pre-Contact Apply the National Register Criteria for context. However, the site has been extensively plowed, several Evaluation) The courthouse where factories have been built on it, and it is within an industrial park. the judge worked and wrote his Although the locationof the mounds have been relocated using opinions, on the other hand, may be aerial photography and remote sensing, most have been destroyed. eligible under Criterion B. There is some evidence, however, that there are still some intact 2. Discuss the importance of materials at the site. In this case, the site is not eligible under the individual within the relevant Criteria A or C because integrityof design, setting, and feeling are historic context(s). The person asso­ very poor and integrity of materials and association are merely ciated with the property must be acceptable. However it is eligible under Criterion D if the mound individually significant and not just group and village are considered one site because together they a member of a profession, class, or still hold significant research potential. social or . For example, A site determined eligible under Criteria A and D under this a doctor who is known to have been important in the settlement and Multiple Property Submission cover document is eligibleunder early development of a community Criterion A because it typifies a distinctive type of site that is would be important under Criterion part of the broader pattern associated with the emergence of B. A person who is known to have agriculture along the margin of the eastern Plains and increasing been a doctor but with no special population nucleation after 1100 A.O. For furtherexamples professional or community standing of sites listed under Criterion A, see the "Summary of Significance" would not be important under Crite­ for Cannonball Ruins and Fort Davis under "NarrativeStatement rion B. of Significance," in Section V of this bulletin. 3. Demonstrate the strength of association between the person and the property. Generally, properties CRITERION B: history. Examples include sites should be associated with the activi­ IMPORTANT PERSONS significantly associated with Chief ties, events, etc. for which the person Joseph and Geronimo. is important. For example, the lab In order to qualifyunder Crite­ where a renowned devel­ rion B, the persons associated with 1. Identify the important person oped his inventions would be more the property must be individually or persons associated with the prop­ strongly associated with the scientist significant within a historic context. erty. (For in-depth guidance on than the apartment house where he The known major villages of indi­ nominatinga property under Crite­ lived. The importance or relevance vidual Native Americans who were rion B, refer to the National Register of the property in comparison to important during the contact period bulletin Guidelines for Evaluating and other properties associated with or later may qualify under Criterion Documenting Properties Associated the person should be addressed. B. As with all Criterion B properties, with SignificantPersons) "Persons Properties that pre- or post-date an the individual associated with the significant in our past" refers to individual's significant accomplish­ property must have made some individuals whose activities are de­ ments usually are not eligible under specific important contribution to monstrably important within a local, Criterion B.

24 4. Address the property's integ­ tence; exchange relationships; mili­ CRITERION C: rity. Sufficient integrity implies that tary architecture; art and . DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, the essential physical features dur­ The Modoc Lava beds were a major AND WORK OF A MASTER ing its association with the person's geographic crossroads for the far life are intact. If the property is a western United States. The role of To be eligible under Criterion C, site that had no material cultural the district's inhabitants in control­ a property must meet at least one remains, then the setting must be ling the distribution of from of the following requirements: the intact. Under Criterion B, archeologi­ the Medicine Lake Highland volca­ property must embody distinctive cal properties need to be in good nic field is one of the specific re­ characteristics of a type, period, or condition with excellent preserva­ search topics. method of construction, represent tion of features, artifacts, and spatial The Kukaniloko Birth Site in Ha­ the work of a master, possess high relationships. An effective test is to waii is listed under A, B, and D for, artistic value, or represent a signifi­ ask if the person would recognize 'J\RCHEOLOGY:Prehistoric; ETH­ cant and distinguishable entity the property. If "no," then integrity NIC HERITAGE: Native Hawaiian; whose components may lack may be insufficient to qualify under ;POLITICS-GOV­ individual distinction. Criterion B. Refer to 'J\spects,or ERNMENT;and RELIGION. Qualities, of Integrity," in Section IV Kukaniloko is a celebrated place set of this bulletin. aside for the birth of high ranking A Significant and The Puckshunubbee-Haley Site chiefs, marked by large basalt stones. Distinguishable Entity in Madison County, Mississippi, is Once part of a larger religious com­ Whose Components May listed under both Criteria B and D as plex, Kukaniloko continues to be Lack Individual Distinction. the residence site (without standing visited by Hawaiians who occasion­ This portionof Criterion C structures) of two significantindi­ ally leave offerings. It is associated refers to districts. For detailed viduals: Puckshunubbee, an impor­ with a number of prominent chiefs information on districts, tant chief from about 1801 born there. The nomination states to 1824, and pioneer Major David W that important informationmay be refer to the National Haley, who purchased the chief's gathered from the analysis of the Register bulletinHow to house after his death and was central boulders and petroglyphs, which Applythe National Register to land negotiations withthe Choctaw. are thought to have astronomical Criteria for Evaluation. This three-acre property also con­ significance. tains a Late Mississippian mound. The farm site where a famous scientist lived for several years when she was a young woman is now in the middle of a modern day housing development. Several other proper­ ties associated with this scientist's career and her birthplace are already listed on the National Register. In addition,research and excavations have shown that the site is highly disturbed. This site would not be eligible under Criterion A, B, C, or D. The Modoc Lava Beds Archaeo­ logical District in California is listed under Criteria A, B, and D. Under A, this 46,780-acre district is associated with the Modoc War of 1872-73 and contains places of traditionalcultural significance to the Modoc people. Eligibility under B is for association with Captain Jack, the principal Modoc leader during the war, for the areas of significance: ETHNIC HERITAGE: Native American, and Figure 7: The bedrock mortars and rock on a bedrock base mark MILITARY.Important information a work area or former above-ground structure in the Modoc Lava Beds under Criterion D is associated with Archaeological District in Tulelake County, California, part of the chronology; settlement and subsis- Lava Beds National Monument. CTanetP. Eidsness)

25 The above requirements should shipyards, each representing a has intact walls covered with pic­ be viewed within the context of the different time period in clipper tures and drawn by Civil War intent of Criterion C; that is, to ship building. soldiers who stayed there would be distinguish those properties that are eligible under Criterion C. significant as representatives of the A master is a figure of generally 2. Discuss the importance of the human expression of culture or recognized greatness in a field, a property given the historic contexts technology ( especially architecture, known craftsman of consummate that are relevant to the property and artistic value, landscape architecture, skill, or an anonymous craftsman the applicability of Criterion C. Note and engineering). whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and that the work of an unidentified 1. Identify the distinctive charac­ quality. If a well-preserved, eigh­ craftsman or builder is eligible if the teristics of the type, period, or teenth-century kiln site, work (usually a building or struc­ method of construction, master or such as the Mt. Sheppard, North ture) rises above the level of work­ craftsman, or the high artistic value Carolina pottery, illustrates how a manship of other similar or themati­ of the property. Distinctive charac­ particular type of exceptional pot­ cally-related properties. As a result, teristics of type, period, or method of tery was produced by a renowned comparison with other properties construction are illustrated in one or pottery manufacturer, then it would is usually required to make the case more ways, including: qualify under Criterion C. of eligibility under Criterion C. • The pattern of features common High artistic value to a particular class of resources, may take a variety such as a sugar mill with associ­ of forms including ated archeological remains that community design or is representative of eighteenth­ planning, landscaping, century Caribbean sugar mills; engineering and works of art. A prop­ • The individuality or variation of erty with high artistic features that occurs within the value must (when class, such as the well-preserved compared to similar ruins of an 1860s brewery that resources) fully ex­ was designed and built to pro­ press an aesthetic ideal duce one type of ale; of a particular concept • The of that class, or of design. The well­ the transition between the classes preserved ruins of a of resources, such as the well­ building that was used preserved sites of four adjacent as a hospital and still

Figures 8 and 9: Florida's New Smyrna SugarMill ruins (left)(Florida State News Bureau) and Seven Towers Pueblo (above), nominated under the Great Pueblo Period of the McElmo Drainage Unit MPS in Colorado (Richard Fuller), are good examples of archeological properties with significant standing architectural and subsurface archeological components.

26 For example, a colonial plantation ing structurethat was used as a tionally built below the ground. For site may have standing buildings stop for the Butterfield Overland Mail example, many industrialcomplexes, that are excellent examples of a rare service may qualify under Criterion A such as brick manufacturing or min­ form of colonial construction. To but not be eligible under Criterion C ing sites, contain potentially signifi­ illustrate this, Colonial-period con­ because the structure is not represen­ cant architectural or engineering struction methods need to be dis­ tativeof the stage stops that were remains below ground. Another cussed to a level of detail sufficient actually built to service the stages and exception might be found at archeo­ to demonstratethat the construction mail carriers. logical sites that contained relatively methods seen at the example intact architectural remains buried 4. Address the integrity of the plantation are rare. through either cultural or natural property. To meet the integrity re­ processes. Thus, well-preserved 3. Evaluate how stronglythe quirement of Criterion C, an archeo­ architectural remains that were un­ property illustrates the distinctive logical property must have remains covered by archeological excavation characteristics of the type, period, or that are well-preserved and clearly might be considered eligible under method of construction, master or illustrate the design and construc­ Criterion C. Refer to 'J\spects,or craftsman, or the high artisticvalue tion of the building or structure. Qualities, of Integrity" in Section IV of the property. For example, an An exception to the above-ground of this bulletin. archeological property with a stand- rule is structures that were inten- A late Mississippian village that illustrates the important concepts in pre-contact community design and planning will qualify. A Hopewellian mound, if it is an important example of mound building constructiontech­ niques, would qualify as a method or type of construction. A Native American irrigation system modified for use by Europeans could be eligible if it illustrates the technology of either or both periods of construction. Properties that are important repre­ sentatives of the aesthetic values of a cultural group, such as petroglyphs and ground drawings by Native Americans, are generally eligible.

Figure10: TheBlythe Intaglios in California represent a property with high artistic value. (Bureau of Land Management)

Figure11: At the multicomponent Yarmony in Colorado, the 7000 year old Early Archaic pithouses (such as the one shown here) are exemplary build­ ings in their age, complexityof features, artifact associations, and physical integrity. This site is listed under Criterion C for architecture and Criterion D for archaeology. (Figure from .. , .. Michael Metcalf and Kevin Black, •••U••••n Southwestern Lore 54(1) 1988) The Beattie Mound Group in cernable archeologically due to this information about the use of the downtown Rockford, Illinois, is disturbance. This site is not eligible forest by Tlingit peoples and about eligible under Criteria C and O for under Criterion C as an example of the construction of canoes during architecture and archeology. The the first in the evolution of the last decades when they were mound group embodies distinctive production facilities in this lo­ being made. Archeological investi­ characteristics of the earthwork type cale, but may still be eligible under gations at the site are likely to yield of construction in three forms: Criterion O if other areas of the site artifacts or features associated conical, linear, and turtle effigy. are intact enough to produce impor­ with manufacture. This group is unusual in represent­ tant information. ing a variety of forms in a small In Alaska, a cedar dugout canoe CRITERION D: area. These mounds are part of the more than 29 feet long is listed as a INFORMATION POTENTIAL "Effigy Mound" tradition of the structure and a site. Its historic func­ Upper Mississippi Valley, which tion is Tr ansportation/water-related; Criterion O requires that a prop­ dates from about A.O. 300-1100. it is not currently in use. In fact, it erty "has yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in pre­ An archeological district in Colo­ was never finished by the Tlingit history or history." Most properties rado is listed at the state level of Indian(s) who began construction listed under Criterion O are archeo­ significance under Criteria C and 0 sometime before 1920. Because it is logical sites and districts, although for architecture and archeology. The unfinished, it shows part of the con­ extant structures and buildings may district contains at least 24 sites dat­ struction process that would not be be significant for their information ing from A.O. 975-1150. These sites apparent in a finished canoe. It is an potential under this criterion. To include rock shelters with coursed example of an early Northern type qualify under Criterion 0, a property masonry features, rock shelters with of Indian canoe with a distinctive must meet two basic requirements: wall alignments, rock shelters with­ profile. When it was listed in 1989, out architectural features, open ma­ it was the only partiallyfinished • The property must have, or have sonry which incorporate boulders/ Nativecanoe of this type found in had, informationthat can contrib­ rocks outcrops into room features, situ in southeast Alaska. The canoe ute to our understanding of of any time period; and mesa top sites with alignments. is eligible under Criterion C as it Research questions focus on the embodies the distinctive characteris­ • The informationmust be consid­ relationship of the district to related tics of a type-the Northern canoe; ered important. sites in the Four Corners region. As and method of con­ a frontier community established struction-the unfin­ during a time of dynamic cultural ished canoe retains change, this district may establish construction elements the extreme northern extension of usually lost in ii an important culture area. The completed canoe. boundary contains a complete envi­ The construction site ronmental profile from the mesa top itself is preserved as downslope to the creek. the tree stump from The archeological remains of a which the log was seventeenth-century integrated iron is intact and exhibits production facility are important at saw marks that help the state level of significance as they date the construction represent the earliest example of to no earlier than this type of facilityin the state. the late nineteenth construction has disturbed century. The site only a portion of the site, however, has the potential to the major activity areas are not dis- yield important

Figure12: Leluh Ruins, locatedon Leluh Island, Kosrae State, Federated States of Micronesia, includes massive basalt walls, high chief's compounds, a royal tomb and other sacred compounds, several streets, a canal system and extensive archeological deposits. Thesite is listed under Criteria A, C, and D as it is associated with , the rise of in the Pacific, contains a distinctive ...-.- ­ form of architecture in its stacked basalt prisms and blocks, and the associated archeological remains may address a wide range of important research questions. (R. Cordy)

28 Nominations should outline the Specific questions may change the National Park Service Thematic type of important information that a but there are a number of categories Framework (NPS 1996), available property is likely to yield as shaped of questions that are used routinely at . do this, the property must have the of anthropological observations of Through the disciplined study of necessary kinds and configuration of societies. Such general topics include the archeological record and sup­ data sets and integrity to address but are not limited to: of porting information, archeologists important research questions. subsistence, technology and trade; can provide answers to certain im­ portant questions about the past that are unobtainable from other sources. There are fiveprimary steps in a Criterion D evaluation. Archeological inquiry generally con­ tributes to our understanding of the 1. Identifythe property's data set(s) or categories of archeological, past in three ways. It: historical, or ecological information. • describes, records, and recon­ 2. Identifythe historic context(s), that is, the appropriate historical structs past lifeways across time and archeological framework in which to evaluate the property. and space; 3. Identifythe important research question(s) that the property's • tests new hypotheses about past data sets can be expected to address. activities; and 4. Taking archeological integrity into consideration, evaluate the • reinforces, alters, or challenges data sets in terms of their potential and known ability to answer current assumptions about research questions. the past. 5. Identify the important information that an archeological study The Mt. Jasper Lithic Source in of the property has yielded or is likely to yield. Coos County, New Hampshire, is listed under "ARCHEOLOGY: Prehistoric; and INDUSTRY," for Application of Criterion Dre­ land use and settlement; social and its contribution to the understanding quires that the important informa­ political organization; ideology, of and, secondarily, tion which an archeological property religion, and cosmology; paleo­ for its contribution to understanding may yield must be anticipated at the environmental reconstruction; and settlement and exchange patterns. time of evaluation. Archeological ecological adaptation. In addition, a The lithic source area contains places techniques and methods have category of questions that relate to where a rare and high quality raw improved greatly even in the few improvement to archeological material was found, mined, and made decades since the passage of the methodology should be considered. into tools essential for survival by National Historic Preservation Act. For other general categories see hunter-gatherers from ca. 7000 BC The questions that archeologists ask have changed and become, in many cases, more detailed and more so­ phisticated. The history of archeol­ ogy is full of examples of important information being gleaned from sites previously thought unimportant. Because important information and methods for acquiring it change through time, it may be necessary to reassess historic contexts and site evaluations periodically. Changing perceptions of signifi­ cance are simply a matter of the normal course of all social sciences and as they evolve and develop new areas of study. What constitutes "information important in prehistory or history" changes Figure 13: TheShenks Ferry Sitein Lancaster County,Pennsylvania, with archeological and historical an important contact period village site, was excavated in the 1930s and 1970s. theory, method, and technique. Itwas listed in the National Register in 1982 without additional excavations. (Archaeology Laboratory, WPMM, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania)

29 to A.O. 1500. The recovery of tools made from Mt. Jasper rhyolite at sites distant from the source shows it widespread use. In the southern Idaho uplands, a large districtsignificant at the state level encompasses the drainages of two creeks and represents 6000 years of occupation. Site types in this high desert sagebrush-grass-juniper envi­ ronment include rockshelters and caves, sites, campsites, lithic scatters, workshops, and rock align­ ments. Important research questions under Criterion D concern the ar­ rival of the Shoshoni in southern Idaho, the relationship of the area people to the Fremont residents in Utah, and the function of various types of rock alignments. The Big Sioux Prehistoric Prairie Procurement System Archeological Districtcontains a representative sample of the best preserved ele­ ments of a huntingand gathering system in the northwest plains from 10,000 to 200 years ago. It in­ cludes large and small sites, plowed and unplowed, and material on all types of landforms in the river valley. This discontiguousdistrict's 30 sites are stretched along 15 miles of river terraces and blufftops. They include: late base camps; deeply­ buried early Archaic camps; and procurement sites from all pre­ contact time periods. The nomina­ tion argues that there is a common bias toward emphasizing individual sites, especially large and spectacular Figure 14: Because the recorded surface manifestations were obvious at sites. Small, temporarily occupied Camp Carondelet, Prince William County, Virginia,archeological excavations sites seem to be the firstto fall out were not required to list this Civil War encampment under Criterion D. of research designs. Small sites may Oan Townsend) appear to produce little information because broad cultural patterns can­ porary sites in order to reconstruct Register in 1982 without additional not be reconstructed from one small the whole settlement system. field investigations. site. However, small sites, especially If archeological studies were The patterning of artifacts and single-component sites may contain conducted previously at a site, features on the ground surface of detailedinformation which is additional test excavation may not some properties may be sufficient unobtainable from larger, multi­ be required before preparing a to warrant nominatingthem to the component sites. Without the National Registernomination. For National Register. If this is the case, context of a larger subsistence and example, the Shenks Ferry site in then demonstrating the presence of settlement system, small sites may Lancaster County, Pennsylvania intact subsurface artifact or feature appear meaningless but in a well­ (a contact period village dating from patterning through test excavations developed context, their significance the sixteenth century), was exca­ may not be required. That is, there can be assessed realistically. Base vated in the early 1930s and in the is no mandatory testing of sites to camps must be connected with tern- 1970s and was listed in the National determine their significance. For

30 example, Camp Carondelet in Prince can be types of artifacts (such as exhaustive. Examples of the kinds of William County. Virginia, the 1861- ceramics, glass, or tools), archeologi­ research questions anticipated may 1862 winter camp of a Louisiana cal features (such as privies, trash be provided. A single important brigade, was listed in the National , or tailings piles), or pat­ question is sufficient. Register without excavations. This terned relationships between arti­ Theoretical positions on and Civil War camp, which is evidenced facts, features, soil , or pragmatic debates about important by above-ground patterning of hut above-ground remains. A graveyard, research questions are expressed at outlines, chimney falls, trash pits, for example, might contain at least professional archeological confer­ , and rifle pits has sufficient three data sets: the human remains, ences and in the professional litera­ surface information to justify a state­ items buried with the deceased, and ture and journals. For example, the ment of significance. Field work the arrangement of the graves Society for Historical Archeology included mapping the above camp within the cemetery. sponsored a plenary session titled features and noting the location of Data sets that are known or ex­ "Questions that Count in Archeol­ artifacts visible on the surface of the pected to be represented at the ogy" at its annual meeting in 1987. ground and in and around holes property should be described. If the This session addressed the issue of dug by relic hunters. Similarly, property is a district and there are which theoretical frameworks or mounds or earthworks such as those multiple data sets (which is likely), general research topics will generate of the Effigy Mound tradition of the then each of the kinds of data sets the most important questions for Upper Mississippi Valley would not should be described. The data sets post-contact archeology (e.g. Deagan require intrusive testing for a con­ represented at each site may be pre­ 1988). From a theoretical viewpoint, vincing statement of significance to sented in tabular form or in a matrix. Kathleen Deagan (1988:9), for be argued based on analogy with The data sets described in this sec­ example, makes the case that the similar excavated properties. tion must be consistent with the questions that" count cannot be At the John Dickinsonhouse, a artifact and feature information answered by either historical or National Historic landmark located included in the "Narrative Descrip­ archeological data alone, or through near Dover, Delaware, ground­ tion" of the site. For example, if a simple comparisom. of two data categories." Rather than simply rein­ penetrating radar was used to locate chronology data set is described, forcing other documentary sources, subsurface evidence of outbuildings, then the property must have data the interpretation of archeological , and other features prior to the (such as time-diagnostic artifacts) evidence provides a supplementary reconstruction of this eighteenth­ that can be used to address chronol­ and complementary record of the century plantation's architecture ogy. If there is a data set, or data sets, past. Other questions that count are (Bevan 1981). At Fort Benning, linked to a research topic of non­ those that apply archeological tech­ Georgia, electromagnetic, magnetic.. local exchange systems, for example, niques to answering history-based and CPR investigations at the Creek then there must be evidence of such questions about which there is in­ town of Upatoi revealed highly activities represented in the archeo­ logical deposits. adequate documentation. In fact, patterned subsurface features inter-­ to date, this has been post-contact preted as probably graves. The use archeology's most successful schol­ of non-destructive techniques pro­ Important Information and Research Questions arly contribution (Deagan 1988:9). vided evidence of subsurface re­ According to Deagan (1988:9), "other mains and raised the priority of site What are important questions in questions appropriate to the unique protection as a land management archeology? Even if a current list of capabilities of historical archeology concern (Briuer et al. 1997). important research questions existed focus on understanding general (that archeologists could agree upon), cultural phenomena that transcend Data Sets the questions would still change as specific time and space." Data sets, or data categories, are the discipline evolves and certain A nomination should provide a groups of information. Data sets are questions are answered and others clear link between the contexts, the defined by the archeologist, taking are asked. Moreover, as research research questions, and the data into consideration the type of arti­ questions of the future cannot be found at the property. Whatever the facts and features at the property, anticipated, the kinds of data theoretical orientation of the arche­ the research questions posed, and necessary to answer them cannot ologist, the connection between the the analytical approach that is used. be determined with certainty. Thus, archeological data and the important Whatever their theoretical orienta­ the research potential of a historic questions should be explicit in the tion, all archeologists look at pat­ property must be evaluated in light National Register nomination. terns in the archeological record. It is of current issues in archeology, One way to link archeological the evaluation or analysis of data anthropology, history, and other remains with research questions is sets and their patterning within the disciplines of study (Ferguson 1977). through middle-range theories that framework of research questions The list of important research ques­ connect the empirical world with that yields information. Data sets tions does not need to be lengthy or generalized hypotheses (Leone 1988;

31 Merton 1967; Binford 1977, 1981a, bulletin How to Complete the National Adaptations and Maritime Cultural 1981b; Thomas 1983a, 1983b; South Register Multiple Property Dornmenta­ Ecology; 3) Cultural Complexity and 1977,1988). The middle-range and tion Form). its origins; and 4) "European radia­ general theories should follow from A good example of a regional tion" and indigenous societies. and be consistent with the informa­ study proposed in National Register When evaluating sites within a tion presented in the discussion of documentation is the Multiple Prop­ regional perspective, the following historic contexts. erty Submission, "Native American kinds of information should be pre­ As noted above, there is no set Archaeological Sites of the Oregon sented: outline that must be followed in Coast." In the cover document, sev­ • definition of the region or com­ describing research questions within eral sets of research topics and ques­ munity under consideration; the narrative statement of signifi­ tions are presented at local, regional, cance. General theories and the and national scales of research. Top­ • relative estimate of how many more specific hypotheses that shape ics used to evaluate the eligibility of other similar properties were the research questions, for example, individual sites include: how have once located within the region; may be presented in the historic Oregon Coast environments been • identification, where applicable, context discussion and simply occupied and/or used by Native of surviving standing structures referenced during the description Americans varied through space or sites; of important research questions. and time; when and how did coastal The National Register nomination adaptations develop along the • evaluation of level of archeologi­ should include a clear and concise Oregon Coast; how did Oregon cal investigation of similar presentation of the required infor­ Coast settlement and subsistence properties; and the mation. The specific format for change through time; when did • outline of the documentary, eth­ doing this will be determined in ethnographic patterns first develop nographic, or other supporting large part by the nature of the on the Oregon Coast; how did evidence related to the property. archeological property and its Euroamerican colonization affect information potential. Oregon Coast Native Americans and To systematically evaluate proper- Archeologists have recognized how did Native Americans affect the ties, National Register nomination the importance of comparative infor­ course of colonization; and questions preparers often use an evaluation mation from a regional data base in related to general archeological matrix, especially for pre-contact making effective eligibility decisions. method and theory. archeological properties. This ap­ This is especially true when dealing Under each of these topics are proach to evaluation can also be with large numbers of a common more detailed questions. The Mul­ particularly useful for evaluating resource type that have not been tiple Property Submission cover the scientific or information poten­ evaluated, such as nineteenth­ document recognizes that the study tial of a post-contact archeological century farmsteads or stone circles. of individual sites creates the build­ property. Donald L. Hardesty A regional perspective provides a ing blocks for regional models and describes the development of a logical framework in which to ultimately for more general and significance evaluation matrix in evaluate seemingly "mundane" or broadly applicable archeological and his 1988 publication, The Archeology "redundant" historic properties (e.g., anthropological method and theory. of Mining and Miners: A View From Hardesty 1990; McManamon 1990; Regional research topics that can be the Silver State. Although Hardesty' s Peacock and Patrick 1997; Smith addressed through the comparative focus is on mining properties, the 1990; Wilson 1990). study of individual sites include the process that Hardesty calls "a logical Preparing Multiple Property following: 1) Changes in Oregon questioning framework" is appli­ Submission cover documents may coast environments through time; cable to all kinds of archeology prop­ also help solve the problems en­ 2) Antiquity of coastal adaptations; erties (1990:48). countered with the eligibility of 3) Regional developments in settle­ In Hardesty's evaluation matrix "redundant" resources. The format ment and subsistence; 4) Origins the vertical axis comprises key areas of the multiple property document and development of ethnographic of research (such as , may serve as a research design that cultural patterns; and 5) Effects of technology, economics, social organi­ specifies significance, important European contact and colonization zation, and ideology) while the hori­ information, documenting protocols on Native Americans and their zontal axis describes three research and identification strategies for par­ resources. levels (world system, region, and ticular types of resources that are General topics of broad impor­ locality) where questions about the worthy of preservation. For instance, tance are addressed in a comparative past may be addressed. The specific registration requirements specify framework. Four such topics are features of an evaluation matrix are eligibility requirements. (For further extensions of the regional questions. determined taking into consideration guidance on multiple property sub­ These are: 1) Environmental Change the theoretical framework, middle missions, see the National Register and Human Adaptations; 2) Coastal range theories linking the data sets

32 to the relevant research questions, OTHER SIGNIFICANCE of a special architectural design, then the research questions or topics, and CONSIDERATIONS 'Architecture" may also be added to the data sets represented at the the list. A pre-contact lithic source property. In this example, a post­ The following: Areas of Signifi­ may have areas of significance 'AR­ contact archeological property would cance, Period of Significance, Sig­ CHEOLOGY: Prehistoric" and "IN­ be eligible for the National Register nificant Dates, Significant Person(s), DUSTRY." A paleo-Indian kill site if its archeological record contains Cultural Affiliation, Architect or may have the areas of significance information with sufficient integrity Builder, are important for all nomi­ 'ARCHEOLOGY: Prehistoric" and that can be used to address one of nations, whether Criteria A, B, C, "ECONOMICS" because there are the topics within the evaluationmatrix. or D are being applied. Criteria no areas of significance specific to If the information at the site cannot considerations are listed and dis­ non-agricultural societies. be used to address these research cussed on pp. 19-20 under "National The ARCHEOLOGY Area of themes, then the property may not Register Criteria." Significance has the subcategories be eligible for the National Register. noted above. Many archeological Archeological properties that fall AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE sites can be associated with a specific between the clearly eligible and the ethnic group, which also has subcat­ clearly ineligible are the most diffi­ For post-contact archeological egories. If this is the case, then enter cult to evaluate for inclusion in the properties enter 'ARCHEOLOGY: "ETHNIC HERITAGE: Asian," National Register. Moreover, it is Historic-Aboriginal" or 'ARCHEOL­ "ETHNIC HERITAGE: Black," important to realize that profes­ OGY: Historic-Non-Aboriginal" or "ETHNIC HERITAGE: European," sional archeologists, , and both. For pre-contact properties "ETHNIC HERITAGE: Hispanic," architectural historians may disagree enter 'ARCHEOLOGY: Prehistoric." "ETHNIC HERITAGE: Native on the eligibility of a particular his­ In addition, enter any categories American," "ETHNIC HERITAGE: toric property. In theory, given high and subcategories about which the Pacific Islander," or "ETHNIC quality, and often site-specific, ar­ property is likely to yield important HERITAGE: Other." cheological research designs and information and list them in relative Other Areas of Significance in­ comprehensive historic contexts, importance to the property. For ex­ clude: AGRICULTURE, ART,COM­ questions of eligibility should be ample, an Indian industrial school MERCE, COMMUNICATIONS, minimal. As with all scientificand may have the following areas of COMMUNITY PLANNING AND humanistic endeavors, it is the qual­ significance: 'ARCHEOLOGY: DEVELOPMENT,CONSERVATION, ity and bias of the questions we ask Historic-Aboriginal," "EDUCA­ ECONOMICS, EDUCATION, ENGI­ that determines the nature of the TION," and "ETHNIC HERITAGE: NEERING, ENTERTAINMENT/ answers we recover from the past. Native American." If the school was RECREATION, EXPLORATION/

AN EVALUATION MATRIX FOR MINES Research Domain World System Region Locality Demography Comparative data on Patterns of occupation/ Reconstruction patterns of mining frontier abandonment in district of household demography population Technology Adaptive variety and Adaptive change in Reconstruction change in industrial and industrial technologies of mining/milling appropriate technologies imported into district technologies Economics on the mining frontier Adaptive patterns of Patterns of economic Reconstruction economic production distribution and of household and distributions on the production within consumption and Social mining frontier the district production Organization Patterns of mining frontier Patterns of" colony" Reconstruction of and change social structure and household status ethnic relations and ethnicity Ideology Emergence of"syncretic" Interaction of Victorian Reconstruction of mining frontier ideology and ethnic folk cultures household ideology

33 SETTLEMENT, HEALTH/MEDICINE, is eligible under Criterion D, linked For example, an antebellum INDUSTRY, INVENTION, LAND­ to the information potential of plantationthat was built in 1820 SCAPE ARCHITECTURE, LAW, LIT­ the property. and burned in 1864 and has well ERATURE, MARITIME HISTORY, preserved archeological deposits MILITARY, PERFORMING ARTS, PERIOD OF SIGNIFICANCE datingfrom 1820 to 1864 has a 1820- PHILOSOPHY, POLITICS/GOV­ The period of significancefor an 1864 period of significance. If the same ERNMENT,RELIGION, SCIENCE, property was reoccupied from 1870 SOCIAL HISTORY, TRANSPORTA­ archeological property is the time range (which is usually estimated) through 1900 and this period is repre­ TION, AND OTHER. Each of these sented by intact archeological depos­ Areas of Significance, none of which during which the property was occupied or used and for which the its, then the periods of significance have subcategories, are defined in are 1820-1864 and 1870-1900.If the the National Register bulletin property is likely to yield important same site was then occupied sporadi­ How to Complete the National Register information if evaluated under Registration Form. Criterion D. There may be more cally from1910 to 1920 by transients and there are no archeological re­ Every effort should be made to than one period of significance. If use the listed ''Areasof Significance." the periods of significance overlap, mains associated with this period of If none are applicable ( except, then they should be combined into use, then the periods of significance of course, ''Archeology.. ."), then one longer period of significance. are still1820-1864 and 1870-1900. "Other" may be entered and the Periods of significance should be If a portionof the same property appropriate area(s) of significance listed in order of importance relative was mined for gold from 1875 described in the text. The use of the to the property's history, the areas through 1880 and the remains of this "Other" category, however, pre­ of significance, and the criteria mining activity are intact and well cludes analysis of the property in under which the property is being preserved, then the periods of sig­ terms of the other properties listed nominated. The periods of signifi­ nificance will stillbe 1820-1864 and in the National Register. Each of cance must follow from the data 1870-1900. If the mining activity the areas of significance must be presented in the narrative descrip­ extended from 1865 to 1875, then the tion and significance statements in described in the narrative signifi­ property's period of significance the nomination. cance section, and, if the property would be 1820-1900. The subperiods of significance (i.e., 1820-1864,1865- 1875, and 1870-1900) may be listed below the overall period of signifi­ cance but, since stibperiodsare not coded into the National Register database, this is not required. The subperiods of significance, however, should be described in the narrative significance statement.

Figures15 and 16: Archeological properties illustrate the diversity of a region's history. In Hawaii, for example,post-contact archeologicalpropemes include the Kalaoa PermanentHouse Site(above) (ca. A.D.1400-1800) Cordy)(R and the Kalaupapa LeprosySettlement (right) (early twentiethcentury). (NPS)

34 SIGNIFICANT DATES the name of a property's architect entered in this category. The full name or builder only if the property meets should be used. If the property's Significant dates are single years Criterion B for association with design derived from the stock plans in which a special event or activity that individual. of a company or government agency associated with the significance of the and are not credited to a specific property occurred. A significant date CULTURAL AFFILIATION individual, enter the name of the is by definition included within company or agency; for example, the period of significance time range. Cultural affiliation must be filled "Southern Pacific Railroad," "Sears," The property must have historical out when nominating a property or "U.S. Army." Enter the name of integrity for all the significant dates under Criterion D. Cultural affilia­ property owners or contractors only entered. The beginning and closing tion has been defined by the if they were actually responsible for dates of a period of significance are National Register to be "the archeo­ the property's design or construc­ "significant dates" only if they mark logical or ethnographic culture to tion. If the architect or builder is specific events or activities related to which a of artifacts or unknown, enter "unknown." the significance of the property. The resources ( or property) belongs." dates should be listed in order of For pre-contact archeological importance given the property's resources," cultural affiliation" ASPECTS, history and why it is significant. generally refers to a cultural group OR QUALITIES Martin's Hundred in Virginia has that is, in part, defined by a certain OF INTEGRITY two significant dates: 1619, the year archeological assemblage and time when it was established; and 1622, period. For example, "Paleoindian," The National Register criteria the year when it was almost com­ "Hopewell," "Hohokam," "Adena," stipulate that a property must pletely destroyed in a Native Ameri­ and "Shoshonean" are commonly possess integrity of location, design, can uprising (Noel Hume 1982). used cultural affiliation terms. setting, materials, workmanship, For archeological districts enter Archeologists also commonly enter feeling, and association. The dates that relate to the significance the archeological time period in this National Register bulletin How to of the district as a whole and not for category; for example, "Early Ar­ Apply the National Register Criteria for individual resources unless the dates chaic," "Late Woodland," and "Late Evaluation directs that "integrity is are also significant relative to the Prehistoric," and "Proto-historic." the ability of a property to convey its district. For many archeological Archeologists who study the significance" and "to retain historic properties, specific significant dates post-contact period usually are able integrity a property will always cannot be identified. If this is the case, to enter the ethnic identity of the possess several, and usually most, of enter "N /A." Radiocarbon, tree ring group that occupied or used the the aspects." (For further guidance, How to Apply the National Register or other scientifically-determined property because the information is see Criteria for Evaluation). absolute dates can be entered in this generally available through docu­ The evaluation of integrity is section. Note, however, that radio­ ments, oral histories, or comparative sometimes a subjective judgment, carbon dates will be listed in the studies. For example,"Hawaiian," but it must always be grounded in NRIS without their standard "Chemehuevi," Creek," "Irish­ an understanding of a property's deviations. American," "Chinese-American," physical features and how they re­ "African-American," "British,'' SIGNIFICANT PERSON(S) late to its significance. The retention "Spanish," and "Dutch" are common of specific aspects of integrity is cultural affiliation entries. Entries If an archeolosrical property is paramount for a property to convey such as ''Shaker" and "Mormon" are its significance. Determining which being listed in the National Register also used. When a historical prop­ under Criterion B (i.e., association of these aspects are most important erty, such as a mining camp, cannot to a particular property requires with a significant person or persons), be linked to a specific cultural group, knowing why, where, and when the then this category should be com­ then the appropriate entry simply property is significant. pleted. Enter the full name of the may be 't\nglo-American"or "Euro­ The importance of each of these significant person, placing the last American" or even 't\merican." aspects of integrity depends upon name first. If there is more than one Every effort should be made to com­ the nature of the property and the significant person, list them in plete the cultural affiliation section; Criterion or Criteria under which it order of importance relative to the however, if the cultural affiliation is is being nominated. Integrity of property's history. Do not enter the unknown, enter"unknown." location, design, materials, and asso­ name of a family, fraternal group or ciation are of primary importance, organization. Enter the names of ARCHITECT OR BUILDER for example, when nominating several individuals in one family or archeological sites under Criteria A organization, only if each person The name of the person(s) re­ and B. Design, materials, and work­ made contributions for which the sponsible for the design or construc­ manship are especially important property meets Criterion B. Enter tion of the property, if known, is under Criterion C. Location, design,

35 materials, and association are gener­ ally the most relevant aspects of ASPECTS, OR QUALITIES, OF INTEGRITY integrity under Criterion D. Integrity of settingwithin the site is important Aspect/Quality Definition under Criteria A and B. Under Location The place where the historic property was Criteria C and D, integrity of setting constructed or the place where the historic adds to the overall integrity of an event occurred. individual site and is especially im­ portant when assessing the integrity Design The combination of elements that create of a district.Integrity of feeling also the form, plan, space, structure, and style of adds to the integrity of archeological a property. sites or districts as well as to other types of properties. Integrity of Setting The physical environment of a historic property. setting and feeling usually increases Setting includes elements such as topographic the "recognizability" of the site or features, open space, viewshed, landscape, district and enhances one's ability to vegetation, and artificialfeatures . interpret an archeologicalsite's or Materials The physical elements that were combined or district's historical significance. Assessment of integrity must deposited during a particular period of time come after an assessment of and in a particular pattern or configuration to significance: form a historic property. Significance + integrity = eligibility. Workmanship The physical evidence of the labor and skill of a particular culture or people during any given To assess integrity, first define the period in history. essential physical qualitiesthat must be present for the property to repre­ Feeling A property's expression of the aesthetic or sent its significance. historic sense of a particular period of time. Second, determine if those qualities are visible or discernible Association The direct link between an important historic enough to convey their significance. event or person and a historic property. Under Remember to consider the question D it is measured in the strength of association of "to whom significancemight be between data and important research questions. conveyed." For example, the signifi­ cance of particularhistoric buildings may be apparent primarily to archi­ Finally, based on the significance cance. Determining which of these tectural historians but not to many and essential physical qualities, aspects are most important to a individuals in the general public. determine which aspects of integ­ particularproperty requires Similarly, the significance of some rity are vital to the property being knowing why, where and when propertiesmay be apparent primarily nominated and whether they are the property is significant. to specialists, including individuals present (See also the recommended Archeologists use the word whose expertise is in the traditional sequence for evaluationunder integrity to describe the level of cultural knowledge of a tribe. A "EvaluatingSites in Context," in preservation or quality of informa­ property does not have to readily Section IV of this bulletin). tion contained within a district, site, convey its significance visually to Solely meeting any aspect of or excavated assemblage. A property the general public; however, integrity is not sufficient to meet with good archeological integrity National Register documentation eligibility requirements. For in­ has archeological deposits that are of the significance of a property stance, just because most archeologi­ relatively intact and complete. The should be written such that mem­ cal sites retain integrity of location archeological record at a site with bers of the general public can under­ does not make them eligible. As the such integrity has not been severely stand the property's significance National Register bulletinHow to impacted by later cultural activities and the physical qualities which Apply the National Register Criteria or natural processes. Properties convey that significance. for Evaluation states, without good archeological integrity Third, determine if the property To retain historic integrity a prop­ may contain elements that are needs to be compared to other simi­ erty will always possess several inconsistent with a particular time lar properties. This decision is made and usually most, of the aspects. period or culture. For example, the in light of the historic context(s) in The retention of specificaspects contents of a thirteenth-century which the property's significance of integrity is paramount for a Native American trashpit should is defined. property to convey its signifi- not contain artifacts indicative of a 36 nineteenth-century American farm­ • What is the quality of the docu­ Generally, integrity cannot be stead. Because of the complexity of mentary record associated with thought of as a finite quality of a the archeological record, however, the occupation and subsequent property. Integrity is relative to the integrity is a relative measure and its uses of the property? Are the specific significance which the prop­ definition depends upon the historic archeological deposits assignable erty conveys. Although it is possible context of the archeological property. to a particular individual's, to correlate the seven aspects of Few archeologicalproperties have family's, or group's activities? integrity with standard archeological wholly undisturbed cultural depos­ its. Often, the constant occupation or periodic reuse of site locations can create complex stratigraphic situa­ tions.Above-ground organization of features and artifacts may be used as evidence that below-ground pattern­ ing is intact. Because of the complex­ ity of the archeological record and the myriad of cultural and natural formationprocesses that may impact a site, the definition of archeological integrity varies from property to property. For properties eligible under Criterion D, integrity require­ ments relate directly to the types of research questions defined within the archeologist's research design. In general, archeological integrity may be demonstrated by the presence of: • Spatial patterning of surface artifacts or features that represent differential uses or activities; Figure17: Seventeenth-century foundations at Gloucester Point, Virginia • Spatialpatterning of subsurface help to demonstratethe archeological integrity of this district. artifacts or features; or (Virginia Research Center for Archaeology) • Lack of serious disturbance to the property's archeological deposits. In addressing the presence of nineteenth-century farmsteads, archeologist John Wilson, for ex­ ample, posed three sets of questions that are helpful in determining the potentialarcheological integrity of a given site or district (Wilson 1990): • Are the archeological features and other deposits temporally diag­ nostic, spatially discrete, and functionally defined? Can you interpret what activities took place at the property and when they occurred? • How did the historic property become an archeological site? Figure 18: At the Shea Site in North Dakota, the visibility of an exterior ditch Were the cultural and natural site and interior ditch (shown here) are evidence of the high integrity of this formationprocesses catastrophic, Northeastern Plains Village dating ca. A.D. 1400-1600. Thissite addresses deliberate, or gradual? How did questions of sedentism, defense, domestic plant use in the Red River region, these changes impact the property's and fluidcultural boundaries between the Plains and the Woodlands. archeological deposits? (Michael Micholovic)

37 site characteristics, those aspects gardens and agricultural activities, collections were carried out to better are often unclear for evaluating the then recognizable landscapes may understand the internal organization ability of an archeological property be more important than recogniz­ of the settlement. The nomination to convey significance under Crite­ able buildings. states that "On the basis of knowl­ rion D. The integrity of archeological One of the most common ques­ edge of similar sites, subsurface properties under Criterion D is tions asked about archeological sites features such as cooking facilities, judged according to important infor­ and integrity is: Can a plowed site storage pits, and domestic habita­ mation potential. Archeological sites be eligible for listing in the National tions are likely to exist." One of the may contain a great deal of impor­ Register? The answer, which relates research domains likely to be tant information and yet have had to integrity of location and design, addressed at this A.O. 600-1000 some disturbance or extensive exca­ is: If plowing has displaced artifacts property, which was listed in 1995, vation (and, thereby, destruction). to some extent, but the activity areas concerns the study of the technology For example, sites that have been or the important information at the and social organization of craft pro­ plowed may be eligible if it is site are still discernable, then the duction. The researchers expect to demonstrated that the disturbance site still has integrity of location or find evidence of rudimentary craft caused by plowing does not destroy design. If not, then the site has no specialization in connection with the the important information that the integrity of location or design. emergence of social inequality. At site holds. A 17-acre multi-component camp this major mound group, such crafts For example, survey has identi­ site in the southeastern United States could have been used by the fied the first free African American has been plowed continuously since who could control access to or the settlement in the state, dating to 1965 to depths greater than the production of craft items in support the early nineteenth century. Few thickness of topsoil. Portions of some of their status. documentary records exist which features remain intact and the prop­ document the site, therefore, most erty has horizontal integrity, with LOCATION information about the settlement Archaic, Troyville and Plaquemine will be gained through archeological components somewhat co-mingled The location of a property often research. However, more than half yet concentrated in different sec­ helps explain its importance. Ar­ of the site has been destroyed tions. The nomination states that cheological sites and districts almost through previous development of "The nature and dispersion patterns always have integrity of location. the area. While the integrity of the of the artifacts from the various com­ Integrity of location is closely linked site is questionable, the site may still ponents indicate that the hill was to integrity of association, which is be eligible under Criterion D for the primarily a scene of small scale and/ discussed below. Integrity of location important information it can provide or temporary activities. It was never would not necessarily preclude the about the free African American a large village occupied by numerous eligibility of secondary or redepos­ community in the state during this people. Therein lies a compelling ited deposits in an archeological time period. reason for the site's importance." property. Integrity depends upon All properties must be able to The site is significant in the lower the significance argued for the prop­ convey their significance. Under Mississippi Valley partly because of erty. Shipwreck sites best illustrate Criterion D, properties do this the small scale occupation there. the subtleties of integrity of location. through the information that they Small sites are not always evaluated EXAMPLES: The shipwreck com­ contain. Under Criteria A, B, and C, because attention is paid primarily prises a ship that fought in a very the National Register places a heavy to large mound and village sites in important battle of the Civil War. emphasis on a property looking like the region. Important research ques­ Its significance is tied to only this it did during its period of signifi­ tions would involve the relationship battle. cance. One of the tests is to ask if a of this small hamlet/work camp to person from the time or the impor­ the larger mound sites and villages. • If the ship sank during the battle tant person who lived there, would The nomination points out specific or in a place away from the battle recognize it. If the answer is "yes," research goals from the State archeo­ site but the sinking was related to then the property probably has in­ logical plan as well. the battle, then the shipwreck still tegrity of materials and design. If the Sites that have lost contributing retains integrity of location under answer is "no," then the property elements may retain sufficient integ­ any of the criteria. probably does not. Keep in mind rity to convey their significance • If, for reasons unrelated to the that the reason why the property is under Criterion D. For example, at a battle, the ship sank in another significant is a very important factor 25-acre mound site in the southeast­ location, then the shipwreck, no when determining what it is that ern United States, of four mounds matter how intact it is, does not the person should recognize. For described in 1883, there is now one have integrity of location under example, if a plantation was best left associated with an extensive Criterion A. known for its formal and informal artifact scatter. Repeated surface

38 EXAMPLE: The above mentioned EXAMPLE: The shipwreck is a structures. Because of the increased ship is also important because of ship that sank during a War of 1812 efficiency, horse farming surpassed its unique construction. naval battle. Subsequent natural crop-based farming and has served erosion and turbulence has since as the economic base for the region • If the ship's sinking is unrelated scattered the ship's structure and since 1900. to its role in the Civil War, then contents over at least a two square­ the shipwreck may still be eligible • If only the foundation of the main mile area. Occasionally, divers find for listing under Criterion C, house and adjacent archeological artifacts that are believed to be from because the location of the ship's deposits still exist, then the the ship, but there is no discernable sinking is unrelated to the impor­ archeological site does not have patterning of remains. tance of the ship's construction. sufficient integrity to qualify • The shipwreck has no integrity of under Criterion A (or Criterion B EXAMPLE: The shipwreck is a ship location under any of the criteria, if the property was owned and that was commanded by one naval including Criterion D. operated by an important horse officer from 1850 to 1870. It engaged breeder). The site may still retain in blockades, battles, and general sufficient archeological data on transport. The naval officer is now DESIGN 1890s settlement and consumer recognized as one of the most Elements of design include orga­ behavior to nominate it under important naval officers in the nization of space, proportion, scale, Criterion D. Civil War and an innovator of naval technology, ornamentation, and engagement techniques. materials. It is of paramount impor­ • If this archeological site encom­ passes the entire horse farm • No matter where the ship sank, tance under Criterion C and is ex­ complex and its significance can it may still be eligible under tremely important under Criteria A be conveyed from the patterning Criterion B. and B. The word" design" brings to mind architectural plans and images of the remaining building and Note that, as under Criterion A, of buildings or structures. Design, structure foundations and track, integrity of location is usually a pre­ however, also applies to the layout remnants of paddock fence posts, requisite under Criterion B. In this of towns, villages, plantations, etc. intact road beds, etc., then the example, however, the property's For an archeological site, integrity horse farm site likely has suffi­ significance is tied to an important of design generally refers to the cient integrity of design under naval officer and by nature, ships patterning of structures, buildings, Criteria A and D, and perhaps C. change location. or discrete activity areas relative to If the horse farm was built and operated by a renowned horse EXAMPLE: The shipwreck is a one another. Recognizability of a breeder, then the property would sailing ship that patrolled Maine's property, or the ability of a property qualify under Criterion B. coast from 1840 to 1890. Its signifi­ to convey its significance, depends largely upon the degree to which cance is tied to that function. It has Keep in mind that the reason why the design of the property is intact. statewide significance. the property is significant is a very The nature of the property and its important factor. For example, if a • If the ship later sank off Maine's historical importance are also plantation was best known for its coast or in an adjoining river or a factor. formal and informal gardens and bay, then the ship has integrity of Under Criterion D, integrity of agricultural activities, then the location under Criterion A. design for archeological sites most integrity of the landscapes may be closely approximates intra-site • If the ship sailed to Florida in more important than the integrity artifact and feature patterning. For 1890 to serve as a private yacht of the buildings. and along the way sank off Cape districts, inter-site patterning can be Hatteras, then the ship does not used to illustrate integrity of design. EXAMPLE: The site was a 1790s mill site. Above-ground ruins, have integrity of location under EXAMPLE: The archeological site including the millrace and mill Criterion A. was a large 1890s horse farm that foundation, are present. The mill had a main house and office, many EXAMPLE: Each of the above was the village's first and only outbuildings, a race track, and pad­ shipwreck examples have intact industry, and the vi11age grew up docks. The horse farm is most noted archeological deposits. around it. for the innovative layout of its • If each of the shipwreck sites can buildings and structures. Because • If the site is in a 1950s subdivision yield important information its site plan proved to be especially and the creek is gone, then this through archeological investiga­ efficient, all later horse farms in the archeological site lacks sufficient tions, then each, as a post-contact area adopted the same design for integrity of design under archeological site, has integrity of placement of their buildings and Criterion A. location under Criterion D.

39 • If the mill site is located within a but is located under a modern and three villages are on high small, relatively intact 1790s parking lot and between two knolls overlooking the lake. village and its importance in the modern commercial buildings, it These fishing camps and villages early development of the village will still qualify under Criterion D. together represent Native American is evident given its placement In this case, the setting does not occupationand exploitation of the relative to the neighboring 1790s detract from the information lake during the Late Woodland buildings and the still flowing potential of the site. period. The economy was based creek, then the archeological site If a site's or district's historical on fishing and local trapping. The has sufficient integrity of design setting (or the physical environment fishing camps and villages are under Criterion A. If it were as it appeared during its period of represented by below-ground ar­ associated with a miller important significance) is intact, then the ability cheological deposits. in the establishment and early of the site or district to convey its development of the village, then significance is enhanced. If the set­ • If the natural environment around the site would qualify under ting conveys an archeological site's the lake and on the knolls appears Criterion B. significance, then the site has integ­ similar to its Late Woodland rity of setting under Criteria A and appearance and the visitor can SETTING B. In order to convey significance, easily understand the significance the settingshould: Setting includes elements such of the sites and their relationships as topographic features, open-space, • appear as it did during the site's to each other and the lake and views, landscapes, vegetation, man­ or district's period of significance; the surrounding knolls and can made features (e.g., paths, fences), and appreciate the Late Woodland and relationships between buildings lifeways of the Native Americans • be integral to the importance of who lived there, then the district and other features. the site or district. Archeological sites may be nomi­ is eligible for listing under Crite­ nated under Criterion D without EXAMPLE: The archeological dis­ rion A. trict encompasses an area occupied integrity of setting if they have • If modern cabins and large resi­ important information potential. by a Native American tribe during dences are near most of the fish­ For example, if a site has rich and the Late Woodland period. Fifteen ing camps, high-rise structures well-stratified archeological deposits fishing camps are located on points line much of the lake shoreline, a datingfrom the 1690s to the 1790s of land that jut into the large lake shopping center is located on one I of the three villages, and small r- play-ground parks are atop the other two villages, then this dis­ trict does not have sufficient in­ tegrity for listing under Criteria A. In this scenario, Criterion D might be questioned.

MATERIALS According to the NationalRegis­ ter bulletin How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation," the choice and combinationof materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies." Integ­ rity of materials is of paramount importance under Criterion C. Figure 19: TheLSU Campus Mounds Site (16EBR6) is locatedon the campus Under Criteria A and B, integrity of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. Thesite dates from3000 B.C. of materials should be considered to 2000 B.C. and is nominated under Criterion Das it has the potential to within the framework of the contribute to our understanding of Archaic lifeways. Even though the site's property's significance. setting does not have integrity because it is physically surrounded by LSU Under Criterion D, integrity of structures and buildings, limited investigations have shown that the mounds materials is usually described in are extremely well preserved. (Chris Hays) 40 terms of the presence of intrusive artifacts/ features, the completeness of the artifact/featureassemblage, or the quality of artifact or feature preservation. EXAMPLE: The archeological site is a battery built by the Confeder­ ates early in the Civil War to block­ ade the Potomac River, which was Washington, D.C.' s primary supply route. The battery was formed by an intricate pattern of earthen berms shored up by wooden planks. Wood was also used to line the magazines and provide level platforms for guns. The wood is now gone. • If the battery consists of earthen berms and depressions which Figure 20: The Madison BuffaloJump State Monument in Gallatin County, show the configuration of the Montana, shown in this aerial photo, exhibits excellent integrityof setting. original battery and the location The area includes a site identifiedfor communal buffalodrives by pre-contact peoples over a period of at least 4,000 years. The pristine physical environment of gun platforms, magazines, etc., enhances the site's ability to convey its significance. (Rocky Rothweiler) then this site has integrity of materials and is eligible under Criterion A. • If the battery's earthen berms and depressions are indistinct because of erosion or other factors, then the site does not have integrity of materials under Criterion A. Figure 21: TheMelting FurnaceSite, part of the Estellville Glassworks Historic Dis­ trict,is in Atlantic County, New . Cemented with limestone mortar,it was WORKMANSHIP constructed of sandstone and aggregatedstone. All four walls of this structure were once pierced with largearched openingsin brick. Thesite displays integrityof work­ Workmanship "is the evidence of manship because of its standing wall surface, showing the brick arched colonnade. an artisan's labor and skill in con­ (Karen DeRosa) structing or altering a building, structure, object, or site." It can ap­ ply to the property as a whole or to its individual components. Most often, integrity of workmanship is an issue under Criterion C. Under Criteria A and B, integrity of work­ manship is important if workman­ ship is tied to the significance of the property. Under Criterion D, workmanship usually is addressed indirectly in terms of the quality of the artifacts or architectural features. The skill needed to produce the artifact or construct the architectural feature is also an indication at of workmanship. The importance of workmanship is dependent on the nature of the site and its research importance.

41 EXAMPLE: The archeological site sidewalk that could be realigned Under Criterion D, integrity of was a late eighteenth-century glass to accommodate the shifting . association is measured in terms of house that produced a unique kind Camp sites were situated on a the strength of the relationship of glassware. Rare silicates and an nearby knoll and adjacent to one between the site's data or informa­ unusual melting technique were of the springs. The closest town tion and the important research used to produce the unusual charac­ was 30 miles away when the site questions. For example, a site with teristics of the glass. The individual was used. This remote railway well-stratified archeological deposits glass items were prized for their stop was vital to the surrounding containing butchered animal high quality and decorative styles. ranches whose economy was based remains has information on sub­ • If the furnaces are still evident and on cattle ranching. sistence practices over time. There is a strong association between the activity areas where the com­ • If the site is still in a remote area site's information and questions on ponents were processed and formed of the desert, and what remains at How to Apply into vessels are discernable, then the site evokes a feeling of early subsistence practices. the site may have integrity of cattle ranching days, then the site the National Register Criteria for workmanship and be eligible has integrity of feeling under Evaluation, should be consulted for under Criterion C. If the glass Criterion A. The presence of the additional guidance on evaluating maker and owner of the glass springs, remnants of the cattle­ integrity. house is well-known, then the loading structures, segments of EXAMPLE. The archeological property may be eligible under the hinged sidewalk following property is an 1830s Cherokee Criterion B. the railway tracks, and scattered settlement located in Georgia. The rock-lined hearths, tobacco tins, event or broad pattern of events solder tin cans, broken glass, etc. FEELING , under Criterion A is the removal in combination with the site's of the Cherokee to Oklahoma. A property has integrity of feeling remoteness, conveys feelings of if its features in combination with its past. • If soldiers invaded the settlement setting convey a historic sense of the • If the site itself is still intact, but it in 1839, taking the Cherokee property during its period of signifi­ is now surrounded by housing prisoners and moving them into cance. Integrity of feeling enhances subdivisions and commercial camps before marching them to a property's ability to convey its buildings, then the site does not Oklahoma, then the property significance under all of the criteria. have integrity of feeling under is directly associated with the Criterion A. removal of the Cherokee to • If the site itself is still intact, but it Oklahoma. The site has integrity is now surrounded by housing of association under Criterion A. subdivisions and commercial ASSOCIATION buildings, then the site does not According to the National Regis­ • If the property was abandoned have integrity of feeling under ter bulletin How to Apply the National in 1835 because of disease and Criterion A. Register Criteria for Evaluation," a the Cherokee moved to another property retains association if it is settlement several miles away, EXAMPLE: The archeological the place where the event or activity then the property probably has property was an early 1900s railway occurred and is sufficiently intact no direct association with the stop. It was located in the desert at a to convey that relationship to an removal of the Cherokee to point were the railroad crossed one observer." Integrity of association is Oklahoma. The site does not of the region's primary cattle trials. very important under Criteria A and have integrity of association There were two nearby springs, B. The association between a prop­ under Criterion A. structures to load cattle onto the erty and its stated significance must rail cars, and a hinged, wooden be direct under these two criteria.

42 V. PREPARING DOCUMENTATION FOR NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBILITY AND LISTING

When completingthe National A districtis a grouping of sites, logicaldistrict may be impractical, Register form with name and lo­ buildings, structures, or objects that if not unattainable. If it can be dem­ cationalinformation, please consult are linked historically by function, onstrated that the area between the the previous section"When should theme, or physical development or individual properties,although not informationabout historic properties aesthetically by plan. The properties completely surveyed, is likely to be restricted frompublic access?" within a districtare usually con­ contain significantresources related In some cases, the common name of tiguous. For example, the Wakulla to the documented properties, then a site may give its location.In such Springs Archeologicaland Historical classification as a district may still cases, a Smithsonian trinomial or District in Florida contains 55 ar­ be appropriate despite the lack of a similar designation may be more cheological propertiesand six build­ 100 percent survey. appropriate as the preferred name. ings that contribute to this diverse If sites have a direct relationship National Register districtwith a through cultural affiliation, related CLASSIFICATION periodof significancebeginning in elements of a pattern of land use, 15,000 B.C. Because archeological or historical development, but they SITES AND DISTRICTS investigationsare labor intensive are not contiguous and the space and time consuming, survey and between the sites is not significant, Most archeological properties are evaluationof 100 percent of the then the property is best described classified either as a site or as a dis­ resources within a proposed archeo- as a discontiguous district. trict. A site is the location of a signifi­ cant event or of historical human occupationor activity. The location must possess historical, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any existing building or structure. Comprisingthe remains of a sixteenth- through nineteenth­ century Spanish mission, Mission Socorro in El Paso County, , is an example of an archeological site. Established after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680, this property functionedas a refugee mission for the Piro Indians. This site contains a material record of Piro acculturation into the Span­ ish and subsequent Anglo-American cultures. Study of the property could reveal information about lifeways at eighteenth-century Spanish missions and changes in Spanish and NativeAmerican technology, Figure 22:A contributing resource in the Wakulla Springs Florida society, and ideology in a colonial Archeological District, thisearly twentieth-century turpentineprocessing frontier setting. camp was identified through surface evidence. (Stephen C. Byrne)

43 A discontiguous district is most Bibliographic References. The indi­ property submissions are discussed appropriate where: vidual nominations, which can be in the National Register bulletin districts,sites, structures, buildings How to Complete the National Register • Elements, such as sites, are and/or objects, include brief descrip­ Multiple Property Documentation spatially discrete; tion and significance sections and Form. The National Register main­ • Space between the elements, or boundary and bibliographic infor­ tains a list of approved multiple sites, has not been demonstrated mation.Multiple Property Submissions property submissions; the list and to be significant as it relates to the are designed to facilitate evaluating copies of the documentation are district; the eligibility and/or nominating available upon request and on the additional properties at a later date. web at: www.cr.nps.gov/nr/research/ • Visual continuity is not a factor Previously prepared Multiple mplist.htm. A list of current multiple in the significance. Property Submissions can be useful property submissions under which guides to appropriate historic con­ archeological properties have been The Brogan Mound and Village texts and registration requirements nominated is included as Appendix Site in County, Mississippi, is for archeological properties. Multiple B in this bulletin. an example of a discontiguous dis­ trict. This property consists of a Middle Woodland burial mound and NATIONAL REGISTER PROPERTY CATEGORIES an associated multi-componenthabi­ tationarea approximately 200 meters District away. A highway right-of-way and a A district possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of house occupy the area between sites, buildings, structures, or objects united historically or aesthetically Examples: these portions of the district. by plan or physical development. college campuses; central business districts; residential areas; commercial areas; large forts; indus­ trial complexes; civic centers; rural villages; canal systems; collectionsof MULTIPLE PROPERTY habitationand limited activity sites;irrigation systems; large farms, ranches, SUBMISSIONS estates, or plantations;transportation networks; and large landscaped parks. Multiple Property Submissions Site comprise a group of individual A site is the location of a significantevent, a pre or post-contact occupa­ properties that share a common tion or activity, or a building or structure, whether standing, ruined, or theme or historic context. Multiple vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeo­ property nominations facilitate the logical value regardless of the value of any existing structure.Examples: habitationsites, funerary sites; rock shelters; village sites; hunting and evaluation and registration of indi­ fishingsites; ceremonial sites; petroglyphs; rock carvings; gardens; vidual propertiesby grouping them battlefields; ruins of historic buildings and structures; campsites; sites with other properties with similar of treatysigning; trails; areas of land; shipwrecks; cemeteries; designed characteristics. A Multiple Property landscapes; and natural features, such as springs, rock formations, and Submission calls for the develop­ land areas having cultural significance. ment of historic contexts, selection Building of related property types, and the A building, such as a house, , church, hotel, or similar construction, identificationand documentationof is created principally to shelter any form of human activity. "Building'' related significant properties. It may may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, be based on the results of a compre­ such as a courthouse and a jail or a house and a barn.Examples: Houses; hensive interdisciplinary survey for barns; stables; sheds; garages; courthouses; city halls; social halls; a specific area, county, or region of a commercial buildings; ; factories; mills; train depots; stationary state, or it may be based on an inten­ mobile homes; hotels; theaters; schools; stores; and churches. sive study of the resources illustra­ Structure tive of a specific type of site, a single The term "structure" is used to distinguishthose functionalconstructions cultural affiliation,or a single or made usually for purposes other than creating human shelter. Examples: closely related group of historic bridges; ; gold dredges; fire towers; canals; turbines; ; power events or activities. plants; corncribs; silos; roadways; shot tower; windmills; grain elevators; MultipleProperty Submissions kilns; mounds; cairns; fortifications; earthworks; railroad grades; are made up of a cover document systems of roadways and paths; boats and ships; railroad locomotives (NPS 10-900-b) and individual nomi­ and cars; telescopes; carousels; bandstands; gazebos; and aircraft. nations.The cover document includes Object the following sections: Statement The term "object" is used to distinguish those that are of Historic Contexts; Associated primarily artistic in nature or are relativelysmall in scale and simply Property Ty pes; Geographical Data; constructed. Although it may be, by nature or design, movable, an object Summary of Identificationand is associated with a specificsetting or environment. Examples: ; Evaluation Methods; and Major monuments; boundary markers; statuary; and foundations.

44 ARCHEOLOGICAL • Count separate areas of a dis­ • Do not count individual archeo­ DISTRICTS: contiguous district as separate logical components of stratified entities(e.g., sites, structures, etc.); archeological sites separately; CONTRIBUTING AND • Do not count minor resources A landscape feature, such as a NONCONTRIBUTING (such as small sheds, grave mark­ formal garden or complex of formal RESOURCES ers, or machinery) unless they gardens, may be classified and are important to the property's counted either as a site or as a dis­ A contributing site, building, significance; trict. Landscape features associated structure, or object adds to the with archeological properties, how­ • Do not count architectural ruins historical associations, historic archi­ ever, will generally be counted as separately from the site of which tectural qualities, or archeological sites. The National Register bulletin values for which a property is they are a part; Guidelines for Evaluating and Docu­ significant. A contributing resource • Do not count landscape features menting Rural Historic Landscape and has the following characteristics: (such as fences and paths) sepa­ the National Register bulletin How to • It was present during the period rately from the site of which they Evaluate and Nominate Designed of time that the propertyachieved are a part unless they are particu­ Historic Landscapes provide guidance its significance; larly important or intrusive. For on defining, describing, and evaluat­ example, a narrow gravel pathway ing rural and designed landscapes. • It relates to the documented built 10 years ago to guide tourists Refer to How to Complete the National significance of the property; from one mission building to Register Registration Form for further • It possesses historical integrity or another should not be counted. guidance on countingresources. is capable of yielding important information relevant to the sig­ nificance of the property. A noncontributing building, site, CLASSIFICATION EXAMPLES structure, or object does not add to the historical associations, historic Situation Classification architectural qualities, or archeologi­ cal values for which a property is 1870s homestead archeological Site significant because: site with no standing structures • It was not present during the or above-ground ruins. period of time that the property achieved its significance; 1870s homestead archeological Site site with a standing barn and • It does not relate to the docu­ mented significance of the house dating to the 1870s. property; 1870s homestead archeological Site • Due to alterations, disturbances, site situated atop and adjacent additions, or other changes, it to important pre-contact no longer possesses historical archeological deposits. integrity or is capable of yielding important information relevant to Four 1870s homestead sites District the significance of the property. adjacent to one another. Contributingand noncontributing resources need to be differentiated A pre-contact irrigation system Discontiguous District and tallied. Identify all sites, build­ fragmented by modern developments. ings, structures, and objects located within the property's boundaries Three historically-related ship wrecks Discontiguous District that are substantial in size and scale that are located approximately and determine which are contribut­ one-quarter mile apart. ing and which are noncontributing. As a general rule: Twenty shell midden sites located Multiple Property • Count a geographically continu­ within a particularcounty. Submission ous site as a single unit regardless of its size or complexity;

45 HISTORIC AND GOVERNMENT/ county courthouse ARCHITECTURAL CURRENT FUNCTIONS and a current function of AGRICUL­ CLASSIFICATION TURE / SUBSISTENCE/ agricultural OR USES field. If none of the listed functions MATERIALS and uses is appropriate, then the Historic function or use relates to "Other" category may be checked The descriptive categories, Archi­ the function of the property during and a description filled in. tectural Classification and Material, the time period associated with the Note that completion of the are applicable only for archeological property's significance. Current "Functions/Uses" category is espe­ sites that have standing buildings function refers to the present-day cially important. There is no site-type or structures. If the property has a function/use of the property. Historic category, in the sense that archeolo­ standing, contributing structure or function and current function for gists use the term, on the nomina­ building then these descriptive cat­ archeological properties usually differ. tion form. Since most archeological egories must be completed. For example, a Colonial-period site propertiesare classified by function Data categories for 'Architectural with a buried foundation of a county or use, the Function/Usedesignation Classification" and architectural courthouse that is currently under approximates a site-type designation. style references are listed in How to cultivation has a historic function of

FUNCTIONS AND USES PERTAINING TO ARCHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Category Subcategory Domestic Single dwelling, multiple dwelling, secondary structure, hotel, institutional housing, camp, village site Agriculture/ Processing, storage, agricultural field, animal facility, fishing facility or site, Subsistence horticultural facility, agricultural outbuilding, irrigation facility Industry/ Manufacturing facility, extractive facility, waterworks, energy facility, Processing/ communications facility, processing site, industrial storage, quarry site, Extraction tool production site Commerce/Trade Business, professional, organizational, financial institution, specialty store, department store, restaurant, warehouse, trade (archeology) Transportation Rail-related, air-related, water-related, road-related (vehicular), pedestrian-related, trail Government Capitol, city hall, correctional facility, fire station, government office, diplomatic building, custom house, post office, public works, courthouse Defense Arms storage, fortification, military facility, battle site, Coast Guard facility, naval facility, air facility Recreation Theater, auditorium, museum, facility, sports facility, outdoor recreation, fair, and Culture monument/marker, work of art Landscape Parking lot, park, plaza, garden, forest, unoccupied land, underwater, natural feature, street furniture/ object, conservation area Education School, college, , research facility, education-related Religion Religious facility, ceremonial site, church school, church-related residence Funerary Cemetery, graves/burial, mortuary Health Care Hospital, clinic, sanitarium, medical business/office, resort Social Meeting hall, clubhouse, civic Vacant/Notin Use (Use this category when the property is not being used) Work in Progress Unknown Other

46 Complete the National Register Regis­ 1. SUMMARY 4. PERSONS, tration Form. These categories repre­ ETHNIC GROUPS, Summarize the highlights of the sent American architectural styles. OR ARCHEOLOGICAL information presented in the de­ If the building or structure does not CULTURES scription narrative. At a minimum, fit into the classification scheme the summary paragraph(s) should and an appropriate classification is Identify those who, through their identify the general location of the known, then "Other" should be activities, created the archeological property, its type, period of signifi­ checked and the name written in­ property or, in the case of a district, cance, the cultural group(s) associ­ for example, "Other: Mesa Verde occupied or used the area and cre­ ated with the property, the range Pueblo." If a building or structure ated the sites within it. Discuss the of contributing resources, and the style is not listed in the 'Architec­ supporting evidence for making integrity of the property and its tural Classification" list and "Other" such a determination. setting. Note that the period of sig­ is inappropriate, then "No Style" nificance and the cultural group should be entered. 5. PHYSICAL Architectural classification such associated with the property will be CHARACTERISTICS as categories, subcategories, and discussed more fully in the preced­ other stylistic terminology have not ing "Evaluating Significance" Describe the physical makeup been established for ruins. Ruins section. For the purposes of this of the nominated property or are defined by the National Register summary, these subjects should be properties. Where appropriate, the as buildings or structures that no discussed to the level needed to description of a site or a district longer possess original design or provide the reader with a basic ori­ should include the following: structural integrity. When there is entation regarding the property. Site considerable structural integrity still remaining, which is the case at many 2. ENVIRONMENT • Site type, such as village, quarry, pueblos, the property should be tavern, rural homestead, military classified as buildings rather than Describe the present and, if fortification, or factory; ruins. The principal existing and different, the relevant past environ­ visible exterior materials, whether ment and physical setting that • Important (or contributing) stand­ historic or non-historic, of standing prevailed during the property's ing structures, buildings, or ruins; buildings or structures or of above period(s) of occupation or use, or • Kinds and approximate number period of significance. This descrip­ ground ruins must be described. A or density of features (e.g., listing of materials from which to tion should focus on the environ­ middens, hearths, roads, or gar­ choose is provided in How to Com­ mental features or factors that are terraces), artifacts (e.g., plete the National Register Registration or were relevant to the location, manos and metates, lithic Form. If there are no aboveground use, formation, or preservation of debitage, medicine bottles), and buildings, structures, or ruins, enter the archeological property. ecofacts (e.g., insects, "NIA." For example, if there is a sub­ surface stone foundation but no 3. TIME PERIOD OF macrobotanical remains); above-ground evidence, "NIA" OCCUPATION OR USE • Known or projected depth and should be entered. extent of the archeological depos­ Identify the time period when the its and the supporting evidence NARRATIVE property is known or projected to for archeological integrity. DESCRIPTION have been occupied or used. Explain Knownor projected dates for how the period of time was deter­ the period(s) in which the site mined, especially the beginning and The narrative description is the was occupied or used and the end dates. Include comparisons with text that describes the archeological supporting evidence; similar properties if data from them property as it was in the past (i.e., were used to establish the time • Vertical and horizontal distribution during its "period of significance") period. The period of occupation of features, artifacts, and ecofacts; and as it is in the present. It also often corresponds to the period of describes the property's environ­ • Natural and cultural processes, significance. Note that the indi­ mental or physical condition, includ­ such as flooding and refuse dis­ vidual period(s) of occupation or ing the property's past environmen­ posal, that have influenced the tal setting and its current setting. use is discussed in detail under the formation of the site; physical description of the property. The property's physical integrity This section is intended to be more • Noncontributing buildings, struc­ should also be discussed. There is no tures, and objects within the site. outline that must be followed when general and inclusive of the periods describing archeological properties. of occupation. Many preparers, however, have found the following outline useful.

47 District 7. CURRENT AND conducted at the property. The fol­ PAST IMPACTS lowing topics should be addressed: • Type of district, such as an eigh­ archival, literature, and oral history teenth-century New Identify the impacts, natural and research; the extent and purpose of village or a Middle Woodland cultural, past and current, on or any excavation, testing, mapping, or mound group. immediately around the property, surface collection; dates of relevant • Cultural, historical, or other rela­ such as modern development, van­ research and field work and perti­ tionships among the sites that dalism, neglect, road construction, nent biases; the identity of the re­ make the district a cohesive unit. agriculture, , or flooding. searchers and, if relevant, their insti­ For a district, describe the integrity tutional or organizational affiliation; • Kinds and number of contribut­ of the district as a whole and the and directly relevant bibliographic ing sites, buildings, structures, integrity of individual sites. The references. Focus on those studies and objects that make up the emphasis in this section should be that pertain to the specific property district. on identifying the kinds of impacts being nominated. Other relevant • Information on individual or and assessing the extent or degree studies and research should become representative sites and other of impact. If qualitative categories, evident through reading the resources within the district. such as "high," "low," etc., are used, "Contexts" section in the narrative Refer to the "Physical Character­ then these should be defined. significance discussion. Of particular istics" of a site previously pre­ importance are the archeological sented. For districts with few 8. INTEGRITY studies conducted to identify the significant archeological resources property and to determine its hori­ As defined by the National Regis­ (usually sites), describe the indi­ zontal and vertical extent and its ter, properties that are eligible for integrity. Identify the location of vidual sites. For archeological inclusion have integrity. Integrity repositories where collections and districts with a number of re­ has seven aspects: location, design, sources (usually sites), describe site records are maintained. setting, materials, workmanship, the most representative resources feeling, and association. As with 10. CONTRIBUTING AND or types of resources and present much of the National Register nomi­ the data on the individual re­ nation process, assessment of the NONCONTRIBUTING sources in a table. archeological integrity at a particular RESOURCES historic property or district depends • Noncontributing sites, buildings, List the contributing and noncon­ upon the identified historic contexts, structures, and objects within the tributing resources if they have not questions, and research design. district. already been described as such in A comprehensive, accurate, and previous subsections. Often in the 6. LIKELY APPEARANCE explicit evaluation of archeological case of archeological properties, all OF THE PROPERTY integrity is an essential part of any categories of resources except "site" nomination. For further discussion DURING ITS PERIOD(S) are noncontributing. When this of integrity, refer to "Aspects, or OF OCCUPATION OR USE occurs, the preparer simply needs Qualities, of Integrity," in Section IV to state, for example, that "all nine Because of limited data, this of this bulletin for further guidance. buildings on the property postdate description is often general and the period of significance and are speculative, especially if above­ 9. PREVIOUS noncontributing resources" and ground elements no longer exist. INVESTIGATIONS that "there is only one contributing Nevertheless, the description should resource-the archeological site." be consistent with the description of Previous investigations are dis­ Note that the totals of the contribut­ the archeological remains. Knowl­ cussed for the purposes of (1) docu­ ing and noncontributing counts in edge of similar properties that have menting disturbances from archeo­ the text must match with those been comprehensively investigated logical investigations, (2) identifying found on the National Register form may be used to support the descrip­ the information that the property under the heading "Number of Re­ tion. A description of the property has already yielded, and (3) deter­ sources within Property" and match as it likely appeared in the past is mining, in part, the information those identified on the site . particularly useful in evaluating potential if additional studies are integrity.

48 NARR ATIVE criteria considerations, significant archeological information provides STATEMENT OF dates, significant persons, and the important information for under­ architect or builder. standing these contexts (See also SIGNIFICANCE With the exception of the "Sum­ "Evaluating Sites in Context," in mary of Significance" at the begin­ Section IV of this bulletin). The "Statement of Significance" ning of the section, there is no The "Summary of Significance" is is an analytical statement. It is the established outline for presenting a concise statement, accompanied by most important section of any the significance information. At a the supporting rationale, of why the archeological nomination, and docu­ minimum, all statements of signifi­ property is significant. The criterion ments and justifies the significance cance should describe the historic or criteria under which the property of the property. In this section the contexts used to evaluate the sig­ is being nominated and the areas of significance of the property is nificance of the historic property, significance should be cited. In addi­ justified by addressing applicable include a discussion of how the tion, the important information that National Register criteria, areas of property is significant in these con­ the property is likely to yield should significance, period of significance, texts, and an explanation of how be summarized. cultural affiliation, and, if applicable,

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE: FORT DAVIS, IN JEFF DAVIS COUNTY,TEXAS The significance of Fort Davis, 41SE289, lies in the fact that it was a major force in providing protection for Euro-American settlers who remained in the Rolling Plains southwest of Fort Worth during the Civil War. In the absence of adequate military protection, familiesrealized they would have to "fort up" together, or retreat east to larger settlements. Their decision to stay was an important determinant in the subsequent settlement and history of the western frontier of Texas following the Civil War, qualifying the site for listing on the National Register under Criterion A. Moreover, the site is significant as the only family fort that has been investigated archeologically, and contains an archeological assemblage of a very short time span (1864-1867) from families living at some distance from supplies during the Civil War. Such a collection willbe of value to other researchers working on properties dating to this period. The cemetery is considered significant for the genealogical and historical data that it c;anprovide concerning the fort residents and their descendants. Therefore, Fort Davis also meets Criterion D for inclusion in the National Register (Kenmotsu 1992).

SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANCE: CANNONBALL RUINS, IN MONTEZUMA COUNTY, COLORADO (LISTED UNDER THE GREAT PUEBLO PERIOD OF THE MCELMO DRAINAGE UNIT MPS) Cannonball Ruins is eligible under Criterion Din the areas of Community Planning/Development and Ethnic Heritage. The site has the potential to provide information regarding the organization of pre-contact communities as well as information regarding Mesa Verde cultural tradition and how it contributes to historic Pueblo Indian culture. The site is also significant in the area of Agriculture for its ability to provide information regarding the role of intensified horticulture. Habitation sites with public architecture are extremely important to our understanding of South­ western U.S. pre-contact political and social development, population aggregationand regional abandonment. Cannonball Ruins is eligible under Criterion A for association with the movement of Mesa Verde Anasazi settlements to canyon and canyon-head settingsin the thirteenth century A. D., an event that made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Southwestern pre­ history. The site represents a well-preserved example of a thirteenth-century village and is one of the largest and last villages from this period. The site is also eligible under Criterion B because of its association with the life and career of Sylvanus G. Morley, a person significant in the history of American archeology. Cannonball Ruins was the only excavation Morley undertook in the continental United States and the one in which he obtained his first fieldwork experience. Cannonball Ruins is eligible under Criterion C for its architectural significance.The standing structures at the site embody the distinctive characteristics of "Hovenweep-type" architecture and construction.

49 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

In the bibliography, or reference PREVIOUS Files are maintained by the section, include all primary and NATIONAL PARK National Park Service for all of the secondary sources that were used above kinds of evaluated historic in documenting and evaluating SERVICE properties. The National Register, the property and in preparing the DOCUMENTATION History and Education program of National Register nomination. All the National Park Service, which is references cited in the text must be Although the nominating official located in Washington D.C., main­ listed in the bibliography. Estab­ (i.e., the SHPO, THPO, or FPO) is tains the National Register and lished historic context reports or responsible for completing this official DOE files and the National multiple property nominations that section of the nomination, the Historic Landmark files. Records of were used to evaluate the property preparer of the nomination should many other properties determined also should be cited. know whether or not the property eligible are found in files maintained There is no mandatory biblio­ has been: by SHPO, THPO and FPO. Historic graphic style. The National Register American Buildings Survey and does require, however, that a stan­ • listed in the National Register, or Historic American Engineering dard style be used and only one determined eligible by the Na­ Record files are prepared by the style be used for any given nomina­ tional Register for listing in the National Park Service's HABS/HAER tion. Standard bibliographic styles National Register (DOE); division, which also maintains a are found in A Manual of Style and comprehensive listing of all HABS/ A Manual for Writers, both published • designated as a National Historic HAER documented properties. Most by the Press. Landmark (NHL); HABS/HAER files and accompany­ ing photographs are available Archeologists may choose to use the • recorded by Historic American through the Library of Congress. bibliographic styles endorsed by Buildings Survey (HABS); the primary professional journals­ These files, some dating back to the American Antiquity and Historical • recorded by Historic American 1930s, typically include detailed Archaeology. Engineering Record (HAER); or architectural drawings and excellent If an archeological property is in black-and-white photographs. State a national park and has standing • preliminarily determined to be Historic Preservation Offices main­ structures or buildings, then the eligible as an individual listing tain files on the properties listed or "List of Classified Structures" (LCS) under 36 CFR 67, that are rules determined to be eligible for listing should be consulted and cited. Each and regulations regarding the in the National Register and on the park maintains a list of properties certification of historic properties properties certified for tax purposes within its boundaries, and each for rehabilitation tax benefits. under 36 CFR 67. National Park Service Regional Office has a LCS Coordinator who maintains the files for the park units within the region.

50 VII. ESTABLISHING BOUNDARIES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION

Boundaries define the horizontal required. This means that the then it may be appropriate to extent of a historic property. Defin-­ boundaries chosen have to be describe and evaluate the prop­ ing the perimeter of an archeological justified and that justification must erty as a discontiguous district. site is often difficult because of the be consistent with the information National Register bulletins pro- unique environmental setting and presented in the description and vide guidance on defining bound­ archeological characteristics of indi­ significance sections. aries, including vidual properties. There is no single When selecting boundaries, Hoz11 to Complete the standard method for defining the keep in mind the following general N11tio1111/Register Reristmtio11 Form, and extent of an archeological site's guidelines: Defining Boundaries JiirN11tim111I and its appendix, boundaries. Register Properties • The boundaries should encompass, The methods for defining and Definition of N11tion11/ Register B01111d­ but not exceed, the full extent of documenting the boundaries of an nries for Archeologirnl Properties. the significant resources and land Note that for discontiguous archeological prop,·rty should be area making up the property; districts, each separate area of land explicitly described. Although final must be described in terms of acreage, boundaries maiv have to be deter­ • Buffer zones or acreage not Universal Transverse Mercator (CTM) mined after data analysis is com­ directly contributing to the sig­ references, a boundary description, plete, the archeologist should make nificance of the property should and a boundary justification. every effort to define preliminary be excluded; boundaries of the property while • Include landscape features that in the field (For further guidance, ACREAGE are important in understanding consult the National Register bulle­ the property; Enter the total acreage for the tin Defining Buundnries for N11tion11/ property. Acreage should be accurate Register Properties and its appendix, • A setting that directly contributes to the nearest whole acre; or, if Definition of Nati01111/ Register Bou11d- to the significance of the property known, to the nearest tenth of an 11ries for Ard1cologirnl Properties). may be included; acre. If the property is less than one The intent of the '·Geographical • Leave out peripheral areas of the acre, enter "less than one acre." Data" section of the National Register property that no longer retain On the other hand, if the property nomination is to define the location integrity; acreage is known to be, for example and extent of the property being 0.7 acres, then 0.7 may be entered nominated. The parameters that • As a general rule, because it is instead. (For properties that are physically define and describe the inconsistent with the concept of a more than 100 acres, a United States property's boundaries and the ratio­ site or district representing a dis­ Geological Survey (USGS) acreage nale for establishing those param­ entity, specific areas within estimator or other accurate method eters are of paramount importance the boundaries of the property may be used to calculate the acreage). in this section. cannot be excluded from the If the property is a discontiguous Absolute boundary definition is nomination of the property. If the district, then the acreage for each often not achievable, especially for district does contain individual area must be listed as well as the archeological properties. Neverthe­ resources or areas that are linked total acreage (e.g., A 0.3; B 1.2; less, for pur­ = = by historic association or function and C 5.7 acres. Total 7.2 acres). poses, defensible boundaries are but are separated geographically, = =

51 UTM REFERENCES GUIDELINES FOR SELECTING BOUNDARIES Universal Transverse Mercator (summarized from (UTM) grid references are used to How to Complete the National Register Registration Form, p. 57) identifythe exact location of the property. A USGS quadrangle map The selection of boundaries for archeological sites and districts and a UTM coordinate counter are depends primarily on the scale and horizontal extent of the tools for determining UTM reference significant features. A regional pattern or assemblage of remains, a points. Other methods for accurately location of repeated habitation, a location or a single habitation, or determining UTMs, such as GPS, are some other distribution of archeological evidence, all imply different also acceptable. Many state historic spatial scales. Although it is not always possible to determine the preservationoffices will assist boundaries of a site conclusively, a knowledge of local cultural his­ applicants in completingthis item. tory and related features such as site type can help predict the extent Appendix VIII of How to Complete of a site. Consider the property's setting and physical characteristics the National Register Registration Form along with the results of archeological survey to determine the most Using the UTM Grid System to suitable approach. and Record Historic Sites (only available Obtain evidence through one or several of the following on the National Register Web site at: techniques: www.cr.nps.gov/nr/publications) • Subsurface testing, including test excavations, core and provides instructions on how to auger borings, and observation of cut banks; determine UTMS. The following are general guidelines that apply to all • Surface observation of site features and materials that have been kinds of properties: uncovered by plowing or other disturbance or that have remained on the surface since deposition; • For properties that are less than • Observation of topographic or other natural features that may or 10 acres, enter the UTM reference may not have been present during the period of significance; for the point corresponding to the center of the property; • Observation of land alterations subsequent to site formation that may have affected the integrity of the site; • For properties of 10 or more acres • Study of historical or ethnographic documents, such as maps and enter three or more UTM refer­ journals. ences. The references should correspond to the vertices of a If the techniques listed above cannot be applied, set the bound­ polygon drawn on the USGS map aries by conservatively estimating the extent and location of the accompanying the nomination; significant features. Thoroughly explain the basis for selecting the boundaries in the boundary justification section. • For linear properties of 10 or more If a portion of a known site cannot be tested because access to the acres, such as canals or trails, enter property has been denied by the owner, the boundaries may be three or more UTM references, drawn along the legal property lines of the portion that is accessible, all of which should correspond provided that portion by itself has sufficientsignificance to meet the to points along the line drawn on National Register criteria and the full extent of the site is unknown. the accompanying USGS map; Archeological districts may contain discontiguous elements under • If UTM references define the the following circumstances: boundaries of the property, as 1. When one or several outlying sites has a direct relationship to the well as indicate the location, significance of the main portion of the district, through common the polygon or line delineated cultural affiliation or as related elements of a pattern of land use; by the references must corre­ and spond exactly to the property's boundaries; 2. When the intervening space does not have known significant resources. • If the property is a discontiguous district, then a UTM reference is (Geographically separate sites not forming a discontiguous district needed for each area. Three or may be nominated together as individual properties within a more UTM references will be multiple property submission.) needed for those areas that are greater than ten acres.

52 VERBAL BOUNDARY east-west direction. The property's BOUNDARY southeast corner corresponds to DESCRIPTION the northwest corner of the inter­ JUSTIFICATION The verbal boundary description section of U.S. Highway 40 and The boundary justification is a textual description of the bound-­ Main Ave.). explains the reasons for selecting ary of the property as shown on A map drawn to a scale of at least the boundaries of the property. The the maps accompanying the nomi­ 1" = 200' may be used in place of a reasons should follow from the nation. It usually takes one of the verbal description. When using a description and significance discus­ following forms: map for this purpose, note under the sions. For archeological properties more than one reason may apply. • a legal parcel number (e.g., heading "Verbal Boundary Descrip­ All the reasons should be given and Henderson County tax map 40, tion" that the boundaries are indi­ linked to the boundaries as they are parcel 0024); cated on the accompanying base map. For example, "The boundary of drawn on the map. For example, • a block and lot number (e.g., the property is shown as the dashed "The property's western and south­ Block or Square 52, Lot 006); line on the accompanying Willow ern boundaries correspond to the historic boundary of the property; • a subsection of a section within Creek County parcel map #14." The the northern boundary follows the the To wnship and Range system map must have a scale and a north shoreline of the bay. which has not (e.g., NW 1/4, NW 1/4, SE 1/4 of arrow and clearly show the relation­ changed since the time period of Section 11, Township lOS, Range ship between the archeological the property's significance; and the 7E); property, its boundaries, and the surrounding natural and cultural eastern boundary corresponds to • metes and bounds (e.g., From the features. The primary disadvantage the eastern extent of intact archeo­ north side of the intersection of of simply referring to a map for the logical deposits. These boundaries Walnut Creek and County High­ property boundary is a pragmatic encompass all of the archeological way 36, the boundary proceeds in one-if the map is misplaced, then deposits and above-ground features a northwest direction for 600 feet, the location cannot be accurately and structures associated with the boundary line then turns and determined. the property." heads east for 200 feet, at which If the boundaries of a large prop­ For discontiguous districts, explain point the boundary turns and erty are exactly the same as the how the property meets the condi­ proceeds in a south-southeast UTM polygon, then the boundaries tion for a discontiguous district and direction to the original starting marked on the USGS map may be how the boundarief, were selected point.) This type of description used in place of a verbal boundary for each area. If the boundary justifi­ should always begin at a readily description. For example, the bound­ cation is the same for all the areas of identifiable feature located on the ary of the Anywhere Archeological the district, simply present the justi­ ground as well as on the map. District is delineated by the polygon fication and explain that this applies to each of the areas and list them. • the dimensions of a parcel of land whose vertices correspond to the fixed upon a given point such as following points: A 18 213600 the intersection of two streets, a 4136270; B 18 322770 4125960; and benchmark, the tip of a of C 18 314040 4166790. If the UTM land jutting into a bay (e.g., The polygon is the same as the property's property boundary forms a rect­ boundaries, then the boundaries of angle which is 2000' in a north­ the property may be recreated even south direction and 1000' in an if the map is misplaced.

53 VIII. MAPS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

At a minimum, a USGS map 3. Names of places, especially 13. The distribution of sites in a showing the location of the property those mentioned in the text district. If more practical, this (and, if more than 10 acres, its sections of the nomination; information may also be boundaries) and black-and-white 4. Highway numbers; shown on the USGS map; photographs documenting the 14. For districts, the number of the appearance and condition of the 5. A north arrow (magnetic or accompanying photographs property must be included with true); intended to show views of the every National Register nomination. 6. Approximate scale for a sketch property. Additionally, because of the complex map and exact scale for a map nature of archeological properties, drawn to scale; If the property is more than a site map (sketch or to scale) is usu­ 7. Contributing sites, buildings, 10 acres, then a USGS map may be ally required. The National Register structures, and objects (These used in place of a sketch map as long Bulletin How to Complete the National should correspond to the de­ as it can legibly show the required Register Registration Form outlines scription or list of contributing information. Maps drawn to a larger the requirements for maps and resources in the narrative scale may be used to show the photographs. See also the National sections and to the totals of concentration of resources or types Register Bulletin How to Improve the contributing resources.); of representative sites. These maps Quality of Photos for National Register should be keyed to a larger map Nominations. Some basic information 8. Noncontributing sites, build­ covering the entire property. is presented below. ings, structures, and objects Archeological site numbers are (These should correspond to usually sufficient for keying. the description or list of non­ MAPS contributing resources in the For most properties, the National narrative sections and to the PHOTOGRAPHS Register requires a sketch map to totals of noncontributing Clear black-and-white photo­ document a district or a complex resources.); graphs need to be submitted with site. Site maps drawn to scale are 9. Land uses and natural features each nomination form. The photo­ preferable. All maps need to con­ covering substantial acreage graphs should accurately represent form to the following requirements: or having historic significance, the property as described and its • Maps should be drawn, printed, such as forests, fields, orchards, integrity. One photograph may be quarries, rivers, lakes, and or photocopied on archival paper. adequate to document a very small harbors; Maps should be folded to be no archeological site; more, however, larger than 8½ by 11 inches. 10. The general location and ex­ are generally needed to adequately When submitting a large map tent of disturbance, especially document the property. Document­ that is not on archival paper, fold that described in the narrative ing each property in an archeologi­ the map and submit it in an archi­ sections; cal district is unnecessary. Photo­ val folder no larger than 8 ½ by 11 11. The location of previous ar­ graphs of the properties most repre­ inches; cheological excavations, espe­ sentative of the district, however, cially those that were exten­ should be submitted. The photo­ • Display the following 14 items on graphs should be keyed to those the map: sive enough to cause some disturbance to the archeologi­ representative properties described 1. Boundaries of the property, cal deposits; in the narratives. Prints of historic including points of UTM photographs, artifacts, features, etc. readings, carefully delineated; 12. The location of features and may supplement documentation. 2. Names of major streets near artifact loci described in the All, or a representative sample, of narrative section; the district and all named the contributing standing structures streets bordering the property; must be photographed.

54 For archeological districts submit one or more photographs that show: • the principal sites; • the representative site types; • the overall integrity of the district; and • areas of significant disturbance. The National Register requests recent photographs to document the present condition of the property. If photographs already exist and they accurately depict the condition of the property, then the older photo­ graphs may be used. A note to this effect, however, should be included in the nomination. One copy of each photograph is submitted to the National Register. The SHPO, THPO or FPO may require additional sets of photo­ graphs. In addition,they may also require a set of slides.It is important to know this information prior to conducting field work or even bud­ geting a National Register nomina­ tion project. Photographs must be: • unmounted; • of high quality; • at least 3½ by 5 inches, preferably 8 by 10 inches for the most impor­ tant views; Figure 23: Marking boundaries on low-level aerial photographsis an effective way of showing boundaries and the location of excavations. Thisphotograph • printed on double or medium shows the Hill Archeological Site in Jackson County,Indiana (see bottom, weight black and white paper left-handcorner of photograph). Gohn W Winship) having a standard finish (matte, glossy, satin); and • labeled in pencil or with a photo­ Guidelines include the following: For archeological sites submit graphic marker. one or more photographs that • The number of photographic views depict: The preferred way to label photo­ depends on the size and complex­ graphs is to print in pencil (soft lead ity of the property. Submit as • the condition of the site and pencils work best) on the back of the many photographs as needed to above-ground or surface photograph. Photographs with ad­ depict the current condition and features; hesive labels will not be accepted. significant aspects of the property. Include the following information: Include representative views of • significant disturbances; and both contributing and, if instruc­ 1. Name of the property or, if a tive, noncontributing resources. • the site in relation to its envi­ district, the name of the resources Photographs of representative ronmental setting. (e.g., site number), and then the artifacts and features may be name of the district; included as well.

55 2. County and state where the property, county, and state, and In submitting a photograph to the property is located; photograph number (Items 1, 2, and NPS with a National Register form, 7 above). For each photograph, list photographers grant permission 3. Name of the photographer; the remaining information (Items to the NPS to use the photograph 4. Date of the photograph; 3-6) and Items 1, 2, and 7 on a con­ for publicationand other purposes, tinuationsheet. Informationcom­ including duplication, display, 5. Location of the original negative; mon to all photographs, such as the distribution, study, publicity, and 6. Descriptionof the view indicating photographer's name or the location audio-visual presentations. The direction of the camera; of the negatives,may be listed once photographerwill be credited. with a statement that it applies to Please indicate on the photograph 7. Photograph number. For districts all photographs. label which photos fall under Sec­ use this number to identify the If the photographic paper will not tion304 of the National Historic vantage point on the accompany­ accept pencil marks, print Items 1, 2, PreservationAct (For guidance on ing sketch map. and 7 using a permanent marking pen Section 304, see, "When should in­ Alternatively, continuation sheets in the front border near the lower formationbe restricted from public may be used instead of completely right corner of the photograph (do access?" in Section I of this bulletin) labelingeach photograph. To do this, not mark on the image area) and use label the photographs by name of the continuationsheets alternative.

Figure 24:It is oftendifficult to get good photographs of underwater shipwrecks. TheE T.Barney is an exception. This photograph shows an interior view of a stern cabin. (Dale Purchase)

56 IX. OWNERSHIP

All State Historic Preservation The preservation officer will also Offices need the names and ad­ submit the following items with the dresses of all fee-simple property completed National Register form: owners. This information is used • notarized letters of objection from to notify owners of the intended property owners; and nomination of their property to the National Register and its listing • comments received from public The SHPO, THPO, or FPO may officials, owners, and the general ask applicants to enter this infor­ public. mation on the nomination form, For more information on the noti­ on continuation sheets, or on fication process, see 36 CFR 60. another form.

57 X. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bevan, Bruce W Briuer, Frederick L., and Ferguson, Leland (editor) 1998 Geophysical Exploration Clay Mathers, editors 1977 Historical Archaeology for Archeology: An Introduction 1996 Cultural Resource Signifi­ and the Importance of Material to Geophysical Exploration. cance Evaluation: Proceedings of Things. Special Publication Series, Midwest Archeological Center. a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Number 2. Society for Historical Special Report No. 1. National Workshop 3-4 October 1994, Archaeology. Park Service. Vicksburg, Mississippi. Grumet, Robert S. 1981 A Ground-Pe11etrating Radar Briuer, Frederick L. and Clay Mathers 1988 Archeology in the National 1997 S11ruey at Dicki11so11 Mansion. Pre­ Trends and Patterns in Historic Landmarks Program. Tech­ pared for Delaware Division of Cultural Resources Significance: nical Brief No. 3, Archeological Historical and Cultural Affairs, A Historical Perspective and Assistance Program, National Annotated Bibliograph Tech­ Bureau of Archaeology and y. Park Service, Washington, D.C. nical Report EL-97-5, April 1997. Historic Preservation, Dover, www.cr.nps.gov/aad/ Delaware. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Station, aepubs.htm#briefsl Blakey, Michael Vicksburg, Mississippi. 1990 The National Historic Land­ 1997 Past is Present: Comments http:!/134.164.46.9/Archimages/ marks Program Theme Study and on "In the Realm of Politics: Pros­ 6646.PDF Preseruation Planning. Technical pects for Public Participation in Brief No. 10. (revised 1992) Briuer, Frederick, Janet E. Simms, African-American Plantation Ar­ Archeological Assistance Division, and Lawson M. Smith National Park Service, Washing­ chaeology." Historical Archaeology 1997 Site Mapping, Geophysical 31(3):140-145. Investigation, and Geomorphic ton, D.C. www.cr.nps.gov/aad/ aepubs.htm#briefsl Blakey, Michael and Cheryl LaRoche Reconnaissance at Site 9ME395 1997 Seizing Intellectual Power: Upatoi Town, Fort Benning, Geor­ Hardesty, Donald The Dialogue at the New York gia. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1988 The Archeology of Mining African Burial Ground. Historical Miscellaneous Paper EL-97-3. and Miners: A View From the Archaeology 31(3):84-106. h ttp://134.164.46.9/ Archimages/ Silver State. Society for Historical 6645.PDF Archaeology Special Publication Binford, Lewis R. Deagan, Kathleen A. Series 6. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1977 General Introduction. In 1988 Neither History Nor Prehis­ 1990 For Theory Building in ArchaeologtJ Evaluating Site Significance tory: the Questions that Count in Essays 011 Fauna/ Remains, Aquatic in Historical Mining Districts, Historical Archaeology. Historical Historical Archaeology 24:42-51. Resources, Spatial Analysis, a11d Archaeology 22:7-12. Systemic Modeling, edited by L. R. Heimmer, D. H., and Binford, pp. 1-10. Academic Press, Dongoske, Kurt E., Mark Aldenderfer Steven L. De Vore New York. and Karen Doehner (editors) 1995 Near Surface, High Resolu­ 2000 Working Together: Native 1981a tion Geophysical Methods for Middle-range Research Americans and Archaeologists. Cultural Resource Management and the Role of Actualistic­ Society for American Archaeol­ and Archeological Investigations. Studies. In : Ancient Men ogy. Washington, D.C. and ModernMyths, edited by L. R. USDI, NPS, Rocky Mountain Binford, pp. 21-30. Academic Epperson, Terrance Regional Office, Interagency 1999 Press, New York. The Contested Commons: Archeological Services, Denver. 1981b Archaeologies of Race, Repres­ Second Edition. Introduction to Part 11: sion, and Resistance in New York Middle-range Research-In Search City. In Historical Archaeologies of of Methodology. In Bones: A11cie11t Capitalism, edited by Mark P. Men and Modem Myths, edited by Leone and Parker B. Potter, Jr. L. R. Binford, pp. 31-34. Academic Kluwer Academic, Plenum Pub­ Press, New York. lishers, New York, pp. 81-110. 58 Honerkamp, Nicholas National Park Service [NPS] South, Stanley 1988 Questions that Count in 1994 National Register of Historic 1977 Method and Theory in Histori­ Archaeology: Plenary Session, Places, 1966 to 1994. Cummulative cal Archeology. Academic Press, 1987 Meeting of the Society for list through January 1, 1994. In New York. Historical Archaeology Conference cooperation with The Preserva­ 1988 Whither Pattern? American on Historical and Underwater tion Press, for His­ Antiquity 22:25-28. Archaeology Savannah, Georgia. toric Preservation, Washington, Historical Archaeology 22:5-6. D.C., and the National Confer­ Sprinkle, Jr., John H. 1995 ence of State Historic Preservation A Site Form for Important Kenmotsu, Nancy Sites - Converting Archeological 1992 Officers. Fort Davis Family Fort, Reports into National Register Stephens County, Texas. National Noel Hume, Ivor Nominations. CRM Supplement 1982 Register of Historic Places Nomi­ Martin's Hundred. Victor 18(6):13-16. www.cr.nps.gov/crm/ nation, National Register of Gollancz Ltd., London. Historic Places, Washington, D.C. Stapp, Darby C., Peacock, Evan and Alanna J. Patrick and Julie Longenecker 1997 Lees, William 13, and Vergil E. Noble Site Survey and Land­ 2000 Working Together - 'The 1990a Methodological Approaches Records Research: A Comparison Times They Are A-Changin': Can to Assessing the Archaeological of Two Methods for Locating and Archaeologists and Native Ameri­ Significance of Historic Sites, Characterizing Historic Period cans Change with the Times? Historical Archaeology 24:9. Sites on the Tombigbee National Society for American ArchaeologtJ 1990b Other Questions that Forest, Mississippi. Mississippi Bulletin 18: 18-20. www.saa.org/ Count: Introductory Comments Archaeologtj 32(1):1-26. Publications/index.html on Assessing Significance in Rathje, William L. Sullivan, Alan P. III Historical Archaeology, Historical 1977 In Praise of Archaeology: Le 1996 Risk, Anthropogenic Envi­ Archaeology 24:10-13. Project du Garbage. In Historical ronments, and Western Anasazi Leone, Mark P Archaeology and the Importance Subsistence. In Eiiolving Complex­ 1988 The Relationship Between of Material Things, edited by ity and Ell'uiromnental Risk in the Archaeological Data and the Leland Ferguson. Special Publica­ Prehistoric Southwest, edited by Documentary Record: 18th tion Series, No. 2:36-42. Society for J. A. Tainter and B. B. Tainter, Century Gardens in Annapolis, Historical Archaeology. pp. 145-165. Proceedings of the Maryland. Historical Archaeology 1979 Modem Workshop "Resource Stress, 22:29-35. Studies. In Advances in Archae­ Economic Uncertainty, and Hu­ ological Method and Theory. Vol. 2. man Response in the Prehistoric Little, Barbara J. edited by Michael B. Schiffer. Southwest," held February 25-29, 1999 Nominating Archaeological Academic Press, Inc., New York. 1992 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Sites to the National Register of Santa Fe Institute for Studies in Historic Places: What's the Point? Smith, Samuel D. the Sciences of Complexity, Society for American ArchaeologtJ 1990 Site Survey as a Method Proceedings Volume XXIV, Bulletin 17 (4):19. www.saa.org/ for Determining Historic Site Addison-Wesley. Publications/index.html Significance, Historical Archaeology 24:34-41. Sullivan, Alan P. III, Joseph A. Tainter, McManamon, Francis P. and Donald L. Hardesty 1990 A Regional Perspective on Smith, Steven D. 1999 Historical Science, Heritage Assessing the Significance of 1994 Context and Archaeology of Resources, and Ecosystem Man­ Historic Period Sites, Historical Settler Communities: An Example agement. In Ecological Stewardship: Archaeology 24:14-22. from Fort Leonard Wood, A Common Reference for Ecosystem Missouri. Pp 95-105 in Settler Merton, Robert K. Management, edited by R.C. Szaro, Communities in the West; Historic 1967 On Theoretical . N.C. Johnson, WT Sexton, and Contexts for Cultural Resource Five Essays, Old and New. The Free A.J. Malk, pp. 493-515. Elsevier Managers of Department of Press, Glencoe, Illinois. Science, Oxford. Defense Lands, edited by Robert National Park Service [NPS] Lyon. National Park Service, 1996 Thematic Framework. Rocky Mountain Region. www.cr.nps.gov;history/ thematic.html

59 Swidler, Nina, Kurt E. Dongoske, Talmage, Valerie, Olga Chesler Roger An yon, and Alan S. Downer, and Staff of Interagency editors Archeological Services. 1997 Native Americans and Archae­ 1977 The Importance of Small, Sur­ ologist, Stepping Stones to Common face, and Disturbed Sites as Sources Ground. Altamira Press, Walnut of Significant Archeological Data. Creek, California. USDI, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. Tainter, Joseph A. 1998 Surface Archaeology: Thomas, David Hurst Perceptions, Values, and Potential. 1983a The Archaeology of Monitor In Surface Archaeology, edited by Valley. 1. Epistemologi;. Anthropo­ A.P.Sullivan, III, pp.169-179. logical Papers of the American University of New Mexico Press, Museum of Natural History, Albuquerque, New Mexico. Vol. 58: Part 1. New York. 1983b Tainter, Joseph A. and The Arclweologi; of Monitor Bonnie Bagley Tainter, Editors Valley. 2. GatecliJJ Shelter. Anthro­ 1996 Evolving Complexity and En­ pological Papers of the American vironmental Risk in the Prehistoric Museum of Natural History, Southwest. Proceedings of the Vol. 59: Part 1. New York. Workshop "Resource Stress, 1987 The Archaeologyof Mission Economic Uncertainty, and Hu­ Santa Catalina de 1. Search man Response in the Prehistoric and Discovery. Anthropological Southwest," held February 25-29, Papers of the American Museum 1992 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. of Natural History, Vol. 63: Part 2. Santa Fe Institute for Studies New York. in the Sciences of Complexity, Wilson, John S. Proceedings Volume XXIV, 1990 We've Got Thousands of Addison-Wesley. These! What Makes an Historic Farmstead Significant? Historical Archaeology 24:23-33.

60 APPENDIX A NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS

THE BASICS

How to Apply National Register Criteria for Evaluation* Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Form Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form* Part B: How to Complete the Na.fional Register Multiple Property Documentation Form* How to Prepare National Historic Landmark Nominations* Researching a Historic Property* PROPERTY TYPES

Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation* Guidelines for Identifying, Eualuating and Registeri11g America's Historic Battlefields* Guidelines for Evaluati11g and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties* Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries a11d Burial Places* How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes* Guidelines for Identifying, Eualuating and Registering Historic Mining Sites* How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices* Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Associated with Significa11t Persons* Guidelines for Evaluating a11d Documenting Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years* Guidelines for Evaluati11g and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes* G11idcli11es for Evaluati11g and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties* Nomi11ating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places* TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

DLj°ining Boundaries for Natio11al Register Properties* Guidcli11es for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Plan11ing* How tu lmprove the Quality of Photographs for National Register Nominations National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation* Tclli11g llze Stories: Pla1111i11g EjftxtiveInterpretive Programs for Properties Listed in the National Register Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites* (only available on the Web)

The above publications may be obtained by writing to the National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NC 400, NW,Washington, D.C. 20240. Publications marked with an asterisk(*) are also available in electronic form on the Web at www.cr.nps.gov/nr, or send your request by e-mail to [email protected].

61 APPENDIXB MULTIPLE PROPERTY SUBMISSIONS

Multiple Property Submission cover documents under which archeological properties have been nominated as of January, 2000. A list of Multiple Property Submission cover documents may also be found on the web at: www.cr.nps.gov/nr/research/mplist.htm. *Multiple Property Submission (MPS) is the format currently used by the National Register for multiple property documentation, together with individual registration forms. In the past, the National Register has used the Multiple Resource Area (MRA) and Thematic Group Resources (TR) formats, however, these formats are no longer active. Nominations may still be submitted under previously accepted MRAs and TRs if they are submitted on National Register individual registration forms and meet the current standards for listing. For more information on multiple property submissions, refer to the National Register bulletin How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form. MRAs and TRs may also be updated and/or amended. For guidance on preparing an amendment please see the National Register bulletin Hmu to Co111plete the National Register Registration Form, Appendix VI.

ALABAMA ARKANSAS FLORIDA • Plantation Houses of the Alabama • Rock Art Sites in Arkansas TR • Archaeological Resources in the Canebrake and Their Associated CALIFORNIA Upper St. Johns River Valley Outbuildings MPS MPS ARIZONA • Earth Figures of California - • Archaeological Resources of the Arizona Colorado River Basin TR Caloosahatchee Region • Bandelier's, Adolph F. A., COLORADO Archeological survey of Tonto • Archaeological Resources of the Basin, Tonto NF MPS • Archaic Period Architectural sites Everglades National Park MPS • Casa Grande MRA in Colorado MPS • Archaeological Resources of the Naval Live Oaks Reservation • Fort Lowell MRA • Dinosaur National Monument MRA MPS • Hohokam Platform Mound • Rural Resources of Leon County Communities of the Lower • Great Pueblo Period of the Santa Cruz River Basin c. A.O. McElmo Drainage Unit MPS GEORGIA • Historic Resources of Aspen MPS 1050-1450 MPS • Baconton MRA • Hohokam and Euroamerican • Prehistoric Paleo-Indian Cultures • Columbus MRA Land Use and Settlement along of the Colorado Plains MPS • Cumberland Island National the Northern Queen Creek Delta CONNECTICUT MPS Seashore MRA • Lower Connecticut River Valley • Logging Railroad Resources of • Old Federal Road in Georgia's Woodland Period Archaeological the Conconino and Kaibab Na­ Banks and Franklin Counties TR tional Forests MPS MPS • Prehistoric Walled Hilltop sites of DELAWARE IDAHO Prescott National Forest and • Nanticoke Indian Community • Chinese sites in the Warren Min­ Adjacent Regions MPS TR ing District MPS • Snake Gulch Rock Art MPS • St. Jones Neck MRA

62 IOWA MARYLAND NEW MEXICO • Mines of Spain Archeological • Delaware Chalcedony Complex • Anasazi Sites within the Chacoan MPS TR interaction sphere TR • Municipal, County, and State • Prehistoric human adaptation to • Animas Phase sites in Hidalgo Corrections PropertiesMPS the Coastal Plain Environment countyMPS • Prehistoric Hunters and of Anne Arundel CountyMPS • Anton Chico Land GrantMRA Gatherers on the Northwest MASSACHUSETTS • Archaic sites of the northwest Iowa Plains., C. 10,000-200 B.P JemezMountains MPS MPS • BarnstableMRA • ChacoMesa Pueblo III TR • PrehistoricMounds of the • Blue Hills and Neponset River • Phase Sites in the Jicarilla Quad-State Region of the upper ReservationsMRA Mountains, New Mexico,MPS ValleyMPS • First Period Buildings of Eastern • Cultural Developments on the KANSAS Massachusetts TR Pajarito PlatueauMPS • StonehamMRA • Kansas Rock Art TR • Gallina Culture Developments in North Central New Mexico MPS • Santa Fe TrailMPS MICHIGAN • Jimenez Cultural Developments KENTUCKY • Shipwrecks of Isle Royale in North-Central NewMexico National Park TR • AshlandMRA • Jemez Springs Pueblo sites TR • Clark CountyMRA MINNESOTA • Late Prehistoric Cultural Devel­ • Early Stone Buildings of opments along the Rio Chama • American Indian Rock Art in and Tr ibutariesMPS Kentucky TR MinnesotaMPS • Lincoln Phase sites in the Sierra • Green River Shell Middens of • Minnesota's Lake Superior Blanca RegionMPS Kentucky TR Shipwrecks MPS • Mining sites in the Noga! mining • Hickman, KentuckyMPS • Minnesota State Park CCC/WPS/ district of the Lincoln National • Cave National Park Rustic Style MPS ForestMPS MPS • Pipestone CountyMRA • Navajo-Refugee Pueblo TR • Pisgah Area of Woodford County • Portage Trails in MinnesotaMPS • Prehistoric adaptations along the MPS • Pre-contact American Indian Rio Grande Drainage, Sierra • Prehistoric Rock Art Sites in EarthworksMPS County, NewMexico TR KentuckyMPS • Washington CountyMRA • Prehistoric and Historic LOUISIANA Agricultural sites in the Lower MISSOURI Rio Bonito Valley TR • Louisiana's French Creole Archi­ • Pueblo IV sites of the Chupadera tecture MPS • Prehistoric and Cave Sites in Southwestern Mis­ ArroyoMPS MAINE souriMPS • Railroad Logging Resources • Native American Petroglyphs • Santa Fe TrailMPS MPS and Pictographs in MaineMPS • Rayado RanchMPS MONTANA • Androscoggin River Drainage • RingMidden sites of the Prehistoric Sites MPS • Archeological Resources of the GuadalupeMountains MPS • Boothbay RegiOn Prehistoric Upper Missouri River Corridor • Santa Fe TrailMPS Sites TR MPS NEW YORK • Cobscook Area Coastal Pre­ • Whoop-Cp Trail of Northcentral • Colonie To wnMRA historic SitesMPS Montana MPS • Rhinebeck TownMRA • Maine Fluted Point Paleoindian NEW HAMPSHIRE SitesMPS • HarrisvilleMRA • Penebscot Headwater Lakes • Dan River Navigation System Prehistoric SitesMPS in North Carolina TR • Prehistoric Sites in North Haven • DurhamMRA TR • Iredell CountyMRA

63 OREGON SOUTH DAKOTA VIRGIN ISLANDS • Early French-Canadian Settle­ • 19th century South Dakota • Virgin Islands National ParkMRA mentMPS Trading PostsMPS VIRGINIA • Native American Archeological • Big Bend AreaMRA sites of the Oregon CoastMPS • Civil War Properties in Prince • James River Basin Woodland William CountyMPS PENNSYLVANIA sites TR • Montgomery CountyMPS • Petroforms of South Dakota TR • Bituminous Coal and Coke • Oakland Farm Industrial Park resources of PA MPS • Prehistoric Rock Art of South MRA DakotaMPS • Gristmills in Berks CountyMPS WEST VIRGINIA • Industrial Resources of • Rock Art in the Southern Black Huntingdon countyMPS Hills TR • Berkeley CountyMRA • Iron and Steel Resources in • South Dakota portion of the • BulltownMRA PennsylvaniaMPS Bismark to Deadwood trailMPS • Rockshelters on the Gauley RHODE ISLAND TENNESSEE Ranger District, Monongahela National Forest MPS • FosterMPS • Historic and historic archaeo­ logical resources of the American WISCONSIN • Indian use of Block Island, Civil WarMPS 500 BC-AD 1676MPS • CooksvilleMRA • Iron Industry on the Western • Great Lakes ShipwrecksMPS • Indian use of Salt Pond Region Highland Rim 1790s-1920sMPS between ca. 4000 BP and ca 1750 • Late Woodland Stage in Archeo­ ADMPS • Mississippian Cultural logical Region 8 (AD 650-1300) Resources of the Central Basin MPS • North KingstownMRA (AD 900-AD 1450) MPS SOUTH CAROLINA • Paleo-Indian Tr adition in • Mocassin Bend MRA WisconsinMPS • Congaree Swamp National TEXAS • Prehistoric Archaeological MonumentMPS • 19th century pottery kilns of resources of theMilwaukee VA Medical Center MPS • Early Ironworks of Northwestern Denton County TR South Carolina TR • TrempeauleauMRA • BastropMPS • Edisto IslandMRA • Indian Hot SpringsMPS • Wisconsin Indian Rock Art Sites • Historic Resources of St. Helena MPS Island c. 1740-c. 1935MPS • NewMexican Pastor Sites in Te xas Panhandle TR WYOMING • Late Archaic-Early • Aboriginal Lithic Source Areas Woodland period shell rings • SaladoMRA in Wyoming TR of South Carolina UTAH • Domestic Stone Circle Sites in • McCormickMRA • Style Rock Art TR Wyoming MPS • Pacolet Soapstone Quarries TR • TinticMining DistrictMRA • Early andMiddle Archaic • Yamasee Indian To wns in the VERMONT Housepit sites in Wyoming MPS South Carolina Low countyMPS • Bellows Falls IslandMRA

64 APPENDIXC CHECKLIST FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL NOMINATIONS

The following list of questions • Are all contributing and non­ • Have the criteria considerations may be used as a checklist in the contributing properties in the been indicated and justified final review of a nomination prior to district identified and counted? where applicable? submission to the >JationalRegister Cross check with topographic and of Historic Places. Bold-printed seg­ sketch maps and photographs. FOR PROPERTIES MEETING ments indicate major categories of CRITERION A: information in the National Register • Does the description convey the nomination. significant qualities of the prop­ • Does the significance statement erty? Do the significant aspects identify the applicable major 2 LOCATION retain integrity? event(s) associated with the •'Is the character of the district property or district? • Has the "not for publication" box identified? been considered? • Does the significance statement • Does this character provide a justify the importance of the 7 DESCRIPTION basis for grouping properties into event(s) with respect to its impact a district? on the broad patterns of prehis­ tory or history? • Is the environmental setting described and related to the prop­ 8 SIGNIFICANCE • Does the significance statement erty or district? Cross check with demonstrate that the property or topographic and sketch maps and • Does the narrative clearly repre­ district has stronger associations photographs. sent and convey the Period(s) and to the event(s) than other compa­ Area(s) of Significance checked? rable properties or districts? • Are the probable occupation or Have they been justified in a spe­ construction dates identified for cific discussion within the State­ FOR PROPERTIES MEETING all components of the property or ment of Significance? CRITERION B: district? If the property can not be • Have the applicable criteria been dated, the text should so state. • Does the significance statement Cross check with sketch maps and identified and documented identify the specific person(s) photographs. within the Statement of Signifi­ who was significant in the past? cance? • Are all major or significant fea­ • Does the significance statement tures identified and described? Does the context in which a • justify the importance of the Cross check with topographic and property has been evaluated as person(s)? sketch maps and photographs. significant justify the local, state, Check areas and periods of sig­ or national level of significance • Does the significance statement nificance. chosen for the property? demonstrate that the property or district has stronger associations • Are the major types of alterations • Is Cultural Affiliation (necessary to the person(s) than other com­ and disturbances identified and under D) indicated in the State­ parable properties or districts? evaluated for their impact upon ment of Significance? the property's or district's integ­ Comparison should be made on rity? Cross check with sketch the basis of length of association maps and photographs. and degree of integrity.

65 FOR PROPERTIES MEETING FOR PROPERTIES MEETING • Does the boundary justification CRITERION C CRITERION D: discuss the: • method(s) used to define the • Does the significance statement • Does the significance statement boundary, and identify and justify the impor­ describe the potential research tance of an applicable design topics that the property can ad­ • relationship between the concept(s), construction dress? property's or district's signifi­ technique(s), or usage of building cance and the boundary? • Does the significance statement material(s)? justify the importance of these • Are all major or significant features • Does the significance statement research topics within an appli­ included within the boundary? demonstrate that the property or cable historic context? Does the • Does the boundary exclude un­ district provides a better illustra­ significance statement identify justified acreage or buffer zones? tion of a design concept(s), con­ the data that can address these struction technique(s), or usage research topics? • Does the boundary include entire of building materials than other buildings, structures, or objects as • Does the significance statement properties or districts? opposed to only portions of build­ affirm that the property contains ings, structures, or objects? Comparison should be made on or is likely to contain these data? the basis of those: ACCOMPANYING • Characteristics that were 9 BIBLIOGRAPHY DOCUMENTATION typically common to a: • Were all appropriate areas in the • Are the sketch maps labeled? Design concept(s), construction text properly referenced? Do maps have a: technique(s ), or usage of build­ • title, ing material(s) • Are all citations used in the text • legend, • Characteristics that express referenced in the bibliography? individuality or variation • north arrow, and within a: 10 GEOGRAPHICAL • scale? Design concept(s), construction DATA • Does the sketch map show the technique(s), or usage of build­ entire boundary of the property ing materials • Are boundary lines fixed at or district? permanent features or UTM • Characteristics that documents references appearing on USGS • Does the sketch map show features, the evolution of a: topographic maps? disturbances, and contributing Design concept(s), construction and non-contributing elements technique(s), or usage of build­ • Does the sketch map indicate discussed in the nomination? ing material(s) the boundary of the nominated property? • Do the photographs illustrate the: • Characteristics that documents • environmental setting, the transition of one: • Does the verbal boundary • major or significant features, description describe the bound­ Design concept(s), construction and technique(s), or usage of build­ aries on all sides of the property • major alterations or ing material(s) or district? disturbance?

66