Major Milestones in Engineering 30000 Palaeolithic BC peoples in central Europe and France record Blists Hill Engineering Trail numbers on bones Lead Stor y H eadline 25000 Early “The valley which is here hemmed in by high, rocky banks, BC geometric finely wooded, would be exceedingly picturesque, were it designs used not for the huge founderies, which, volcano like, send up This story can fit 175-225volumes cards, ofcustomer smoke informa- into thelook air..” forward to its arrival. words. tion sheets, business cards 6000 Copper collected at trade shows, or artefacts are The purpose of a newsletter Richard Warner, 1801 BC membership lists. You is to provide specialized common in might consider purchasing information to a targeted the Middle a mailing list from a com- audience. Newsletters can East pany. be a great way to market your product or service, If you explore the Publisher 4000 Light and also create credibility catalog, you will find many BC wooden and build your organiza- publications that match the ploughs are tion’s identity among peers, style of your newsletter. used in members, employees, or Next, establish how much Mesopotamia vendors. time and money you can First, determine the audi- Captionspend on describing your newsletter. picture ence of the newsletter. This orThese graphic. factors will help de- 3500 Kiln-fired could be anyone who might termine how frequently you BC bricks and benefit from the informa- publish the newsletter and pots made in tion it contains, for exam- its length. It’s recom- Mesopotamia ple, employees or people mended that you publish interested in purchasing a your newsletter at least Irrigation is product or requesting your quarterly so that it’s con- developed in service. sidered a consistent source of information. Your cus- Mesopotamia You can compile a mailing tomers or employees will list from business reply 3400 The first Secondary Stor y H eadline BC symbols for numbers, simple The significance of this area to modern society was recognised straight in 1986 when Unesco declared the Ironbridge Gorge a World lines, are Heritage Site. used in This story can fit 75-125 draw readers into the story. Goals, and New Office words. Develop the headline before Opens Near You. Egypt you write the story. This Your headline is an impor- The Ironbridge Gorge tellsway, the the storyheadline of willthe help resources, processes, scientists, 3200 Wheeled tant part of the newsletter engineers and entrepreneursyou keep which the story made focused. the area so famous and played BC vehicles are and should be considered used in Uruk carefully.a key role during a periodExamples of social, of possible economic head- and technological change that has shaped the modernlines includeworld. Product Wins In a few words, it should Industry Award, New Prod- accurately represent the uct Can Save You Time!, contents of the story and Membership Drive Exceeds Major Milestones in Engineering 3000 Square-sailed Engineers use their imagination and analytical skills to invent, BC ships used in design, and build things that are useful and desirable. They turn Egypt ideas into reality and are responsible for changing the world and society. Draft oxen are used in The word ―engineer‖ is thought to derive from the 11th Century Latin word Mesopotamia “ingeniator” meaning ―to be ingenious‖. But there have always been ―engineers‖ Potter's around, using their imagination and analytical skills to invent, design, and build wheel used in things. From prehistoric times, mankind has had to be ingenious to survive. So the Mesopotamia early engineers were practical artists and craftsmen creating tools, devices and structures to provide food and shelter, and to solve the problems of transporting goods, hunting, farming, fishing and fighting. Evidence of soldering being used in After simple tools came the development of wedges, wheels and levers, and the Iraq use of animals to transport loads and fire to work metals. The Egyptians built pyramids, used sails and made paper; the Greeks produced the screw, the ratchet, the water wheel and the aeolipile, better known as Hero's turbine; the Romans built fortifications, roads, aqueducts and water distribution systems; and 2800 Pyramids are the Chinese developed the wheelbarrow, the rotary fan, the sternpost rudder and BC built in Egypt gunpowder. The 'Dark Ages' (roughly, 500 to 1500 AD) saw the development of the 2600 Egyptians mechanical clock, the art of printing and the technique of heavy iron casting to BC invent use of produce guns, church bells and machinery. The Renaissance of the 16th century glassware saw the division of engineering into two disciplines - the architect/engineer, who built cathedrals and other large buildings, and the military engineer who built 2500 Bronze is castles, fortifications and instruments of war. BC developed in Mesopotamia But it was the 18th and 19th centuries that were to see the evolution of 2000 Horse drawn engineering as we know it into a scientific and mathematical discipline. BC vehicles are Coalbrookdale and the Ironbridge Gorge was to play a key role in this used in Egypt development—as you will discover by following this engineering trail. 1750 Tin is BC discovered 1500 Copper is BC smelted in China 1400 Iron working BC is developed in the Middle East 900 Chinese use BC natural gas from wells 2 Major Milestones in Engineering ―The most extraordinary district in the world” (1837) 600 Archimedean BC screw used for irrigation in Egypt If you have time visit the Old Furnace at Coalbrookdale—the birthplace of industry. 550 Pythagoras' BC theorem proposed THE OLD FURNACE 512 Chinese make It was here in 1709 that Abraham Darby first began to smelt iron using coke as a BC cast iron fuel instead of charcoal. This was the creative leap that would help iron making using blast break away from dependence on woodlands and water power and become an furnaces industry that has changed how people live, work and communicate across the world. By exploiting the seemingly unlimited potential of coal and steam power the 476 Possible start iron trade was able to expand dramatically. This breakthrough paved the way for BC of construction commercial iron making on a massive scale. Today iron in the form of steel is a of the Great vital ingredient of the global economy and almost 65% of world production starts in Wall of China coke fired blast furnaces. 450 Archytas of Darby’s success also led to BC Tarentum other innovations in invents the Coalbrookdale – the first iron screw railway wheels, the first cast iron steam engine cylinders, 447 Parthenon in the first iron rails, the Iron BC Greece started Bridge and the first steam railway locomotive. 400 Crossbow 18th and 19th Century BC developed in visitors came here from all China over the world to learn about new technologies in iron 270 Water clock making, transport systems BC built by and other manufacturing Ctesibius industries. 250 Principle of In 1707 Darby developed a patent for casting. What was the patent for? BC buoyancy and levers developed by Archimedes Why was it significant? 200 Romans first BC use concrete 100 Water Wheels BC used in Greece and Rome 3 Major Milestones in Engineering VIADUCT 50 BC Steam engine invented by Although the Furnace went out of use in 1818 the foundry buildings around it Heron of remained in use and even expanded to totally enclose the remains of the furnace. Alexandria In 1862-1864 the railway viaduct was constructed to carry trains from Wellington to Buildwas Junction, Much Wenlock and Craven Arms. See how it was ingeniously 190 Chinese cut through the buildings, leaving them standing and still functioning. Indeed, this AD calculate pi to stretch of the Great Western Railway was nicknamed the ―Golden Mile‖ due to the five decimal expense of constructing an elevated railway on a sloping curve whilst avoiding places disruption to the works and pool underneath! 400 Term AD Chemistry The viaduct is made of brick and is in the form of multiple arches. Why was an arch used by used? scholars of Alexandria to describe changing matter 600 Windmills AD used in Iran 834 The rotary AD grindstone is AGA described for the first time As you travel down the valley into Ironbridge you will see a factory to your right, just below Enginuity. This is the AGA Foundry – a branch of the original 850 Triangular Coalbrookdale Company - that for over 300 years has continued to cast iron at AD sails used in Coalbrookdale. the Mediterranean Their world famous, iconic product – the Aga – was invented by Dr Gustav Dalén, a blind Nobel Prize-winning physicist. What is it? 1040 Gunpowder in AD China 1086 Domesday AD Book written What properties of cast iron make it ideal for this product? 1180 Use of a Glass AD mirror recorded 1232 Rockets AD invented in China to defend city of Kaifeng against Mongol invaders 4 Major Milestones in Engineering THE RIVER SEVERN 1250 The AD magnifying In the 18th Century the River Severn was the main transport link for towns, cities, glass invented villages and farms and was one of the busiest rivers in Europe. By 1800 there were by Roger more than 800 vessels trading between Gloucester and Welshpool. As well as Bacon travelling up and down the river, traffic needed to travel across from one bank to another. In the 1750s there were at least 6 ferries operating within the Severn Gorge, carrying both raw materials for industry as well as the workforce. 1285 Spectacles AD are invented in Italy THE IRON BRIDGE Completion Date: 1779 1390 The first Cost: Over £6000 paper mill AD Length: 100 feet begins Type: Arch operating in Germany Materials: Cast iron Engineer(s): Abraham Darby III, Thomas Farnolls Pritchard 1500 Chinese AD scientist Wan What was the purpose of the bridge? Hu ties 47 gunpowder Rockets to a chair in an effort to make a flying machine, but it explodes and kills him! BEDLAM FURNACES Built in the 1750s these furnaces 1557 First mention represent the earliest survivors of a AD of the metal 'new generation' of blast furnaces built platinum specifically to use coke as a fuel.