The Age of Imperialism Example: Europeans didn’t trade Forms of Imperialism locals in their governing ways. Colony Definition: Local populations Definition: A country or would adopt superior country’s territory governed internally by a culture. foreign power. Examples: all schools, courts, Example: Somalia was a colony and businesses are patterned of France after the superior country’s Protectorate institutions. Definition: A country or a Western Countries colonized large areas of Africa territory with its own internal & Asia, leading to political and cultural changes government, but under the The Scramble for Africa control of an outside power. Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, Example: Britain established a kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established protectorate over the Niger colonies River. OR Puerto Rico (US Reasons for Imperialism protectorate) IMPERIALISM: The take over of a country by a Sphere of Influence stronger country Definition: An area in which an Began in 1880 outside power claims exclusive Industrialization investment or trading privileges. -needed resources/raw materials for factories Example: Liberia was under the -needed new markets to sell manufactured goods sphere of influence of the U.S. Discovery of diamonds & gold Economic Imperialism Africa Before European Domination Definition: an independent, but 100s of ethnic & linguistic groups less developed country Traditional beliefs, but some beginning to controlled by private business convert to Islam or Christianity interests (trade) rather than > 1000 different languages other governments. Large empires to independent villages Countries can still set up their Europeans had only navigated 10% of Africa’s own governments. coastlines Example: The Dole Fruit Couldn’t navigate African rivers until Company controlled pineapple steam engine invented trade in Hawaii. Disease Indirect Control and Direct Control Africans controlled own trade and Definition: local government networks were specialized officials are used, but another The Congo stronger nation is in charge of the David Livingstone-missionary to promote locals. Christianity-explored & mapped interior of Africa Examples: US colonies on Pacific Henry Stanley-Newspaper reporter who found Islands (Guam) Livingstone “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?” Definition: Foreign officials to Mapped Congo River & claimed land for brought in to rule country. There King Leopold of Belgium is no self rule. Brutally exploited Africans Goal: assimilation through forced labor Examples: French colonies like At least 10 million died Vietnam Belgian conquest of the Congo lead to Britain, Paternalism and Assimilation Germany, France, Spain, Italy & Portugal in a race Definition: treating colonized to claim parts of Africa countries as children- providing Forces Driving Imperialism for their needs, but not giving Belief in European Superiority them rights. National pride-larger the empire, greater their country 1 Missionaries-conversion to Christianity & Mineral resources like copper, tin, end slave trade diamonds & gold To Civilize & Westernize Developed cash crop plantations: peanuts, Racism-belief that one race is superior to palm oil, cocoa, rubber others Caused starvation since families Social Darwinism-Those who weren’t allowed to plant food were fittest for survival enjoyed crops wealth & success and were South Africa considered superior to others Africans vs. Dutch vs. British Non-Europeans=less due Zulus vs British to lack of scientific & Shaka, Zulu chief = disciplined technological discoveries warriors/military with a large centralized Europeans had right & state duty to bring their Could not hold out vs Britain’s superior progress to other weapons countries Boers vs British Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa Dutch were first to settle in S. Africa for a European technological superiority station for ships traveling from Dutch Automatic machine gun (the East Indies & Netherlands Maxim gun) vs outdated Dutch/Boers/Afrikaners=Farmers, weaponry established large farms Steam engine: easy travel with British wanted land because of gold & railroads, cables, and steamships diamonds, so Boers moved north to avoid Quinine: drug to protect against war: Great Trek malaria (disease carried by Boer War/South African War: first mosquitoes in interior Africa) modern “total” war Issues within Africa Boers=guerrilla tactics Lack of unity among Africans due British burnt farms & imprisoned to language & cultural barriers women & children in disease- Wars between ethnic groups filled concentration camps didn’t allow for unity Black South Africans fought vs. Allowed Europeans to British=concentration camps play rival groups against British win; became Union of South Africa one another Controlled until 1910 with the The Division of Africa help of Tutu & Mandela to end Berlin Conference apartheid To prevent conflict/war between each Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire building other, 14 European nations laid down that affected both Africa & the rest of the world rules for the division of Africa Europeans in Africa Any European country could Berlin Conference=Europeans only claim land by notifying other Boer War=European war, just fought in S. Africa nations of claim and showing Europeans paid little attention to historical control of area political divisions or ethnic or language groups PROBLEM: no African leaders when dividing up Africa included at Conference Idea of Europeans=control Africa’s land, people & PROBLEM: no thought given to resources to benefit European economies & adopt ethnic or language groups European customs By 1914, only Liberia & Ethiopia Forms of Control remained free #1 most foreign control to #4 with least control Demand for Raw Materials 1. Colony: NO new markets in Africa, but Europeans needed 2. Protectorate raw materials 3. Sphere of influence 4. Economic imperialism 2 Imperial Management Methods Weak leadership Indirect Control Corruption Direct Control Theft Nigeria Inflation Britain gained control of southern Nigeria with Lag in technology both diplomatic & military means Hurt military Gained control of northern Nigeria with the Royal Rise in nationalism Niger Company Greece & Serbia gain Controlled the palm-oil trade independence One of most culturally diverse areas in Africa Geopolitics: 250 different ethnic groups: largest= An interest in or taking of land for its strategic Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo location or products Britain ruled indirectly Ottoman Empire=very strategic location Unsuccessful Resistance Access to Mediterranean and Atlantic sea Algeria resisted France for almost 50 years trade West Africa vs French for 16 years led by Samori Controlled Black Sea Toure’ Russia wanted warm water port Maji Maji Rebellion: East Africans vs Germans who Oil in Persia (Iran) and the Arabian Peninsula believed magic water (maji-maji) would protect drew major attention to region them against German machine guns Crimean War 75,000 died in rebellion, then 150,000 Russians vs Ottomans for access to Black Sea died of famine from production of cash Needed warm water port for year around crops over food crops trade Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance Britain & France helped Ottomans Menelik II, emperor of Ethiopia Didn’t want Russia to gain too much land Played the Italians, French & British Women Army nurses used-Florence against one another , building up his Nightingale modern weaponry in the meantime First war to be covered by newspaper Declared war on Italy & beat them, reporters keeping Ethiopia independent Ottomans won Negative Effects of Colonialism But revealed military weaknesses Africans lost control of land & independence Lost land in Balkan Region & Died due to new diseases, war resisting the Africa Europeans, & famines from producing cash crops The Great Game Loss of traditional cultures Struggle between Britain & Russia over India Political division of African continent still create Britain’s most profitable colony problems today Russia wanted land and profits Positive Effects of Colonialism Afghanistan = location of struggle Reduced local warfare Afghanistan was independent Muslim Improvement in sanitation & hospitals and nation schools Harsh terrain and nationalistic Increasing lifespans and literacy rates people proved to be Economic expansion overwhelming for imperial African products valued on international powers (SOUND FAMILIAR?!) market Britain withdrew after decades of fighting Railroads, dams, & telephone/telegraph British empire would not extend lines built beyond Khyber Pass Europeans claim Muslim lands (Indian/Afghan border) Europeans nations expanded their empires by Russia signed non-aggression pact with seizing territories from Muslim states Afghanistan; broke when re-invaded in Ottoman Empire Loses Power 1979 (Cold War-US, bin Laden, 9/11) The inability to reform opened up the Middle East Egypt’s Military & Economic Reforms to European imperialism Led by Muhammad Ali 3 gained independence from Ottomans Wealth out of India to Britain gained Syria & Arabia Industry died out due to British trade Plantation cash crops-cotton laws International trade Raw materials only Peasants starved due to lack of Buy only British manufactured food being produced goods Suez Canal Growth of cash crops=famine A human-made waterway that cut through the Racism by British Isthmus of Suez Conversion to Christianity Connected