Rendzina Soils in the Tatra Mountains, Central Europe: a Review

88 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK SOIL SCIENCE ANNUAL Vol. 69 No. 2/2018: 88–100 DOI: 10.2478/ssa-2018-0009

ANNA MIECHÓWKA1*, MAREK DREWNIK2

1 University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, Institute of Soil Science and Agrophysics, Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland 2 Jagiellonian University, Institute of Geography and Spatial Management, Department of Pedology and Soil Geography ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland

Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review

Abstract: The article presents the overview of the rendzinas found in the Polish Tatra mountains based on literature data and unpublished authors results and observations. Particular attention was paid to soil properties related to the high mountain environment in Poland occurring only in the the Tatra Mountains. The influence of soil forming factors on the genesis of rendzinas and their spatial distribution was described. Furthermore the soils properties were analysed in order of distinguished soil units. Finally the proposal for classification of Tatra rendzinas was given. Key words: Rendzinas, mountain soils, Tatra Mts., humus forms

INTRODUCTION jointly entered in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (UNESCO). Tatra Mountains (Tatra) are located in the north- Rendzina soil (rendzinas) are a very important western part of the Carpathian Chain on the border component of the Tatra ecosystems. These soils between Slovakia and Poland. These are the highest develop from carbonate rocks and occur in all regions mountains of the Carpathians in this part of Europe of the Tatra Mountains (Skiba et al. 2015). They (Gerlach, 2655 m a.s.l.). The geological structure of predominate in the soil cover of the Regiel Tatra this area is very diverse (Passendorfer 1996). There region (subregions: Orawicko-Witowskie Tatra, Ko- is a well-developed vertical geoecological zonality œcieliskie Tatra, Zakopiañskie Tatra, Kopy So³tysie (lower and upper montane belt, sub-Alpine and group, Jaworzyñskie Tatra) (regional subdivision of Alpine zone, bare rocky belt) (Kotarba 1996) and a the Tatra Mts. by Balon et al. 2015 is implemented) post-glacial relief (Klimaszewski 1996). Due to high and in the Belianske Tatra region (Fig. 1). In the natural values and cultural heritage, this area is Western Tatra region, rendzinas are predominant protected by national parks both on the Polish and on soils in the Siwy Wierch group, in the Czerwone Wier- the Slovak side of the border. Those parks had been chy massif (including Giewont Mt.) and in the

FIGURE 1. Spatial distribution of rendzinas (black coloured contours) in the Tatra Mountains

* Prof. dr hab. A. Miechówka, [email protected] http://ssa.ptg.sggw.pl/issues/2018/692 Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review 89

Kominiarski Wierch massif. They also occur in the metals in soil (Miechówka 2000, Niemyska-£ukaszuk Osobita-Bobrowiec group (both in the eastern and et al. 2000, Niemyska-£ukaszuk and Miechówka western part). Rendzinas can also be found in 2002, Miechówka et al. 2002, Miechówka and Nie- Rohaèe area (Studeny Potok valley) and in the myska-£ukaszuk 2004), the concentration of radio- Tomanowo-Jamnickie Wierchy group. In the High nuclides in soil (Kubica et al. 2002, 2007, 2010) and Tatra region, these soils are found on a much smaller their classification (Strzemski 1956, Adamczyk 1962b, area – on the northern mountain slopes of Szeroka Komornicki et al. 1975, Komornicki 1977, Skiba Jaworzyñska massif, in the north-western part of the 1983, Komornicki et al. 1984a, 1984b, Komornicki Jaworowy-Kie¿marski massif and in the northern and Skiba 1996, Miechówka 2000). In some of the mountain slopes of the Waksmundzki massif. In the above-mentioned works the micromorphological whole Tatra, rendzinas occupy ~20% of the area investigations were used (Niemyska-£ukaszuk 1977b, (Fig. 1). In the (Polish) Tatra National Park rendzinas Miechówka 2000, Ciarkowska and Miechówka occupy about 35% of the soil cover (Skiba 2002). 2005a, Drewnik 2006). Rendzinas create natural habitats (mostly protected Rendzinas in the Slovakian part of the Tatra were in the European Union: Habitat Directive, Annex 1) described in monographic studies (Tarábek 1956, important for the protection of biodiversity in the Midriak 1971, Pelišek 1973, Koreò 1994, Koreò et Tatra. They determine the occurrence of many valuable al. 1994, Bedrna and Raèko 1999). A detailed scientific species of plants and animals (Dyduch-Falniowska study, concerning mainly the rendzinas of the Belianske 1991, Miechówka and Piêkoœ-Mirkowa 1998, Piêkoœ- Tatra region, has been carried out on the following Mirkowa et al. 2001). 31 endemic species of vascular topics: the dynamics of the natural and human induces plants occurring in the Polish part of the Tatra can be morphogenetic processes affecting the soil cover found on the rendzinas (of 35 in total), 12 of them (Midriak 1983, Baranèok and Varšavová 1996, Hreško growing almost exclusively (over 90% of sites) or et al. 2008), chemical properties of soils (Varšavová exclusively on these soils (Piêkoœ-Mirkowa et al. 1996). et al. 1999, Mišovièová 2003) and the problem of their The importance of rendzinas to the natural envi- pollution (Baranèoková et al. 2009). ronment was the cause of the researchers’ particular The aim of this work was to create an overview interest in these soils, both on the Polish and Slovakian of characteristics the rendzinas found in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains. Rendzinas of the Polish Tatra mountains, based on literature data and unpu- Tatra have been examined in detail during large-scale blished authors results and observations. Particular soil survey works in the 1970s and 1980s (Komor- attention was paid to soil properties related to the nicki et al. 1975, Komornicki 1977, Komornicki et high mountain environment in Poland occurring only al. 1984a, 1984b) and described both in the mono- in the Tatra Mountains. graphs of the Tatra National Park (Strzemski 1956, Adamczyk 1962a, Komornicki and Skiba 1996) and Factors affecting the diversity of rendzinas entire Tatra Mountains (Koreò et al. 2010). Finally the spatial distribution of rendzinas in the Tatra in different The rendzinas in Tatra are very heterogeneous soils scales has been shown in the maps (Strzemski 1956, with respect to the morphological, physical, chemical, Komornicki et al. 1975, Komornicki 1977, Komor- physicochemical and biological properties due to the nicki et al. 1984a,1984b, Komornicki and Skiba 1985, diversity of the parent material, climatic conditions Skiba 1999, Skiba et al. 2015). and plant cover in this area. Detailed scientific studies were carried out on the The carbonate rocks of the Wierchowa and Re- following topics concerning Tatra rendzinas: the glowa series (i.e. structural geological series distin- influence of climate on the soil properties and the guished in Tatra) are the parent material of the Tatra tendency of vertical soil zonality (Skiba 1983, 1985), rendzinas. They are mainly: Triassic limestones and the soil geochemistry (Oleksynowa et al. 1977, dolomites, Jurassic limestones and marls. There are Miechówka 1989, 1990, 2001), both the properties also Eocene limestones on the border of the Tatra Mts. and forms of humus (Niemyska-£ukaszuk 1977a, and Zakopane Basin. The carbonate rocks of the Niemyska-£ukaszuk and Miechówka 1996, Mie- Tatra Mountains differ in their physical and chemical chówka and Ciarkowska 1998, Miechówka 2000, properties, thus their susceptibility to weathering is Wasak and Drewnik 2012a, 2012b, 2015, Wasak 2013, diverse. They form regolith of varying thickness, 2014) and biological activity of soil (Drewnik 1998, varying content of rock fragments, varying textures 2006, Miechówka 2000, Miechówka and Ciarkow- and chemical composition. ska 2002, Ciarkowska and Miechówka 2005a, 2005b, The thickness of regolith is related to the impact Wasak 2014), as well as the concentration of heavy of both past and contemporary geomorphological 90 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK processes. Present-day morphogenetic processes have described by Skiba (1983), after examining the soils the strongest effect on the soil cover diversity above of the northern mountain slope of Kominiarski massif. the upper timberline (Skiba 2006). A specific kind of It is not always possible to notice the altitude zonality the soil cover variety called ‘openwork soil cover’ of rendzinas in each locations due to the relief, the (so-called ‘soil cover fragmentation’) can be found differences in intensity of morphogenetic processes in the Tatra (Strzemski 1956, Skiba 2006), which and unequal microclimatic conditions. It should be means the occurrence of the complex of well-formed noticed that slope exposure also shapes the properties rendzinas soils next to initial soils and next to soilless of rendzinas (Adamczyk 1962a). areas. Vegetation is an important factor affecting the The parent material of the Tatra rendzinas is often morphology and properties of Tatra rendzinas. The a mixture of weathered parts of different rocks. For plants in the montane belt and in the subalpine zone example the upper parts of the talus cone and talus (trees and dwarf-pines respectively) influence the slope in many cases consist of a mixture of carbonate stability of the rendzinas. The root systems and low-lying rocks (limestones, dolomites and marls) and non-car- branches mechanically protect soils against water bonate rocks (schists, quartzites). Similarly, the erosion, creep and landslide, therefore soils are less majority of rendzinas occuring on the mountain exposed to the influence of morphogenetic processes slopes contain some fine-earth admixtures originating in these areas (Adamczyk 1962b, Fabianowski 1962, from silicate rocks weathering. In fact, Tatra redzinas Miechówka 2002). In forest ecosystems, both the often develop on slope covers consisting of a mixture species and the age of trees determine the quantity of different rocks occurring in the upper part of the and quality of the accumulating litter, which affects slope. Rendzinas on the mountain slopes of Czerwone the formation of different forms of soil humus in ren- Wierchy massif are one such case (Miechówka 1998, dzinas (Wasak and Drewnik 2012a, Wasak 2013, Drewnik 2008). The huge admixture of granite gravel 2014). In non-forest plant communities, vegetation and fine earths in these soils coming from the may also have an impact on the diversity of humus ‘crystalline cap’ located in the top parts of the massif. forms, for example, there are much thicker organic O A very heterogeneous geological material can also horizons in rendzinas under bilberry shrubs than be found in soils occurring in many Tatra glades. For under grasslands in the Tatra glades (Miechówka and example in the border part of glade in the Koœcieliska Ciarkowska 1998, Miechówka 2000). Valley a specific ‘mélange’ mixture of carbonate and non-carbonate debris of fluvioglacial origin can be Humus forms found (Miechówka 1994). Finally, it should be noted that admixtures of aeolian-derived silt and clay coming All morphological and functional types of humus from the weathering of various non-carbonate rocks forms common in calcareous soils described in the (including granitoides) are often found in rendzinas. European Humus Forms Reference Base (Jabiol et It can be assumed that most soils of the calcareous al. 2013) have been found in the Tatra mountains: part of the Tatra originate from non-homogeneous mull, amphi and tangel types and most of their parent material. subtypes. The variety of humus forms present in the As the elevation increases, the mean annual tem- rendzinas causes a tendency to treat them, together perature decreases (MAT from ~ +6°C to ~ -4°C), with depth and the content of stones in the soil body, the mean annual precipitation increases (MAP from as the main classification factor due to their diagnostic ~1200 mm to ~1900 mm at ca. 2000 m a.s.l.) and the and habitat functions. snow cover period becomes longer in Tatra. There The humus form tangel (Kubiena 1953) is common are 5 climatic vertical zones: moderately cool, cool, in the rendzinas occurring in the upper montane very cool, moderately cold and cold (Hess 1996). The natural spruce forest and in the rendzinas occurring higher the soils are, the impact of climate on their in the Alpine and sub-Alpine zone under dwarf-pine formation is higher (Strzemski 1956, Adamczyk shrubs, under bilberry shrubs (subtype: dystangel) and 1962a, Skiba 1983). Lower temperature and higher under calcareous grasslands (subtype: eutangel). This precipitation favour the accumulation of organic humus type is characterized, among others, by the matter in soils in higher elevations (Skiba 1983, Drew- sequence: a well-developed organic O horizons over nik 2006). There is also a greater leaching of basic humus A horizon with thickness no more than of half cations from soils and thus their acidification is stronger the O horizon. (Miechówka and G³¹b 1998). The climatogenic Pachyamphi humus form can be found in rendzinas character of the Tatra rendzinas is expressed in their both under the artificial spruce monoculture in the zonality. This phenomenon in Polish Tatra was lower montane belt (Wasak 2014), under the Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review 91 calcareous grasslands and under dwarf-pine shrubs Classification of Tatra rendzinas (Miechówka 2002). In these soils, organic O horizon consists of well-humified organic material (OH horizon). The proposal for Tatra rendzinas classification is The sequence of humus horizons is completed by a given in Table 1. Changes as compared to the Polish biomezostructural A horizon with a thickness of more soil classification (Systematyka gleb Polski 2011) than half of the OH-horizon thickness. It is assumed have been done taking into account the specificity of that amphi humus form is typical for the Mediterranean the Tatra rendzinas (especially the impact on the soil (Zanella et al. 2011), but it has already been habitats). The translation of Polish soil names into described as occurring in soils of Alps (Graefe 2007). English according to Œwitoniak et al. (2016) was done The humus mull form occur in rendzinas at different with some changes. elevations and under different vegetation (beech Soils having thickness of less than 40 cm to solid forests, calcareous grasslands, dwarf-pine shrubs) carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marl) or soils (Miechówka 2000, 2002, Wasak 2013). An extremely containing to this depth at least 15% carbonate rock high content of soil organic carbon (SOC) in mull fragments should be classified as rendzinas. Despite humus type is specific to Tatra rendzinas. carbonate rock under solum and/or significant In previous works concerning the type of humus percentage of the carbonate rock fragments in soil in the Tatra rendzinas, classifications of humus other body, also rendzinas which do not contain calcaric than the European Humus Forms Reference Base or dolomitic material can be found in Tatra. For better (Jabiol et al. 2013) commonly were used: according characterization, raw-humus rendzinas were divided to the Polish Soil Classification (Niemyska-£ukaszuk regarding humus forms in these soils. 1977a), according to Kubiena (1953) (Miechówka 2000) and according to INRA (1992) (Miechówka Soil description 2002). Humus forms in Tatra rendzinas are quite similar to those described by Kubiena (1970) in the Raw rocky rendzinas (Rêdziny inicjalne skaliste) Alps (Miechówka and Ciarkowska 1998, Miechów- Raw rocky rendzinas are found in all geoecological ka 2000). Their names were and so far are used in zones and belts in the Tatra (lower and upper montane creation of subtypes of rendzinas. An example may belt, sub-Alpine and Alpine zone, bare rocky belt). be the name „tangelrendzina” used by Skiba (1983) These soils are typical for crevices, gaps and ledges and used also in Slovakia, or the name „rendzina in the rocky wall and rocky slopes on outcrops and smolista” used by Miechówka (2000), and used for rocks composed of limestones, dolomites and marls. the first time by Tarábek (1956) and then often used Raw rocky rendzinas occurring in crevices and by other Slovak soil scientists (Linkeš 1981). gaps in the rock have specific characteristics due to the fact that they are surrounded by a solid rock at least on two sides. The properties of the soil material

TABLE 1. Key to the Tatra rendzinas classification

ssenkcihtgnivahslioS ≤ d,enotsemil(kcoretanobracdilosotmc04 %51tsaeltahtpedsihtotgniniatnocsliosro)lram,etimolo stnemgarfkcoretanobrac ]1[ gnitratskcoretanobracsuounitnocgnivah ≤ mc01 → anizdnerykcorwaR ]2[ gnivah ≥ htpedaotkcoretanobracfostnemgarfesraoc)emulovyb(%08 → anizdnersirbedwaR snozirohCA+A+OfossenkcihtdenibmocDNAmc04fo ≤ mc01 ]3[ fossenkciht(noziroh*cilofgnivah ≥ )mc04

]4[ gnivah cillom noziroh* → anizdnersumuH ]5[ gnivah cibmac noziroh* → anizdnernworB ]6[ )srehto( → anizdnerreporP :sepytbuS ]a6[ gnivah ≥ otkcoretanobracfostnemgarfesraoc)emulovyb(%08 → anizdnerreporpsirbeD mc04fohtpeda ]b6[ )srehto( → anizdnerreporplacipyT * sensu IUSS Working Group WRB 2015; ** sensu Jabiol et al. 2013. 92 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK building these soils depend mainly on the moisture acidic (pH in water 5.2–6.7). Raw rocky rendzinas conditions and the size of the gaps. Above upper occurring in lower elevations, within montane belt, timberline raw rocky rendzinas are usually very moist are more diverse in terms of SOC and carbonate or even wet (in many cases water flows through it). content, and they are characterized by a neutral or Within montane belt, the soil moisture depends on slightly alkaline reaction (pH in water 6.6–7.8) the exposure of the rock wall (or slope). The soils of (profiles 4 and 5) (Table 2). the northern exposure rock walls are usually very Raw rocky rendzinas as described above create moist or wet, whereas the soil of the southern exposure habitats for plant communities specific for rocky gaps walls are usually only slightly moist. The content of (e.g. Drabo-Artemisietum petrosae, Asplenio viridis- soil organic carbon (SOC) and carbonates (eqCaCO3) Cystopteridetum, Asplenitum rutae murariae-tricho- in those soils is closely linked to moisture conditions manis) and for plant communities typical for calca- (Table 2). In the raw rocky rendzinas found in higher reous grasslands (Festuco versicoloris-Seslerietum elevations, above upper timberline (profiles 1–3) tatrae, Carici-Festucetum tatrae). Raw rocky rendzinas (Table 2) the SOC concentration is usually >12%, occurring in crevices and gaps are relatively poorly whereas the carbonate concentration is usually <5%. investigated due to difficulties in obtaining research The reaction class of these soils is slightly acidic or material (narrow gaps) and due to legal restrictions (protection of habitats and plant species). TABLE 2. Basic properties of raw rocky rendzinas

noziroH ssenkcihT mm2> Hp Hp COS N/C OCaCqe 3 SB /ecnerefeR skrameR mc v/v% H( 2 )O )lCK( % % ,S°06llawkcornihtiweciverc,.l.s.am029,1,y³otS.1,eartatmuteirelseS-sirolocisrevocutseFawokriM-œokêiP )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELcihtilliduNcizdneriremoS )1002(.late A 01–0 0 2.6 6.5 99.31 7.71 55.0 6.09 WS°54llawkcornihtiweciverc,.l.s.am009,1,y³otS.2,W ,eartatmuteirelseS-sirolocisrevocutseFawokriM-œokêiP LOSOTPELcihtiliduNcirtuE )1002(.late O 9–0 0 3.5 8.4 58.32 7.31 72.0 .d.n tsiomyrev/ ,N°08llawkcor,.l.s.am056,1,tnoweiGigu³D.3,eartatmutecutseF-iciraC )dehsilbupnu( LOSOTPELcihtiliduNcirtuerepyH CO 5–0 0 7.6 4.6 05.42 5.41 70.1 4.39 tsiomyrev/ ,N°08llawkcor,.l.s.am050,1,weikorK.4 ,eairarum-eatur-onamohcirtmuteinelpsA)dehsilbupnu( LOSOTPELcihtilliduNcirtuerepyH A 1–0 0 5.7 .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n .d.n ,S°02epols,.l.s.am061,1,y³aMceineipoK.5,eartatmutecutseF-iciraC tsiomyrev/ )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELcihtilliduNcirtuerepyH CA 9–0 01 5.7 3.7 61.5 6.31 93.42 4.79 5epols,.l.s.am520,2,kainmeiC.6 ,seicepseguficlachtiwsdnalssargeniplasuoeraclac,WN°)dehsilbupnu( )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELcihtiLcitelekesrepyHcirtsyD CA 01–2 08 7.5 2.5 74.5 6.11 46.0 4.14 ,EEN°57epolskcor,.l.s.am752,1,akcardnoKapoK.7eairavailateirelseS ,seicepseguficlachtiw foerutximda/ )cimuH(LOSOTPELcihtiLcitelekScirtuE strapcitinarg CA 01 05 9.5 2.5 23.1 4.9 37.0 3.66 )dehsilbupnu( ,WNN°05epolskcor,.l.s.am028,1,zralyboK.8,eartatmuteirelseS-sirolocisrevocutseF)dehsilbupnu( )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELciraclaCcihtiL tsomyrev A 01–2 5 7.6 1.6 75.91 5.51 39.4 2.18 ,N°03llawkcornihtiwegdel,.l.s.am037,1,y³otS.9,eartatmutecutseF-iciraC awokriM-œokêiP )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELciraclaCcihtiLciteleksrepyH )1002(.late CA 5–0 08 2.7 9.6 39.8 2.11 70.06 9.79 ,EN°52traptimmus,.l.s.am550,1,akpoKaindezrP.01,eartatmutecutseF-iciraC )dehsilbupnu( cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELciraclaCcihtiL A 8–0 0 1.7 8.6 71.81 4.31 93.3 10.48 1 ,N°02epolskcornihtiwegdel,.l.s.am059,)lasoN(oróiP.1,ailateniP-ocirE )dehsilbupnu( )cimuhrepyH(LOSOTPELcihtiLcirtuE O 01–2 0 6.5 0.5 71.84 0.82 .d.n .d.n Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review 93

Raw rocky rendzinas occuring on legdes in the Raw debris rendzinas and debris proper rendzinas rocky walls and on the rocky slopes are also diverse. (Rêdziny inicjalne rumoszowe i rêdziny w³aœciwe In the vicinity of mountain tops, they are usually very rumoszowe) shallow, because they are frequently eroded. Soil That group of rendzinas includes soils developed material moves to lower lying places, where deeper on talus cones and talus slopes. They occur presumably soils are formed. Within rocky wall the thickness of above timberline, in the Alpine and sub-Alpine zone these soils depends on the size of the ledges. Mostly in Tatra (profiles 12–14) (Table 3). The largest pat- they are classified as raw rocky soils. These rendzinas ches of raw debris rendzinas and debris proper ren- are usually poorly stabilized (loose and friable consi- dzinas can be found in valleys: Litworowa, Mu³owa stence). Their physical and chemical properties and Wielka Œwistówka in the Czerwone Wierchy mostly depend on the moisture conditions and the massif. A much smaller talus cones are located in the properties of a material deposited on the ledge. Both forest belt (profile 15) (Table 3). A characteristic the SOC and carbonates concentration in rendzinas feature of raw debris rendzinas is the very high is lower in the case of substantial admixture of grani- content of stones (even boulders) with varying toides and metamorphic schists originating in higher thickness of solum. They often have a significant positions in slope (profiles 6 and 7) (Table 2) in thickness, but simultaneously they have poorly (raw comparison to rendzinas developed from “pure’ calca- debris rendzinas) or moderately (debris proper reous parent material (profiles 8 and 9) (Table 2). rendzinas) developed soil genetic horizons. The Both organic O horizons and humus A horizons variety of their physical and chemical properties is with a high content of SOC (profiles 10 and 11) related to: (1) the content and size of the stony (Table 2) formed ‘in situ’ can also found on ledges in material, (2) the content and spatial distribution of the rocky wall and on the tops of calcareous rocks. fine-earth particles in solum, (3) the relief position of Such soils occur, among others, in the relict pine soil, (4) the moisture condition, and (5) the degree of forests (Erico-Pinetalia), which are very important surface stabilization (Miechówka 2000). plant communities for the biodiversity of the Tatra In the rendzinas occurring on talus slope directly Mountains. Raw rocky rendzinas developed on ‘pure’ at the foot of the rocky wall (profile 13) (Table 3) the calcareous parent material create habitat for plant content of SOC is usually higher, whereas the communities typical for calcareous grasslands concentration of carbonates in the fine soil is usually (Festuco versicoloris-Seslerietum tatrae, Carici- lower in comparison to rendzinas occurring at higher Festucetum tatrae), whereas in the case of substantial distance from rocky wall (profiles 12, 14 and 15), admixture of non-calcareous parts in soil some although this phenomenon also depends on the acidophilus plant species can be observed. degree of surface stabilization (Table 3). Plant com- munities such as: Silenietum prostratae, Oxyrio

TABLE 3. Basic properties of raw debris rendzinas and debris proper rendzinas

noziroH htpeD mm2> ruoloC erutxeT Hp Hp COS N/C OCaCqe 3 SB ecnerefeR )tsiom( mc v/v% H( 2 )O )lCK( % % ,W°02enocsulat,.l.s.am090,2,acinasezrK.21 ,ailateipsalhT LOSOTPELciteleksrepyHciraclaC CA 51–0 08 2/7RY01 – 8.7 6.7 78.1 9.8 84.47 8.49 )dehsilbupnu( WN°01enocsulat,.l.s.am049,1,kainzc¹³o³aM.31 ,W ,icirtatmuterevapaP-eanygidoiryxOailateipsalhT )dehsilbupnu( )cimuhrepyH,cimaoL(LOSOTPELcizdneRciteleksrepyH 1CA 41–0 08 1/2RY01 – 5.7 1.7 62.8 6.71 50.5 9.79 2CA 13–41 09 1/3RY01 LS 0.8 2.7 19.8 – 14.3 5.89 CA2 04–13 57 1/2RY01 LS 1.8 1.7 48.6 – 63.1 9.89 ,EN°01enocsulat,.l.s.am063,1,akwótsiwŒa³aM.41 ,eairavailateirelseS )dehsilbupnu( )cimuH(LOSOTPELciteleksrepyHciraclaC CA 61–0 58 3/4RY01 – 7.7 3.7 03.2 5.31 54.71 8.79 acC )33(–61 09 3/4-5RY01 – 9.7 4.7 76.1 – 11.02 8.79 ,W°51epolssirbed,.l.s.am080,1,ainruTaibêzrtsaJ.51 ,eartatmutecutseF-iciraC -aksymeiN )cimuH(LOSOTPELcizdneRciteleksrepyH dnakuzsaku£ CA 32–0 07 1/2RY01 – 9.6 7.6 74.6 0.51 09.36 7.69 akwóhceiM )6991( acC 34–32 59 4/4RY01 – 2.7 0.7 12.1 3.6 43.88 9.79 94 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK digynae-Papaveretum tatrici and Cerastio latifolii- soils reaches 90%, and voids between them are Papaveretum tatrici are developed on relatively partially filled by fine-earth particles containing up mobile, active parts of talus cones. In contrast there to 75% of soil organic matter (Skiba et al. 2011). are species characteristic for typical calcareous gras- slands (forming plant communities such as: Festuco Typical proper rendzinas and humus rendzinas versicoloris-Seslerietum tatrae, Carici-Festucetum (Rêdziny w³aœciwe typowe oraz rêdziny tatra) in the stabilized parts of talus cones, usually próchniczne) on the debris proper rendzinas. Raw debris rendzinas Typical proper rendzinas and humus rendzinas and debris proper rendzinas can also be found in the occur at different elevations and under different forest belt. They were described in coniferous spruce vegetation (Table 4). They create habitats for plant forest in the talus cone and talus slope in Wantule in communities such as: dwarf-pine shrubs (Pinetum Miêtusia valley (Skiba et al. 2011). Thick ectohumus mugo carpaticum), grasslands (Seslerietalia variae horizons cover a huge (calcareous) boulder and and Arrhenatheretalia elatioris), both natural stones in this area. The content of rock fragments in broadleaf and coniferous forests (Dentario glandu-

TABLE 4. Basic properties of typical proper rendzinas and humus rendzinas

noziroH htpeD mm2> ruoloC erutxeT Hp Hp COS N/C OCaCqe 3 SB /ecnerefeR )tsiom( skrameR mc v/v% H( 2 )O )lCK( % % P,N°5epols,.l.s.am036,1,ceiworboB.61 LOSOGERcitpeLcitelekScitimoloD,mucitapracogummuteni akwóhceiM )cimuH,cimaoL( )1002( LO 5.1–0 0 – – 7.3 7.3 54.04 3.93 00.0 6.12 fO 5.3–5.1 0 – – 2.4 8.3 69.12 4.51 92.1 5.91 1A 01–5.3 0 3/3RY01 L 9.4 9.3 41.7 2.31 90.1 2.54 2A 91–01 51 3/4RY01 L 0.6 8.5 47.4 5.01 95.2 9.68 CA 04–91 09 1/6Y5 L 3.7 8.6 82.2 2.51 23.94 3.59 s,.l.s.am035,1,akleiWawolórKapoK.71 LOSOTPELcizdneriremoScitelekS,ailateirelseS,N°8epol akwóhceiM cimuH,cimaoL( )1002( 1A 6–0 02 2/3RY01 LiS 6.6 2.6 03.8 2.01 52.3 7.29 2A 11–6 02 3/3RY01 LiS 1.7 6.6 29.5 0.9 20.5 3.69 acC 32–11 58 4/4RY01 LiS 6.7 0.7 47.1 6.7 59.85 1.79 ,S°06epols,.l.s.am034,1,hcreiWynolapO.81 eamrifmuteciraC citelekScizdneriremoScitimoloD, akwóhceiM )cimuhrepyH,cimaoL(LOSOTPEL )9891( flO 1–0 0 – – 8.5 3.5 26.12 0.81 07.1 – A 8–1 0 1/2RY01 – 7.6 0.6 24.01 0.21 32.1 – CA 81–8 04 2/3RY01 – 2.7 4.6 13.6 0.11 48.3 – acC 52–81 08 4/6RY01 LiS 9.7 1.7 94.0 0.6 20.86 – ,S°06epols,.l.s.am584,1,ceiworboB.91 eamrifmuteciraC MEZOEAHPcizdneRcitpelodnEcitelekS, akwóhceiM )cimaoL( )1002( 1A 21–0 5 2/2RY01 – 8.6 5.6 46.01 6.31 02.31 6.49 tsiomyrev/ 2A 32–21 51 3/3RY01 LS 2.7 9.6 24.4 4.7 61.02 6.89 CA 43–32 06 4/3RY01 LS 3.7 0.7 43.2 4.4 90.67 3.79 acC 25–43 09 4/4RY01 LS 4.7 1.7 57.0 7.4 32.68 4.69 ,WN°54epols,.l.s.am082,1,ceiwobê³G.02 mucirtatmuteeciP cizdneRcitpelipEcitelekScitimoloD,worhtdniw– akwóhceiM )cimaoL(MEZOEAHP )9891( 1A 2–0 0 – – 1.7 4.6 11.61 51 25.3 – tsiomyrev/ 2A 21–2 0 1/2RY01 – 4.7 5.6 03.41 31 00.3 – CA 22–21 03 2/3RY01 – 6.7 9.6 44.7 21 57.42 – acC 24–22 08 4/5RY01 LiS 0.8 0.7 48.0 9 19.08 – es,WN°01epols,.l.s.am042,1,aknyzrowaJanaloP.12 ,dnalssargsuoeraclacfostnemelehtiwswodaemlarutan-im akwóhceiM )cimaoL(MEZOEAHPcizdneRcitpelipEcitelekS )4991( A 01–0 5 2/3RY01 LS 4.7 1.7 83.6 5.21 2.61 0.98 tsiomyrev/ CA 33–01 06 3/3RY01 LS 6.7 3.7 86.2 6.9 34.22 0.98 ,WNW°02epols,.l.s.am511,1,aintymSanaloP.22 muteitsorgA-oloidalG citpelodnEcitelekSciraclaC, akwóhceiM )cimaoL(MEZOEAHP )4991( 1A 31–0 5 2/3RY01 – 6.6 9.5 26.8 9.8 90.1 7.28 tsiomyrev/ 2A 32–31 02 3/3RY01 LiS 1.7 7.6 28.4 4.11 61.41 4.49 acC 66–32 09 3/4RY01 LiS 5.7 2.7 68.1 5.8 23.22 3.59 Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review 95 losae-Fagetum, Sorbo-Aceretum, Polysticho-Pice- well-humified organic matter (horizon Oh) (profile etum tatricum) and artificial spruce monocultures. 23) (Table 5). The organic O horizons in these soils In these soils, various subtypes of mull and amphi are acidic or strongly acidic (pH in water <5.5) and humus types are present (sensu Jabiol et al. 2013). do not contain carbonates. A relatively large amount of well-humified organic Raw-humus rendzinas with pachyamphi humus matter in humus horizons gives them a black colour type occur under the calcareous grasslands Seslerie- (Table 4). Proper rendzinas and humus rendzinas are talia varia (profiles 24, 25 and 26) (Table 5). These different in thickness of humus horizons (Table 4). soils, called amphi-rendzinas, can be also found However, regardless soil type, some of them have under the artificial spruce monoculture (profile 27) neutral or slightly alkaline reaction in whole solum (Table 5). They have relatively thick organic O horizons, (pH in water 7.1–8.0) (e.g. profiles 20 and 21) (Table dominated by well-humified organic matter (Oh 4), whereas some others are acidic in the uppermost horizon). Below occurs humus A horizon with a part of soil (lower pH, less carbonates content or even thickness of more than half the thickness of Oh lack of them). A well-pronounced acidification of horizons. The pH values in the organic horizons of humus horizons is evident in the rendzinas under the amphi-rendzinas are usually higher than in tangel- coniferous forests and under dwarf-pine shrubs, in rendzinas. Under dwarf-pine shrubs both tangel- circumstances such that soils is covered by low rendzinas (profile 28) (Table 5) and amphi-rendzinas thickness litter (profile 16) (Table 4). The slightly can be found (profile 29) (Table 5). Due to special acidic, neutral or slightly alkaline reaction (pH in genetic conditions raw-humus rendzinas are recognized water 5.6–7.8) can also be found in some soils of in Alps and Tatra as high-mountainous variants of grasslands (including glades) (profiles 17, 18 and 22) rendzinas. (Table 4). Detailed chemical and micromorphological studies of soils with acidic uppermost part of solum Brown rendzinas (Rêdziny brunatne) carried out by Miechówka (2000) have shown that Brown rendzinas have been found in all climatic these soils are characterized by (1) high biological and vegetation zones in the Tatra Mountains, with activity; (2) soil plasma formed microforms typical the exception of bare rocky belt. They occupy the for brown rendzinas (skel-lattisepic, lattisepic) and largest area in the montane belt (Komornicki 1977), (3) a higher content of aluminosilicate iron in com- including glades (Miechówka 1994). Brown rendzinas parison with other rendzinas. above the upper timberline are located in the elevation zone ca. 1550–1750 m a.s.l. (Miechówka 2000). They Raw-humus rendzinas (Rêdziny butwinowe) are most often located on southern exposed slopes, Raw-humus rendzinas occur in places favouring where the admixture of aeolian material is significant. the accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface They have also developed on the slope covers containing (litter). Those are usually high-elevated areas, with a significant amount of non-carbonate rocks admixture high precipitation and low temperature, fully covered (Table 6). with vegetation cover, where the intensity of The weathering process leading to formation of morphogenetic processes is negligible. Thick organic Bw horizon, correlated with cambic horizon (so-cal- soil horizons develop under such conditions. Conven- led ‘brownification’), may occur in Tatra even in soil tionally rendzinas with folic horizon (thickness of containing up to 30% carbonates in the fine-earths ≥10 cm and <40 cm) over A or AC horizon are classi- provided that: (1) the proportion of active carbonates fied as raw-humus rendzinas. These soils occur in the is small (0–10%), (2) they contain the appropriate Alpine and in the sub-Alpine zone, as well as in the amount of iron, and (3) the biological activity of soils montane belt. Vegetation has a crucial role in shaping (including soil meso-fauna) is high (Miechówka thickness, biological activity and chemical properties 2000). Brown rendzinas can be found in forests often of organic O horizons in these soils. under the broadleaf Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum, Rendzinas with tangel humus usually occur and under grasslands such us a Gladiolo-Agrostietum under natural upper-montane coniferous spruce forests plant community (e.g. profiles 30 and 31) (Table 6). (Polysticho-Piceetum). In these soils, called tangel- Above the upper timberline, these soils form habitats rendzinas, the thickness of organic O horizons is more for calcareous grasslands Seslerietalia variae (e.g. than twice the thickness of humus A horizons (Table profile 32), grassland Calamagrostietalia villosae 5). Organic O horizons consist of both well-pronounced (e.g. profile 33) and dwarf-pine shrubs Pinetum mugo poorly-humified organic matter (horizons: Ol, Of) and carpaticum (e.g. profile 34) (Table 6). 96 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK

TABLE 5. Basic properties of raw humus rendzinas

noziroH htpeD mm2> ruoloC erutxeT Hp Hp COS N/C OCaCqe 3 SB /ecnerefeR )tsiom( skrameR mc v/v% H( 2 )O )lCK( % % % ,E°02epols,.l.s.am071,1,aisutêiManiloD.32 muteeciP-ohcitsyloP ciloFcitelekScitimoloD, )9891(akwóhceiM )cimaoL(LOSOGERcitpeL :mrofsumuH/ flO 3–0 0 – – 7.5 2.5 84.73 22 59.2 – legnatuE hO 02–3 0 1/2RY01 – 7.5 2.5 92.13 91 11.1 – tew–tsiomyrev/ A 42–02 03 2/3RY01 LS 5.7 9.6 61.7 51 19.44 – acC 93–42 09 4/4RY01 LS 7.7 0.7 25.1 11 28.57 – F,W°52redluohs,.l.s.am049,1,y³otS.42 ,eartatmuteirelseS-sirolocisrevocutse kuzsaku£-aksymeiN )cimuH(LOSOTPELciloFcitimoloD akwóhceiMdna )6991( hO 11–0 0 1/3RY01 – 0.6 6.5 26.02 6.21 00.0 – :mrofsumuH/ A 81–11 0 2/3RY01 – 9.6 2.6 26.7 0.01 00.0 4.59 ihpmayhcaP acC 42–81 09 2/6RY01 – 8.7 7.7 53.1 0.51 93.88 6.89 tsiomyrev/ ,hcreiWiksrainimoK.52 ,dnalssargniatnuom-hgihdexim,W°3timmus,.l.s.am928,1 kuzsaku£-aksymeiN )cimuhrepyH(MEZOEAHPcizdneRcitpelodnEciloF akwóhceiMdna akwóhceiM,)6991( 1hO 31–0 0 1/2RY01 – 4.5 9.4 24.03 0.61 00.0 4.77 )8991( 2hO 62–31 0 1/2RY01 – 8.5 0.5 23.32 0.12 20.0 3.96 :mrofsumuH/ CA 36–62 06 1/2RY01 – 5.6 1.6 48.41 7.91 19.5 1.19 ihpmayhcaP tsiomyrev/ ,S°57epols,.l.s.am074,1,eikswo³ohcohCyhcinM.62 eairavailateirelseS , )1002(akwóhceiM )cinerA(LOSOTPELciteleksrepyHciloFciraclaC :mrofsumuH/ O 31–0 02 1/2RY01 – 3.7 0.7 07.62 0.52 43.74 1.89 ihpmayhcaP CO 22–31 07 1/3RY01 – 5.7 2.7 50.91 2.91 00.07 6.79 1CA 04–22 58 4/4RY01 S 8.7 4.7 25.4 5.8 75.19 7.39 2CA 75–04 09 4/4-5RY01 S 1.8 7.7 97.2 8.6 23.59 8.49 ,.l.s.am089,oge³aiBaniloD.72 citelekSciraclaC,erutluconomecurps,talf–epolselddim ,3102(kasaW )cimuhrepyH(MEZOEAHPcitpelodnEciloF )7102 lO 1–0 0 – – 5.5 0.5 38.35 – – – :mrofsumuH/ fO 7–1 0 – – 6.4 7.3 23.25 42 00.0 92 ihpmayhcaP 1hO 41–7 0 – – 3.6 7.5 84.23 22 91.0 51 2hO 42–41 5 1/7.1RY5.7 – 2.7 7.6 30.12 91 34.91 68 1CA 03–52 05 1/7.1RY5.7 – 2.7 7.6 36.61 02 16.42 79 2CA 04–03 06 1/7.1RY01 LiS 3.7 8.6 77.8 61 68.73 29 3CA 05–04 57 2/2RY01 – 4.7 9.6 87.5 11 90.92 – ,N°5yellavfomottob,.l.s.am065,1,akcardnoKaniloD.82 mucitapracogummuteniP , )8991(kinwerD )cimuhrepyH(MEZOEAHPcizdneriremoScitpelipEciloF :mrofsumuH/ lO 1–0 0 – – – – – – – – legnatsyD hfO 61–1 0 2/2RY01 – 2.4 6.3 15.73 03 – 23 hO 52–61 0 1/7.1RY01 – 6.4 0.4 40.13 – – – hA 53–52 01 1/2RY5.7 – 3.7 9.6 38.5 – – – ,N°8epolselddim,.l.s.am528,1,hcreiWiksrainimoK.92 mucitapracogummuteniP , )2002(akwóhceiM )cimuhrepyH(MEZOEAHPcizdneRcitpelipEciloFcitelekS :mrofsumuH/ flO 2–0 0 – – 1.5 0.4 50.73 6.02 00.0 2.71 ihpmayhcaP 1hO 4–2 0 2/2RY01 – 8.5 7.4 75.82 8.31 11.1 1.84 2hO 41–4 0 1/2RY5.7 – 7.6 7.6 20.72 7.91 23.1 9.59 CA 93–41 09 1/2RY5.7 – 3.7 8.6 27.21 9.81 59.2 0.89

CONCLUSIONS determined by spatially varied and changing with altitude factors such as: parent rock, geomorphological Tatra rendzinas are diverse soils in terms of both processes, climatic conditions and vegetation. Due morphology and properties (physical, chemical and to the strong influence of morphogenetic processes biological ones). They are a base of various biotopes and climatic factors, a special attention has been paid and they have a great importance in shaping the to the specific pattern of the Tatra rendzinas soil cover biodiversity of the Tatra Mountains, creating a number (‘open-work’ type). Another important feature of the of important habitats. The diversity of these soils is Tatra rendzinas is the extremely high content of SOC Rendzina soils in the Tatra Mountains, central Europe: a review 97

TABLE 6. Basic properties of brown rendzinas

noziroH htpeD mm2> )tsiom(ruoloC erutxeT Hp Hp COS N/Ce OCaCq 3 SB ecnerefeR

mc v/v% H( 2 )O )lCK( % % % ,E°51epols,.l.s.am053,1,y³otSanaloP.03 ,muteitsorgA-oloidalG citpelipEciraclaC akwóhceiM )cimuH,cimaoL(LOSIBMAC )4991( A 21–0 0 3/3RY01 LiS 4.5 7.4 36.5 6.01 00.0 4.95 wB 32–21 0 3/4RY01 LiS 6.6 4.6 48.1 – 57.9 8.58 CB 73–32 08 2/4RY01 LiS 4.7 2.7 57.0 – 92.45 9.49 ,WS°02epols,.l.s.am001,1,isutêiMpo³syzrP.13 ,muteitsorgA-oloidalG citpelodnEcitelekSciraclaC akwóhceiM )citpaR,cimuH,cimaoL(LOSIBMAC )4991( A 72–0 5 4/4RY01 – 8.6 5.6 94.7 – 02.2 3.29 wB 04–72 51 8/5RY01 L 6.7 0.7 47.1 – 39.9 2.79 CB2 97–04 09 3/5RY01 LiS 9.7 4.7 04.0 – 52.64 1.99 aM.23 ,ESS°08,llawkcorehtniegdel,.l.s.am075,1,akwótsiwŒa³ ,eairavailateirelseS citpelipEcirtuE akwóhceiM )citpaR,cimuH,cimaoL(LOSIBMAC )1002( A 01–0 03 2/2RY01 LS 5.6 2.6 47.7 5.21 00.0 0.09 BA2 22–01 02 4/3RY01 LS 0.7 5.6 73.5 2.21 00.0 1.19 wB2 53–22 02 4/5RY01 LS 1.7 7.6 21.2 9.7 03.0 1.78 ,N°06epols,.l.s.am016,1,yworpsaKtarwaZ.33 ,easollivailateitsorgamalaC LOSIBMACcitpeLcirtuE akwóhceiM )cimuH,cimaoL( )8991( hA 01–0 0 2/3RY01 – 2.5 5.4 22.7 7.7 52.0 2.06 1BA 03–01 01 4/4RY01 LS 8.5 8.4 59.2 6.7 23.0 9.46 2BA 05–03 07 4/4RY01 LS 7.6 0.6 71.2 5.7 16.0 – ,ESS°06epols,.l.s.am545,1,hcreiWiksrainimoK.43 muteniP ,mucitapracogum citpelipEcitelekSciraclaC akwóhceiM )cimuhrepyH,cimaoL(LOSIBMAC )2002( lO 3–0 0 – – 3.4 7.3 85.44 9.54 00.0 5.71 hfO 5.4–3 5 2/2RY01 – 4.4 9.3 03.62 4.71 23.1 7.03 A 01–5.4 03 2/2-3RY01 – 9.5 0.6 92.31 5.9 07.1 5.98 BA 02–01 05 1/4RY01 – 6.6 1.6 75.01 1.9 23.2 8.49 CB 54–02 58 6/5RY01 LS 6.7 0.7 48.1 7.7 48.03 5.89 and the occurrence of all types and subtypes of humus, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS which distinguishes the Tatra region from other parts of Poland. The authors are grateful to the anonymous reviewer Rendzinas in Tatra (especially variants called for their insightful and constructive comments that ‘high-mountainous rendzinas’) differ from rendzinas significantly increased the scientific quality of the occurring in lowlands with respect to the content and paper. the distribution of carbonates in soil body. In some rendzinas despite the high content of stones consi- REFERENCES sting of limestones, dolomites or marls in solum, carbonates are absent in fine earth material. In some Adamczyk B., 1962a. Gleby tatrzañskie. [In:] Szafer W. (ed.) Ta- cases, despite the high content of carbonates in fine trzañski Park Narodowy. ZOP PAN Kraków: 149–166 earth, the process of weathering typical for cambic B (in Polish with English abstract). Adamczyk B., 1962b. Studia gleboznawczo-fitosocjologiczne w horizon is taking place, possibly due to the low content Dolinie Ma³ej £¹ki w Tatrach. Acta Agraria et Silvestria, ser. of active carbonates. Leœna 2: 45–116 (in Polish with English abstract). Tatra rendzinas are widely studied soils (proba- Balon J., Jod³owski M., Kr¹¿ P., 2015. Tatry – regionalizacja bly the best researched rendzinas in Poland). Despite fizycznogeograficzna [In:] K. D¹browska, M. Guzik this, they are still an interesting object of research. (eds.), Atlas Tatr – Przyroda nieo¿ywiona, Wydawnictwo The problem of their classification is still under Tatrzañskiego Parku Narodowego. discussion. The unique characteristics of some ren- Baranèok P., Varšavová M., 1996. The influence of tourism on the natural environment of the Belianske Tatry Mountains dzina units makes it problematic to allocate them to investigated on an educational hiking path situated in the the established divisions. The proposal given in this locality of Monkova dolina – Kopské sedlo and its near paper could be an input in this debate. surroundings. Ecology (Bratislava) 4: 469–473. 98 ANNA MIECHÓWKA, MAREK DREWNIK

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Rêdziny Tatr – praca przegl¹dowa

Streszczenie: Artyku³ zawiera przegl¹d wiedzy na temat rêdzin tatrzañskich wystêpuj¹cych w polskiej czêœci Tatr w oparciu o dane literaturowe oraz niepublikowane wyniki i spostrze¿enia autorów pracy, ze szczególnym uwzglêdnieniem w³aœciwoœci rêdzin wysokogórskich, które na obszarze Polski wystêpuj¹ tylko w Tatrach. Omówiony zosta³ wp³yw czynników glebotwórczych na genezê i przestrzenne zró¿nicowanie tych gleb oraz zosta³a przedstawiona charakterystyka wyró¿nionych jednostek taksonomicznych: rêdzin inicjalnych (skalistych i rumoszowych), rêdzin próchnicznych (typowych i rumoszowych), rêdzin butwinowych (tangel- rêdzin i amphi-rêdzin) i rêdzin brunatnych. Zaproponowano te¿ klucz do klasyfikacji rêdzin tatrzañskich. S³owa kluczowe: rêdziny, gleby górskie, Tatry, formy próchnicy