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The Problem. Gas-Powered Lawn and Garden Equipment (GLGE) Is Known to Emit High Levels of Toxic and Carcinogenic Pollutants

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The Problem. Gas-Powered Lawn and Garden Equipment (GLGE) Is Known to Emit High Levels of Toxic and Carcinogenic Pollutants Phasing Out Use of Leaf Blowers and Other Landscaping Equipment That Use Two-Stroke Gasoline Engines The Problem. Gas-powered lawn and garden equipment (GLGE) is known to emit high levels of toxic and carcinogenic pollutants. Gasoline-powered landscape maintenance equipment (GLME) is used routinely in neighborhoods, schools, parks, and other public spaces.1 Two-stroke gasoline engines, the type used in most leaf blowers and other portable gasoline- powered GLME, are notorious polluters because they do not burn fuel efficiently. They burn an oil-gas mixture that generates high levels of ozone-forming and cancer-causing chemicals, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5).2 Invisible pollutants are inhaled by equipment operators and passers-by and have health effects ranging from heart and lung disease to stroke, cancer, and premature death.3,4, 5and possibly other serious health conditions, including autism.6 Even short-term exposure can be harmful. Workers, children, seniors, and people with chronic illness are at greatest risk7. According to one oft-cited study, a two-stroke leaf blower emitted about 300 times the hydrocarbons of a Ford F-150 pickup truck and more than 90 times the hydrocarbons of a small sedan.8 The California Air Resources Board equates pollution from an hour of leaf blower use to 1,100 miles driven in a 2016 Toyota Camry.9 Another independent scientific investigation showed concentrations of ultrafine particles (the most hazardous) from commercial gas blowers to be up to 54 times higher than a busy highway intersection in Los Angeles.10 Another study concluded with the following statement: GLGE is an important source of toxic and carcinogenic exhaust and fine particulate matter. Improved reporting and monitoring of localized GLGE emissions should be implemented. 1 GLGE includes GLME (mowers, leaf blowers, vacuums, trimmers, edgers, and cutters) and chain saws, chippers, rotary tillers, stump grinders, shredders, snowblowers, tractors, turf equipment, and other. 2 Banks JL, McConnell R. National Emissions from Lawn and Garden Equipment, presented at the International Emissions Inventory Conference, San Diego, April 13-16, 2015. 3 American Heart Association. Facts: Danger in the Air -Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease. Accessed 1/6/14 at http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Advocate/IssuesandCampaigns/Advocacy-Fact- Sheets_UCM_450256_Article.jsp 4 American Lung Association. State of the Air 2018 5 International Agency for Research in Cancer, World Health Organization. Air Pollution and Cancer. K Straif, A Cohen, J Samet (Eds), Scientific Publication 161, Lyon Cedex FR:IARC, 2013. 6 Raz R, Roberts AL, Lyall K, et al. Autism Spectrum Disorder and Particulate Matter Air Pollution before, during, and after Pregnancy: A Nested Case–Control Analysis within the Nurses’ Health Study II Cohort. Environ Health Perspect; DOI:10.1289/ehp.1408133 (ePub ahead of print) 7 https://www.quietcommunities.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/022819_GLB-Facts_Quiet- Communities-1.pdf 8 Leaf Blower's Emissions Dirtier than High-Performance Pick-Up Trucks, Says Edmunds' InsideLine.com, December 6, 2011, https://www.edmunds.com/about/press/leaf-blowers-emissions-dirtier-than-high-performance-pick-up-trucks- says-edmunds-insidelinecom.html. 9 California Air Resources Board. Small Engine Fact Sheet, June 2017. 10 Silverstein S, Boiko-Weyrauch A. Noisy, But That’s Not All. Fair Warning investigative report, Sept 19, 2017. Medical and scientific organizations should increase public awareness of GLGE and GLME and identify GLGE as an important local source of dangerous air pollutants. Communities and environmental, public health, and other government agencies should create policies and programs to protect the public from GLGE air pollutants and promote non-polluting alternatives.11 Every year gas leaf blowers and other lawn and garden equipment used in the US consume 1.6 billion gallons of gasoline12. In addition to polluting the air with toxic emissions, gas-powered lawn equipment creates other health risks for its users. Noise from popular models of commercial gas leaf blowers exceeds 100 decibels at point of operation13,14,15 and carries over long distances, affecting entire neighborhoods.16 These levels are orders of magnitude higher than safe standards for workers and the public,17 with health effects ranging from hearing loss to heart disease and psychological and cognitive disturbances.18,19,20 The noise pollution is a major annoyance and is the primary reason that GLGE use is restricted in many US communities. The goal. Electric leaf blowers, not to mention rakes and brooms, appear to be readily available, environmentally responsible alternatives to gasoline-powered leaf blowers. There are electric alternatives to most other gardening equipment (lawn mowers, hedge trimmers). The goal is to craft an ordinance to phase out use of gas-powered gardening equipment that furthers the goal of San Anselmo’s Climate Action Plan, reduces neighborhood noise impacts of gas-powered equipment, and can be implemented without creating undue burden on homeowners, businesses, or landscape maintenance companies. Regulatory History and Trends. Since gas-powered leaf blowers became popular in the 1970s, 21 the public has objected to noise from their use and many municipalities have passed 11 Banks, J. L., & McConnell, R. (2015). National Emissions from Lawn and Garden Equipment, 2015. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/banks.pdf. 12 https://ww3.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/sm_en_fs.pdf 13 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. How Do We Protect Our Ears? Accessed July 15, 2015. https://www.osha.gov/dte/grant_materials/fy10/sh-21001-10/Trainee_Worksheets-Ears.pdf 14 Johnson T, Best Backpack Blower Shootout, OPE Reviews, December 2017. Accessed at https://opereviews.com/landscaping/leaf-blowers/best-backpack-blower-shootout/ 15 Pollock C, Sparks G, Banks JL. Lawn and garden equipment sound: A comparison of gas and battery electric equipment. J Environ Toxicol Stu 2(2): dx.doi.org/10.16966/2576-6430.118. 16 Guidelines for Community Noise. Berglund B, Lindvall Tm Schwela DH (Eds). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999. 17 Guidelines for Community Noise. Berglund B, Lindvall Tm Schwela DH (Eds). Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999. 18 Basner M, Babisch W, Davis A, et al. Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health. The Lancet 2014;383:1325–32 19 Munzel T, Schmidt FP, Steven S, et al. Environmental Noise and the Cardiovascular System. J Amer Coll Cardiol 2018;71: 88-697. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.015. 20 US Environmental Protection Agency. Noise and Its Effects on Children. Information for Parents, Teachers, and Childcare Providers. Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, D.C. EPA-410-F-09-003, November 2009. 21 https://batteryleafblowers.com/history-leaf-blower/ ordinances that restrict their use or ban them outright. In addition, both EPA and states, including the California Air Resources Board (CARB), have been regulating emissions since the 1990s.22 Because of the implementation of regulations and the resulting improvements in small engines, emissions of volatile organic compounds , NOx, and CO are expected to decrease, while 23 CO2 and particulates (PM 10, PM 2.5) are expected to increase. In the early 2020s total smog- forming emissions from small engines are projected to exceed those from passenger cars in some areas of California because passenger car emissions will continue to decrease. By 2031, small engine emissions will be more than twice those from passenger cars. 24 In 2020, CARB will consider new standards for small engines to help California meet its goal of reducing smog-forming pollutant emissions from mobile sources by 80 percent in 2031. Significant emission reductions will be achieved through a combination of regulatory and incentive approaches, and a major shift to zero-emission equipment will be needed to meet the 80 percent reduction goal.25 Local Ordinances. Historically, municipalities have established blower bans based on the noise/nuisance factor, but California communities have had the authority to set their own air- pollution standards because California received special treatment under the Clean Air Act when it was passed in 1970.26 In the rest of the country, the law gives standard-setting authority for air pollution to the federal government (EPA), and the Trump administration is attempting to rescind California’s exemption. A fairly complete database of leaf blower regulations can be found at https://hdsupplysolutions.com/s/leaf_blower_noise_regulation. This list shows 24 cities with bans in California, but new bans are being passed regularly. The Town of San Anselmo has a regulation restricting use to reduce noise impacts. Motorized leaf blower may only be used in San Anselmo from 1:00 pm to 4:00 pm on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays for a period not to exceed thirty minutes at a time per property. This ordinance is enforced by the Police Department through verbal and/or written notices, and follow-up action includes a fine of up to $250. Below is a table of communities with gas-powered leaf blower bans: Corte Madera 27 (pending) Recent amendments to a noise ordinance to ban gas-powered leaf blowers; exempts generators used in emergencies 22 https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2002/05/13/322885/index.htm 23 https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei21/session10/banks_pres.pdf
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