The Age of  Example: Europeans didn’t  Forms of Imperialism locals in their governing ways.   Definition: Local populations  Definition: A or would adopt superior country’s governed internally by a culture. foreign power.  Examples: all schools, courts,  Example: was a colony and businesses are patterned of after the superior country’s  institutions.  Definition: A country or a  Western colonized large areas of Africa territory with its own internal & Asia, leading to political and cultural changes , but under the The control of an outside power.  Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups,  Example: Britain established a kingdoms, and -states, Europeans established protectorate over the River. OR (US Reasons for Imperialism protectorate)  IMPERIALISM: The take over of a country by a  stronger country  Definition: An area in which an  Began in 1880 outside power claims exclusive  Industrialization investment or trading privileges. -needed resources/raw materials for factories  Example: was under the -needed new markets to sell manufactured goods sphere of influence of the U.S.  Discovery of diamonds & gold  Economic Imperialism  Africa Before European Domination  Definition: an independent, but  100s of ethnic & linguistic groups less developed country  Traditional beliefs, but some beginning to controlled by private business convert to or Christianity interests (trade) rather than  > 1000 different languages .  Large to independent  Countries can still set up their  Europeans had only navigated 10% of Africa’s own governments. coastlines  Example: The Dole Fruit  Couldn’t navigate African rivers until Company controlled pineapple steam engine invented trade in Hawaii.  Disease  Indirect Control and Direct Control  Africans controlled own trade and  Definition: networks were specialized officials are used, but another The Congo stronger nation is in charge of the  David Livingstone-missionary to promote locals. Christianity-explored & mapped interior of Africa  Examples: US colonies on Pacific  Henry Stanley-Newspaper reporter who found Islands () Livingstone “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”  Definition: Foreign officials to  Mapped Congo River & claimed land for brought in to rule country. There King Leopold of is no self rule.  Brutally exploited Africans  Goal: assimilation through forced labor  Examples: French colonies like  At least 10 million died  Belgian conquest of the Congo lead to Britain,  Paternalism and Assimilation , France, , & in a race  Definition: treating colonized to claim parts of Africa countries as children- providing Forces Driving Imperialism for their needs, but not giving  Belief in European Superiority them rights.  National -larger the , greater their country

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 Missionaries-conversion to Christianity &  Mineral resources like copper, tin, end slave trade diamonds & gold  To Civilize & Westernize  Developed cash crop plantations: peanuts,  Racism-belief that one race is superior to palm oil, cocoa, rubber others  Caused starvation since families  Social Darwinism-Those who weren’t allowed to plant food were fittest for survival enjoyed crops wealth & success and were considered superior to others  Africans vs. Dutch vs. British  Non-Europeans=less due  Zulus vs British to lack of scientific &  Shaka, Zulu chief = disciplined technological discoveries warriors/ with a large centralized  Europeans had right & duty to bring their  Could not hold out vs Britain’s superior progress to other weapons countries  Boers vs British Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa  Dutch were first to settle in S. Africa for a  European technological superiority station for ships traveling from Dutch  Automatic machine gun (the East Indies & Maxim gun) vs outdated  Dutch/Boers/Afrikaners=Farmers, weaponry established large farms  Steam engine: easy travel with  British wanted land because of gold & railroads, cables, and steamships diamonds, so Boers moved north to avoid  Quinine: drug to protect against : Great Trek malaria (disease carried by  Boer War/South African War: first mosquitoes in interior Africa) modern “total” war Issues within Africa  Boers=guerrilla tactics  Lack of unity among Africans due  British burnt farms & imprisoned to language & cultural barriers women & children in disease-  between ethnic groups filled concentration camps didn’t allow for unity  Black South Africans fought vs.  Allowed Europeans to British=concentration camps play rival groups against  British win; became one another  Controlled until 1910 with the The Division of Africa help of Tutu & Mandela to end apartheid  To prevent conflict/war between each Europeans embarked on a new phase of empire building other, 14 European nations laid down that affected both Africa & the rest of the world rules for the division of Africa  Europeans in Africa  Any European country could  Berlin Conference=Europeans only claim land by notifying other  Boer War=European war, just fought in S. Africa nations of claim and showing  Europeans paid little attention to historical control of area political divisions or ethnic or language groups  PROBLEM: no African leaders when dividing up Africa included at Conference  Idea of Europeans=control Africa’s land, people &  PROBLEM: no thought given to resources to benefit European economies & adopt ethnic or language groups European customs  By 1914, only Liberia &  Forms of Control remained free #1 most foreign control to #4 with least control Demand for Raw Materials 1. Colony:  NO new markets in Africa, but Europeans needed 2. Protectorate raw materials 3. Sphere of influence 4. Economic imperialism

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Imperial Management Methods  Weak leadership  Indirect Control  Corruption  Direct Control  Theft  Inflation  Britain gained control of southern Nigeria with  Lag in technology both diplomatic & military means  Hurt military  Gained control of northern Nigeria with the Royal  Rise in Niger Company  & Serbia gain  Controlled the palm-oil trade  One of most culturally diverse areas in Africa  Geopolitics:  250 different ethnic groups: largest= An interest in or taking of land for its strategic Fulani, Yoruba, Igbo location or products  Britain ruled indirectly  =very strategic location Unsuccessful Resistance  Access to Mediterranean and Atlantic sea  Algeria resisted France for almost 50 years trade  vs French for 16 years led by Samori  Controlled Black Sea Toure’  wanted warm water port  Maji Maji Rebellion: East Africans vs Germans who  Oil in Persia () and the believed magic water (maji-maji) would protect drew major attention to them against German machine guns Crimean War  75,000 died in rebellion, then 150,000  Russians vs Ottomans for access to Black Sea died of famine from production of cash  Needed warm water port for year around crops over food crops trade Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance  Britain & France helped Ottomans  Menelik II, of Ethiopia  Didn’t want Russia to gain too much land  Played the Italians, French & British  Women Army nurses used-Florence against one another , building up his Nightingale modern weaponry in the meantime  First war to be covered by newspaper  Declared war on Italy & beat them, reporters keeping Ethiopia independent  Ottomans won Negative Effects of  But revealed military weaknesses  Africans lost control of land & independence  Lost land in Balkan Region &  Died due to new diseases, war resisting the Africa Europeans, & famines from producing cash crops  Loss of traditional cultures  Struggle between Britain & Russia over  Political division of African continent still create  Britain’s most profitable colony problems today  Russia wanted land and profits Positive Effects of Colonialism  = location of struggle  Reduced local warfare  Afghanistan was independent Muslim  Improvement in sanitation & hospitals and nation schools  Harsh terrain and nationalistic  Increasing lifespans and literacy people proved to be  Economic expansion overwhelming for imperial  African products valued on international powers (SOUND FAMILIAR?!) market  Britain withdrew after decades of fighting  Railroads, dams, & telephone/telegraph  would not extend lines built beyond Khyber Pass Europeans claim Muslim lands (Indian/Afghan )  Europeans nations expanded their empires by  Russia signed non-aggression pact with seizing from Muslim states Afghanistan; broke when re-invaded in  Ottoman Empire Loses Power 1979 (-US, bin Laden, 9/11)  The inability to reform opened up the ’s Military & Economic Reforms to European imperialism  Led by Muhammad Ali

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 gained independence from Ottomans  Wealth out of India to Britain  gained & Arabia  Industry died out due to British trade  Plantation cash crops-cotton laws  International trade  Raw materials only  Peasants starved due to lack of  Buy only British manufactured food being produced goods Suez Canal  Growth of cash crops=famine  A human-made waterway that cut through the  Racism by British Isthmus of Suez  Conversion to Christianity  Connected Red Sea to Mediterranean  Major cash crop=Opium  Built with French money by Egyptian labor  Later will impact  Irrigation projects & communication networks put Sepoy Mutiny Egypt into debt  Caused because rumor of British using beef & pork  British took financial control of canal fat to grease cartidges  Eventually leading to British occupation  Cow sacred to Hindus; pig sacred to of Egypt Persia (Iran)  Failed due to divided Indians  Russia:  Muslims vs Hindus  Wanted access to Persian Gulf & Indian Nationalism Surfaces in India Ocean (WARM WATER PORT)  Ram Mohun Roy  Britain  Make Indian society modern  between Russia & India  Wanted to free India from foreign control  Oil  Nationalism  Divided Persia into spheres of influence  Indians resented British discrimination  Persia didn’t have capital (money) to develop own  Barred from best jobs in resources government  Concessions to Western businesses:  Paid less than British  Allowed businesses to buy right counterparts to operate in a certain area or  Indian National Congress (Hindus)-creates India develop a certain product  Muslim League –creates  British Petroleum (BP) Imperialism in British Imperialism in India  Demand for Asian products drove Western  As the declined, Britain seized imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian Indian territory and soon controlled almost the lands whole subcontinent European Powers Invade the Pacific Rim British Expand Control over India  Pacific Rim: SE Asia and islands on edge of Pacific  British  Plantation agriculture  Controlled huge amounts of land  More benefits to than to region  Had own army  World economy  Led by British officers  , Harbors, Railroads  Staffed by Sepoys: Indian soldiers  Communication & Transportation “Jewel in the Crown”  Schooling, health and sanitation improved  Most valuable British colony  Migration from Europe & varying religions  Main supplier of raw materials =tensions that still exist today  Large population=market Dutch:  Benefits of British rule:  Dutch East India Company  Railroads = 3rd largest in world  Class system  Economy became more modern  Dutch on top  Telephone and telegraph lines  Wealthy & educated Indonesians  Dams, bridges, canals  Plantation workers  Sanitation & public health  Only 1/5 of farmers’ land for export crops  education British: Singapore, and Burma  Negatives ()

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 Encouraged Chinese to move to Malaysia  China’s internal problems: rapidly growing to work population, barely increasing food supply;  Malaysians became minority in addiction to opium own country  Taiping (Great Peace) Rebellion  Tensions between  Led by Hong Xiuquan (shee-oo-choo-ahn) Chinese and Malaysians  Believed Chinese people should share in still exists today country’s wealth and no one would live in France: Indochina= , , Vietnam poverty (early form of )  and forced to adopt French  Chinese, British and French troops culture defeated the Taiping  No industry  20 million + died in rebellion  Vietnam Dowager Empress Cixi (tsoo-shee)  Rice was major cash crop  Traditional values with limited reform  Led to famine  Updated educational system, diplomatic service, &  Set stage for Vietnamese military resistance (Vietnam War)  Manufactured steam-powered gunboats, Siam Remains Independent rifles and ammunition Siam ()  Sphere of Influence  Siamese kings played the French and British to  An area in which the foreign nation controlled remain free from both nations trade and investment  King Mongkut modernized USA’s Open Door Policy: China open to merchants of  Schools all nations  Legal system  Protected China’s freedom from  Government  Railroads, telegraph lines  Poor peasants & workers (Boxers) resented  Ended slavery special privileges to foreigners; & resented China Resists Outside Influence Chinese Christians who adopted foreign faith  Western economic pressure forced China to open  Multinational forces crushed Boxers, but to foreign trade & influence nationalism surged China & the West  Must resist more foreign intervention &  China’s pride in their ancient culture=looked government must be more responsive to down upon all foreigners their needs  Self-sufficient: agriculture, mining, Modernization of manufacturing  Japan followed the model of Western powers by  Economy based on exports, not imports industrializing and expanding its foreign influence  Guangzhou: southern port, only place where The Demand for Foreign Trade foreigners were allowed to do business  Before mid-1800s, Japan only traded with China Tea-Opium Connection  Treaty of Kanagawa  Opium-habit forming narcotic  Established by USA Commodore Matthew  British merchants began smuggling it into China Perry OPIUM WAR  Japan opened 2 ports for US to take on  China vs Britain supplies  China loses-Treaty of Nanjing  Led to Japan granting permission for  Britain gained island of other foreign powers to trade in treaty (controlled until 2000) ports  USA & other nations gained  Extraterritorial rights extended extraterritorial rights Meiji Era“Enlightened Rule”  Foreigners not subject to laws of  Modernization with the best from the West country: now allowed in  Germany’s government Guangzhou & 4 other ports which  Socialist controlled were now open to foreign trade companies/industries Taiping Rebellion  Germany’s army  British navy

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 American public education  Western industrialization  Tea/silk=specialization for trade  Shipbuilding Imperial Japan  Became strongest military in Asia  Eliminated extraterritorial rights  Nationalism grew leading to imperialism by Japan Irony: Treaty to Bombing  US gets Japan to sign Treaty of Kanagawa  Japan builds to strongest military & industry and eliminates foreigners’ rights  Schools in California began segregating Japanese children into their own schools  Japan protested at treatment of emigrants  Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan’s government agreed to limit emigration of unskilled workers to US in exchange for desegregation of California schools  With US expanding colonies into Asia and Japan wanting to expand its’ empire, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor Sino-Japanese War 1. Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for trade 2. China protested b/c of its’ trade with Korea 3. 3 countries signed agreement not to send troops into Korea 4. China broke agreement to help Korea’s king put down rebellion 5. Japan sent troops in violation of treaty 6. Japan drove China out of Korea, destroyed China’s navy, gained land in Manchuria (mainland northern China) 7. Treaty gave Japan 1st colony: Russo-Japanese War  Japan’s victory over China shifted world’s balance of power  Russia & Japan now leading powers in Asia=enemies  War over Manchuria  Russia wanted warm-water port in Asia  Japan drove Russia out of Manchuria and destroyed its’ navy  Treaty of Portsmouth by T. Roosevelt HUGE DEAL-1ST time non-European power defeated  What differences did China and Japan have in their European power in “modern times” (since acceptance of the West? industrialization)= Japan as world power, not just in Asia  What was the significance for Russia and Japan and the World with the result of the Russo- Japanese War?  Explain the irony of the Treaty of Kanagawa.

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