!"#$%&'()#**+,*&)(&&%-'(+*.)/'+0),(1$*,)/',+)'2) (3%-(.%

Carrillo, Ploetz, Crane (TREC) – Cave (IRREC) – Kendra, Rooney (USDA-ARS) - UF/IFAS Extension Miami-Dade County - Administrative Committee

!"#$%&'()*+,+'"&-)'./)0/1&'2%#.)3+.2+" 4(1$*,)/',+ !"##"$%$" %"&'()*%"+ 5670'%&+%"(+(,*&8)670'%&+%"(+(-*(*9)

Causal agent Moves systematically within the host () Causes vascular wilt ,-%$.*'&/+0%".'"1&/+:'-00%;; <*.#(= !"#$%&'()#**+,*)

?(+'3*)+%)@('/(2A)B(7(2)C)D%1+0):(&+)!&'(?(+'3*)+%)@('/(2A)B(7(2)C)D%1+0):(&+)!&'( '2;*-+*.)E)F)#',,'%2)2(+'3*),(1$(-*%1&)+$**&)/'+0) !2+%"&'()*%"+'2)+0*)&%1+0*(&+*$2)GHDH Native trees in SE USA (Lauraceae)

Persea borbonia Red bay

Persea humilis Silk bay Swamp bay

Persea caerula Persea pachypoda Persea floccosa Persea skutchii Persea nubigiena Persea indica Persea tolimanensis Persea cinerascens Persea tilarensis Persea liebmanni JKLK)L&+ ) .*+*-+'%2)'2)M'("') D/("7#(= N(.*)O%12+=

JKLLPJKLJ),($Q*)) '2;*&+(+'%2&)'2) &/("7#(=

R*#)JKLJA)L&+ (3%-(.%) !3%-(.% .'(Q2%&*.)/'+0)4S

)$($*)'2) -%""*$-'(,)(3%-(.%& D1""($=)JKLJPJKLX

TUK)&("7,*&);$%")4S)'2;*-+*.)(3%-(.%&) VWUAKKK))("#$%&'()#**+,*&A)2%),2+0%".'"1&/

+$(77'2Q)'2)4S)'2;*-+*.)Q$%3*&) VLUKAKKK)("#$%&'()#**+,*&A)LX),2+0%".'"1&/ How is LW spreading in ?

Recurrent introductions of from natural areas

Other AB vectors? Can they carry RL? Can they transmit RL? probability of No. beetles a beetle carrying carrying CFUs CFU species n= R. lauricola R. lauricola Mean ± SEM Range Xyleborus glabratus !" #$ "%&'() *+&$%$(,(*&-%.() "(/(+&"" Xyleborus affinis #- ! "%-*(0 ((((((-(,("%'(0 "(/(*"((((( Xyleborus volvulus $. *" "%!-(1 (((*&%#(,(-"%'(1 ("(/(-""(((( Xyleborus ferrugineus --& +" "%!.(1 (((((($$(,(+%#(1(( "(/(--&((( Xyleborinus gracilis !* *' "%!"(1 (-""%'(,($#(1((((( ("(/(-*#"(( Xyleborinus saxeseni '& * "%"$(0 -%!(,(-(0(( "(/('"(((((( Xylosandrus crassiusculus $. - "%"$(0 (*%'(,(*%'(0( "(/(-""(((( Ambrosiodmus devexulus *! " / / / Ambrosiodmus lecontei #- " / / /

!"##"$%$" %"&'()*%" O%2+$%,,*.)'2;*&+(+'%2& Controlled infestations ,-%$.*'&/+.(/4(7"1&/+

% of beetles with N # with R. lauricola CFU mean CFU range R. lauricola Swampbay 118 70 59 60 0-118 Avocado logs 5 5 100 40 0-80 Avocado logs 20 18 90 53 0-320 R. Saucedo Traps 35 6 17.1 4.7 0-60 ,-%$.*'&/+:*%:&%&/+

% of beetles with N # with R. lauricola CFU mean CFU range R. lauricola Swampbay 39 20 51 28 0-100 Avocado logs 53 10 19 30 0-1140 Avocado logs 20 2 3 12 0-20 R. Saucedo Traps 117 3 2.6 0.4 0-20 !$+';'-'(,)-%,%2'*& 56-+(3'%)M*2%-(,A)M(&+*$&)&+1.*2+9 <*7$%.1-+'%2 %;),2+:*%:&%&/ (2.),2+.(/4(7"1&/ '2)7$*&*2-* %;) !"##"$%$" %"&'()*%"++5M&H)&+1.*2+ 6-+(3'%)M*2%-(,9

8+("3,#'$69,(9'('$ 8+("3,#'$631$)12%0'$ 8 5? 54 7 @? 6 ;+<'(+,=)&#(#.> ;+<'(+,=)&#(#.> @4 9#: 9#: 5 ? 4 4 2,67%..%"("%6(%'#1&,(% 7%..%"("%6(%'#1&,(% 2,67%..%"("%6(%'#1&,(% 7%..%"("%6(%'#1&,(% A#"+)"+$"#/1&2%#.)%.)$"+,+.&+) 9+E'2%F+(>)';;+&2+/)C>)2-+)$"+,+.&+)#;)*B #;)*B:)912"%2%#.'(),>

G@ G5 GH G6 G? !2+;"&'()*%"+< I

21+$'+'%2(, &="#'%2+Z D1""($= (2.)R'2.'2Q&

,-%$.*'&/+0%".'"1&/ $($*)'2)(3%-(.% ?(+'3*)#**+,*&)-(2)3*-+%$)4S ](+0*$)!2+%"&'()*%"+/0',*)#$**.'2Q)'2)4S)'2;*-+*.)+$**& What can you do? Management in Avocado

Image by J. Crane, UF-TREC Ambrosia beetles are notoriously difficult to control

• >95% of time hidden inside the tree • Feed on fungi not on plants • Short life cycle (30-60 days) • High reproductive rates ABs generally attack stressed trees Cultural Practices

Maintaining healthy trees is the first line of defense against ambrosia beetles

Mitigate potential causes of avocado tree decline ( Flooding - Phytophthora, poor nutrition, lightning, freezing)

Make the crop environment less suitable for ABs.

ABs prefer dense plantings, overcrowded, overlapping branches.

Pruning and removing dead branches. Monitoring- Scouting

• Early detection and rapid removal of infected/infested trees is the best proven way to effectively control the disease. Sanitation: Mechanical Control

Remove and destroy (chip or burn) infested trees including limbs, stump & roots. inside the trees. Chipping effective is killingbeetles an of way

No. beetles / week 100 120 140 160 20 40 60 80 0 Logs * * * Carrying R.lauricola * Chips * * J.;+,2+/),21<$

3'"">%.E)7:6(%'#1&,(% Wood chips were attractive to beetles 70 Chips are attractive to 60 beetles the first three weeks after chipping the wood. 50

40 Wood chips should be spread out, not mounded. 30 20 Spray chips twice, 10- No. beetles trap/ week / 10 days apart, with an approved insecticide or 0 biopesticide plus sticker. 1 2 3 4 5 Weeks after chipping wood Tested 30 insecticides including all registered for avocado and others used against other wood boring insects. Dose Responses and persistence of trunk sprays

Registered Danitol 2.4 EC® (fenpropathrin) Malathion 5EC® (malathion)

Section 18 Hero® (zeta-cypermethrin+ bifenthrin) 2015-2016 SCBG Revising Chemical Control of Laurel-Wilt Vectors

Evaluate insecticides recommended for control of RAB against other beetles capable of vectoring LW.

Hero®, Malathion® & Danitol® 2015-2016 SCBG Revising Chemical Control of Laurel-Wilt Vectors

Identify insecticides that were not effective for control of RAB but might be effective on other LW vectors. Talstar & Epimek Chemical Control

Contact insecticides have limitations:

Do not kill ambrosia beetles that are inside the tree.

Broadcast (air-blast) sprays do not suppress ambrosia beetle populations.

Low persistence - estimated efficacy 2-3 weeks when applied with a sticker (NuFilm®). Recommendations for use of contact insecticides

Use after sanitation to protect healthy trees surrounding the infected trees (1 acre).

Two trunk-directed sprays at a 2 week interval to 1 acre surrounding the removed tree.

Spray chips twice, 2 week interval.

Use a sticker to prolong the efficacy. Current recommendation for use of contact insecticides Two trunk directed sprays at a 2 week interval to 1 acre surrounding the infected/removed tree

Use a sticker (Nu-Film) to prolong the efficacy

Applications allowed per Product Rate per acre year per acre Comments Danitol 2.4 EC® (fenpropathrin) 21.3 oz 1 Malathion 5EC® (malathion) 24 oz Open Epi-mek 0.15EC® (abamectin) 20 oz 2

Hero® (zeta-cypermethrin+ bifenthrin) 10.3 oz 6 non-bearing Talstar S® (bifenthin) 40 oz 1 non-bearing New experiments with contact insecticides (Trunk sprays)

Soaked (fermented) Bolts

250

200

150

100 of beetle attacks

50 No.

0 Native-Bb Botanigard Cobalt Control Ex-Icute Lorsban Hero Average

Days 2 3 7 14 21

Cobalt (Chlorpyrifos + Lambda-cyhalothrin) Section 18? Systemic Insecticides-Trunk 40 Injections 35 30 25 20 !"# 15 $"# 10 %"#

No. immature stages 5 0 Control Cyazypyr Emamectin Imidacloprid Sulfoxaflor Benzoate No immature stages ~ no reproduction after Emamectin benzoate treatment Emamectin Benzoate

NO REGISTRATION: Problems with alcohol solvent Tetrahydrofurfuryl Alcohol (THFA) Syngenta has a new formulation more likely to be accepted for food crops Material transfer agreement with Syngenta. Biological Control

Multiple potential parasitoids and predators associated with infested logs but could not determine if they were AB parasites. Biological Control

!"#$%&'(")%#$&*%)+()+&%#&(,-./)%(& -++01+)

;"%'9"#1% 3%$$1%2% S1E<+.2)C++2(+)$'2-#E+.,) './)%.&"+',+)C++2(+)<#"2'(%2> 3#<<+"&%'();#"<1('2%#.,)#;)0.2#<#$'2-#E+.,

@ 4:Y 4:8 4:X 4:7 4:? 4:6 4:H

[+"&+.2),1"F%F'( 4:5 4:@ • 4 !+,2+/)+;;%&'&>)#;)2"1.T),$"'>,)#.) 4 @ 5 H 6 ? 7 X 8 Y @4 @@ @5 @H @6 @? @7 8+("3,#'$64(%3#%0'$<68:631$)12%0'$6 U'>,)';2+")2"+'2<+.2 './ 8:69,(9'('$ 3#.2"#( A+2'"-%Z%1<)C"1..+1< • HOX)/'>,))';2+")+Q$#,1"+)C++2(+,) J,'"%');1<#,#"#,+')J;")H?8@ J,'"%');1<#,#"#,+')[N*)YX \+"+)/+'/) P+'1F+"%')C',,%'.')OP#2'.%^'"/ • P++2(+,)C#"+)'./)/%+)%.,%/+)2"1.T • P+'1F+"%')T%((,)C++2(+,);',2+") P+'1F+"%')])A+2'"-%Z%1< ])J,'"%' • A#"+)P+'1F+"%'),$#"+,)'/-+"+)2#) 2-+)%.,+&2:) Biological Control

Problems with Entomopathogens:

Do not kill ambrosia beetles that are already inside the tree.

Trunk directed sprays do not prevent the beetles from boring. Beetles bore and die inside the trunk.

Trunk directed sprays only, broadcast (air-blast) sprays do not suppress ambrosia beetles, delivery a very low density of spores.

Variable results for most species.

Opportunities- more virulent and persistent native strains?

Improve application -USDA foam did not work- low volume sprayers? Recommendation for use of Beauveria bassiana

Two trunk directed concentrated sprays at a 10-15 day interval to 1 acre surrounding the infected/removed tree

S$$(%&'2%#.,) '((#\+/)$+") ["#/1&2) *'2+)$+")'&"+ >+'")$+")'&"+ 3#<<+.2,

P#2'.%^'"/ 0G)V;"%'9%#1% 3%$$1%2%W H5)#Z a$+. #"E'.%&) A>"#(Oa)V;"%'9%#1% 3%$$1%2%W H5)#Z a$+. $"#/1&2%#. Compatibility of Entomopathogens with Agrochemicals (preliminary results)

Table 1. Compatibility of Fungicides with Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs) used in Avocados Treatments Met 52 PFR 97 BotaniGard Pre-application 1 h 6 h 1 h 6 h 1 h 6 h Abound C C NC NC NC NC Cuprofix-Ultra 40 Disperss C C C C C C Flopan 80 NC NC NC NC NC NC Kocide 2000 C C C C C C Ridomil Gold Copper C C C C C C Ridomil Gold SL C C C NC C C Switch 62.5WG C C C C NC NC Tilt C NC NC NC C C Pro Phyt Phosphonate NC NC C C C NC C = compatible; NC = Not compatible Compatibility of Entomopathogens with Agrochemicals (preliminary results)

Table 2. Compatibility of Insecticides with Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs) used in Avocados Treatments Met 52 PFR 97 BotaniGard Pre-application 1 hour 6 hours 1 hour 6 hours 1 hour 6 hours Danitol C NC NC NC NC NC Hero C C NC NC C C Admire Pro C C C C C C Malathion NC NC NC NC NC NC Permethrin C C NC NC C NC Agrimek, VErtimek or Epimek C C C NC C C Actara C C C C C C Talstar C C NC NC C C Mustang C C C NC C C C = compatible; NC = Not compatible

Table 3. Compatibility of Adjuvants with Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs) used in Avocados Treatments Met 52 PFR 97 BotaniGard Pre-application 1 hour 6 hours 1 hour 6 hours 1 hour 6 hours Banole C C C C C C Citrus oil C C C NC C C Nuflim C C C C C C L1700 C C NC NC C C Pentrabark C C C C C C Keyplex 350 NC NC C NC C C C = compatible; NC = Not compatible Regulatory control

Removal of infested unmanaged groves Prevention

Ambrosia beetle suppression

Combination of management tactics Chemical Cultural Mechanical Biological Regulatory

Monitoring LW symptoms S0(+^& 2*_+

O%2+'21*)"%2'+%$'2Q)!>)(-+'3'+=)'2)(3%-(.%)Q$%3*&H `.*2+';=)I*=)(,+*$2(+'3*)3*-+%$&H O0($(-+*$'[*)+0*)(&&%-'(+'%2)#*+/**2)(,+*$2(+'3*) 3*-+%$&)(2.)!"##"$%$" %"&'()*%" 5O%,,(#%$(+'%2)\,%*+[) C)\*,[PD+*,'2&I'9H @($Q*+*.)-%2+$%,)+(-+'-&)5-0*"'-(,)*-%,%Q=A)#'%,%Q'-(,) (2.)-0*"'-(,)-%2+$%,9H O%,,(#%$(+'%2&)+%)+*&+)2*/)(++$(-+(2+&)(2.)$*7*,,*2+&) 5D+*,'2&I'9H S&T.#\(+/E+<+.2,) SF#&'/#)E"#\+",) N(#"%/')SF#&'/#)3#<<%22++ N(#"%/')U+$'"2<+.2)#;)SE"%&1(21"+ MGUSOS[RJG MGUSOG3*J

!"#$%&'()*+,+'"&-)'./)0/1&'2%#.)3+.2+" Thank you