Development Strategies, Welfare Regime and Poverty Reduction in China
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An Evaluation of Poverty Prevalence in China: New Evidence from Four
An Evaluation of Poverty Prevalence in China: New Evidence from Four Recent Surveys Chunni ZHANG, Qi XU, Xiang ZHOU, Xiaobo ZHANG, Yu XIE Abstract In this paper, we calculate and compare the poverty incidence rate in China using four nationally representative surveys: the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS, 2010), the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS, 2010), the Chinese Household Finance Survey (CHFS, 2011), and the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP, 2007). Using both international and official domestic poverty standards, we show that poverty prevalence at the national, rural, and urban levels based on the CFPS, CGSS and CHFS are much higher than official estimation and those based on the CHIP. The study highlights the importance of using independent datasets to validate official statistics of public and policy concern in contemporary China. 1 An Evaluation of Poverty Prevalence in China: New Evidence from Four Recent Surveys Since the economic reform began in 1978, China’s economic growth has not only greatly improved the average standard of living in China but also been credited with lifting hundreds of millions of Chinese out of poverty. According to one report (Ravallion and Chen, 2007), the poverty rate dropped from 53% in 1981 to 8% in 2001. Because of the vast size of the Chinese population, even a seemingly low poverty rate of 8% implies that there were still more than 100 million Chinese people living in poverty, a sizable subpopulation exceeding the national population of the Philippines and falling slightly short of the total population of Mexico. Hence, China still faces an enormous task in eradicating poverty. -
Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson Ist Konsul Des Englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou
Report Title - p. 1 of 348 Report Title Acheson, James (um 1901) : Englischer Diplomat, Commissioner Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1901 James Acheson ist Konsul des englischen Konsulats in Qiongzhou. [Qing1] Aglen, Francis Arthur = Aglen, Francis Arthur Sir (Scarborough, Yorkshire 1869-1932 Spital Perthshire) : Beamter Biographie 1888 Francis Arthur Aglen kommt in Beijing an. [ODNB] 1888-1894 Francis Arthur Aglen ist als Assistent für den Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing, Xiamen (Fujian), Guangzhou (Guangdong) und Tianjin tätig. [CMC1,ODNB] 1894-1896 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Stellvertretender Kommissar des Inspektorats des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [CMC1] 1899-1903 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Kommissar des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Nanjing. [ODNB,CMC1] 1900 Francis Arthur Aglen ist General-Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Shanghai. [ODNB] 1904-1906 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Chefsekretär des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [CMC1] 1907-1910 Francis Arthur Aglen ist Kommissar des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Hankou (Hubei). [CMC1] 1910-1927 Francis Arthur Aglen ist zuerst Stellvertretender General-Inspektor, dann General-Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Beijing. [ODNB,CMC1] Almack, William (1811-1843) : Englischer Teehändler Bibliographie : Autor 1837 Almack, William. A journey to China from London in a sailing vessel in 1837. [Reise auf der Anna Robinson, Opiumkrieg, Shanghai, Hong Kong]. [Manuskript Cambridge University Library]. Alton, John Maurice d' (Liverpool vor 1883) : Inspektor Chinese Maritime Customs Biographie 1883 John Maurice d'Alton kommt in China an und dient in der chinesischen Navy im chinesisch-französischen Krieg. [Who2] 1885-1921 John Maurice d'Alton ist Chef Inspektor des Chinese Maritime Customs Service in Nanjing. -
Chapter 7 Child Poverty and Well-Being in China in the Era of Economic Reforms and External Opening *
HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF Chapter 7 Child poverty and well-being in China in the era of economic reforms and external opening * Lu Aiguo and Wei Zhong Summary: During its period of reforms and openness China has achieved positive results in per capita income growth and poverty reduction. However, there is evidence that the most significant progress in poverty reduction occurred in the early days of reform when openness and trade liberalization were not yet playing a major role. At the same time, increasing income inequality (in particular the inequality between regions and between rural and urban areas) explains the persistence of poverty in the midst of rapid growth and jeopardizes the broad-based growth pattern. The chapter examines the changes in child well-being in China over the last two decades, with poverty as the central focus. Its policy recommendations insist on the role of central government in sustaining the rural economy and “developing the west” to reduce the bias for east-coastal and urban development. Policies to accelerate the establishment of social safety nets, welfare programmes – particularly those targeted at children – and the enforcement of reasonable labour and social standards for small and medium-sized enterprises are also necessary to reinforce the ‘equality’ that is currently in short supply in China. JEL: D63, F43, I31, J13 * This study presents the views of its authors and not the official UNICEF position in this field. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- CHAPTER 7: CHILD WELL-BEING IN CHINA IN THE ERA OF ECONOMIC REFORMS This is chapter 7 of the overall study “Harnessing Globalisation for Children” edited by Giovanni Andrea Cornia 2 HARNESSING GLOBALISATION FOR CHILDREN: A report to UNICEF 1. -
Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Young Families
POLICY REPORT | APRIL 2015 Breaking the Cycle of Poverty in Young Families TwO-GEneration Policy RecommEnd ations The two-generation approach is a poverty reduction strategy meeting the unique needs of both parents and children simultaneously, which differs from other models that provide service provision to parents or their children separately. The focus of this two-generation research was specifically young families, which are defined as out-of-school, out-of-work youth 15–24 with dependent children under the age of 6. Families in poverty can best be served by addressing parental needs for education, workforce training, and parental skills, while also addressing child development essentials. The recent economic downturn has tremendously impacted communities and families in the United States, especially young families. Over 1.4 million youth ages 15–24 are out-of-school, out-of-work and raising dependent children. When youth are out of the education system, lack early work experience, and cannot find employment, it is unlikely that they will have the means to support themselves.1 Too often, this traps their families in a cycle of poverty for generations. With generous support from the Annie E. Casey Foundation and ASCEND at the Aspen Institute, the National Human Services Assembly (NHSA), an association of America’s leading human service nonprofit organizations, set out to identify policy and administrative barriers to two- generation strategies. The NHSA engaged its member organizations and local affiliates to better understand their two-generation programs, challenges to success, and strategies for overcoming. It also convened advo- cates, experts, and local providers together to determine the appropriate government strategies to break the cycle of poverty in young families. -
Poverty Reduction Strategies for the US
Poverty Reduction Strategies for the US August 2008 Mary Jo Bane Harvard Kennedy School Prepared for the Charles Stewart Mott Foundation “Defining Poverty Reduction Strategies” Project Contact Information: Mary Jo Bane Thornton Bradshaw Professor of Public Policy and Management Littauer 320 Kennedy School of Government Harvard University Mailbox 20 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 617-496-9703 617-496-0811 (Fax) Email: [email protected] Strategy #1: Construct the infrastructure for practical, well-managed poverty alleviation initiatives, including appropriate measures for assessing success and learning from experience. This strategy recognizes that “poverty” is a complex set of problems, and that poverty alleviation can only be accomplished by a portfolio of policies and programs tailored to specific aspects of the problem. It recognizes that poverty alleviation efforts must reflect the best practices in public management, including the specification of concrete goals, the assessment of the strategies and the ability to learn and improve. In this context, the current official measure of poverty is nearly useless either for figuring out what the problems are, for assessing whether any progress has been made in addressing the problems or for stimulating systematic and creative approaches to trying out and evaluating solutions to different variants of poverty problems. This strategy sets the stage for problem solving efforts at the community as well as the national level to identify specific problems that can be tackled, to create -
Poverty Reduction Strategies from an HIV/AIDS Perspective
APRIL 2005 • LISA ARREHAG AND MIRJA SJÖBLOM POM Working Paper 2005:6 Poverty Reduction Strategies from an HIV/AIDS Perspective Foreword The Department for Policy and Methodology within Sida (POM) is responsible for leading and coordinating Sida’s work on policy and meth- odological development and for providing support and advice to the field organisation and Sida’s departments on policy and methodological issues relating to development cooperation. It links together analysis, methodo- logical development, internal competence and capacity development and advisory support. The department undertakes analyses and serves as a source of knowl- edge on issues pertaining to poverty and its causes. Learning and exchanges of experiences and knowledge are essential to all aspects of development cooperation. This series of Working Papers aims to serve as an instrument for dissemination of knowledge and opin- ions and for fostering discussion. The views and conclusions expressed in the Working Papers are those of the authors and do not necessarily coincide with those of Sida. HIV/AIDS has fundamental implications on virtually all aspects of social and economic development in the worst affected countries and constitutes one of the most difficult obstacles to human development facing the world today. The present study provides a review and analysis of poverty reduction strategies (PRS) from eight countries, primarily in sub-Saharan Africa, from an HIV/AIDS perspective. It examines the extent and manner in which HIV/AIDS is taken into account in these strategies with regard to the three main perspectives; prevention, treat- ment and consequences. It is our hope that the study will stimulate reflection and discussion. -
Socioterritorial Fractures in China: the Unachievable “Harmonious Society”?
China Perspectives 2007/3 | 2007 Creating a Harmonious Society Socioterritorial Fractures in China: The Unachievable “Harmonious Society”? Guillaume Giroir Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2073 DOI : 10.4000/chinaperspectives.2073 ISSN : 1996-4617 Éditeur Centre d'étude français sur la Chine contemporaine Édition imprimée Date de publication : 15 septembre 2007 ISSN : 2070-3449 Référence électronique Guillaume Giroir, « Socioterritorial Fractures in China: The Unachievable “Harmonious Society”? », China Perspectives [En ligne], 2007/3 | 2007, mis en ligne le 01 septembre 2010, consulté le 28 octobre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/chinaperspectives/2073 ; DOI : 10.4000/ chinaperspectives.2073 © All rights reserved Special feature s e Socioterritorial Fractures v i a t c n i in China: The Unachievable e h p s c “Harmonious Society”? r e p GUILLAUME GIROIR This article offers an inventory of the social and territorial fractures in Hu Jintao’s China. It shows the unarguable but ambiguous emergence of a middle class, the successes and failures in the battle against poverty and the spectacular enrichment of a wealthy few. It asks whether the Confucian ideal of a “harmonious society,” which the authorities have been promoting since the early 2000s, is compatible with a market economy. With an eye to the future, it outlines two possible scenarios on how socioterritorial fractures in China may evolve. he need for a “more harmonious society” was raised 1978, Chinese society has effectively ceased to be founded for the first time in 2002 at the Sixteenth Congress on egalitarianism; spatial disparities are to be seen on the T of the Communist Party of China (CPC). -
Measuring Poverty Laura Wheaton and Jamyang Tashi
Measuring Poverty Laura Wheaton and Jamyang Tashi Many agree that the official measure of poverty in the United States is flawed. The official measure is based on cash income, and the thresholds for measuring poverty are based on outdated data. Experts have recommended an alternative measure of poverty that includes all family resources net of taxes and nondiscretionary expenses and updates the thresholds to reflect current spending patterns (Citro and Michael 1995; Iceland 2005). Representative Jim McDermott (D-WA) and Senator Chris Dodd (D-CT) have co- sponsored the Measuring American Poverty (MAP) Act, which recommends a modern poverty measure based on this alternative. • The official measure of poverty includes pretax cash income sources in its definition, and it uses a threshold based on a subsistence food budget times three. The measure was developed in 1963 and is based on spending patterns observed in a 1955 consumption survey. The thresholds represent nationwide spending averages, adjusted for inflation. The thresholds vary by family size, number of children, and whether the family is headed by an older adult. The official measure assumes that adults age 65 and older need less money to support their basic needs than younger adults. - In 2006, a family consisting of one adult and one child was considered poor if its cash income fell below $13,896, and a family of two adults and two children was considered poor if its income fell below $20,444.1 - In 2006, a family consisting of two elderly adults was considered poor if its cash income fell below $12,186. • The alternative measure of poverty developed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1995 uses a definition that includes both cash and in-kind income and subtracts taxes and nondiscretionary work-related and out-of- pocket health expenses. -
Why Neglected Tropical Diseases Matter in Reducing Poverty 1.42 MB
July 2013 Working Paper 03 Why neglected tropical diseases matter in reducing poverty Fiona Samuels and Romina Rodríguez Pose • Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) have a direct impact on the achievement This and other Development of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Without addressing these Progress materials are available at Key diseases, the broader aim of poverty alleviation is unlikely to be achieved. developmentprogress.org messages • Straightforward and highly cost-effective strategies are available to control Development Progress is an ODI project and eventually eradicate or eliminate NTDs. that aims to measure, understand and communicate where and how progress • Success in controlling, eliminating or eradicating NTDs depends on has been made in development. partnerships between multiple constituencies that enable countries to adapt international guidelines to local contexts, integrate NTD programmes into ODI is the UK’s leading independent think tank on international development health systems and engage communities in implementation. and humanitarian issues. Further ODI materials are available at odi.org.uk Introduction indicators specific to them (Molyneux, 2008). While neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) One possible explanation for have been recognised for centuries – international disinterest is that NTDs indeed as ‘biblical plagues’ – NTDs have, almost exclusively affect the developing as the name implies, remained below the world (though this is also true for malaria) radar of most international and national and are not likely to spread far beyond; policy-makers. indeed, many NTDs have disappeared This relative neglect can be seen in completely in the developed world due examining the Millennium Development to improved hygiene and sanitation Goal (MDG) framework: while NTDs standards. -
Mainstreaming Trade to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals
Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals Mainstreaming trade to attain the Sustainable Development Goals WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION Contents Executive summary 2 Chapter 1 Mainstreaming trade to expand economic opportunities for poverty reduction 6 Chapter 2 The economic dimension of trade in the SDGs 16 Chapter 3 The social dimension of trade in the SDGs 30 Chapter 4 The environmental dimension of trade in the SDGs 44 Chapter 5 Emerging issues requiring the attention of the international community 50 Chapter 6 Recommendations on ways to accelerate progress in achieving the SDGs 56 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive summary he WTO is central to achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Twhich set targets to be achieved by 2030 in areas such as poverty reduction, health, education and the environment. The SDGs put significant emphasis on the role that trade plays in promoting sustainable development and recognize the contribution that the WTO can make to the 2030 Agenda. Historically, trade has proven to be an engine for development and poverty reduction by boosting growth, particularly in developing countries. Rapid growth greatly contributed to the unprecedented reduction of poverty levels which led to the early achievement of the Millennium Development Goal to reduce poverty by half by 2015. Trade works for developing countries because opening up to trade increases a country’s economic growth as it allows each country to use its resources more efficiently by specializing in the production of the goods and services it can produce more competitively. By increasing growth, trade can also make available the necessary resources to implement other development targets in the social and environmental sphere. -
Poverty Reduction and the Role of Institutions in Developing Asia
ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 10 ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Poverty Reduction and the Role of Institutions in Developing Asia Anil B. Deolalikar Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. Raghav Gaiha Ernesto M. Pernia Mary Racelis with the assistance of Marita Concepcion Castro-Guevara Liza L. Lim Pilipinas F. Quising May 2002 Asian Development Bank ERD Working Paper No. 10 POVERTY REDUCTION AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPING ASIA ERD Working Paper No. 10 POVERTY REDUCTION AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPING ASIA Anil B. Deolalikar Alex B. Brillantes, Jr. Raghav Gaiha Ernesto M. Pernia Mary Racelis with the assistance of Marita Concepcion Castro-Guevara Liza L. Lim Pilipinas F. Quising May 2002 Anil B. Deolalikar is Professor of Economics at the University of Washington, Seattle; Alex B. Brillantes is Professor of Public Administration and Governance at the University of the Philippines; Raghav Gaiha is Professor of Public Policy at the University of Delhi; Ernesto M. Pernia is Lead Economist, Economics and Research Department, Asian Development Bank; Mary Racelis is Director of the Institute of Philippine Culture, Ateneo de Manila University. This paper was prepared under RETA 5923: Pro-poor Growth and Institutional Constraints to Poverty Reduction in DMCs. The views expressed in the paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank. 68 Asian Development Bank P.O. Box 789 0980 Manila Philippines 2002 by Asian Development Bank May 2002 ISSN 1655-5252 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank. -
China's Dilemma
CHINA’S DILEMMA i ii CHINA’S DILEMMA ECONOMIC GROWTH, THE ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE Ligang Song and Wing Thye Woo (eds) Asia Pacific Press Brookings Institution Press SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC PRESS (CHINA) iii Co-published by ANU E Press and Asia Pacific Press The Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia Email: [email protected] This title available online at http://epress.anu.edu.au/china_dilemma_citation.html © 2008 ANU E Press, Asia Pacific Press, Brookings Institution Press and Social Sciences Academic Press (China) This work is copyright. Apart from those uses which may be permitted under the Copyright Act 1968 as amended, no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission from the publisher. Co-published with SOCIAL SCIENCES ACADEMIC PRESS (CHINA) C H I N A B O O K under the China Book International scheme. This scheme supports INTERNATIONAL co-publication of works with international publishers. National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: China’s dilemma : economic growth, the environment and climate change / editors Ligang Song ; Wing Thye Woo. ISBN: 9780731538195 (pbk.) 9781921536038 (pdf.) Notes: Includes index. Bibliography. Subjects: Economic development--Environmental aspects--China. Climatic changes--China. Energy consumption--China. China--Economic conditions. China--Environmental conditions. Other Authors/Contributors: Song, Ligang. Woo, Wing Thye. Dewey Number: 338.900951 Cover design: Teresa Prowse Cover photo: Jason Lyon. iStockphoto, File Number: 2831996