A GLOBAL / COUNTRY STUDY AND REPORT ON “SWITZERLAND” Submitted to Gujarat Technological University IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF KINJAL PALVANKAR DIRECTOR Submitted by (STUDENT NAME) [Batch : 2010-12, Enrollment No.:____] MBA SEMESTER III/IV ------PARUL INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT (MBA 2ND SHIFT) Affiliated to Gujarat Technological University Ahmedabad MAY 2012

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GROUP 1 SUMMARY

Introduction

It has been found that a lot of the area of Switzerland is covered with forests, lakes and mountains. Since Switzerland has no mineral resources, it was found that the country was always in a need to import the minerals. Not only had that but after receiving the minerals the country had to also process and resell them as products. "Services" are the most important part of the economy. This includes banking, assurances and tourism.

Like India Switzerland’s also known as an agriculture country. Farming is also an important part of the economy. But the production by the farmers of the country was not sufficient and thus it is not sufficient enough to fulfill the food needs of the countrymen. So this is the main reason why Switzerland has to rely on imported goods from other countries.

THE THREE SECTORS

The economy in Switzerland is divided into three sectors:

1. Landwirtschaft ("Agriculture") 2. Industrie ("Industry") 3. Dienstleistungen ("Services")

1. Landwirtschaft ("Agriculture")

It has been found out that less than 10% of the population is employed in the Landwirtschaft ("agriculture"). Yet it is considered as the primary sector for the GDP of the country. Although this sector has a larger gain as they have the support of the Swiss Government.

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About 40% of the population are employed in the Industrie, Gewerbe und Handwerk ("Industry, Trade & Handicraft"), also considered the secondary sector. This sector includes the Maschinen- und Metallindustrie ("machine and metal industry"), Uhrenindustrie ("watch industry") and the Textilindustrie ("textile industry"). All of them export much of their products to foreign countries and suffer a lot because of the expensive Swiss Franc. The fact that Switzerland does not belong to the European Union additionally slows down the Swiss exports.

More than 50% of the population are employed in the Dienstleistungssektor ("Services"), also considered the tertiary sector. This sector includes banking, assurances, tourism and so on. Banking is one of the most important businesses in Switzerland. Many of the banks have started to use the Internet for business purposes.

FEDERAL SYSTEM OF SWITZERLAND

In federal system Constitution of Switzerland the political structure of Switzerland consists of three different political levels i.e. the Confederation, the cantons and the local authorities. The Confederation only has authority in those areas in which it is empowered by the Constitution of Switzerland. All the other tasks are dealt with by the cantons. In some areas, the Confederation and the cantons share certain responsibilities in some of the areas.

The Federal Constitution of Swiss is the legal foundation of the Confederation and It contains the most important rules for the functioning of the Confederation as well as it guarantees the basic rights of the people and the participation of the public.

 PARLIAMENT OF SWITZERLAND

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The Federal Assembly is the Swiss parliament, is a bicameral one. It is composed of two chambers i.e. The Council of States and the National Council. The chambers of parliament meet normally for four sessions a year, each of approx. three weeks. In Swiss parliament both chambers are having equal rights and equal status in administration of country. ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF SWITZERLAND

 Environment of Switzerland

Switzerland is consisting of lots of activities and services are the main part of economy. Industries, swarming, transport activities and other service activities are the main part of Switzerland and services are providing in such a way that they all are finding their space in the area. There is also adverse impact on the land of changes in climate and that brings about the threats of flooding as well as threats to tourism and transportation sector.

 Quality of Water

The water of the Switzerland is used for various purposes. These are like drinking, power generation, transport, irrigation etc……

The Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) is responsible for save the resources from the pollution and also from over usage.

Swiss constitution also consist of the protection of waterways..

There is also eye on the water quality and proper control system is established to monitor water quality. The FOEN has two programmes to oversee this task. The National Long Term Investigation of Flowing Swiss Waters (NADUF) is responsible for rivers, while The National Network for Groundwater Quality Observation (NAQUA) monitors ground water.

The purity of the water is good. It means the water which comes out from the taps is as pure and clean as bottled mineral water.

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Air Pollution – the matter of Concern

There is also the question of pollution and especially Air pollution is considerable question. It directly affects to the environment and health of the human being.

The main reason for the pollution includes nitrogen dioxide and other organic compounds and it come from a different sources, specially road transport and industry. Others are benzene, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and ammonia.

But there are also remedies for that and technical improvements have helped to reduce the emission of pollutants in past two decades or so, but whereas industry is much less polluting than formerly, the increase in transport of all kinds has more or less cancelled out the gains made in this area by technical advances.

Introduction to horticulture

Definition: - High investment crop production using resources intensively for high value product.

 A new extension concept for horticulture in Switzerland

A new model has been designed to address the demands of the horticulture sector and also for solving problems related to the sector. All these would be done on the basis of applied research activities.

This model has been developed by the Agroscope Wadenswil extension.

 There are 5 major reasons due to which this new extension concept came into existence: 5

The factors responsible are as follows:

1) Horticultural research was experiencing downsizing in the 1990’s by more than 40%.

2) The pressure on the economic as well as political fronts, increased on the growers due to lack to a strong strategic orientation towards horticultural research.

3) The agricultural and horticultural researches were found mainly theoretical and were highly criticized by all the stakeholders associated with the business and the growth of the same.

4) There was a gap being found between the standards set and those that were achieved with reference to fund raising and like wise that were addressing the pressing needs of growers, with directly applicable research results.

This model is mainly designed for the regional extension services and the growers as the clients of the Wadenswil crew.

 The main motives behind formation of this concept were

1. To apply the experimented results by demonstration and 2. Also knowledge transfer activities and 3. Most importantly providing solutions to the pressing issues of the growers.

 The solutions to the problems are provided on the prioritized evaluation of the problems of the growers.

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 This concept so far has proved to be a success due to the following factors. i) Stakeholders are happy with the new system, ii) There has been significant team development and increase in competency among the stakeholders.

 Although the above measures are inculcated in the new extension concept, there are certain loop holes that have been found:

1) A high degree of flexibility is required 2) A specific adoption concept for a specific commodity group is necessary. 3) A commodity group specific adaptation of the steering procedure is useful for the acceptance and success of the model, 4) A fair amount of “energy” and resources is needed to manage the pressure at the growers‘ front to which extension is particularly exposed

 It may be concluded, that an improved acceptance of horticultural research by policy makers has been achieved. INVESTMENT IN HORTICULTURE IN SWISS

The Governments of Switzerland and Denmark both are investing in a joint project, aimed at developing the horticulture in Kosovo. In 2001, The Swiss Project for Horticulture Promotion, Kosovo (SPHPK) was launched with the overall goal being the creation of sustainable employment and income through the promotion of the horticulture-agribusiness sector and thereby helping to improve overall rural livelihoods and increasing the income of rural people with the help of horticulture. In initial period, the Project is implemented by Helvetas Swiss Interco operation, is a Swiss Foundation for Development and Cooperation - and is currently one of the two main projects in SDC’s Economy and Employment Domain portfolio.

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Government of Denmark commenced a 5-year commitment to jointly fund the Project of approximately doubling the funding available in January 2008. Since then there is a substantial increase in activities and human resources – particularly in the areas of agri-business and environment (integrated production). It also made a change in the name of the Project to simply ‘Horticultural Promotion in Kosovo’ (HPK).

The Project has been successful and it has been utilizing a combination of value chain and sector-wide approaches. Its involvement has covered field vegetables, greenhouse production, soft and top fruit, ornamentals and Non Wood Forest Products (NWFP). HPK project has introduced the Competitive Fund for Horticulture (CFH) which since the year of 2009 has proven to be a good tool for leveraging investments in horticulture sector thus generating income and employment in the country During two years of implementation of CFH, 54 projects were co-financed at a value of € 630.400, leveraging investment of over € 1.5 million. The implementation of 40 projects, out of 54 projects were completed and resulted in the creation of almost 200 jobs and profit of over € 1 million.

SWISS HORTICULTURE RELATION WITH INDIA

The Indo Swiss Participative Watershed Development Project Karnataka (ISPWDK) is a Natural Resource Management project supported by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and implemented through Interco operation (IC) between India and SDC. The project was started in 1995. Goal of ISPWDK is to reduce poverty and to enhance the choices and opportunities of the population in the project watershed areas of northern Karnataka state of India through the restoration, improved management and sustainable use of natural resources. All the Project activities are facilitated with the help of Support and Management Unit (PSMU). It aim is to promote Dry Land Horticulture and to provide an alternate livelihood option for resource-poor farmers. It aims to reduce the effect of crop loss on

8 farmers and help them earn a sustainable income through horticultural plants and earn their livelihood. Agro climatic condition of these regions is suitable for production of certain fruits. Hardy and drought-resistant fruits like tamarind, mango, guava, annonaceous fruits, jamoon, and gooseberry can become commercial fruits in these areas and can be useful to earn sufficient revenue to them. The farmers choose mango, lemon, and tamarind for plantation in their fields. They are also interested in planting varieties of vegetables for commercial and household use. Community bore wells or streams will be the sources of water during summer. There are many advantages of growing fruit crops under rain fed conditions. It make sure that the farmer of a supplemental income in case of seasonal crop failure and land where other crops do not grow can also be used for this kind of cultivation and productive use of land can be done this way. Planting horticulture crops is not a short term investment the first three years are the period of vegetative growth and during this period, fruiting is not allowed. Grafts may start flowering from the second year onwards but fruiting should be allowed only after the fourth year, so it take an almost three years so it is long term investment. Repeated droughts and famines are faced by the northern dry agro-climatic region of Karnataka, which cause large scale suffering to the local population, which is very difficult to overcome. Programs related to participatory watershed development seem to offer the only long-term solution to the miseries caused by recurring droughts in the region. Karnataka is the first states in the country to have introduced watershed based initiatives for developing the rain-fed areas of the state and to minimize the impact of draught.

Since many years, the state has not only gained considerable experience, but has also strengthened the administrative machinery at state as well as at field level in planning, executing and monitoring these programs, working according to the key principle of people's participation in sustainable watershed management in the state of Karnataka.

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It has been recognized that sustainable improvements will only be realized if the people take control over the development in their village and try to earn for their livelihood, Development efforts should therefore include empowerment of the people and support at the local level to establishment of appropriate people's governance systems. People's institutions will have to be organized in such a way that the priorities and interests of especially the poor households will be effectively addressed and considered.

 About New possibilities of Horticulture in Switzerland and New business opportunities The goal of the Switzerland government is to promote Swiss horticulture and give young people an understanding of horticulture and landscape architecture. The report also suggests that outdoor production is not possible for whole year around because of multiple atmospheres at a time.

It is seen that horticulture has its root in the constitution of Switzerland where the main purpose of horticulture in Switzerland are outlined in the federal constitution, which defines the definition about the sustainability.

There are many new and emerging possibilities of Horticulture in Switzerland. Computer and telecommunication technology, Remove Intermediary, Maintaining direct customer relationship, Increase environment concerns, Innovation and learning, Promote green industry and environment, Creating healthy competition, Use of effective technology, Training for the new technology etc

 New Business opportunities in Horticulture

In Switzerland there is a favorable climate and rich natural environment, Switzerland supports a diverse number of plant industries with a reputation for high-quality produce with new technology.

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Switzerland’s horticulture industries are supported by innovative research and development. They demonstrate best-practice techniques and respond to international and domestic market signals and emerging opportunities for competitive purpose.

There are many new business opportunities in horticulture .Production horticulture, Field crops, Lifestyle horticulture ,Forestry, Plant industry services, Bio-based industrial products, Investment opportunities, Plant pests and diseases, Women in rural industries, Biosecurity Product.

Horticulture technology and research and development suggest that R&D is useful for the growth optimization, control of the growth process and improvement of seeds, vegetables, fruits etc. Plant cultivation is influenced by various factors like factors as soil quality, water availability, and climatic conditions.

Yet it has been found out that horticulture even in today’s world faces a lot of challenges. The biggest challenge in today’s life and every part of the world is the availability of water. The current demand for water in every aspect of life is increasing and in that case to make use of water for horticulture becomes equally important. There is also the dearth of low cost labor.

Although on the whole it can be said that supply chain for horticulture produce has been changed speedily on a global scale over the past two decades.

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GROUP 2 SUMMARY

Economy of Switzerland

Agriculture loses its shine In the 1800 there were many rapidly changes were going on. Evolution of industrialization emerged. Many large industries came to the home from small factories. Textile was first to become introduced. They boosted development of machine tool industries. With the increasing growth of market demand of labour increased. So in the 1800 around 65% people was involved in agriculture that scenario has been changes and in 2010 only 10% people was engaged. And now is less than 5%.

Running like a finely engineered Swiss watch After industrialization Switzerland had talented and skilled man power in all the sectors. Like service manufacturing, food processing. In the service sectors most numbers of people are working. It is around 70%. Switzerland exports around 85% goods and services to other countries. So Swiss revenue will be high. It is eight largest economies in the world. The economy is boosting very rapidly.

Remove obstacles and open up the path. Since 2006 Switzerland has been enjoying their economy success. They had good relationship with their trade partners. Swiss government changed in immigration rules and made process easy to come in their country.

It is required to remove some export barrier with rich country. Involved women in the industries. And gives them sufficient facilities. So it will boost the economy and success will remain with them.

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Promote peace and security1 Switzerland took the advice of their one of the famous saints Nicholas of Flues says that don’t get involved in other peoples affairs. It protected Switzerland from natural calamities, war domestic violence. Switzerland supported NATO for prompting peace and security around the world. Red Cross and United Nations head quarters are in Switzerland. Also Switzerland was founder member of EFTA. And get involved in European council in 1964.

Stable and fit economy Economy of Switzerland is fit within global world. It is very charm and prosperous. It is also smooth and stable economy. All the sectors are contributes in the economy.

1 www.globeserver.com

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1. Economic sectors

Introduction The Swiss economy follows the typical First World model with respect to the economic sectors. Very less numbers of people are engaged in the Primary or Agricultural sector. While a larger minority is involved in the Secondary or Manufacturing sector (23% in 2009). The most of the working population are engaged in the Tertiary or Services sector of the economy (73.2% in 2009). While most of the Swiss economic practices have been fetched largely into conformity with the European Union's policies, some trade protectionism remains, particularly for the small agricultural area...

Industrial Switzerland has a large industrial sector, in spite of not having famous around the world there are many well known companies such as food processing like Nestlé, chemical for industrial and construction use like Sika AG, pharmaceutical like Novartis, roof coating , among many others.

Agriculture The government of the country gives much important to their agriculture. They provide loans and subsidies and other facilities to their farmers. So it encourages domestic production. Currently they produce 60% food.

According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Switzerland gives subsidy 65 to 70% of its agriculture compared to 40% in the EU. The 2007 Agricultural Program, it is accepted by Swiss federal assembly, so it will lead subsidies by CHF 40 million to CHF 102 million.

Government is not able to reduce price or increase domestic production. but they export some agricultural food. And also meets 60% agricultural demand.

Prices go up because high import tariff but it is cheaper than artificial prices of foods.

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About 40% people are engaged in the agriculture business.

The first change in agricultural policies was in 1995. Among other changes, since 1998 Switzerland has linkage with the high observation of good environmental practice.

Tourism Switzerland has a flourished tourism infrastructure, especially in the mountainous regions and cities, making it a good place for tourism market and other services. Switzerland Tourism contributes around SF 1.3 billion to the Swiss economy every year.

Banking In 2005, the financial sector consisted an estimated 13.6% of Switzerland's GDP and employed approximately 186,000 people. This represents about 4.6% of the total Swiss workforce.

Currently an estimated 26 percent of all funds kept outside the country of origin (it called "offshore" funds). In 2010 Swiss banks administered 6.4 trillion Swiss Francs.

Workforce Switzerland has skilled and qualitative labour. Their labours are known their peace and hard worker. There are around 800 collective bargaining agreements presents in Switzerland and are regularly updated and modifies without major hurdles. With the pinnacle of the number of bankruptcies in 2004, however, the mood was not optimistic. Some major scandal and strikes disturbed the Swiss economy.

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2. DAIRY INDUSTRY:-

INTRODUTION

Cultivation is difficult on the vertical slopes that characterize so much of Switzerland, a greater part of the country‘s arable land is devoted to pasture for grazing animals. The dairy cow was domesticated in Switzerland in ancient times, and dairying has long dominated the agriculture sector of the Swiss economy.

Today, dairy product is about 35 percent of the value of all Swiss agriculture activity and livestock is for another 28 percent.

Cheese and milk chocolate two typical Swiss products are derived from dairy industry. Dozens of varieties of cheese products are produced and exported in various countries, including the world-famous Swiss cheese, also known as Emmentaler because it is produced in the valley of the Emme River.

Almost same famous is Gruyre, produced in and around the town of the same name. Milk chocolates are made in large quantity in Switzerland.

Nestle is largest single company in Switzerland, and Lindt is major manufacture of chocolates products. Dozens of the other Swiss chocolates manufactures are known regionally and internationally.

Dairying has given grow to some of Switzerland most stable practices and symbol. Among the most important is the transhumance, the seasonal movement of livestock between lowland pastures and alpine meadow.

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Dairy Products

There are more than 30 main types of dairy products. However, dairy products are a part of almost all recipes and foods. Most common categories are:

Milk Yogurt Cheese Ice Creams Sour Cream Butter In Switzerland, 28 percent of the farms are situated in the mountainous area. The farms are situated in the mountainous area principally grazing livestock farms and more particularly dairy farms.

Moreover, These dairy farms are not only important for the Swiss dairy sector, as they generate one third of the Swiss milk production but also play a vital role in the conservation of national recourses, the repairs of rural scenery and the decentralized inhabitation of the country.

In 2009, 78 percent of the usable agriculture area of the mountain region was cultivated by farms having a dairy production activity. Swiss dairy farms situated in the mountain having region are particularly important for the Swiss Dairy sector as they produce one third of Swiss national milk production.

Furthermore, these farms are of major application to the local economies of the remote regions they are situated in and they also play a vital role for these regions in environmental terms.

Switzerland is known for high quality product. When we imagine of Swiss chocolate, watches, the Swiss Army knife or other items, we always think of quality. The people of Switzerland seem to have a quality mind set in whatever they do.

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Therefore, it should be no surprise to us that the Swiss have the world's highest quality milk. Since 1992, the national average somatic cell count (SCC) in Switzerland has been just over 100,000. The pressure is on the U.S. to improve milk quality in order to be more competitive globally. Milk quality is different than milk safety.

Public demand for improvement in milk quality beyond current milk safety standards is on the upswing. High SCC significantly reduces cheese yields, texture and taste.

It has also been recognized that raw milk quality has a dramatic effect on fluid milk taste and shelf life. Because the current consolidation of the grocery and dairy processing business are resulting in longer food distribution chains, shelf life has become very important.

For the future, this means in order for dairy products to remain "fresh" and acceptable to consumers, longer shelf life products will be required.

INVESTMENT REQUIREMENT TO START DAIRY FARM

If anyone gave love for animals such as cows and recognize their money-making capabilities, then one can start dairy farm business. One can make money off milking cows and selling them off to big dairy companies, or sell them off as their own products if they can afford the processing equipments.

Equipments Require to Start Dairy Farm:

COWS: COWS are the main of any dairy farm business. They are the animals that give the milk that they will be selling off for money, and they also responsible for reproducing other cows that can grow their business. Apparently, the majority of cows that they will rear in

18 their farm should be females. On the other hand, if they wish to make off money selling cows to slaughterhouses, they might want to retain a male and a few females for breeding.

COWS FEEDS: When someone nurtures animals, they should also nourish them. Cows feed on a number of plants like grass, corn or grain, among others. They can buy these feeds from third party farmers of, better yet; they can choose to grow them right next to their dairy farm. They can save up that way, and they can also make another business, selling off the feeds that they have extra from feeding their cows. Also, they can grow corn for their own consumption.

EQUIPTMENT: Dairy farms are one of the more expensive businesses to operate and start. Someone needs to have some detailed equipment in order to pull the business off properly. Some of the more important dairy farm equipment includes, these are as follows:

 Tractor Important equipment for pulling machinery around. Most of the other equipment can not be operated without this.

 Hay Baler Responsible for producing bale that is then fed to the cows. Each round bale produced by this machine is enough to feed 25 cows a day.

 Combine Machine used to harvest crops for feeding to the cows, or for selling off. If they plan to grow their own cow’s feeds, they would need this definitely.

 Storage Buildings

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Buildings are useful for accumulating the feeds and the plants that they grow in their farm. There are also specialized buildings that are designed to store cow’s manure, as they ate good fertilizers for the crops.

 Milking Equipment It will help to make their life easier. Having automated milking equipment in their dairy farm will help to cut the time required for them to produce milk from their cows, rather than doing it by hand.

 Switzerland’s economy is mostly benefited by highly developed service sector, manufacturing industry which characterized by high industry and knowledge based production methods.

 Its economy grew by 2.8% in 2010. Most of the people are engaged in service sector.

 It is around 70%. Switzerland exports around 85% goods and services to other countries. So Swiss revenue will be high. They had good relationship with their trade partners.

 The country gives more important to the agriculture.

 Switzerland tourism also contributes remarkably to the Swiss economy.

 The workforce is very skilled and very qualitative.

 Agriculture has flourished in the industry due to the cultivable land available.

 The Europe is the largest milk producer across the world and has approximately 25 million dairy cows.

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 78 percent of the usable agriculture area of the mountain region was cultivated by farms having a dairy production activity. Swiss dairy farms situated in the mountain having region are particularly important for the Swiss Dairy sector as they produce one third of Swiss national milk production.

 Dairy industry contributes to around 35% of Swiss agricultural activity. Switzerland is famous for world’s highest quality milk.

 Nestle assist farmers to do more and the other communities who supply them directly or indirectly milk through Nestles Milk District Model.

 Nestle has been working partnership with India’s growth for over nines decades now and built a very strong relation of reliability and commitment with the people of India, the company’s activities in India have facilitated direct and indirect employment and provides livelihood about one million people including farmers, suppliers of packaging materials, service and other goods.

 The Nestlé Group is managed according to geographies such as Europe, Americas Asia, Oceania, and Africa etc for most of the food and beverage business, with the exceptions of Nestle Waters, Nestle Nutrition, Nestle Purina Pet care, Espresso, Nestle Professional and Nestle Health science which are managed on the global aspects.

 Emmi is the leading Swiss milk processor and one of the most innovative premium dairies in Europe.

 Aryzta AG engages in the food business, particularly in the production and distribution of specialty bakery which consists of freshly prepared offerings, giving value, variety, taste, and convenience to consumers at point of sale. It operates in four business segments, namely Food Europe, Food North America, Food Rest of World, and Origin.

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 ARYZTA has businesses in Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand, Malaysia and Japan as well as a joint venture production facility in Guatemala.

GROUP 3 SUMMARIES Introduction to Socio-Culture

 Name of Switzerland comes from Schwyz, there are three founder cantons. The name Helvetia derives from the Celtic tribe and that is settled in the region in the second century B.C.  Switzerland is a federation of twenty six states called as cantons (six are considered as half cantons). There are four linguistic regions. 1, German- speaking (in the north, center, and east) 2, French-speaking (in the west) 3, Italian-speaking (in the south), and 4, Romansh-speaking (a small area in the southeast). This diversity does make a question of a national culture as recurring issue.

Location and Geography

 Switzerland covers 15,950 square miles or 41,290 square kilometers, and it is a transition point between a northern and a southern Europe. And also between German and Latin cultures.  The physical environment is identified by a chain of mountains (The Jura), a densely urbanized plateau, and the Alps range. It forms as a barrier to the south. The capital of Switzerland, Bern, is located in the center of the country  It is chosen instead of Zurich and Lucerne because there was high proximity to the French-speaking peoples. It is also the capital of the German-speaking canton of Bern, and it includes all French-speaking districts.

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 Bern, the capital of Switzerland had 127,470 inhabitants in 1996, whereas Zurich, which is economic capital of Switzerland, had 343,870.

Demography

 The population in 1998 was 7,118,000(approx.) it has increased more than three times since 1816, When the borders were made.  Birthrate was decreasing since the end of the nineteenth century, but the immigration plays major roles in increase of the population.  Since a Second World War and after long tradition of emigration, Switzerland became an immigration destination of it because rapid economic development was there, and it had one of the highest rates of foreigners in Europe (19.4 percent of total population in 1998).  There were approximately 37 percent of the foreigners stay in the country for more than ten years and approximately 22 percent were born in Switzerland country.

National Identity

.  Switzerland is a patchwork made country of small regions. And they gradually joined the confederation not because of its shared identity but because the confederation promised to give guarantee of the independence and peaceful living.  The existence of a national identity that would transcend cantonal, linguistic and religious differences is still on debate.  It has oscillation between a self-satisfied discourse and self deprecating disclosure. Self satisfied discourse are blessed people that considers itself a

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model for others a and a self-deprecating discourse that questions the existence of the nation:  The slogan "Suiza no existe," has used at the Swiss pavilion in the Seville universal fair in 1992.it reflects the identity of crisis faced in 1991 and at that time it celebrated seven hundred years of existence.

Trade

 The most important export is industrial products like machines and electronic instruments (28 percent of exports in 1998), chemicals (27 percent), and watches, jewelry, and precision instruments (15 percent).  Due to the lack of natural resources and raw materials are an important part of the imports and are vital to industries  The major partners of trading are Germany, the United States and France.  Economically, Switzerland is highly integrated in the European economic area.

Social Stratification

Classes and Castes

 Switzerland is one of the wealthiest countries in the world the richest 20 percent of total population owns 80 percent of total private assets. Yet the class structure is not particularly perfect. The middle class has large numbers of its members; upward or downward social mobility is easy.

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Social Welfare and Change Programs

 Social welfare is mainly based on public system and it is organized at a federal level and partially financed by an insurance system. It involved direct contributions by residents.  An exception is health coverage, which is obligatory but decentralized among hundreds of insurance companies.  Federal regulation of health coverage is minimal and contribution is not proportional to person’s salary. Parental leave is depended on agreements between employees and unions.  During the last 25 years, public are spending for social welfare because of the economic recession and increasing unemployment, and extension of the social welfare system.  The age of the population is expected to expand the pressure on social welfare in the next. Nongovernmental organizations are subsidized and provide complementary services in supporting the poor people.

Child Rearing and Education

 Traditional concept of child rearing is still strong. This is seen as a natural process that takes place primary based work in the family, especially between a child and their mothers.  Day care center in the Switzerland often is seen as institutions for children whose mother is forced to work. These concepts are still famous in the German- speaking

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Religion

Religious Beliefs

 Catholicism and Protestantism both are the major religions. For centuries, Catholics are a minority, but in 1990 there are more Catholics (46%) than Protestants (40%).  The part of peoples belongs to other churches are rise since 1980. The Muslim community, representing over 2 percent of the population in 1990, is the largest religious minority.  The Jewish community is always very small and experience against discrimination.  In 1866, Swiss Jews was receiving the constitute rights held by their Christian fellowship citizens.  Church attendance has decreasing, but the practice of prayer has not disappeared. Swiss Culture – Key Cultural Concepts and Values

Linguistic and Cultural Ties - Social community in country is divided by language. Apart from Romans, which are spoken by less than 1 percentage of the population, it has no domestic oral or written language of its own. This linguistics division are creates more cultural commonalities between French-speaking Swiss and French nationals, for instance, than between Italian and German-speaking Swiss. However, each group is share an over arches political and social commitment both are to unity and nationalism. Focus on Long-Term Relationships - Initial professional encounters in the country are totally for formality. Only after long-time business relations are established with colleagues address one another on a first-name basis. Take times to know our Swiss counterparty will help ensure that your business transactions have been successful.

Opinion - The Swiss placed high value on consensus-building and group decision- making.

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Although final decision power ultimately rest at the top. Leaders encourage group participation and input in the decision-making process.

Punctuality and Orderliness – There are no coincidence that the there are leaders in manufacturing precise time-keeping technology. Business is orderly and run with great precision.

Efficiency are achieve through clear define systems and assigned responsibility. Flexibilities are not a highly regarded workplace values, as improvisation are considered a sign of poor preparation and planning. Employees are expects to self-discipline and a high formality; there are very little humor or small-talk in the professional environment. Swiss Business Part 1 - Working in Switzerland (Pre-departure)

Swiss Working Practices  Appointment should be managed far in advance. Arrived preparation with details information related to the objectives of meetings.  Punctualities are crucial to build a positive business relationship. Swiss business professionals are tightly to set schedule. Arriving at an appointment even 5 or 10 minutes late is considered as mistake. When lateness has not avoidable, contact the meeting coordinator as early as possible.  Professional setting is highly valued. Topics of business are predefined.

Swiss Hierarchy and Decision-making Practices  Leadership structure is followed in organizations. Leaders have a sense of authority team orientation is highly valued  Task-orientation is important and communication is direct, decision-making is slow, involves discussion and reflection.

Swiss Working Relationships  People of Switzerland are reserved. They are not loud or enthusiastic.  Flowers can be given as gifts to colleague’s

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Agriculture, cattle breeding and forestry  Modern agriculture technology in Switzerland provides 68% of its food needs.

 Swiss agriculture mainly produces sugar, beet, crops, grains, vegetables, apples etc. and around 6% of the working population works in agriculture sector.

 Cattle breeding are carried out in Switzerland.

 Wines are produced approximately 3 million hectoliters per year. 25% of the land is used in woods which are used in construction of houses and as a source of energy.

Switzerland: Agricultural Policy The proposals of the Swiss Federal Council presently being discussed in Parliament pursue three objectives. 1. The potential for lowering costs to consumers and taxpayers in the food sector.

2. The reform steps should be implemented at a pace which is socially sustainable.

The progress achieved over the past few years with regard to ecological aspects is consolidated and agriculture is said to be encouraged to make further improvements. Import Policy for agricultural products  Switzerland is a difficult market to enter in terms of agriculture, and so few U.S. agricultural products are able to compete successfully.

 This is due to high tariffs on certain agricultural products, preferential tariff rates for other countries, government regulation, and a negative public perception of agricultural products derived from biotechnology.

 Agriculture retains an important place in Switzerland, and agricultural interests exert strong influence on parliamentarians, about 15 percent of them are farmers.

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 Agricultural self-sufficiency is also mentioned in the Swiss constitution. However, Switzerland’s 64,000 farmers produce less than 1.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) as per the current data.

 Preservation of the Swiss agricultural sector is largely due to governmental intervention and support, which the OECD estimates to be valued at 70 percent of gross farm receipts.

 Switzerland’s tariff schedule is comprised only of specific (non-advalorem) duties.

 While the average ad valorem equivalent applied tariff in Switzerland for nonagricultural products is 2.1 percent, the ad valorem equivalent average applied tariff on imports of agricultural products is 44 percent.

 Imports of nearly all agriculture products, particularly those which compete with Swiss products, are subject to seasonal import duties and quotas.

 Agricultural products which are not produced in Switzerland, such as tropical fruit and nuts, tend to have lower tariffs.

 As a result of these challenges, as well as a geographical disadvantage Switzerland’s trading partners in the European Union (EU), the U.S. share of the Swiss agricultural import market is only 2.6 percent in 2011.

Importance of Agriculture in Switzerland

 Switzerland is traditionally an agricultural country. When neutral Switzerland was isolated during the Second World War, the Swiss farmers fed the nation.  Agriculture play important role in Swiss life that en is such an important part of Swiss life that enshrined in the country's constitution. It exists not merely to produce food; it also has the duty of preserving the countryside and to ensuring that decentralized regions remain inhabited.  The important tasks of agriculture in Switzerland are described in the federal constitution. Agriculture is to make a major contribution towards ensuring food supplies for the population.

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 The methods which are use for production process are such which ensure that future generations will have a fertile soil and clean drinking water. This means that ecological standards are an important objective of agricultural policy.  The essential task of agriculture in Switzerland is to take care of landscape. A varied landscape means a high quality of life for the population and is at the same time the basis of a flourishing tourist industry.  Lastly the aim of regional policies is to support and maintain rural areas. Opportunities for India

Both the countries have lot to offer each other resulting into gains of high tech and knowledge based industries. Both the countries have tried to bring more vibrancy into the relationship by adopting focused approaches & initiatives taken in the sectors, biotechnology, textile machinery and railways.

In terms of foreign direct investments, Switzerland is one amongst the top ten foreign investors in India. About 150 Swiss companies are formed joint ventures or subsidiaries, and many more are representative or agents in India. The Swiss technology driven companies, including small and medium business, play a major role in the trade and investment flows to India.

There is an increase in Indian companies venturing abroad; Switzerland has offered many attractive advantages to the business and investment location, especially for the Indian companies which would like to cover their European business activities within Switzerland. Switzerland is highly protective for its agricultural industry. It produces higher amount of the nation's food demand in its own country. Dairy products make up a significant portion of the agricultural revenue. The country has higher amount of live stock.

Agriculture contributed 2% to GDP.3% of population use to work in agriculture. Switzerland government is subsidizing more than 70% of its agriculture compared to 35% in the European Union.

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Agricultural Policy is a further reduction of 50% in market price support with the savings for direct payments. Main aim of Import policy is to reduce a negative public perception of agricultural products derived from biotechnology. Their main aim of export policy is to increase Raw material. There are many tools like production and sales, direct payment, and basic improvement.

There are many companies for agriculture in the country. There are two main industries (1)Formatron is industry which focuses on trading commodities such as crude and refined vegetable oils for industrial use. (2)Oil-Treatment-international Co. Company focusing on bioremediation products For various applications. The aim of regional policies is to support and maintain rural areas. Agriculture is to make a major contribution towards ensuring food supplies for the population. Ecological standards are an important objective of agricultural policy. Future generations will have a fertile soil and clean drinking water. Fertilizer policy is so strong so, India can adopt this policy. India can export to the Switzerland because it has a less amount of cotton production. The Swiss technology driven companies, including small and medium business, play a major role in the trade and investment flows to India.

Swiss Business Part 2 – Working in Switzerland

Business Practices in Switzerland  While entering or leaving from a meeting, handshakes must be done with everyone with eye contact. Business cards can also be given.  Swiss colleagues must be referred using their title and surname.  Proper posture is important in professional meetings. Cross legs knee-over- knee are ok, but, crossing legs ankle-over-knee portraits rude attitude.

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Swiss Business Etiquette (Do’s and Don’ts)  People should dress formally.  Speak slowly during meetings with emotions.  Copies must be provide before hand X Focus from the topic should not be diverted X One should not behave aggressively X No asking of personal questions. GROUP 4 SUMMARIES

BANKING SECTOR

 In Switzerland after tourism, banking is the second largest sector According to 2009 census. Switzerland has a total population of 77 lakh out of which over 2 lakh people work in banking industry which means more than 3 percent of the masses is serving in the banking sector.

 In 2010, the financial sector comprised 11.6% of Switzerland's GDP and employed approximately 395,000 people which show approx. 5.6% of the total Swiss manpower.

 Swiss is having a stable environment in which the banking sector is able to develop itself. Switzerland has remained neutral during both the World Wars and is not a member of the EU. It was not the member of the United Nations also until 2002.

 Currently an estimated of one-third funds held outside the country of origin are held by Swiss banks.

 Switzerland is a highly developed industrial country with export-oriented progressive science intensive sectors, and an enormous sphere of services. Its peculiarity consists in high competitiveness of expensive first-class goods secured with reliable after-sales service.

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 The country ranks the first place by clock export worldwide, the second - paper converting equipment, the fourth – textile and food industries equipment; it produces 10% of consumable medicaments all over the world. Switzerland found its niche in invisible exports – spheres of consulting, insurance, tourism, and banking services

 Swiss Franc (CHF) has been the unit of money since 1848. An influence of inflation was insufficient on it for a long period of time. Since the First World War till 1971, it was subjected to devaluation just once (in 1936). From January 1973, after adoption of floating exchange rate system, the situation characterized as an improvement in exchange of the Swiss franc in relation to the USD

Currency

The currency of Switzerland is the Swiss franc (Schweizer Franken - franc suisse), which is abbreviated as CHF (also sometimes as Sfr.). The Swiss franc is unique among major currencies in that it continues to be backed by gold. It has been allowed to float freely since 1973 and is one of the principle world reserve currencies. One franc is divided into 100 cents (Rappen - centime). Swiss francs can be easily exchanged to and from most foreign currencies at banks, ATMs, in shopping centers and airports. If you are transferring money abroad, you may get a better exchange rate from the post office than a bank.

Swiss banking groups:

Along with other qualities, the Swiss banking system is noted for the variety it serves to its customers. The Swiss banking system works on the Theory of universal banking,

33 where all banks can perform all banking services.

The Swiss banking system is working on the model of universal banking, where it provides services such as,

 credit/lending business

 asset management ,investment advice  payment of transactions

 Deposit in business (savings accounts, etc.)  securities in business (stock exchange transactions)

 underwriting business  financial performance of banks and their ratios

This is very much opposite to banking systems in Japan which is based on separate commercial banking from investment banking. , in fact, currently underway in the US to liberalize the system in the nation. The upmost advantage of universal banking is that they include the ability to divide risk over a larger banking businesses and customers from different sectors of the economy.

Specialized bank groups Banking in Switzerland is totally diverse. It is working on the principle of universal banking. There are Several bank groups which are now fully or partially specialized:

The "Big" banks The main two biggest banks of Swiss namely – ubs Ag and the Credit Suisse Group (CSG)- together contribute over 50% of the overall banking assets of all banks in country Switzerland. UBS_ AG is the world's leader in the overall wealth mgt. & also Switzerland's most leading banking for individual and clients of corporate .& It is also an important worldwide player on investment banking and the securities business. Credit Suisse is a leading global bank headquartered in Zurich. Credit Suisse

34 is renowned for providing expert advice, holistic solutions and innovative products to a wide range of corporate and institutional clients and high-net-worth individuals globally, as well as retail clients in Switzerland.

Cantonal banks Formerly one to two percent cantons, there are today a total of twenty four Cantonal banks (in Switzerland's 26 cantons and half-cantons); Cantonal banks are semi- governmental organizations with a nation guaranty. Liberalization is currently underway with respect to the state guarantee. Despite of close connection with the state, cantonal banks should comply with commercial principles in their business processes Their main objective, according to cantonal law, is to establish the canton's economy. Area of activity: engaged in all banking businesses; emphasis on lending& deposit business processes...

Regional banks and savings banks Small size universally banks with a main emphasis on lending& deposit business. These banks voluntarily restrict their activities to one or more region. Advantage: customer proximity -- they are acquainted with local circumstances and with regional business cycles.

Raiffeisen Group As a group of banks with the largest branch network in Switzerland, the Raiffeisen banks together form Raiffeisen Switzerland, which is responsible for the entire Raiffeisen Group strategy and for group-wide risk management. It also coordinates the group’s activities, creates the conditions for the business activities of the local Raiffeisen banks and advises and supports them in all issues. The bank group, which is structured as a cooperative, is one of Switzerland’s leading retail banks. In recent years, Raiffeisen has positioned and established itself as the third largest bank group in Switzerland. Raiffeisen meanwhile counts 3 million Swiss citizens among its customers. Of these, some 1.4 million are members of the cooperative and hence co-owners of their Raiffeisen bank. They value the decisive benefits of Raiffeisen: Proximity to the

35 customer, support, reliability and the exclusive benefits for members of the cooperative.

Private banks Amongst the oldest banks in Swiss. Legal form: individually owned firms, collective and limited by ownership partnerships Private banks are subject to unlimited subsidiary liability with their personal assets. Field of activity: asset management, chiefly for private clients; as a rule, private banks do not publicly offer & accept savings deposits

Foreign banks

Foreign-control regulation means that over half of the company's votes are with foreigner with qualified interests. Origin place of banks: EU, predominantly EU (approx. 50%), Japan (approx. 20%). Fields of activity: foreign business (share of foreign assets in the balance sheet total is aprox.70%), in asset management.

Other banks This banks group which includes banks with various business objectives, such as: institutes buyers in the foreign stock exchange, securities and asset management businesses; commercial banks: as a rule thump, these are universal banks for which mortgage invt. Play a very significant role, in addition to commercial loans to trade, industry and commerce; and consumer credit institutes: institutes specializing in small loans& medium loan.

CENTRAL BANK

 The Switzerland National Bank serves as the Swiss Nation central bank.

 It was founded by the Federal Act on the Swiss National Bank (16 January 1906), it started conducting its business on 20 June 1907.

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 Its shares had being publicly traded, and are held by individual investors also.

 Although a central bank has its regulatory authority in the country's banking system, the SNB does not; regulation is solely done by the Federal Banking Commission.

Major Banks

 Till 2010, there are 327 fully authorized banks and dealers in Switzerland, ranging from the "Two Big Banks" to small banks serving the needs of an all the community and a few special clients.

 UBS and Credit Suisse are resp. the top most and second most largest Swiss banks and are accountable for over 50% of all deposits in Switzerland bank ; which have extensive branching networks throughout the country and internationally.

 Because of their size and structure, UBS and Credit Suisse are awarded an extraordinary degree of supervision from the Federal Banking Commission.

(PHARMA- history in Switzerland)

 Although largely similar to the rules that have governed the pharmacy in the bordering countries, the Swiss pharmaceutical past shows however certain aspects that distinguish it of the global development of the pharmacy in Europe.  Switzerland is among the world's leading producers of chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The chemical industry focuses on dye-stuffs, perfume essences and food flavorings. The center of the industry is Basel. The largest pharmaceutical companies are Roche and Novartis (formed by the 1996 merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz).

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 The chemical and pharmaceutical industries export 85% of their output.

Pharmaceutical Industry in Switzerland From 150 years, Pharmaceutical industries and chemical industries are present in the Switzerland. The Switzerland was capable of strengthen and established basic conditions. There was an intense need to contribute towards climate of innovation and openness. The Swiss industries required liberal and reliable legal conditions to allow used of technologies in the sector. There was also need to build strong industrial and institutional relations with the other countries to meet new economic environment and challenges. These includes:- I. There is a need to contribute actively towards depending and stronger the multilateral trade system of the WTO. II. To develop the relations with the EU on the basis of recent realities.

The Specialties field operates in the Switzerland pharmaceutical sector. Overall 90 % of the Switzerland pharmaceutical industry's overall product Portfolio are specialties; a remarkable position compared to international average, and now producing more than 30'000 products. The major product group in Swiss is: I. Pharmaceuticals II. Fine chemicals III. Vitamins IV. Flavors V. Crop protection agents

The strategy of concentration on specialties of the Swiss pharmaceutical industries is successive points. They have achieved market leadership with their highly specialized products in world market. R&D of products and processes are the key for Swiss pharmaceutical industries success. To satisfy present and future demands of the customers new scientifically methods and processes are invented continuously.

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The SWOT Analysis of SWISS PHARMA Industry

(STRENGHTS)  Largest market share all over the world  Greater economic competitiveness  Productive human resources  World-class equipment’s  Technological advancements  Good customer base

(WEAKNESSES)  More investments in unproductive units or sectors  Financial fluctuations  More generic approach towards all the aspects Diversified strategies

(OPPORTUNITIES)  More avenues to expand  Customized services  Wide range of customers  New market segments

(THREATS)  Due to cut-throat competition in the market  Complex behavior of customers  Stiffness in the strategies  World economic regulations &guidance’s  Future desirability

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A BRIEF GLANCE ON THE SWISS PHARMA COMPANIES UNDER STUDY

NYCOMED PHARMACEUTICALS: Nycomed Is European Based Pharmaceutical Company. Nycomed Is Privately owned primarily By the Two Private Equity Investors Named Nordic Capital and CSFB Alternative Capital. Production Is Located In Main Following Countries. 1. Norway 2. Denmark 3. Poland 4. Austria 5. Belgium 6. Germany 7. Estonia 8. India 9. Mexico

Head Office Is Located In Zurich, Switzerland. Nycomed Is 28th Largest Pharmaceutical Company all over world.  A brief knowledge about the:  Mission & Vision statements  Overview on Financial & other departments  The various Business criterions  Market share & its analysis reports etc.

 Comparison & future prospect with the INDIAN pharma companies.

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NOVARTIS PHARMACEUTICAL: Novartis was formed in 1996 through merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz, two companies with rich and diverse corporate history. Through the years, Novartis and forerunner companies have discovered and developed many innovative products for patients and consumers worldwide. Foundation - Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz merged in 1996 to form Novartis Headquarters- Basel, Switzerland Locations- Basel BS/BL, Bern BE, Cham ZG, Switzerland Fribourg FR, Genf GE, Hünenberg ZG Locarno TI, Nyon VD, Schaffhausen SH, Schlieren ZH, St- Aubin FR, Stein AG

 A brief knowledge about the:  Mission & Vision statements  Overview on Financial & other departments  The various Business criterions  Market share & its analysis reports etc.

 Comparison & future prospect with the INDIAN pharma companies.

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ALLIANCE BOOTS GmbH: Alliance Boots GmbH is leading international, pharmacy health and beauty group. It has two core business activities pharmacy health and beauty retailing, and pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution. It is presence in more than 25 countries. It has revenue in excess of £23.3 billion. It was formed in 2006 by a merger of the listed British high street pharmacist Boots Group and the pan- European wholesale and retail pharmacy group Alliance UniChem. Alliance Boots was initially listed on the London Stock Exchange. Objectives  Making Boots more convenient and accessible for its customers  Improving its customers’ in-store shopping experience  Continuing to provide a customer’s excellent value  Developing country specific Boots branded trading formats to meet local need  Increasingly differentiating its product offering

Creating a compelling multi-channel health and wellbeing consumer offerings.

 A brief knowledge about the:  Mission & Vision statements  Overview on Financial & other departments  The various Business criterions  Market share & its analysis reports etc.

 Comparison & future prospect with the INDIAN pharma companies.

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HOFFMANN –La-ROCHE: Roche is Aktiengesells chaft type of company of Switzerland, it is founded in the year 1896 and the founder of this company is Fritz Hoffmann-La Roche. Its Headquarters is located at Basel; Roche has shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. Roche have Revenue approx. 42.531 billion CHF, Profit was 9.544 billion CHF at 2012 March, Their Total assets is 61.576 billion CHF and Number of employees are working approx. 81,000. La Roche is a member of the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). Roche ranked number 6 among a peer group of 16 healthcare companies as listed below, in terms of Total Shareholder Return (TSR), i.e. share price growth plus dividends, in 2011 when measured in Swiss francs at actual exchange rates. At constant exchange rate Roche also ranked number 6.

 A brief knowledge about the:  Mission & Vision statements  Overview on Financial & other departments  The various Business criterions  Market share & its analysis reports etc.

 Comparison & future prospect with the INDIAN pharma companies.

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ALCON PHARMACEUTICAL:

Founded in 1945, Alcon traces its roots back to two pharmacists, Robert Alexander and William Conner, who opened a small pharmacy in Fort Worth, Texas, and combined the first syllables of their last names to create the name Alcon.

The strengths of Alcon, CIBA VISION and Novartis Ophthalmic unite into one eye care business with Alcon becoming the second largest division of Novartis. With these collective resources and scale, Alcon offers the widest spectrum of eye care products in Surgical, Pharmaceutical and Vision Care across 180 markets and runs operations in 75 countries.

Present working countries of Alcon.

1. European countries

2. Czech Republic

3. Ireland

4. Sweden

5. United Kingdom

6. Africa

7. Asian-pacific countries  A brief knowledge about the:  Mission & Vision statements  Overview on Financial & other departments  The various Business criterions  Market share & its analysis reports etc.

 Comparison & future prospect with the INDIAN pharma companies.

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Export Import regulations of Swiss Pharmaceutical Export regulations of Swiss Pharmaceutical  On behalf of Department of health, The MHRA issues certificates of export on request to assist the exporters of medicinal products.

 The MHRA issues the four different types of the export certificates.

1. The certificate of Pharmaceutical product ( CPP )

2. The certificate of Licensing status ( CLS )

3. Certificate of Manufacturing Status ( CMS )

4. Certificate of Importation of Pharmaceutical Constituents. ( CPC )

Import Procedure of Swiss Pharmaceutical

1. Request of trader’s code registration.

2. Application for license of import of pharmaceutical.

3. Application of the approval for the items to be imported.

4. Applications of authorities as qualified foreign manufacturer.

5. Application of the GMP conformities examinations.

CONCLUSION OF THE STUDY:-

I. Switzerland is a very warm yet convenient place to roam and tour around.

II. Socially, economically and financially it is a very favorable country to cherish.

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III. Swiss market is full of highly qualified and skilled labour or workforce.

IV. The overall price of the Swiss franc (CHF) has been constant and safely stable compared to other currencies.

V. Since the last few years Swiss market place have emerged as a most desirable market arena to enter.

VI. There is no such entry and exit barriers maintained by the Swiss economic, legal and trade related sectors.

VII. All the financial institutions’ play a very role in the gradual and probable development of the country as a whole.

VIII. The Swiss perform all its economic activities with wider conformity of the EU's, in order to enhance their international competitiveness.

IX. The entire economic and business phenomenon are been used precisely by the Swiss largest market players as well as the concerned parties, to maintain the high ethical standards in business and trade.

X. Swiss is having a comparable stable environment where the banking sector is in a position to develop and flourish. Swiss is a neutral country which does not attract any unwanted elements.

XI. In Switzerland after tourism, banking is the second largest sector According to 2009 census. Switzerland has a total population of 77 lakh out of which over 2 lakh people work in banking industry which means more than 3 percent of the masses is serving in the banking sector.

XII. In Switzerland, not only banks but also other institutions and organizations are offering credit cards, such as the Migros and Coop. They are the superstores providing the cards, 1st in its kind.

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XIII. A Swiss credit card does not attract annual fee charges and so, they are very cheap. Also they offer bonus points on small purchases which can be used in superstores. XIV. Swiss provide a world class yet highly customized services to all its customers and delegates to satisfy their end needs gradually.

XV. Switzerland is among the world's leading producers of chemicals and pharmaceuticals

XVI. Swiss companies are highly competitive and working well all over in world.

XVII. Swiss economic policy is working principle of free trade where import duties are low and almost no quotas.

XVIII. Swiss pharmaceutical companies are working in more than 80 countries in the world.

XIX. The Swiss pharmaceutical industry has an outspoken international orientation.

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SUMMARY GROUP 5

PHARMACEUTICAL

Investment Business environment Switzerland is a federal state and a parliamentary democracy. Several national referenda are held every year, and the need to build strong popular support for legislation has led to a consensual political process. The result is a stable and reliable political environment. Located at the center of Europe, Switzerland has close economic ties with the EU and largely conforms to the economic practices of the EU even though it is not a member. Switzerland has a modern market economy and one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world. With a highly skilled labor force, Switzerland has low unemployment rates and a highly developed service sector and advanced manufacturing. Significant industries are banking, insurance, machinery, chemicals (including health and pharmaceuticals), watches and other precision instruments and tourism. The Swiss economy is export-oriented, with exports of goods and services accounting for almost one-half of GDP. Switzerland is a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the European Free Trade Association. It has a free trade agreement with the EU, with which it has concluded two sets of bilateral accords. EU member states are Switzerland’s main trading partners. Switzerland is a net importer of food and must purchase nearly all of its energy and industrial raw materials abroad. The export sector is focused on high value-added goods, e.g. in the chemicals, pharmaceutical and precision instruments industries. Switzerland has a tradition of supporting free trade, and tariffs for industrial goods— insofar as they still exist—are generally low. Only agriculture remains protected by fairly high tariffs. Price controls Switzerland is a free-market economy and, in principle, no price controls exist.

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Intellectual property Patents, industrial designs and models, trademarks and copyrights are legally recognized in Switzerland. The country offers a high level of protection for all forms of intellectual property

Currency The national currency is the Swiss Franc (CHF). Banking and financing Despite a challenging international environment, the Swiss banking system remains among the world’s strongest, boosted by continued efforts to adapt to market conditions and by a currency the Swiss franc—that remains a haven in times of global economic turmoil. Swiss banks are responsible for their own lending practices, which are monitored by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA). Under an agreement with the EU, Switzerland applies the Savings Tax Directive, with Swiss paying agent’s withholding tax on interest payments to individuals resident in the EU. Switzerland also is in the process of adapting its policy regarding information exchange in cases of tax fraud and evasion and has been amending its double tax treaties with the exchange of information clause as set out in the Article 26 of the OECD Model Convention. Zurich is Switzerland’s largest financial center and Geneva is one of the world’s most important centers for private banking. Foreign investment Switzerland welcomes foreign direct investment. Laisser-faire policies and federal and cantonal incentives for new investors mean that Switzerland is an attractive and popular investment location for a variety of multinationals and enterprises. The country is frequently used as a location for international headquarters, trading companies and other entities coordinating international functions and sales (principal companies, shared services and logistics centers, research and development facilities, etc.). Such firms are, in principle, treated in the same way as local companies, but can often benefit from tax and financial incentives (see below). For practical project support, investors are often assisted by the Cantonal Economic Development Agencies. Foreign firms do not

49 need formal approval for direct investment in Switzerland, and no particular office oversees investments. Government permission is required, however, in certain sectors (e.g. to establish a bank or an insurance company). In most areas of business, no overall restrictions apply to the percentage of equity that foreign firms may hold. Tax incentives Tax privilege is granted to companies having foreign business activities. A business activity is deemed to be performed predominantly outside Switzerland if generally at least 80% of the total gross income is derived from foreign sources and at least 80% of expenses are incurred abroad. Taxed of Foreign-source income of a mixed company is at a combined effective rate of typically between 9%-11% Swiss-source income is taxed at ordinary rates for cantonal/communal and federal income tax purposes. Incentives also are available for domiciliary companies, principal companies and finance branches. Federal assistance is available for up to 10 years for companies bringing economic value-adding activities to specific regions in Switzerland. Most cantons also grant tax holidays to companies bringing economic value-added functions and creating significant new jobs for up to 10 years. Sources http://www.taxrates.cc/html/switzerland-tax-rates.html Exchange controls There are no foreign exchange controls. There are no distinctions between resident and nonresident accounts and no limitations on borrowing from abroad. Likewise, local borrowing by foreign-controlled firms from banks and related (or unrelated) companies is freely permitted. A money laundering law covers banks, financial institutions, lawyers and accountants. The law provides for penalties (including prison and fines) for those who deliberately help launder money or assist with money laundering by failing to identify suspicious clients.

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Setting up a business

Principal forms of business entity The société anonyme SA)/Aktiengesellschaft (AG) is the most frequently used company form in the corporation, The Swiss limited liability company—the société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)/Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH)— has historically less often been used as a vehicle for conducting international business. However, the use of the SARL/GmbH in international business has increased significantly in recent years largely because, unlike the SA/AG, the entity can be disregarded for U.S. tax purposes under the “check-the-box” rules. Formalities for setting up a company To form a corporation, the founders must hold an incorporation meeting before a notary public where the articles of incorporation are resolved. The incorporation meeting is documented in a public deed. The corporation is then registered in the commercial register.

Forms of entity

Requirement for an SA/AG Capital. The minimum capital is CHF 100,000 and the minimum nominal value of an SA/AG share is CHF 0.01. At least 20% of each share’s nominal value (or CHF 50,000, whichever is more) must be paid in by the time of the first shareholders’ meeting. Contributions in kind, such as contributions of real property, machinery, patents and know-how, are possible. In the case of contributions in kind, the founders are required to draw up a detailed report, which must be approved by the auditors. Before dividends may be distributed, 5% of the annual net profits must be placed in a legal reserve until it reaches 20% of paid-in capital. Thereafter, 10% of any distributed amount that exceeds 5% of paid-in capital must also be placed in the reserve fund. The above amount must

51 be appropriated until the reserve equals 50% of authorized and issued capital (this does not apply to holding companies). Founders, shareholders. There must be at least one founding shareholder. The founders are not required to be Swiss citizens or residents. Board of directors. There are no requirements regarding residence or the nationality of board members. However, at least one Swiss resident board member or executive director is required. Types of shares. Registered and bearer shares are permitted, but a share must be fully paid up to be converted from registered to bearer. A corporation may restrict the negotiability of registered shares to a certain extent. Both common and a limited number of preferred shares are permitted, but non-voting shares are not permitted. Companies use participation certificates (up to the double of the share value) in place of shares to raise non-voting capital. Control. Important decisions (e.g. changing the purpose of the corporation, issuing new preferred shares, increasing capital and restricting shareholder subscription rights) require approval by more than two-thirds of the votes and 51% of the capital present at the annual general meeting (a double majority”). Branch of a foreign corporation Foreign companies may conduct business in Switzerland through a branch. A branch must be registered in the commercial registry of the canton where it is located. It may engage in all the same forms of business activity as a corporation. Branches of foreign companies in Switzerland are taxed at the same rates as domestic companies. Regulation of business Mergers and acquisitions Firms planning a merger must notify the Federal Competition Commission before the transaction takes place if the merger exceeds certain turnover thresholds. These apply when one of the companies involved has total sales of at least CHF 2 billion or sales in Switzerland of at least CHF500 million, or if at least two of the firms involved have a turnover in Switzerland of CHF 100 million each. The Federal Competition Commission can stop a merger if there is a risk that it will create a market-dominating position. As a general rule, however, the Commission

52 imposes conditions on mergers rather than blocking them. The Federal Council can allow a merger upon request if it deems the merger to be of overriding public interest. Monopolies and restraint of trade The Federal Law on Cartels provides a mechanism to prevent the unlawful restraint of competition. Agreements between enterprises that significantly affect competition in the market for certain goods or services and that are not justified on grounds of economic efficiency, as well as agreements that lead to the suppression of effective competition are unlawful. A company holding a dominant market position violates Switzerland’s cartel law if it engages in illegal competition-restricting activities. Practices of such companies are illegal if they, through the abuse of their position, prevent other companies from entering into or competing in the market or when they discriminate against trading partners. In particular, the following activities may constitute unlawful practices: refusal to trade (e.g. refusal to supply or buy goods); discrimination against trading partners with regard to prices or other conditions of trade; the imposition of unfair prices or other unfair conditions of trade; the under-cutting of prices or other conditions directed against a specific competitor; imposing restrictions on production, sales or technical development; and the conclusion of contracts only on the condition that partners agree to supply additional goods or services. Some exceptions apply, and limits on competition are legal when justified by overriding legitimate interests and when the results do not adversely affect public welfare. Accounting, filing and auditing filing requirements Companies must present accounts for the current and the preceding financial year to the general meeting of shareholders. Companies listed on the stock exchange or with outstanding bond issues must publish annual and consolidated accounts as approved by the annual general meeting and the auditors’ report in the Swiss Commercial Gazette or provide such information upon request. Depending on the size of the corporation and whether it qualifies as a public company, the shareholders must elect as auditor a supervised auditing firm, an admitted audit expert or an admitted auditor. If certain conditions are satisfied and all shareholders agree, small companies may waive the requirement to elect an auditor. Shareholders

53 may elect one or more auditors. The auditors must be independent, which means they may not be board members or employees, and at least one must be domiciled in Switzerland. Auditors must prepare a report for the board of directors and be present at the annual general meeting unless shareholders unanimously waive their presence. Swiss GAAP applies.

I) Legal Procedure for pharmaceutical products in Switzerland

Companies that produce medical products or trade in pharmaceutical products must obtain an establishment license from Swiss medic.

When the Law on Therapeutic Products was enacted, establishment license under the former legislation (establishment licenses issued by the Swiss Federal Office for Public Health and by the Institute for Viral Diseases) were subject to transitional period of validity until 31 December 2006.

Present pharma license issuance system in Switzerland. Firms that manufacture or distribute medicinal or transplant products in Switzerland, including for import, wholesale, export and commercialization abroad, require an establishment license granted by Swiss medic. The license to Swiss pharmaceutical companies issued by the following successful inspection. i. Notification of clinical trial Clinical trials with medicines, transplant products and certain medical devices may only be carried out in Switzerland once they have been approved by the relevant Cantonal Ethics Committee and once Swiss medic has issued the relevant notification. Discrepancies and adverse drug reaction during trial must be reported to the Ethics Committee and Swiss medic.

54 ii. Special licenses Swiss medic grants special licenses, on application, to medical professionals for the importation and use of medical products that are not authorized in Switzerland. iii. Pharmacopoeia

Pharmacopoeia valid in Switzerland consist of the European Pharmacopoeia and the Swiss pharmacopoeia. The quality regulations contained therein constitute the fundamental basis of a standardized, harmonized quality assurance for important medicines. They are legally binding and thus constitute a significant perquisite for guaranteeing that all therapeutic products are of high quality. iv. Narcotics

Firms and individuals that cultivate, produce, process or market narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursor chemicals (including import / export) require an operating license from Swiss medic. The licenses are granted following successful inspections. Swiss medic must be notified of every delivery of narcotics within Switzerland. All narcotics must be entered into a registration system. The import and export of narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursor chemicals require a separate license granted by Swiss medic. v. Blood and labile blood products

Blood obtained from the donor system and the labile blood products produced from it are classified as medicines in accordance with the Therapeutic Products Act. Activities such as collecting blood, manufacturing labile blood products or distributing labile blood products require a permit granted by Swiss medic. In addition, a Cantonal permit is required if the activity concerns the storage of blood products alone. The Swiss blood donor system is supervised by the Inspectorates department and is based on inspections, permits, market monitoring and standardization processes.

55 vi. Laboratory (OMCL)

The laboratory, which has ISO 17025 certification, is responsible for the official batch release of stable blood products and vaccines, and provides support to all Swiss medic divisions in terms of laboratory analysis, method developments, method assessments and medicines. vii. Transplant products

The Transplant unit is responsible for the control of transplant products. These products from somatic cell therapy, tissue engineering and ex vivo gene therapy are, in accordance with the Federal Act on Transplants (TxG, SR 810.21), considered as medicines and are thus governed by the Therapeutic Products Act. The provisions of the said law regarding establishment licenses, clinical trials, operating permits, advertising, vigilance and administrative measures therefore apply accordingly. As mandated by the Federal Office of Public Health, inspections are moreover carried out at firms and institutions that work with cells, tissue and organs.

II) Opportunities for Indian entrepreneurs for doing business in Switzerland

Products with relatively advanced technologies are best prospects

1. Ideal test market for introduction of new high tech and consumer products

2. High concentration of computer/Internet usage per capita

3. Switzerland is becoming a European center for commercial aviation business

4. Fast growing demand for highly sophisticated security equipment/systems

5. One of world‘s top countries for R&D

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6. Excellent opportunities for partnerships in biotech, nanotech, and renewable energies, especially solar

III) What are the market entry strategies for Indian entrepreneurs for entering into Swiss market?

1. Express commitment to the market and establish long term relationships

2. Work directly with Swiss importers/distributors for maximum market penetration

3. Be prepared to meet customer‘s needs and willing to sell in small volumes

4. Offer high quality and environmentally friendly products

5. Enter the market early to gain and maintain competitive edge

Job Duties of companies on implementing the Pharma Code

Company personnel  The companies ensure that their personnel responsible for the preparation, supervision and approval as well as for the conduct of activities as regulated by Articles 1 to 4 of the Pharma Code are familiar with the Pharma Code and the corresponding clauses of the Swiss legislation on Therapeutic Products and observe this regulation.

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 In particular, the companies ensure that the medical representatives perform their tasks in a responsible and ethically correct manner. They must be appropriately trained and have sufficient

Code of Conduct of Pharmaceutical Industry in Switzerland (Pharma Code)

 Knowledge of the Pharma Code to be able to correctly inform others about their company’s medicinal products. The companies ensure that their medical representatives continue to satisfy these requirements and that their training is continuously updated.

 The medical representative are obligated to inform their company, on a continuous basis, of any specialized information that they learn through their activities, especially about reports of adverse reactions of medicinal products.

 The type of compensation may not entice the medical representatives to mislead health care professionals to incorrect prescribing or dispensation practices of medicinal products.

Responsible persons at the company

 Companies shall ensure that their activities as regulated by Articles 1 to 4 of the Pharma Code shall be approved prior to its practical implementation by an expert person employed by the company or instructed by it, who is designated for the purpose (responsible person).

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 Participation by the company in international events at which the Pharma Code and appropriately applicable foreign codes are to be observed, are also included in the area of its responsibility.  The company may assign this responsibility, organized according to the subject matter pursuant to Articles 1 to 4, to different persons. The responsible person(s) shall make their decisions independently of the marketing and sales interests of the company.  Companies shall provide the names of these persons to the Pharma Code Secretariat

Documents of patient organizations  Companies may not try to influence in their own commercial interests the text of documents of patient organizations to which they are granting financial or other support; the right to correct factual errors is reserved.

Transparency

 The companies must publish a list of the patient organizations which they support financially or otherwise to any significant extent. This list must include a short description of the type of support.

 It must be updated at least once per year.

 The companies guarantee that such support is transparent from the outset.

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Events and hospitality

 The events should take place in appropriate venues conducive to the main purpose of the event.

 They should be chosen with regard to the desired achievement of the main objectives, mainly according to the suitability of the facility location and infrastructure. Locations which are renowned for their entertainment facilities or are considered extravagant should be avoided.

 Any form of hospitality which patient organizations are allowed to accept from companies should be at a sensible level and subordinate to the main purpose of the event, irrespective of whether the event is organized by patient organizations or by companies.

 Hospitality in connection with events must be limited to travel, subsistence, accommodation and participation fees.

 The companies may not organize or sponsor any events which take place outside of Switzerland, except in the following cases:  Most invitees come from other countries which means that it makes more sense logistically to hold the event in another country

 The critical resources or specialist knowledge which form the professional or personal reasons for holding an event are available in another country, therefore it makes more sense logistically to hold the event there.

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CONSCLUSION:

Principal forms of business entity  The most frequently used company form is the corporation, the société anonyme SA)/Aktiengesellschaft (AG). The Swiss limited liability company—the société à responsabilité limitée (SARL)/Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH)— has historically less often been used as a vehicle for conducting international business. However, the use of the SARL/GmbH in international business has increased significantly in recent years largely because, unlike the SA/AG, the entity can be disregarded for U.S. tax purposes under the “check-the-box” rules.

 To form a corporation, the founders must hold an incorporation meeting before a notary public where the articles of incorporation are resolved

 Capital. The minimum capital is CHF 100,000 and the minimum nominal value of an SA/AG share is CHF 0.01. At least 20% of each share’s nominal value (or CHF 50,000, whichever is more) must be paid in by the time of the first shareholders’ meeting. Contributions in kind, such as contributions of real property, machinery, patents and know-how, are possible.

 Founders, shareholders. There must be at least one founding shareholder.

 Foreign companies may conduct business in Switzerland through a branch. A branch must be registered in the commercial registry of the canton where it is located.

 Types of shares. Registered and bearer shares are permitted, but a share must be fully paid up to be converted from registered to bearer.

 Control. Important decisions (e.g. changing the purpose of the corporation, issuing new preferred shares, increasing capital and restricting shareholder

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subscription rights) require approval by more than two-thirds of the votes and 51% of the capital present at the annual general meeting (a double majority”).

 Foreign companies may conduct business in Switzerland through a branch. A branch must be registered in the commercial registry of the canton where it is located. It may engage in all the same forms of business activity as a corporation.

 Firms planning a merger must notify the Federal Competition Commission before the transaction takes place if the merger exceeds certain turnover thresholds. These apply when one of the companies involved has total sales of at least CHF 2 billion or sales in Switzerland of at least CHF500 million, or if at least two of the firms involved have a turnover in Switzerland of CHF 100 million each.

 The Federal Law on Cartels provides a mechanism to prevent the unlawful restraint of competition. Agreements between enterprises that significantly affect competition in the market for certain goods or services and that are not justified on grounds of economic efficiency, as well as agreements that lead to the suppression of effective competition are unlawful.

 The Federal Law on Cartels provides a mechanism to prevent the unlawful restraint of competition. Agreements between enterprises that significantly affect competition in the market for certain goods or services and that are not justified on grounds of economic efficiency, as well as agreements that lead to the suppression of effective competition are unlawful.

 Companies must present accounts for the current and the preceding financial year to the general meeting of shareholders.

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 Companies that produce medical products or trade in pharmaceutical products must obtain an establishment license from Swiss medic.

Special licenses  Swiss medic grants special licenses, on application, to medical professionals for the importation and use of medical products that are not authorized in Switzerland.

 There are 468 manufacturers that are Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Certified.

Company personnel  The companies ensure that their personnel responsible for the preparation, supervision and approval as well as for the conduct of activities as regulated by Articles 1 to 4 of the Pharma Code are familiar with the Pharma Code and the corresponding clauses of the Swiss legislation on Therapeutic Products and observe this regulation

 knowledge of the Pharma Code to be able to correctly inform others about their company’s medicinal products. The companies ensure that their medical representatives continue to satisfy these requirements and that their training is continuously updated.

 Companies shall ensure that their activities as regulated by Articles 1 to 4 of the Pharma Code shall be approved prior to its practical implementation by an expert person employed by the company or instructed by it, who is designated for the purpose (responsible person).

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 Science industries authorizes an appropriate professional (as a rule, a physician), who is independent of the companies, with the directorship of the Pharma Code Secretariat. It also ensures his representation by a person with comparable qualifications

 Education and training requirements vary depending on the kind of job you want. Many companies offer training programs for their employees. Some cover part or all of the cost of college courses that employees take to improve their performance

 If you want to work in the pharmaceutical industry, your high school, technical school, or college may be able to give you information about getting a job. You can apply directly to pharmaceutical manufacturers. Job openings are often listed on the Internet, in newspaper want ads, or with state and private employment agencies. Sometimes professional and trade organizations have information about job openings.

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SUMMARY GROUP 6

NOVARTIS

History Novartis was formed in 1996 through merger of Ciba-Geigy and Sandoz, two companies with rich and diverse corporate history. Through the years, Novartis and forerunner companies have discovered and developed many innovative products for patients and consumers worldwide. Novartis Focused solely on healthcare, Novartis offers a diversify group to best meet these requirements, inventive medicine, its provide eyes care products, cost- saving generic pharmaceuticals products, consumer health products, preventive vaccines and diagnostic tools. Novartis is the only company with leading positions in each of these areas. An uncertain economy and regulatory reform continue to create downward pressure on the healthcare industry. As healthcare spending outpaces economic growth, healthcare budget in many countries will be impacted, resulting in increased pricing pressures.

Novartis is adapting to these changes by shifting from transactional approach to a more integrated approach, where we work together with physicians and customers to enable better patient outcomes. Novartis is working closely with hospitals, physicians and initiating pilot programs how to best meet changing customer expectation.

Novartis worldwide AG is a transnational pharmaceutical concern based in Basel, Switzerland, status number three in sales amongst the international industry. Business sales totalled of the 36.173 billon US $ in 2008. At this time, Novartis is the sixth principal pharmaceutical theatre company in terms of proceeds with a revenue periphery of about 20%.

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Renamed to Novartis subsequent an achievement by Ciba-Geigy, its own Sandoz, and a large maker of broad drugs. General overview

Type Public company Business sector pharmaceutical Industry Founded in 1996 Headquarters Basel, Switzerland Operating in world wide Employees 1,23,886 Products pharmaceutical Generic drugs Over-the-counter drugs Vaccines Animal health Diagnostics

Mission We want to determine, enlarge and effectively market pioneering crop to prevent and restore to health diseases, to ease suffering and to enhance the quality of life. We also want to make available a depositor return that reflect outstanding routine and to effectively reward folks who provide ideas and vocation in our companionship.

NOVARTIS STRATEGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH

The cornerstone of Novartis strategy is our diversified healthcare portfolio across high-growth segments of the healthcare industry and geographies. Novartis is the only healthcare company with primary situation in pharmaceuticals - eye care – generics - vaccines & diagnostics, over-the-counter medicine and monster health. We believe that the multiplicity of our selling and invention portfolio allows us to incarcerate opportunity

66 across the global healthcare market, while balancing our risk and exposure to macroeconomic effects. We expect our broad group will help us keep up augmentation notwithstanding the hammering of revenues owed to patent finishing.

One of the top companies Novartis is Switzerland’s largest healthcare company. The Novartis Group reported worldwide sales of about CHF 52 billion. Novartis ranked as one of the top 30 companies worldwide in terms of market value. In the IMS-PADDS ranking, Novartis is one of the largest companies in global pharmaceutical sales.

NYCOMED PHARMACEUTICALS VISSION Nycomed vision is to strive for superiority in all we do to develop the quality of life for patients about the worldwide.

MISSION Nycomed mission is to bring medicines that matter to patients and healthcare providers.

GENERAL OVERVIEW Nycomed is European Based Pharmaceutical Company. Nycomed Is Privately owned primarily By The Two Private Equity Investors Named Nordic Capital And CSFB Alternative Capital. Production Is Located In Main Following Countries. 1. Norway 2. Denmark 3. Poland 4. Austria 5. Belgium 6. Germany 7. Estonia 8. India 9. Mexico

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10. Brazil 11. Argentina

Head Office Is Located In Zurich, Switzerland. Nycomed Is 28th Largest Pharmaceutical Company In all over world In more than 70 Countries, where Nycomed subsidiaries are present. MAIN PRODUCT OF NYCOMED Gastroenterology Nycomed biggest-selling product, pantoprazole (acid-related Gastroenterology disorders)

Specialty products Products primarily for specialist doctors, including Instanyl ( cancer pain),Calcium D3, TachoSil (surgical patch) and Preotact (osteoporosis)

Respiratory Products for respiratory and related conditions, such as Alvesco (asthma), Omnaris (allergic rhinitis) and recently launched Daxas (COPD)

OTC Broad portfolio of over-the-counter products marketed in Europe and emerging markets

Regional and local Rx Portfolios adapted to local needs, primarily composed of branded generics

Nycomed US Dermatology products for the US market

BUSINESS PARTNER In September 2010 nycomed acquire 51.34% stake in GUNGDONG TECHPOL BIO- PHARMA a very fast growing pharmaceutical market in CHINA

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In September 2010 nycomed new therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary dieses called DAXAS was approved in the EU and CANADA. It Launched In GERMANY, DENMARK, UNITED KINGDOM, ROMANIA, and NORWAY. Nycomed entered into an agreement in 2010 with MERSK&CO. one of the largest pharmaceuticals companies to co-promote DAXAS. In April 2010 Nycomed launched TECHOSIL for SURGICAL PATCH with US partner BAXTER INTERNATIONAL. Nycomed formed collaboration with RUSSIAN BASED GE HEALTHCARE for build their strength to sell diagnostic contrast agent in dynamic market. The joint venture with ZYDUS began production of active pharmaceutical ingredients in MUMBAI, INDIA in 2010.

Alcon Pharmaceutical

Mission

To provide innovative products that enhance quality of life by helping people see better.

General Overview

Alcon was established in 1945. Alcon was the joint effort between pharmacists, Robert Alexander and William Conner, who established a small pharmacy in Fort Worth, Texas. They create the name Alcon by combining the 1st syllable of their last name.

The strengths of Alcon is, CIBAVISION and Novartis Ophthalmic unit into one eye care business with Alcon becoming the 2nd largest division of Novartis. With the help of these resources and scale, Alcon becomes the widest producer of eye care products in surgical, pharmaceutical and vision care products. They provide their products and services in 180 markets and its operations done in 75 countries.

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Present working countries of Alcon

1. European countries

2. Czech Republic

3. Ireland

4. Sweden

5. United Kingdom

6. Africa

7. Asian-pacific countries

Product detail of Alcon It develop and manufacturing market surgical equipment and devices. And also Pharmaceuticals, vision care services and products provided in more than 180 countries’ market. The aim of Alcon's ability is to deliver "best in class" products and services year after year is to research & development organization. The main purpose of Alcon’s manpower including engineers, scientists and also medical department are dedicated to meeting for the world eye health needs. In 2010, Alcon invested USD 747 million in the research on new products to enhance and restore vision. In the next five years, Alcon is ready to invest approx. USD 4 billion to discover and ready to develop new ways to find solutions for vision conditions and eye diseases.

Sandoz pharmaceuticals

Introduction Sandoz is a part of a Novartis group, it is the world leader in the field of generic pharmaceutical sector offer the wide area of high quality and affordable products which are protected patent for a longer time...

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Sandoz is the number one firm to receive a US approval in the market a more affordable generic side of the top hospital based pills in the USA. Sandoz have the portfolio of around 1000 compounds and sells its products in more than 130 countries “Sandoz is one of the 1st companies to launch generic enoxaparin sodium in US. deliver on their strategy in the market with key the of product, and underscore our leadership in different product” Jeff George global head of Sandoz.” They are welcome the fda decision for approve there enoxaparin application, and company also by providing high-quality and more affordable version.” Sandoz has global presence. Sandoz employs over 24,000 people in about 130 countries, and has 12 development centers and a worldwide network of more than 30 production sites. This is widespread presence is fundamental to our global leadership position in developing and producing high-quality generics and differentiated products, including bio similar.

History: Sandoz is more prevail more than 120 years, during this time it has transformed itself from a small chemical company to the world’s 2nd largest producer firm of super standard pharmaceuticals and worldwide leader in bio similar as well as different products. Through our long and illustrious history, we have been led by committed and imaginative individuals who has forever aspire to be more one move ahead and who have delivered success from end to end high-quality product and service.

The Early Years 1886-1939

1964- The first research center which was outside Switzerland was established at East Hanover, NJ , in US follow by the Sandoz research institute in the year 1970 and the Sandoz institute for check-up investigates in London, UK 1985.

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1967- Company merger with the wander Ltd and diversified in that the dietetics business acquiring Del mark in 1972 was an in 1982 and Gerber Baby food in 1994.

1975- The seeds market was entered through the acquisition between American Rogers seeds company with Northrup ruler in 1976 the Dutch group in 1980 and the Swedish company in 1989

1977- The anti-allergic drug Zaditen was introduced

1981- Sandoz institute Medical investigate is founded in the location of University College, London and United Kingdom

1982- The immunosuppressant sandimmum is introduced followed by Neural in 1994 Vision

Sandoz will be the main provider of high quality, affordable medicines helping secure long-term access for healthcare for people around the world. Sandoz will go beyond traditional generic products and bring innovative technology and delivery systems to the market, making a world of difference in generic. Sandoz will lead their industry, outperforming the market. Sandoz will bring the care and passion to their employees has for its work to its customers, patient and communities.

Scope:

- Gain insight into Sandoz's strategic outlook across the next six years - its sales forecasts basis on product, psychoanalysis area, lifecycle stage, natural features, bit type and source - Strategic insight into the prospects for Sandoz over its next six years.

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Market Information Sandoz had been sales in 2009 with worth US$7,495 million, demonstrating a slight drop of 0.8% over 2008, when sales reached US$7,556 million. The year saw Sandoz' US trade return to expansion, getting better by 4.6% over 2008 to US$1,844 million. However, sales in Europe fell by 4.8% to US$4272 million.

In Sept 2009, company is going with the Novartis, complete its acquirement of the branch of education generic injectable industry of Ebewe Pharma.

CONCLUSION: Nycomed: Nycomed Is 28th Largest Pharmaceutical Company In all over world. In more than 70 Countries, where nycomed subsidiaries are present. Nycomed biggest-selling product, pantoprazole (acid-related Gastroenterology disorders) Contribution of turnover of NYCOMED by region is more in European countries i.e.43%.while Asian-Pacific and African Countries Contributes 8% Turnover.

Novartis: The pharmaceutical industry is a key sector of the Swiss economy and a major employer. The sector is directly and indirectly responsible for added value amounting to 5.7 percent of the nominal gross domestic product. Novartis is the only healthcare company with leading positions in pharmaceuticals, eye care, generics, vaccines and diagnostics, over-the-counter medicines and animal health. Novartis is one of Switzerland’s largest exporters, accounting for 14.3 % of total national net exports. Alliance Boots:

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Alliance Boots has two core business activities pharmacy health and beauty retailing, and pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution. Alliance Boots is also the largest pharmaceutical wholesaler in the UK by its Alliance Healthcare (Distribution) Ltd business. ALCON PHARMACEUTICAL: Alcon offers the widest spectrum of eye care products in surgical, Pharmaceutical and Vision Care across 180 markets and runs operations in 75 countries. Alcon is the market leader in ophthalmic surgical products, providing the most comprehensive surgical portfolio in the world. Alcon is now one of the largest manufacturers of contact lenses and lens care products.

Sandoz: Sandoz is a worldwide leader in generics.

This strategy of concentration on specialties is the Swiss chemical and pharmaceutical industry's key to success. With their high-grade specialized products Swiss companies have established a world-wide presence, and often a market leadership.

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SUMMARY GROUP 7

Introduction of Switzerland’s Travel and Tourism

SECTORS IN TOURISM

The tourism industry has been divided into 8 different sectors or areas.

1. Accommodation: - Hotels, Cabins, Cottages and Houseboats, Hostels, Campgrounds, Food and Beverage.

2. Adventure Tourism and Recreation: - Outdoor Adventure and Ecotourism, Ski Resorts, Golf and Tennis Facilities, Parks, Marine Facilities.

3. Attractions: - cultural attractions, heritage homes, zoos, museums, halls of fame, art galleries, historic sites, water parks, botanical gardens, casinos.

4. Events and Conferences: - Conferences, Meetings, Trade Shows and Conventions and Some special events included in this sectors.

5. Beverage & Food: - Beverage & Food have found a niche in departmental stores, Bookstores & in casinos.

6. Tourism Services: - Government, Industry Associations.

7. Transportation: - Air Transport, Rail Transport, Ground Transport, Water Transport.

8. Travel Trade: - Retail Travel Agencies, Wholesale Tour Operators.

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Tourism Policy

 Tourism Sector

 Federal government  Cantons  Local authorities

 Co-operation Platforms

 Destination marketing  Innovation and co-operation projects  Hotel credits  Advisory services

 Swiss Tourism Association

 Regional and local tourism associations  Associations  Suppliers

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Introduction of Switzerland’s Travel and Tourism

Switzerland is a small country in the middle of Europe that is well known for its scenic surroundings. One does not have to be a skier or hiker in order to have a memorable vacation. People that love to sightsee, shop and are into arts also enjoy Switzerland. It is unique characteristics and is a multi-cultural country with lots of history. There are actually four national languages spoken there i.e.

 German

 French

 Italian

 Romansh

Switzerland is surrounded by Germany, France, Italy and Austria. It is very convenient for international businesses since it is close to Europe’s major cities. According to the World Travel Guide, Switzerland has an extensive and highly developed network of conference destinations with all the major cities and many of the smaller alpine and lake resorts offering hotels and convention centers which are fully equipped with a complete range of facilities including interpretation and audio-visual services. In addition, each of Switzerland’s main cities has its own Convention Bureau.

Tourism is the third most important source of income in Switzerland

 The World Trade Organization (WTO)” ranked Switzerland 15ht among world destinations for tourism earning in 2005.

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 The World Trade Organization ranked Switzerland 14ht among world destinations for the number of visitors, which was estimated at 10.5 million.

 According to Swiss World, visitors from abroad accounted for about three percent of Swiss GDP in 2004.

There is no doubt that tourism creates jobs. Almost one twelfth of Switzerland’s workforce is employed directly or indirectly in tourism according to Swiss World. There are more jobs available in the mountain the in the cities. The most important tourism sectors are in the lodging and catering industries. These industries account for 45% of tourism’s added value. The transport services industry is the 3rd most important sector in Switzerland’s Tourism Industry. According to the Swiss Tourism Federation’s 2008 report, transport service accounted for 18% of tourism’s added value in 2005. Domestic and international tourism are important factors in the Swiss economy according to the Swiss Tourism Foundation.

Total Income level in the country’s economy…

Switzerland Economy is very sound. Switzerland economy is one of the most advanced and prosperous in the world. Despite of deficiency in its natural resources, the country virtually has the highest per capita income. Wages are as per the international standard.

Switzerland Economy comprises three main sectors - agriculture, industry and service. It is said that only 10% of the population is engaged in farming activities. Agricultural segment is the primary activities who receive maximum support from government. The primary sector of Swiss economy is the agricultural sector.

Out of the 40 % of the population is engaged in the industry sector. Industrial sector of Swiss is considered as secondary economic sector in the economy. Industrial sector is mostly exporting manufactured products to foreign destinations. By performing this

78 activities country earn huge foreign revenue which to their overall improvement of their economic conditions.

Countries of world associated with T&T

The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promote the development of responsible and sustainable to universally accessible tourism, paying particular awareness to the interest of developing countries .

The organization encourages the implementation of the Global Code of ethics for tourism, with the view to ensuring that member countries, tourist destinations and businesses make the most of the positive economic, social and cultural effects of tourism and fully gather its benefits, while minimize its negative social and environmental impact.

UNWTO is committed to the United Nations millennium development goals, gear towards reducing poverty and nurturing sustainable developments.

As origin of the World Tourism Organization stem back to 1925 when the International Congress of Official Tourist Traffic Associations (ICOTT) was created at Hague. Some articles from early volumes of the Annals of Tourism Research claim that the UNWTO originated as of the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organizations (IUOTPO), even though the UNWTO states that the ICOTT became the International Union of Official Tourist Publicity Organizations earliest in 1934.

Tourist arrivals by country depend on rankings:

World Tourism rankings are compiling by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) as part of their World Tourism Barometer journal, which is out three times throughout the year. In the publication, world tourism is ranked both by the number of visits and by the tourism revenue generate. 79

Africa and Middle East

Middle East

The Americas

Asia and the Pacific

Europe

CONSLUSION:

 Tourism generates business opportunities for host populations, jobs and can help decrease or eliminate poverty.

 The sector of the economy and they are capable of providing employment to a huge spectrum of job seekers from the unskilled to the specialized of the country

 Tourism can be understood as a final consumption by households for holidays or as an intermediate stage in the production of business travel

 Switzerland’s tourism was comparable to small country bordering Switzerland. Although the tourism industry had grown then, it is still less than impressive, especially considering Zurich and Geneva earns three quarters more through the industry.

 These industries account for 45% of tourism’s added value. The transport services industry is the 3rd most important sector in Switzerland’s Tourism Industry.

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 According to the Swiss Tourism Federation’s 2008 report, transport service accounted for 18% of tourism’s added value in 2005.

 Preliminary studies have shown that the aggregated value creation of tourism dependent economic sectors in Switzerland accounts for about 26,000 million or around 5-6 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).

 Almost one twelfth of Switzerland’s workforce is employed directly or indirectly in tourism according to Swiss World. There are more jobs available in the mountain the in the cities

 Switzerland retains its 1st place position again this year as a result of its continuing strong performance across the board. The country’s most notable strengths are related to innovation, technological readiness, and labor market efficiency, where it tops the GCI rankings

 Productivity is further enhanced by a business sector and a population that are proactive at adapting latest technologies, as well as by labor markets that balance employee protection with the interests of employers

 The World Trade Organization (WTO)” ranked Switzerland 15ht among world destinations for tourism earning in 2005.

 The most important tourism sectors are in the lodging and catering industries. These industries account for 45% of tourism’s added value.

 Visitors from abroad accounted for about three percent of Swiss GDP.

 Switzerland belongs to the most developed countries in the central Europe. Switzerland ranks among the leading countries worldwide in per capita income.

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 If a company has business in two or more cantons, that is cities , for that Swiss legislation provide rules for a distribution of taxable income

 The World Tourism Organization plays a role in promote the development of responsible and sustainable to universally accessible tourism, paying particular awareness to the interest of developing countries

 As World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) compile a list of the majority visit countries according to number of the international tourist arrival for each country.

 Tourism Trends and Marketing Strategies curriculum of UNWTO aim to monitor the short-term growth of tourism and providing the sector at significant and suitable in rank.

 The whole thing you need to know about what is new to travel the France in 2012, from scorching novel museum opening, chief anniversaries, events and exhibition, hotel update and original travel magazine .  The United States of America tour Operator Association (USTOA) is a professionals, voluntary trade association create with the main purpose of promoting integrating within tour operator industries

 Switzerland ranked 2nd of 134 after the United States for its overall competitiveness.

 Ranked 2nd for its sophisticated business culture and 3rd for its innovation capacity.

 Switzerland ranked 4 of 55 after the United States, Singapore and Hong Kong.  Switzerland ranked 4 of 141 after Hong Kong, Singapore and New Zealand for its overall economic freedom.

 With global focus: develop new products within the area of environmental finance

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 Company will not share company’s email address or other information except when necessary to process company’s order.  If customers are not satisfied for any reason, customers may return any watch that has not been worn, scratched, damaged or sized within 60 days for exchange or a store credit. It is impossible for company a watch for even a short time without scratching it.

SUMMARY GROUP 8

TOURISM INDUSTRY:

 The tourism industry has established itself as one of the world’s major industries, one that offers significant opportunities for employment creation, local economic development and integration in to the international market.

 Tourism generates jobs and business opportunities for host populations, and can help reduce or eliminate poverty. Tourism is now a huge contributor to the economies of many islands and nations.

 The travel and tourism sector establish more jobs per million rupees of investment than any other sector of the economy and is capable of providing employment to wide job seekers from the unskilled to the specialized, even in the remote parts of the country

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History:

Tourism begins with British mountaineers climbing the main peaks of the Bernese Alps in the early 19th century. The Alpine Club in London is founded in 1857. Reconvalescence in the Alpine climate, in particular from Tuberculosis, is another important branch of tourism in the 19th and early 20th centuries for example in Davos, Graubünden. Because of the prominence of the Bernese Alps in British mountaineering, the Bernese Oberland was long especially known as a tourist destination.The first organized tourist holidays to Switzerland were offered during the 19th century by the Thomas Cook and Lunn Travel companies.

Statistics:

Official statistics of tourism were planned since 1852, but were only started from 1934, and continued until 2003. Since 2004, the Federal Statistical Office had discontinued its own statistics, but collaborates with Switzerland Tourism in the publication of yearly "Switzerland Tourism Figures". In the year 2011 as a total number of 4,967 registered hotels or hostels, offering the total 240,000 beds in 128,000 rooms. This capacity was saturated to 41.7%, amounting 20 totals of 38.8 million lodging nights. 14% of hotels were in Grisons, 12% each in the Valais and Eastern Switzerland, 11% in Central Switzerland and 9% in the Bernese Oberland.

The ratio of staying nights in relation to resident population was largest in Grisons (8.3) and Bernese Oberland (5.3), compared to a Switzerland average of 1.3. 56.4% of staying nights were by visitors from abroad.

The total financial volume associated with tourism, including transportation, is estimated to CHF 13.3 billion (2006) although more may arise from fuel tax and sales of motorway vignettes. Of this sum, tourist travelling and lodging accounts for 52% (CHF 6.9 billion) or CHF 178 per staying night CHF 13.3 billion corresponded to 3.6% of Switzerland's 2006 GDP.

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The major airport of Switzerland is at Zurich, main railway connections are to Geneva, Zurich and Basel. The main connection across the Alps is via the Gotthard tunnels.

ACCOMMODATION

Accommodation is one of the largest and fastest growing sectors in tourism industry. In 1997, approximately 173,000 people were employed in hotels and other lodging operations in Canada. Between 1986 and 1996, accommodation services experienced growth of 39%. Reasons for this are: • Demand is extending beyond traditional seasons, e.g. conferences during the summer at ski resorts • Growth of large chains and increased interest in vacation or time-share concepts • increased interest in Canada as a destination.

The benefits of growth are reaped by those looking for careers in this sector. New jobs are being created, movement along one's career path is accelerated, and opportunities for positions and careers in different regions and types of establishments are increasing.

Hotels

• Hotel properties usually cater to both business and pleasure travellers and offer a wide range of accommodation types.

• Deluxe, airport and convention hotels are generally located in urban centres or near airports. They are often large (over 150 rooms) and have a wide range of facilities and services (e.g. convention rooms, restaurants, shops, fitness centres). Many are members of a chain, meaning that the property is part of a larger company and has sister properties in other areas. The benefit of working at a chain to an individual employee might be the ability to transfer to other properties in the chain.

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• All-suite hotels are increasingly popular. Each unit contains the same facilities as an apartment, meaning the traveller has a private place for meetings (i.e. the dining room table) and a kitchen for cooking meals.

• Smaller, privately owned hotels offer lodging and many also contain a café or restaurant, and a beverage room.

• Resort hotels and lodges are usually located in or near recreational sites. Many offer guests a wide range of activities, such as golf, skiing, tennis, riding or water sports. They may also offer entertainment (e.g. nightclubs, shops, piano bars, casinos, dinner theatre) and have convention facilities.

• Motels, motor hotels and inns are often much smaller (less than 150 rooms), less expensive facilities that appeal to overnight or short-stay travellers. Some motels are franchise or chain operations, others are independently owned and operated. Motels are often found in smaller communities, the suburbs of cities and along major highways.

Bed and Breakfasts and Farm/Ranch Vacation Sites These cater to people wanting a personal touch, a unique heritage or lifestyle setting, or a home-like atmosphere. Few accommodate more than 8 - 10 people. Prices and amenities vary greatly from operation to operation. There may not be many positions at these sites, as many are owner-operated sites and small enough that just one or two people can manage. However, a position at one of these sites can be as varied as any in the industry. Helping the guests saddle up in the morning might be part of the 'front desk' position!

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Cabins, Cottages and Houseboats Often located in recreation areas, and offering facilities such as a beach, fishing rentals, playgrounds, etc., these are often destination sites for travellers. Generally, stays are longer than a night or two and involve the whole family, including the dog.

Campgrounds cater to travellers who have their own roof, usually a tent or motorhome, but require a serviced site for it. Campgrounds range in the services they supply, from 'wilderness sites' with no services except maybe an outhouse, to full power and water hookups, with complete restaurant, laundry, entertainment and washroom facilities. This type of accommodation generally appeals to travellers who want an inexpensive outdoor experience and/or related activities, such as hiking, canoeing, fishing, hunting or boating.

Hostels These are usually non-profit facilities catering to budget-conscious or adventure travellers. Guests supply their own sleeping bags, cook their own meals, and often sleep in dormitory-style rooms. TYPES OF POSITIONS IN THE ACCOMMODATION SECTOR Positions in the accommodation sector are as varied as the types of businesses. Most properties have a department, or a person, who specializes in the following areas. There may be people for each area, or one person may have one or more of these roles.

The different areas in which one might work in this sector are:

Front Office and Guest Services This is usually the most visible department of a property, and is often where a guest has initial personal contact. Individuals employed in reservations, guest services and front desk reception are all part of this department. Administration Administrative staff plan and co-ordinate all operations. Administration includes the areas of management, human resources, finances, purchasing, and sales and marketing.

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Housekeeping, Maintenance and Fitness Housekeeping and maintenance are essential departments in any property. Those working in these departments often have little direct contact with guests, however their services add significantly to guest satisfaction. Fitness is a newer area of the accommodation sector, and positions are available for those who have expertise in the monitoring of equipment or products and their use, and in setting programs for those wishing to work out.

Food and Beverage Food and beverage outlets can range from restaurants and bars to nightclubs and posh dining rooms. Kitchen staff, room service staff, food and beverage servers and bartenders are just some of the positions that are available in this area.

ADVENTURE TOURISM AND RECREATION Adventure tourism and recreation, like that the accommodation sector, is a growing fast. Changing trends in travel and tourism. Where clients request active and recreational experiences or travel adventures. Where they can learn about nature and/or culture, are driving the growth.

Adventure tourism and recreation draws those who want to experience Canada as a place that is natural and unspoiled, and those who want active, unusual vacations. Because activities often mean clients need transport, hotel rooms and restaurants, other tourism sectors also benefit.

There are over eighty different occupations in the adventure tourism and recreation sector. The opportunities for small business owner/operators are limited only by the creativity of the operators. Total Canadian employment in this sector in 1997 was 71,100 and this is expected to grow to 90,000 by 2005. The major areas of this sector are:

Outdoor Adventure and Ecotourism Many travellers seek adventure, challenge and excitement in an outdoor setting. Canada is blessed with a wide diversity of relatively

88 unspoiled wilderness areas that support these types of activities. Hiking, cycling, mountaineering, canoeing, kayaking, sailing, horseback riding, river rafting, scuba diving, sky diving, snowmobiling, and nature/ wildlife viewing are just some of the activities included in this portion of the sector. In addition, there are many Canadian businesses dedicated to fishing our lakes and oceans, and hunting or photographing wild animals. Outdoor adventure and ecotourism businesses require staff that has a love and knowledge of the outdoors. They often need technical proficiency and expertise in the activity that the business focuses on. In addition, in order to ensure the long-term viability of the business, they must respect the environment and help others to respect it as well. As with all tourism occupations, employees must enjoy working with people and be skilled at understanding and meeting individual needs.

Ski Resorts Over two million Canadians regularly ski or snowboard. There are nearly 300 alpine ski areas in Canada and hundreds of ski clubs to serve them. Canada's top five resorts enjoy steady growth. These resorts attract skiers and boarders from across the country, and large numbers of foreign travellers from around the world, especially from Japan, Britain and Germany.

Ski-related jobs are numerous. They are available at ski resorts, hills and clubs, and in those businesses that support the industry, like lodges and ski shops.

Golf and Tennis Facilities Almost five million Canadians golf. Annual industry revenue is almost $1 billion. There are 1800 golf courses in Canada and golf holidays are becoming increasingly important to the economy. Another popular summer sport is tennis. Many clubs and resorts offer tennis courts, tennis lessons and tennis gear. This is also an important part of the industry, with revenue earned through the sale of clothing and gear, the rental of courts, the training of players and the maintenance of equipment.

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Golf and tennis pros, those who fix equipment and maintain courts and greens; those who work in industries that support the golfers and tennis players - all work in this area of the adventure tourism and recreation sector.

Parks There are 38 national parks and 792 national historical sites in Canada. In addition, all provinces and territories have regional parks, and most urban and rural municipalities have parks and habitat protection areas. Many people are involved in planning, maintaining, promoting, patrolling and interpreting these areas. Positions are as varied as the sector.

Marine Facilities across Canada, water and water-based activities are popular with Canadians and visitors alike. Activities include fishing, swimming, sailing, windsurfing, water-skiing, canoeing, and sea-doing. Related businesses include marinas, tour boat excursions, sport fishing lodges, and fly-in fishing camps and boat rental operations. On both the east and west coasts, there are thriving marine businesses ranging from whale-watching tours to deep-sea fishing adventures.

As in all portions of this sector, instructors are an important part of the industry. Those who have mastered an activity to a point where they can teach others to do it can market these abilities to employers in this sector.

ATTRACTIONS Every province and territory in Canada has major and minor attractions that attract visitors and generate tourism revenue. Attractions include historic sites, heritage homes, museums, halls of fame, art galleries, botanical gardens, aquariums, zoos, water parks, amusement parks, casinos and cultural attractions.

Maritime Many attractions are educational in nature, others are solely for entertainment. Canada

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To maintain this important part of Canada's tourism industry, the Canadian Tourism Commission has developed an industry led Cultural/ Heritage Tourism sub-committee. The sub-committee's mandate is to plan, direct, managing and implement programs to improve and expand cultural heritage tourism in Canada. The sub-committee is made up of culture, heritage and tourism industry representatives from across Canada acting to ensure that cultural & heritage tourism will become a vibrant and profitable part of the Canadian Tourism industry.

Due to the Canadian climate, many outdoor attractions are seasonal. Indoor attractions operate year round, and some, like West Edmonton Mall, combine activities, such as shopping with an amusement park, an ice rink and a water park.

All attractions, large or small, need people to sell food and souvenirs, market the attraction, maintain the facility and manage the operation. There is also variety in the types of jobs available. Casinos, a rapidly growing area of the attractions sector, add many new positions, such as pit bosses and dealers, to the labor pool.

It is estimated that in 1997, 120,000 people were employed in the attractions sector. Employment is expected to reach 152,000 by 2005. Total for exchange earn by Swiss of this sector The Economics of Tourism The tourism industry Switzerland generates substantial economic benefits for both countries first one host countries and second one tourist’s home countries in Switzerland. It is an important for industry to developing countries. The main benefits for tourism to a country are foreign exchange earnings and tax revenues and business opportunities for budding entrepreneurs, and employment for workers in the industry. According to the WTO, "Tourism is one of the top five export categories for 83% of countries and is the main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries." Foreign exchange earnings from exports are used to purchase imports reserves. They generate income in the host country and can stimulate consumer spending and investment in other sectors of the economy Switzerland.

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Tax receipts from tourism are both direct and indirect tax. In part of taxes Direct tax receipts are generated from the incomes earned by businesses and workers. Second source Indirect taxes are duties levied on goods and services purchased by tourists. The World Travel and Tourism Council estimates that tax contributions related to tourism worldwide were US $1600 billion in 2009. Tourism is a monopolistically competitive industry for any country. It has many relatively small enterprises producing slightly differentiated products and services. Barriers to entry and exit are relatively low. For these reasons, the tourism industry provides tremendous opportunity for relatively small businesses to thrive and is a leading generator of jobs. The hotel accommodation sector alone provided around 16.8 million jobs worldwide in 2011, according to the United Nations Environmental Programmed (UNEP). Tourism generates jobs directly through hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, taxis and souvenir sales. Indirectly jobs are generated through the supply of goods and services required by tourism-related suppliers. The WTO estimates that tourism represents 8% of jobs worldwide.

Foreign exchange market The foreign exchange market (forex, FX, or currency market) is a form of exchange for the global decentralized trading of international currencies. for Financial centers around the world function as anchors of trading between a very wide range of different types of buyers as well as sellers around the clock for foreign exchange market , with the exception of weekends. The foreign exchange market determines the relative values of different currencies and different market for exchange. The foreign exchange market assists international trade and investment by enabling currency conversion. For example, it permits a business in the United States to import goods from the European Union member states especially Euro zone members and pay Euros, even though its income is in United States dollars. It also supports direct speculation in the value of currencies, and the carry trade, speculation on the change in interest rates in two currencies

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Despite many attractive characteristics, the foreign exchange market is vast, complicated and ruthlessly competitive. Major Banks, trading houses and funds dominate the market and quickly incorporate any new information into the prices.

The foreign exchange market is unique because of  its huge trading volume representing the largest asset class in the world leading to high liquidity;  its geographical dispersion;  its continuous operation: 24 hours a day except weekends, i.e. trading from 20:15 GMT on Sunday until 22:00 GMT Friday;  the variety of factors that affect exchange rates;  the low margins of relative profit compared with other markets of fixed income; and  The use of leverage to enhance profit and loss margins and with respect to account size.

SWISS TOURISM POLICY

Objective of Switzerland tourism policie 1. The initial objective of Switzerland’s new tourism policy is to increase the country’s competitiveness advantage Switzerland has an explicit tourism policy, yet, the interest and freedom of competing and letting the market regular itself. Such policy has to be confiding to improving general condition in the tourism sector.

2. Swiss tourism policies are to be found in the conception suisse du tourism but with the new technology and economic development policy it has become necessary to reshape or restructure the tourism policy.

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3. Switzerland’ new tourism policy adopted a new strategy for the better development of this sector.

Tourism policy strategies

1. Works to create greater acceptance of tourism:

The attitude of the native population is essential to the quality of the tourism product. It is a matter of influencing the Swiss to reduces the critical attired they may have towards tourism. 2. Promoting innovation:

` Adapting to the new challenges of international competition involvement having the necessary financial resources for research and development and for advising tourism companies. Supply and its need to be modernized and demand stimulated by adopting a creative approach.

3. Improving international framework conditions: Switzerland’s interest and it’s need to be defended on the international scene, in particular by encouraging the liberalization of tourism and backing, for e.g. foreign exchange restrictions. It is important to facilitate capital transfer and investment, while at the same time co-operative with other countries.

Policies to increase the attractiveness of the destination

1. Developing human capital: Creation of new tourism school and a federal diploma for tourism specialists, today’s young people is specializing in this area. It is vital to improve the images and goodwill of such courses, so as to ensure the sector’s future.

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2. Enthusiastic labor force attracting:

In typical working condition and often mediocre wage, there are too native job-seekers, which make proper use of foreign labor. It is important to rationalize repetitive and boring task and improve the image of the sector so as it raises the share of native labor.

3. Promoting structural change where accommodation is concerned:

The activity which gives the hotel trades the necessary business advice so as to influence rationalization and co-operation and thereby enhance the sector’s profitability.

4. Increasing the value of infrastructure:

The High level of development is one of the assets of Switzerland. Existing infrastructure needs to be maintained and improved.

5. Physical planning and ensuring the sustainable development of the country side:

It gives guaranteeing the safeguard of the countryside, which is Swiss tourism’s main asset. The quality of the environment has to become one of the main pillars of Swiss tourism.

Present Trade barriers potential for Indian market

The most important source of the European Union is to ensuring the open and fair global trading in the direct investment. The European Union has the interest in ensuring fair global trading system. It is forecasted that it will grow by 90% in 2015 and the development and growth will be rises outside Europe. The European economy wants to seek opportunity of higher level growth.

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By Helping European companies they gain access to third country markets and became a very 1st and essential factor of the European Union s trade policy. Further it is said that today’s main trade policy does not 1st and primarily lay in cutting tariffs for a different services or goods but for reduces the regulatory barriers they established trade policy that does not primarily lay in cutting tariffs for goods, but for overcoming the barriers for getting better market access for service and investment.

They provide better facilities for opening procurement markets, for protecting the intellectual property rights and for tackling unjustified barriers for sustainable supply of raw materials. It needs to ensure that the trade contributes to sustainable development by taking into account the impact of the barriers to trade.

Now explaining about the gross domestic product increases by more than half of one percent. It is predicted that this figure will get doubled on the progress of the non-tariff barriers and the regulatory issues with major partners us and china. Further it explains that trade policy made a major contribution in the job sector and the growth of the economy.

The market access forms elements of enforcement activities in trade agreements are translated into real trade benefits. The particular part is paid to preventive actions including the use of notifications mechanism as provided by WTO agreements. To make barrier removal a turn sandstone of our relationships with other countries.

In the Commission's view, market access issues form an important part in the European council on strategic economic partnerships by setting priorities and coordinating messages to promote the European councils interest abroad. The barriers of economic system are for European council. It further includes export restrictions for raw materials which do not have market access.

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The market access is said to be the downstream producers which are incorporating the raw materials in the finished goods that they export.

The European council on the market access to reap the full support of the European council s combined strength and bring direct other reimbursement in terms of the development and growth and jobs in the markets of European.

The main focus is on the importance of barriers in frequently rising markets such as ASEAN nations the gulf corporation council countries, the eastern neighborhood countries, or other strategic partners such as Mexico and South Africa.

The choice of the barriers is based on the assessments of the situation in the seven countries such barriers are carried out in the year 2010/2011 .they preferred 203 barriers for 32 markets for continuous monitoring measures introduced by following the recent economic crises.

It is said that India is a most important and helpful trade partner for the European Union and also there is a growth rate predicted between 8%and 10% per year which is called as a fastest growing economies of the world. It is also said that the per capita income has doubled during 1990-05.It is predicated that during four years it increased by 31% to 53 euro dollar in 2009 and since 2003 it doubled to 3.1 billion in 2009.

It is predicated that with the intellectual property rights there has been some improvements in the infrastructure that has been reported. Further in the areas of the procurement the Indian legislative framework remained the same. The reforms that played a major role are needed to ensure with the international standards for predictable environment for bidders.

There are many difficulties that have highlighted with regard to the Russian market and also Chinese markets are one of the major problems of the European market when

97 exporting and also protected the all goods and services. In the globalized economy the advantage of the European Union lies in the increasingly high value added in intensive good and services. There is lack of legal security and protection and also legal enforcement and effective enforcement.

To gives an example that in 2007 protected designation of Origin (PDOs) and also protected Geographical Indications (PGIs) agricultural goods and products forecasted a probable extensive value of €15.2 billion and its measurable value that about 30% of the PDOs and PGIs is exported outside thee.

There are trade restrictions on goods that affect competitiveness of European Union industry. Following are the barriers of the regulatory restrictions classified by OECD into 3 broad categories they are:

(1) There are restrictions on foreign ownership of equity. (2) Proper Mandatory screening and approval from the cost of the entry. (3) There are many Barriers to foreign investment take the form of regulatory restrictions, classified by the OECD. (4) There are also entered Operational restrictions on foreign nationals of board of nationals working affiliates, or nationality and residence requirements for the board members.

The proper use of buy and sell barriers in the form of food safety or animal and plant health Rules are the most important obstacle describe for Russia and India has enlarged considerably during the last years, it rises and creating serious evils for EU exporters. The Indian and Russian examples show that governments flexibility go beyond what is required for protecting the health of their consumers and use SPS restrictions to protect domestic producers of agricultural goods and products from reasonable competition.

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BARRIERS TO THE SWITZERLAND TOURISM

Particularly affected by the changes in tourist demand: New government policy always rises the cost of countries all sector including tourism also and tourist always prefers low cost so, the demand of tourist for low cost is affected. Seasonality: The entire tourism sector mostly depends on the geographical condition of the country, in particular season the tourism sector not capable to generate more revenue because the atmosphere is not suitable for tourist. E.g. monsoon. Limited resources – human and financial: Limited resources also affects the tourism sector if country has a limited natural resources than the limited tourist visits the place and if country has a proper resources but they have limited finance to maintain their resources than it affects the tourism sector of the country. Lack of skilled labor: Lack of skill labor is also a barrier for the tourism sector because to attract the tourist towards the tourism place the proper advertising skill and promotional skills requires.so improper labor skill is considered as a barrier.

Lack of internal and external market intelligence: Marketing is factor which always helps to rises the importance of tourism sector and helps raises the revenue and foreign exchange of country. So, Lack of internal and external market intelligence is a barrier of the Swiss tourism.

CONCLUSION:

We can study that the how the barriers of the tourism sector affects the Swiss tourism. And also learn that how the prepared the future plan, policy and foreign exchange earning of Swiss tourism.

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From this project we conclude that Switzerland have best policy towards tourism sector and also most effective strategy. They earn maximum GDP from the tourism sector. They also generate employment by adopting tourism service sector. We know that the Switzerland is most beautiful tourism place so, the government of Switzerland adopting many rules and regulation in different sector such as Environmental regulation, Safety and security, Health and hygiene, Prioritization of travel etc.

We also study that how Switzerland government also provides an excellent air transport infrastructure, Ground transport infrastructure, Tourism infrastructure, Price competitiveness, Information and communication technology infrastructure etc. Switzerland is most concise about their environment and natural resources because their economy mostly depends on it.

We also find out the effectiveness and efficiency of Switzerland in area of tourism sector Switzerland get 19 ranks in all over world in tourism sector means the most of part of national income of Switzerland earn from the tourism sector.

Switzerland tourism has a very strong foreign exchange contributions and their total revenue of 62% came from domestic tourism. Millions of jobs worldwide at tourism sect of Switzerland. According to Swiss statistical data regarding tourism sector there are very strong contribution in national economy

Switzerland tourism policy is one of the high regulatory policy of entire world, The initial objective of Switzerland’s new tourism policy is to increase the country’s competitiveness advantage Switzerland has an explicit tourism policy, yet, the interest and freedom of competition and letting the market regular itself. Such policy has to be confiding to improving general condition in the tourism sector of Switzerland.

In Switzerland tourism how find promotional activity. They have lots of place for tourism but they have not any proper promotional strategy, but now days they have

100 adopt difference promotional strategy to achieve long-term success in the international markets and the domestic factor markets for capital.

India-Switzerland relationship according to travel and tourism is moderate. Because of India have a lack of transparency, proper policy, foreign visitors, international relations and etc. that’s why Indian economy and Switzerland economy related to difference each other. According to Indian foreign policy they are so much regulation.

The barrier of the Switzerland tourism is becomes an advantage for the Indian tourism because the India has very cheap labor capital, proper natural resources, and perfect market strategy. So, the India is also a considered as a competitor of Indian tourism.

We can learn the how the advertisement and also the different policy becomes effective which attract the visitor towards the Switzerland tourism, and also the proper facilities and set off facilities rises the importance of the Switzerland tourism.

We also measures the major airport of Switzerland is at Zurich, main railway connections are to Geneva, Zurich and Basel. The main connection across the Alps is via the Gotthard tunnels which are also gives benefit to the visitors.

We also study that the World Economic Forum has launched its first-ever Travel & Tourism report analyzing the drivers of competitiveness in travel and tourism of 124 countries around the world means it shows the competition level and policy to lead in it..

We also measure the improvement factors and policies that make it nice-looking to develop the T&T sector into worldwide or into the different countries. It is collected of a number of "pillars of travel and tourism competitiveness of which there are 13 in every part.

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SUMMARY GROUP 9

1. Introduction to Immigration

Completing immigration to Switzerland doesn’t necessarily have to be difficult. After all, if you’re a member of the European community then you are allowed to remain living in Switzerland without needing to get Switzerland citizenship or a work permit.

But if you are from another country and want to pursue Swiss immigration, you’ve come to the right place. Our Switzerland immigration experts can help you with your application and reduce the time and energy spent on the application with a free assessment of your chances of succe ssfully completing immigration to Switzerland.

If you want to work in Switzerland, immigration depends on you finding a willing employer who can hire you without coming at the cost of someone with Swiss citizenship. Meanwhile, if you hope Swiss immigration will allow you to study; you must first have been offered a place in a university.

Either way you will have to get a residence permit for Switzerland, which will let you work or study while living in Switzerland. Our immigration experts can help you to sort out a residence permit for Switzerland – just take our free assessment.

The B permit is an annual residence permit for anyone planning on living in Switzerland for 180 days a year or more, following your Switzerland immigration. It must be renewed annually but lets you bring your family with you.

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Meanwhile, the C permit is for permanent residence and is valid for as long as you live in the country following your immigration to Switzerland. The CE residence permit is for people with EU passports but do no t have Switzerland citizenship and is valid for five years.

If you have any questions about what comes next after getting a Switzerland residence permit, take our free assessment and we’ll find the right permit for you, and the perfect route for immigratio n to Switzerland.

At Global Visas we have experts able to handle any visa application. Our most popular services include the Australia visa and UK visa, while the Canada visa and New Zealand visa are surging in popularity. Take the free assessment to find out about any of these popular choices. Click on the below link and you'll be living in Switzerland in no time.

2. Kinds of Immigration

Switzerland is now a country of immigrants, but it hasn't always been so. For centuries, it was the Swiss who left their co untry to find work and make their fortunes abroad. During the Renaissance, the Swiss were considered to be the best mercenaries in Europe, hence the famous Swiss Guards of the Vatican, who to this day wear the ceremonial uniforms designed for them by Michelangelo. Others, like Chevrolet, took the boat to places like America and Brazil to seek their fortune and make a name for them.

But now Switzerland is a rich country and many people would like to immigrate here. In some cantons like Geneva, foreigners make up 30% of the population and that's not counting second generation immigrants. This situation has led to the introduction of laws and regulations that restrict immigration and make it particularly difficult to obtain Swiss

103 citizenship. However, you should not be too concerned about this if you want to live in Switzerland. Swiss law favors educated professionals and the rich, and even provides incentives for them to live and set up businesses in Switzerland

Nowadays, there are three kinds of immigrants coming to Switzerland:

1. Well-educated, skilled professionals such as engineers and consultants, who come to Switzerland to work as highly-skilled employees or start their own business; and the rich who come to live off their wealth, these immigrants are advantaged by Swiss immigration laws. 2. Political refugees who come to seek asylum. Over the years, Switzerland has welcomed hundreds of thousands of political refugees from the world's trouble spots, and we continue to do so. However, Swiss law prevents us from allowing in persons who try to exploit our social system. 3. Low-skilled workers, especially from Portugal, Northern Spain and Southern Italy, who come here to offer their work for our excellent wages. The law severely restricts this category of immigr ants who are already in Switzerland in large numbers.

3. Swiss Immigration Laws

Switzerland's Office for Migration is the federal government department in charge of implementing the country's immigration laws. Figures collected in 2008 show that 1.6 million foreign citizens lived in Switzerland, comprising more than 21 percent of the total population. While not all foreign citizens are immigrants, approximately 40,000 people immigrate and obtain Swiss citizenship each year. European Union regulations on

104 the freedom of movement govern immigration and residency requirements for citizens of EU member states, while the Foreign Nationals' Residence and Settlement Act provides the rules for all non -EU nationals seeking to settle in any of the 26 cantons.

Swiss Immigration Laws

Rupert Winston has worked as a freelance writer for over five years and has published both online and in print, including in "The Jewish Tribune," "The National Post" and Transitions Online. Winston has a B.A. degree in English literature, as well as an M.A. in history. He is a professor of history and is preparing to defend his Ph.D. dissertation. By Rupert Winston, how Contributor

Switzerland's Office for Migration is the federal government department in charge of implementing the country's immigration laws. Figures collected in 2008 show that 1.6 million foreign citizens lived in Switzerland, comprising more than 21 percent of the total population. While not all foreign citizens are immigrants, approximately 40,000 people immigrate and obtain Swiss citizenship each year. European Union regulations on the freedom of movement govern immigration and residency requirements for citizens of EU member states, while the Foreign Nationals' Residence and Settlement Act provides the rules for all non-EU nationals seeking to settle in any of the 26 cantons.

European policy defines Swiss immigration laws

Supporters of a plan to further restrict immigration in Switzerland, to be voted on in a referendum next weekend, cannot be accused of xenophobia, an expert says. Historian Thomas Gees says the debate on

105 the issue is marked by fundamental differences between the left and right in Switzerland and fails to take account of European integration.

Opponents often forget that any law on immigra tion is discriminatory by definition, says Gees who worked for a commission of eminent historians on the role of Switzerland during the Holocaust era.

"Otherwise we would have to turn back the clock by nearly 100 years when immigration was not restricted at all."

The new law aims to limit immigration from countries outside the European Union and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Exemptions will be made for highly skilled workers.

"Ideology and prejudice is part of the discussion. I'm convinced tha t the left challenges the law simply because it carries the marks of the [rightwing] justice minister. [But] there are good reasons to limit the free movement of people to protect the domestic labour market. And this has next to nothing to do with xenophobia," says Gees.

Up until the 20th century, the shoe was on the other foot. Tens of thousands of people left Switzerland in search of a better life. It was the construction of the railway network that brought a first wave of immigrants - mainly from Germany, France, Italy and Austria - to the country.

High rates

"Switzerland became very attractive in the 20th century for people from neighboring countries," the historian explains. "In a European comparison, Switzerland has one of the highest rates of foreigne rs. At the same time, social tensions are very rare."

"Switzerland has signed an accord on the free movement of people with the EU, so the immigration law does not apply to these citizens. Besides, the 25-member bloc introduced similar discriminatory measu res."

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Gees dismiss suggestions that the Swiss law is targeting people from the Balkans who make up the biggest single group of immigrants from non -EU states.

However it is an open question how restrictive the rules for non -European immigrants should be.

In line with EU

Cooperation among EU member states is at present very limited. They approved measures to improve the integration of families and set guidelines for student exchanges.

Preparations are also underway for a possible introduction of a common work permit for highly skilled workers from outside the Union.

Otherwise, they take different approaches in dealing with illegal immigration. But Switzerland will have harsher restrictions than the EU, if the law is approved by voters, because immigrants will only be given 12 months to bring any of their children 12 years of age and older into the country.

And anyone found in the country illegally will now face a maximum jail term of 24 months.

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4. Swiss Work Permit

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Applicants are divided into two types of people when applying for a work permit for Switzerland. Those who are members of the European Community are allowed to live and work in Switzerland already, and so do not need a Swiss work permit. However, those who are Third Country Nationals and not citizens of the European Community will need a visa for working in Switzerland.

The Swiss work permit can only be submitted by an employer on behalf of someone who would like to work in Switzerland. It must be proved by the employer that the provision of a work permit for Switzerland will not result in a Swiss resident or citizen missing out on the opportunity to work in the company. However, this Local Worker Priority does not apply to intra - company transfers of executives or highly qualified specialists who will be working in Switzerland.

There are many a short-term residence and work permit for Switzerland available if you are only staying for one year. These can be renewed once and only for a total of 18 months, for further education or similar activities.

Switzerland work permits "B" for stays of more than one year first available for one year and can then be extended as needed. A Switzerland work permit that falls under the federal quota system is

108 granted to qualified specialists. Alternatively, for temporary activities, a Swiss work permit for up to four years can be gained.

If you are not a specialist worker or European citizen then speak to a Global Visas immigration lawyer for help with your work permit for Switzerland. With almost a dozen teams located around the globe, help is never far away, and as the largest and most trusted immigration firm in the world, your application is safe with us.

Top things to see in Switzerland

-Picturesque Lake Geneva is a must-visit for travellers in Switzerland.

-The stunning 13th-century Château de Chillan is a medieval castle that looks stolen straight from a fairytale.

-The historic city of Bern is a charming place filled with cobbled streets, ornate fountains and spired cathedrals.

-See the Lion of Luzern, which Mark Twain called 'the most mournful and moving piece of stone in the world'. Read more about Switzerland Attractions.

Top things to do in Switzerland

-Go to the Swiss Alps and experience some of the best winter sport action to be found anywhere in the world.

-Visit Interlaken, the king of Switzerland's summer resorts, and bask in the glorious sunshine, lake views and edelweiss fields.

-Take a trip on the cog railway to Jungfrau - and be greeted by awe-inspiring glacial fields and a 'palace' filled with ice sculptures.

-Take in some culture at one of Switzerland's celebrated museums, including the Barber-Mueller Museum in Geneva, and the Museum of Design in Zurich. Read more about Switzerland Activities.

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About two third of the area of the Switzerland is covered with the mountains, forests, lakes and mountains. Switzerland has no mineral resources they do import, process and then resell the mineral resources and sell them as a products. The services play most and vital role in the economy. The services include the important parts like banking, insurance, and tourism.

The farming is called an important part in the economy. The production of the Swiss farmers does not fulfill all the needs of the people. So the Switzerland relies on the imported goods from other countries.

 Foreign trade:

The Switzerland is from the countries with the highest contributor of the foreign trade to the inland products. The important partners are called industrialized countries. Further in the previous year that is in the year 2003 77.2%of the exported goods were shipped to the imported goods which came from the other countries. 89.0% of the imported goods came from those countries. In particular, 60.3% of the goods were shipped to and 81.7% of the imported goods came from countries which belong to the European Union (EU).

NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM  There are many hidden costs to tourism, which can have unfavorable economic effects on the host community.

 Often rich countries are better able to profit from tourism than poor ones.

 Whereas the least developed countries have the most urgent need for income, employment and general rise of the standard of living by means of tourism, they are least able to realize these benefits.

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 Among the reasons for this are large-scale transfer of tourism revenues out of the host country and exclusion of local businesses and products.

 Leakage

 Enclave tourism

 Infrastructure cost

 Increase in prices

 Economic dependence

 Seasonal character of jobs

Leakage  The direct income for an area is the amount of tourist expenditure that remains locally after taxes, profits, and wages are paid outside the area and after imports are purchased; these subtracted amounts are called leakage.

 In most all-inclusive package tours, about 80% of travellers' expenditures go to the airlines, hotels and other international companies, and not to local businesses or workers.

Enclave tourism  Local businesses often see their chances to earn income from tourists severely reduced by the creation of "all-inclusive" vacation packages.

 When tourists remain for their entire stay at the same cruise ship or resort, which provides everything they need and where they will make all their expenditures, not much opportunity is left for local people to profit from tourism.

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Infrastructure cost  Tourism development can cost the local government and local taxpayers a great deal of money.

 Developers may want the government to improve the airport, roads and other infrastructure, and possibly to provide tax breaks and other financial advantages, which are costly activities for the government.

 Public resources spent on subsidized infrastructure or tax breaks may reduce government investment in other critical areas such as education and health.

Increase in prices  Increasing demand for basic services and goods from tourists will often cause price hikes that negatively affect local residents whose income does not increase proportionately.

 Tourism development and the related rise in real estate demand may dramatically increase building costs and land values.

POSITIVE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM:  Foreign exchange earnings

 Contributions to government revenues

 Employment generation

 Infrastructure investment

 Contribution to local economies.

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CONSLUSION:-

SWISS TOURISM - BACKGROUND REPORT -

 Switzerland has long been a tourist destination, given the country’s exceptional geographic location and its assets—both natural and man-made. The Alps are still the main attraction, but urban tourism and convention-related tourism have taken on considerable importance in recent years. Tourism ranks third amongst the Swiss economy’s exporting sectors, and it has a significant impact on growth and employment.

 In 2000, aggregate tourist revenue will exceed 5% of GDP. International revenue is expected to total USD 7 billion (CHF 12.6 billion), or 10% of exports. Switzerland is also one of the biggest spenders on outbound tourism.

 In 1998, a recovery took hold after the country’s difficult recession. Swiss tourism had in fact suffered from the intensification of competition, the emergence of new destinations, fairly unfavorable general economic conditions and the industry’s inability to adapt to the new contours of the global tourism market by rectifying its fragmentation.

 It was in this context that the OECD Tourism Committee reviewed the policy, programmers and means of action of Swiss tourism, on 3 July 2000, under the chairmanship of Committee Vice-Chairman Berry Eijgendaal.

Switzerland, the Committee welcomed:

 The government’s creation and implementation of an interministerial commission to improve the framework conditions for tourism and make tourism policy a growth-oriented economic policy. The Swiss Government now views tourism as a strategic economic sector because of its magnitude and growth potential, its high

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multiplier effect and the high level of value added per employee as compared with the other OECD economies.

 The reorganization of the Swiss National Tourism Office, now called “Switzerland Tourism”, along with destination marketing that is more market- and results- oriented, and the creation of new resources based on information technologies, such as the information and reservation system and the “MySwitzerland.com” Internet site. This reform has enabled the government to make substantial savings on fixed costs and to boost appropriations for the country’s tourism products.

 The institution of a new tourism policy instrument to promote innovation and co- operation in the area of tourism (InnoTour). This programmer strengthens inter- company and interindustry initiatives that are ready to be launched and contributes directly to boosting revenue in the tourism industry.

 The considerable efforts expended since the introduction of the Switzerland Tourism concept in the early 1980s, in connection with overall policy for sustainable economic and territorial development, in order to improve the integration of tourism into environmental policy, in particular by putting the emphasis on qualitative, rather than quantitative, growth in the industry.

 The formulation and implementation of a public/private partnership strategy for promoting and marketing the tourism “product” so that the entire industry can achieve economies of scale and of scope.

 The overhaul of the National Tourism Administration (NTA), whose staff is modest, and who’s spending on tourism policy accounts for barely 0.1% of the entire federal budget. The NTA limits its action to strategic supervision of how market-oriented federal bodies implement ways to promote tourism policy.

 The considerable research and development efforts that have been deployed, including theintroduction of a tourism satellite account and other instruments, such as the report assessing Swiss tourism at international level and the introduction of tourism forecasts.

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 The Tourism Committee did note, however, that a number of structural problems remained, pointing out that the rebound of tourism in Switzerland was still fragile, and that reforms ought to be pursued and, in some cases, broadened.

The Tourism Committee invites Switzerland to:

 Keep up its efforts to enhance the structure and quality of tourism services and products, and to adapt them to the new competitive environment.

 Undertake an extensive evaluation of InnoTour in order to obtain feedback about the lessons learned and to extend the programme in areas in which structural changes are still necessary.

 Re-examine the federal mechanism of financial aid to the hotel and lodging sector and, in particular, the activities of the Swiss Hotel Credit Corporation. This reform should focus on renovating the industry and bolstering the equity base of innovative and co-operative SMEs.

 Pay special attention to labour market conditions in the tourism sector and intensify analytical work in order to determine appropriate initiatives that could enhance the industry’s attractiveness and quality, along with the career prospects of tourism professionals. At the same time, Switzerland should formulate an integrated occupational training concept so as to better tailor teaching and training to the industry’s needs.

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SUMMARY GROUP 10

ABB ltd. 120 an age of scientific organization The history of ABB goes back to the late nineteenth century, and is a long and illustrious record of innovation and technological leadership in many industries. Having helped countries all over the world to build, develop and maintain their infrastructures, ABB has in recent years gone over from large-scale solutions to alternative energy and the advanced products and technologies in power and automation that constitute its Industrial IT offering. Our commerce ABB is a leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve performance while lowering environmental impact. The ABB Group of companies operates in around 100 countries and employs about 130,000 citizens. Authority goods Power Products are the key components to transmit and distribute electricity. The division incorporates ABB's manufacturing network for transformers, switchgear, circuit breakers, and cables and associated equipment. It also offers all the services needed to ensure products' performance and extend their lifespan. The division is subdivided into three business units. Authority Systems Authority Systems offers turnkey systems and services for power transmission and distribution grids, and for power plants. Substations and substation automation systems are key areas. Additional highlights include flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS), high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems and network management systems. In power generation, Power Systems offers the instrumentation, control and electrification of power plants. The division is subdivided into four business units. Discrete Automation and Motion

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This division provides products, solutions and related services that increase industrial productivity and energy efficiency. Its motors, generators, drives, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), power electronics and robotics provide power, motion and control for a wide range of automation applications. The leading position in wind generators and a growing offering in solar complement the industrial focus, leveraging joint technology, channels and operations platforms. Process Automation The main focus of this ABB business is to provide customers with products and solutions for instrumentation, automation and optimization of industrial processes. The industries served include oil and gas, power, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, metals and minerals, marine and turbo charging. Key customer benefits include improved asset productivity and energy savings. Our culture Good leaders are characterized by competence, ambition and integrity All three ensure that we create value by fulfilling our commitments to our customers, our employees and the communities and societies in which we operate, acting in accordance with sound corporate values. Business principles To build value, performance and leadership into ABB, responsibility, respect and determination are keys. Assuming responsibility, and acting with respect and determination makes it possible to nurture ABB’s traditional strengths – our technology leadership, our pioneering spirit and our ability to be at home everywhere. That is our legacy, and our future. The key to success lies in how well all of us understand and apply the business principles – demonstrating personal, professional and corporate responsibility, showing respect for the views and needs of others and applying our shared determination to win. ABB Board of Directors Hubertus von Gruenberg (born 1942) Chairman of the board Roger Agnelli (born 1959) Member of the board Member of the Finance, Audit

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And Compliance Committee Louis R. Hughes (born 1949) Member of the board Hans Ulrich Maerki (born 1946) Member of the board Chairman of the Governance. Strategy ABB is a global leader in power and automation technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve performance while lowering environmental impact. With about 130,000 employees we are close to customers in around 100 countries. With our technology leadership, global presence, application knowledge and local expertise, we offer products, systems, solutions and services that allow our customers to improve their operations – whether they need to increase the reliability of a power grid or raise productivity in a factory. Focusing on our core strengths in power and automation technologies, we strive for organic profitable growth. Our global manufacturing base ensures consistent top- quality products and systems – made in ABB – for customers around the world. Our customers have broad and easy access to ABB’s offerings - whether they buy from us directly or through distributors, wholesalers, system integrators or other partners. Our people work together seamlessly to deliver benefits for our customers. Our way of doing business is values-based, leadership-driven and performance-oriented.

Mission and vision 2011 ABB's mission Improve performance: ABB helps customers improve their operating performance, grid reliability and productivity whilst saving energy and lowering environmental impact. Drive innovation: Innovation and quality are key characteristics of our product, systems and service offering. Attract talent: ABB is committed to attracting and retaining dedicated and skilled people and offering employees an attractive, global work environment. Act responsibly: Sustainability, lowering environmental impact and business ethics are at the core of our market offering and our own operations. ABB's vision

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As one of the world’s leading engineering companies, we help our customers to use electrical power efficiently, to increase industrial productivity and to lower environmental impact in a sustainable way. Power and productivity for a better world

Nestle

 Nestle S.A.

 Type: Societal

 Traded as SIX: NESN

 Industry: Food processing

 Founded: Vevey, Switzerland (1867)

 Founder(s) : Henri nestle

 Headquarters: Vevey Switzerland.

 Area served: universal.

 Key people : Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman), Paul Bulcke (CEO)

 Products: Baby foods, neatea, coffee powder, nestle maggi, neatle sport nutrition, nestle milo, ice cream.

 Revenue: 109.72 billion (2010)

 Operating income: 16.19 billion (2010)

 Profit: 34.23 billion (2010)

 Total assets: 111.64 billion (end 2010)

 Total equity: 62.60 billion (end 2010)

 Employees: 281,000 (2010)

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Nestle S.A is the largest food and nutrition company in the world. Founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland, Nestlé originated in a 1905 merger of the Anglo- Swiss Milk Company, established in 1867 by brothers George Page and Charles Page, and Farine Lactée Henri Nestlé, founded in 1866 by Henri Nestlé. The company grew significantly during the First World War and again following the Second World War, eventually expanding its offerings beyond its early condensed milk and infant formula products. Today, the company operates in 86 countries around the world, and employs over 280,000 people. Products Main article: List of Nestlé brands Nestle has more than 6000 brands and most of selling over the world. Maximum product of the selling in the world to some product of nestle like Nescafe powder, Nescafe magi, Nescafe, nutrition powder, Nestea, Milo, baby foods, water battle and pack food of the mainly large number of selling brands in the world. Nestle has big marketing channel in the world and most of the wonderful satisfaction with supply of the product in the customer wants the product. In most of the list of the product like sport nutrition drinks and healthy drinks of the sportsman wants. List of the main product like in the best in the main Nestea, Nescafe, nestle and Nestea. List of the product in menu of nestle some of the more product of the best in the world. Our Brands Most people know us through our brands. Our portfolio covers almost every food and beverage category – giving consumers tastier and healthier products to enjoy at every eating occasion and throughout life’s stages including times of special nutritional need. Here is a sample of some of our brands. For more information, visit our Brands section.  Baby foods

 Cereals, calcium powder

 Water battle

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 Nestle pure life & powder.

 Chocolates.

 Cereals vitamins powder.

 Coco powder & Dry chocolates.

 Aero butterfingers’.

 Coffee.

 Nescafe, Nescafe classic, Nescafe café chino, Nescafe 3 in 1, Nescafe child power, Nescafe tea & coffee.

 Frozen food.

 Cuisine best pack food, botanic pack food.

 Dairy products.

 Carnation, coffee mate.

 Best Drinks.

 Juicy juice, Milo.

 Best food service.

 Services of best chefs, lean cuisine, Nestea, Nescafe powder, nestle magi, nestle baby foods.

 Nutrition of healthcare.

 Boost, boost junior.

 Nestle Ice cream

 Dreyer’s food & healthcare.

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 Focus on Pet care.

 Alpo, nestle care, nestle best food, gourmet ice cream pack boxes, best healthy services by nestle.

 Sports Nutrition.

Function of travel & tourism in Switzerland

What is tourism?

Defining tourism is not a simple matter, as it is a complex industry Made up of many different businesses, the common theme being that they provide products and services to tourists. The most usually accepted definition of tourism is that provided by the World Tourism Organization. “Tourism comprises activates of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose.”

Different types of tourism- for the purposes of statistics are categorized as leisure, business or visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travellers’ .thus, they are categories by the purpose of their visit.  Leisure tourists.  Business tourists.  Incoming tourist.  Visiting friends and relatives.  Domestic tourist.  Outgoing tourist.  Adventure tourist.  Package holiday tourist.  Independent tourist . Characteristics of tourism industry 122

Types of business – many of the business are very small. Government figures show of 1, 27,000 business and 80% of these have a turnover of less than pounds 250,000 per year. In spite of this, the industry is dominated by a few large companies .they have great market share and most influence in shaping industry. Use of technology – earlier forms of technology in travel and tourism industry were system which linked tour operators to travel agencies via terminals allowed travel agents to make bookings through this system these system. These were ‘view data’ system. By today’s standardizes, view data is unsophisticated and out of date technology. Meanwhile, airlines developed computer reservation system (CRS). Today travel agencies have direct access to the CSR system. Global distribution system (GDS) were introduce and many technology emerged. The product allows multi operator search which saves time currency conversion.

 Self-check-in at airports this saves time  Online check in for air line  Online brochures.

Travel and tourism is the biggest and fastest growing industry in Switzerland. This will give you introduction to the industry, providing a sound basis for study. we will find out about the nature of industry of the industry, its size and scale, and we will be introduce to the types of organizations that form its structure in addition we will investigate the development of the industry and the factors which have affected the growth of travel and tourism. Tourism is the largest industry in the world according to the figures on employment and expenditures. Over millions of people the equivalent of roughly 12% of the world population travel internally each year with more travelling with their countries of residence. Air lines the hotel and the restaurants business and outdoor equipment manufacturers and vendors are among the supplier industries that are highly dependent on a successful tourism sector. Tourism furthermore relies on and provides income to national infra-structure such as airports, rail system road networks, electric power

123 system, agricultural production and water supply system. On a more personal dimension , travelling provides individual with the opportunity to escape temporarily from the humdrum of every-day life, to experience the known or unknown and possibility , to make a long time “dream come true “ . ‘Discovering the world ‘arguably figures amongst the top life goals for many people in the developed countries. Consequently, the tourism sector as a whole seem to be fairly resilient to disruptions from economic down turns, political crises, extreme weather events, or even natural disasters. The fastest growing element of tourism is ‘nature based, tourism, involving excursion to national parks and wilderness areas, to developing countries where a large portion of the world’s biodiversity is concentrated it may also include an adventure tourism element that may carry physical risk .More and more people are living an urban life and the amenities and conveniences that comes with globalization increasingly lead to a complete disconnect from nature. Facts and figure  Tourism accounts for as much as 11% of global GDP, it offer job to 200 million people, and includes more than 800 million international travellers per year.  Tourism makes up *3-10% OF GPD in developed countries and up to 40% in some developing countries. There is 83% of countries tourism is amongst to top 5 shares of exported goods and services for 38% of countries it is the primary sources of foreign currency.  Since past 40 years , the world population has double , legally protected areas have tripled now totalling well over 100,000 sites and covering about 12% of the Earth land surface in the same territory , employment to recreational activates can exceed employment related to resources exploitation by more than 5 times .  24% of mammals and 12% of birds are thought to be endangered with global extinction. Tourism as a strategic sector of economy Tourism it can be understood as a final consumption by households for holidays or as an intermediate stage in products and services .by which the spending of domestic and foreign visitors creates turnover and added value for a great many companies and different sectors of the economy. The new definition of tourism makes it easy to

124 understand and measure the importance to the macro economy of this particular industry, which involves many different companies. By The Epoch times news paper

The travel and tourism (T&T) industry is the most important revenue sector for countries worldwide but most of all for developing countries. ‘‘Indeed, travel and tourism remains a critical economic growth and development internationally” T&T provides foreign currency earnings and jobs especially in areas with little or no industrial growth. Due to the many indirect and direct support functions. “T& T creates jobs, generates exports, and stimulates investment. At a point of post-crisis global recovery , the industry is in unique position to power sustainable growth around globe ,whether in maturity economies emerges from recession or young emerging markets in the throes of rapid development,” said by David Scow sill president and CEO of World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) in a march press release. Worldwide, the travel sector is predicted to employ 99 million people about 3.4% of people the world’s total employment, by the end of 2011. By 2021, that number is forecasted to reach to some 120 million, according to the WTTC. In 2o11 the above employment will increase to over 259 million rising by 2.3%, when including indirect support positions. Estimated direct and indirect employment numbers will reach 324 million by 2021. It faces more challenges; it is still expected to be one of the world’s fasting growing sectors said by WTTC.

Industry perking up

The travel industry is perking up, although WEF qualifies it statement by noting that there are many intra-country barriers, such as government regulations, economic safety, transportation, infrastructure, resources and pricing. The author also point out that there are synergy between T&T and industrial and government sectors which although indirect, are interdependent.

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“Both travel and trader are enabled by the factors that extend far beyond physical and administrative borders and include elements such as the general business environment or infrastructure,”

Ranking the world’s T&T sectors

In the ranking of 139 countries Switzerland ranked first followed by German, France, Australia and Sweden with the U S in sixth place. The U S and Sweden improve from ranking of eight and seven in 2009. Switzerland receives cultural and natural resources, environmental protection and infrastructure and transportation. It is not only recognized as a tourist ‘MECCA’ but also a major business travel destination.

CONCLUSION:

THE STRUCTURE OF THE TRAVEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY  Level I concentrate on quality development and is aimed especially at service quality. The establishments are subject to random spot checks on site.  Level II focuses on quality assurance. All establishments holding QII are regularly checked by independent Mystery Persons.  Level III is awarded to establishments which have implemented a comprehensive quality management system. This is the best level of the travelling with country. Function of travel & tourism in Switzerland Different types of tourism- for the purposes of statistics are categorized as leisure, business or visiting friends and relatives (VFR) travelers’ .thus, they are categories by the purpose of their visit.  Leisure tourists.  Business tourists.  Incoming tourist.

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 Visiting friends and relatives.  Domestic tourist.  Outgoing tourist.  Adventure tourist.  Package holiday tourist.  Independent tourist

These are the best function of the tourist in Switzerland.

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