CLIMATE CHANGE ANGOLA IMPACTS AND ADAPTATION ALTERAÇÕES CLIMÁTICAS - IMPACTOS E ADAPTAÇÃO POLICY BRIEFS FOR STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SECTORS

ADAPTATION IN ANGOLA Without adaptation the economic, environmental, and To promote adaptation, Angola is implementing several projects financed by international donors social costs of the impacts of climate change are very high such as the Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Least Developed Countries’ Fund (LDCF). The country has also ratified the Paris Agreement by the National Assembly, is reviewing its Intended National Determined Contribution (INDC) and restructuring government institutions related to Climate Change (eg: the National Directorate for Environment and Climate Action (DNAAC), within the Ministry of Culture, Angola urgently needs to adapt to climate Tourism and Environment (MCTA)). WHAT ARE THE CAUSES? change due to its low resilience1. Climate change is caused 10 URGENT ACTIONS by the emission of Green- Among 181 countries analyzed it is… To tackle the negative impacts of climate change in Angola house Gases (GHG) origi- nated by human activities, th th such as burning of fossil 1 Creation of an tion at national, 7 Integration of enabling environment: provincial, municipal climate change fuels and deforestation. 45 16 implementation of the and community in scholar and Paris Agreement; levels, for actions academia curricula WHAT ARE THE more vulnerable less ready to act approval, budgeting related to climate and strengthening CONSEQUENCES? and implementation change of technical capacity Climate change can be so of ENAC; and formula- COSTS disruptive that it can com- tion and execution of 4 Establishment of a 8 The costs of promise life on Earth as we the NAP (National Measuring , Report- Promotion of EbA inaction are actual- know it. Firstly, impacting ly higher than the Adaptation Plan) ing and Verification the ecosystems (terrestrial, Systems (MRV) of costs of action, riverine, marine and coastal), Mainstreaming GHG’s emissions and Increase civil varying the first 2 9 it also has economic and adaptation into plans, targets society’s and private between 5% and policies, programmes, sector’s information, 20% of world GDP, social consequences, affect- projects and budgets 5 Promotion of system- awareness and according to the ing the livelihoods and qual- of the strategic atic observation, knowledge British economist ity of life of people and development sectors research and innova- Nicholas Stern enhancing regional asym- of the country tion metries. 10 Establish partner- In 2050 the costs of 3 Improvement of the 6 Mobilization of ships between adaptation in Africa efficiency of the financial resources the public and are estimated at WHAT ARE THE interministerial and and capture of new the private sectors $50 thousand REQUIRED ACTIONS? intersectoral coordina- green technologies and the civil society millions per year7 To tackle climate change, we can act on its causes, reducing GHG emissions – TEXT: DESIGN/INFOGRAPHICS: mitigation, and on its conse- Inês Mourão, Caos Lda. Ana Serra quences, reducing the SOURCES: de capacidade em Angola. negative impacts and 1 www.crc.nd.edu (2017) Componente I e II (2019). making use of the opportu- 2 Governo de Angola. Projecto 4 Governo de Angola Orla. Resposta às necessidades Estratégia Nacional para as nities – adaptation. We can urgentes de adaptação costeira Alterações Climáticas do it separately or in a com- e às lacunas de capacidade em 2019-2030 (2017). bined way, enhancing the Angola. Componente I e II (2019). 5 NOAA National Centers for CONTACTS: 3 Projecto DesInventar Sendai Environmental information, benefits. Ministério da Cultura, Turismo e Ambiente (www.desinventar.net/) e Climate at a Glance: Global Direcção Nacional do Ambiente e Acção Climática EM-DAT (https://www.em- Time Series (2019). Complexo Administrativo de Talatona, Rua do MAT dat.be/), fide Governo de 6 IPCC AR6 Special Report Edifício Nº 4, 4º andar, Município de Talatona, LUANDA Angola. Projecto Orla. Resposta Nov 2019 e-mail: [email protected] às necessidades urgentes de 7 UNEP. Africa's Adaptation web: www.mcta.gov.ao adaptação costeira e às lacunas Gap (2015). GLOBAL WARMING This series of documents ACRONYMS: It is the increase of the average global air is about climate change AR5/AR6 Assessment Report Fifth and Sixth (from IPCC) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature when compared to the pre-industri- adaptation. The first is DNA Designated National Authority LDCF Least Developed Countries Fund DNACC National Directorate for Environment and Climate Action MCTA Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment al revolution values that originate changes in the focused on the general EbA Ecosystem-based Adaptation NAP National Adaptation Plan behaviour of the climatic variables – temperature, impacts of climate change ENAC National Climate Change Strategy NAPA National Adaptation Programme of Action rain and wind, and in the occurrence, magnitude in Angola and in what the UNDP United Nations Development Programme GEF Global Environmental Facility and duration of the extremes climatic events – GHG Greenhouse Gases UNEP United Nations Environment Programme decision-makers need to INDC Intended National Determined Contribution UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change droughts and floods. do to increase its resilience. CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change impacts can compromise sustainable development Variations in temperature, rainfall and extreme climatic events

PRECIPITATION STORMS SOIL EROSION FLOODING TEMPERATURES DROUGHTS Will be more intense, Will be stronger, with winds and rainfall Heavier rains and An increase in frequency The rise in temperature More intense, frequent concentrated in more intense and bigger ocean waves2 stronger winds and duration of more affects the oceans, the water and long-lasting. time-space and accompanied by bigger intense rain , results in and carbon cycles and the Combined with the soil susceptible to seasonal waves and sea level rise more expressive and living beings. erosion lead to land variations outside the increase the risk of frequent floods, as well Heat waves may be more degradation and traditionally defined erosion in coastal areas as greater sedimentation intense, longer lasting, and desertification rainfall patterns and river banks. and silting of rivers frequent with greater risk of adverse health effects -2.4% Rainfall reduction 69% per decade2 of disaster records in Angola are 1960 related to high rainfall events3 2006

56% +3.2°C of coastal areas in Angola By 2060 are at medium risk of erosion 2 in the worst-case scenario2

44 AVERAGE SEA LEVEL RISE INCREASE IN AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE TYPE OF DISASTERS Areas prone to be flooded by 21002 10 million Anomalies in region of Luanda % of registries between Angolans, In ºC from January to March and in the equivalent period of 2019 ⁵ Rio Chiluango 1977 and 20173 Flooded areas 50% of the families live in coastal 1,5 2 Affected 3.044 km LANDANA Congo cities2. +1,5°C municipalities of flooded areas Cua ngo Annual average 1,0 ZAIRE between 1960 24 affected UIGE and 2006 % municipalities N´ZELO Mbridge 81 0,5 of the most frequent disasters registered LUNDA BENGO NORTE in Angola are directly associated CUANZA LUANDA NORTE

% Cuíl o to hydro-climatic events of water 31 MALANGE 0 0 Occurred in VIANA Cuanza excess or scarcity: floods and droughts Luanda and QUIÇAMA CUANZA LUNDA SUL SUL -0,5 Queve Cassai 17 BIE Sea level variation BENGUELA -1,0 80 between 1993 BAIA FARTA BENGELA 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 11 and 2019 5 60 NAMIBE NAMIBE In mm Cubang o 8 HUILA Cuando 7 Giaul 40 en e ambez e

5 Z OTHER IMPACTS

4 4 Cu n TOMBUA Increased sea water temperatures, oceans’ acidification, 20 CUNENE CUANDO CUBANGO changes in marine currents, water column stratification, Atlantic saltwater intrusion, forest fires, heat waves and heat

0 Ocean islands effect in cities

Other

Diseases

Fires

Drought

Inundation

Transport Heavy rainfall Heavy Floods 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 EFFECTS ON STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT SECTORS The impacts of climate change have environmental, social, and economic risks

WATER & FISHERIES & AGRICULTURE HUMAN URBANIZATION TRANSPORTS BIODIVERSITY TOURISM SANITATION AQUACULTURE & LIVESTOCK HEALTH & HOUSING & ENERGY

Changes in life cycle Effects on water avail- Degradation and loss Loss of production areas Changes in the spatial Impacts on ecosys- Increased risk of Production impacts of plants and animals ability, quality and of marine and coastal and loss of plants' and distribution and tems and natural floods and landslides and effects on availabili- distribution for different ecosystems (beaches animals' productivity increase in the number landscapes with ty and demand of Increase of pathogenic uses and from different mangroves, estuaries, of disease cases tourist interest Increased air pollution power/energy sources diseases and spread of sources (surface and coral reefs) Increase of pathogenic transmitted by by GHG emissions plagues and pests underground) diseases and spread of vectors (insects and Reduction of stocks of plagues and pests water) such as malaria Potential extinction of Impacts by the occur- fish and seafood and cholera species and destruction rence of floods and and loss genetic heritage droughts ENVIRONMENTAL

Impacts on livelihoods Impacts on people's Reduction of Reduction of agricultu- Increased of malnutri- Impacts in the liveli- Homeless and interrup- Impacts on people´s of people dependent health, wellbeing, livelihoods of people re and livestock tion, hunger and food hoods of people tion of continuous access lives due to changes in on natural resources and livelihoods dependent on the livelihoods insecurity dependent on tourism to basic services transportation systems, sector of rural people industrial and energy’s Increase of wounded Social unrest, conflicts production stems and Increase in food people and loss of and forced migration due access to public and SOCIAL insecurity and human lifes to scarcity of resources private services malnutrition and livelihoods

Impacts on economic Impacts on water Impacts on producti- Impacts on productive Interruption of access to Impacts on infrastruc- Destruction and damage Lifetime of infrastructures activities dependent and sanitation ve sectors and sectors and transformation health services due to ture and basic services of houses, settlements and and their services on natural ecosystems infrastructures transformation industries damage of infrastructures of accommodation, infrastructure in risk areas and biodiversity industries tourist recreation, and loss of their value Changes in supply/demand Impacts on revenue Impacts on revenue and Loss of labour due to accessibility and of energy sources and costs Impacts on revenue costs increase in human transport Increased costs due to and costs sickness and diseases damages in built-up areas Impacts on revenue

ECONOMIC Impacts on revenue and higher energy and costs of maintenance Increased health costs and costs consumption and repair

SOURCE: Adapted from Africa. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the AR5 of the IPCC DATASHEET:: 720 scientists (33% women) from 90 countries participated in the preparation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth OCEAN INCREASED INCREASED FLOODS HEAT DROUGHTS SEA STORMS PRECIPITATION Assessment Report (AR5, 2019). Of the authors and editors of the AR5 reviews, 11% are from the African continent and 44% from least developed countries and economies in transition. In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4, 2014), the African continent contributed with 5324 scientific ACIDIFICATION AIR SEA WAVES LEVEL RISE CHANGES publications on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation (working group II). TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE It is important for African countries like Angola to continue participating and contributing to the IPCC reports with scientific studies. We must adapt our country “Climate-related risks and opportunities must be incorporated urgently into the financial system, as well as in all aspects of public policy making and infrastructure”

António Guterres, UN General-Secretary. Earth Day, March the 22nd 2020

CLIMATE POLICY EVOLUTION IN ANGOLA THE ROLE OF DECISION MAKERS Adaptation can reduce the risk of climate change impacts addressing Ratification of the United Decision-makers and leaders, both public and private, Actions to reduce 2000 one or more of the three risk factors6: Vulnerability Nations Climate Change are the key to promoting resilience to climate change. Convention (UNFCCC) They make the decisions and can more directly influ- Social protection ence social behaviour, policy formulation, the promo- tion of its implementation and the review and the Livelihood diversification Ratification of the Kyoto Actions to reduce allocation of funds; being the main catalysts for adapta- Protocol Hazards Vulnerability Insurance solutions tion in Angola. Ecosystem-based Angola 2025: Long Term The most relevant are the policy makers. measures to reduce Hazard-proof housing Development Strategy coastal flooding 2007 and infrastructure

National Strategy for the Mangroves to alleviate Hazards Risk Implementation of the Kyoto Where are the potential decision makers? coastal storm energy Protocol ACADEMIA COMMUNITIES EXECUTIVE Water reservoirs to buffer low-flows and Actions to reduce Establishment of the National PROVINCIAL AND MUNICIPAL water scarcity 2009 MINISTRIES Exposure Exposure Designated Authority (NDA) for GOVERNMENTS the Kyoto Protocol’s Mechanism Coastal reheat COOPERATION/ and resettlement PRIVATE MEDIA NGOs DEVELOPMENT SECTOR 2010 Constitution of the Republic of PARTNERS Risk sensitive land Angola – The right to live in use planning Limits to Adaptation healthy and unpolluted Importance of mitigation-adaptation environment E g. physical, ecological, technological, economic, political, Early warning systems co-benefits institutional, psychological and/or socio-cultural and displacement Priority should be given to adaptation actions that have 2011 Development of the National mitigation co-benefits and low cost. For example, ecosys- Adaptation Programme for tem-based adaptation (EbA), climate friendly agriculture, Action (NAPA) restoration of wetlands and mangroves, use of resilient RECOMMENDATIONS seed crops, reduction of deforestation and forest degrada- NAPA Submission to UNFCCC tion, and the use of renewable energy. To increase Angola´s population resilience to the of government the National Climate Change Strategy impacts of climate change, amplify access to resources 2019-2030 (ENAC); and c) promote EbA. 2014 First National Communication (economic and technological) and benefit from a low The compromises of the Paris Agreement and the guidelines Submission to UNFCCC Paris Agreement is an international treaty approved carbon development that also contributes to poverty of ENAC should be integrated into all planning and budgeting among 195 countries that aims to minimize the negative eradication and sustainability, the government of processes – from public to the private sector and civil society. Began the elaboration of the consequences of climate change. Angola must do the following: a) implement the Paris Of particular relevance is the integration of adaptation into Second National Communication Agreement; b) approve, adopt, widely disseminate, the national, provincial and national development plans finance and implement at all levels and sectors and the state budget.

2015 Submission of the 1st INDC (Intentional National Determined Contribution) ENAC’S STRATEGIC AREAS3 to UNFCCC MEDDE/SG COP21 Adoption of 2063 Agenda Coastal and Droughts Tropical Food, riverine zones and floods diseases agriculture and watersheds and fisheries 2017 Start the preparation of initial ENAC 2019-2030

Beginning of the preparation 2019 of ENAC 2019-2030 Construction Potable water Forests, ecosystems Ratification of the Paris Approval of the Paris Agreement at the Conference and infrastructures and sanitation and biodiversity 2020 Agreement by Angola´s of the Parties to the UNFCCC. Paris, December 2015 Parliament Photography by: Arnaud Bouissou

Review of the 1st INDC