i "Grand Bridge"

Toothbrushes .,..

Packed ir~ parent boxes in inset-type ~ linjrs, . ;rand Bridge" :thbrushos are made in tastefull colours .and have. elqantshapes for easy and comfort-' able, use. An export • product with a ~ history of almost 30 years,' our , toothbrushes so~ well all over the i world. *i ~L ,2~i ¸ • Your ,.ord~ .. are welcome!

China National' Light Industrial Products Import & Export Corp., Hubei Branch. Address: 99 Shengli Street, Wuhan, China Cable: INDUSTRY WUHAN Telex: 40119 HBLIC CN SPOTLIGHT

Tibet Trades With Foreign Countries !ii ¸ f~

i

,¥ \

.... ~ ~' mlt

t ......

A finely worked silver kettle A pressure cooker manu- made in Tibet being factured in Tibet. admired by businessmen. Nepolese businessmen in- specting sheep's wool.

! VOL. 29, NO. 38 SEPT.22, 19861 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

CONTENTS

Deng On Issues of World Interest 4-7 [ ~ng Interviewed" by CBSN ew ::~:::~:~:~*i~':;~*%~ ~ %~,. '~:~:::~ :~ :" EVENTS/TRENDS 8-11 Coastal Areas Urged to Boost • Deng Xiaoping was his outspoken self as he answered Exports questions by Mike Wallace, a "60 Minutes" reporter for CBS in the United States. The topics discussed ranged from the current Experts Help Frame Policy internal situation and domestic policies to China's relations China, Nicaragua: Working for Peace with the United States and the Soviet Union (p. 4). Fighting Rural Poverty: More Cash, More Effort INTERNATIONAL /2-15 United Nations: Rallying Around Common Interests Japan: Education Minister [~astal Areas to ~t Ex~ Fired US-USSR: "Spies' and Bilateral • In an recent inspection tour of Tianjin, Qingdao and Relations Weifang, Chinese Premier Zhao Ziyang urged the coastal areas to develop an export-oriented economy, face the economic Nicaragua: Economic Woes to Be challenge from the Pacific area and create a "mini-climate" Overcome favourable to overseas investment (p. 8). ASEAN: Fostering Closer Economic Ties

Blacks Struggle On in South Africa 16 [ Backwater Area Enters Mainstream ':! Backwater Area into the Main- stream 20 • The economic reforms are working wonders even in "hell Miao Woman Pioneers Reform 26 on earth"--as the Xiangxi Miao and Tujia Autonomous .Prefecture in central China used to be known. That the locals have enough to eat and clothes to wear is a great advance on the FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 28-29 past. But with Xiangxi's tourist, human and natural resources it could well bring a rags-to-riches story (p. 20). CULTURE/SCIENCE 30-31

SPORTS 32-33

BOOKS 34 l The Black People,s Struggle in South Africa ] COVER:Students of tile Jishou Middle School for Nationalities in west Hunan • The Black people in South Africa are waging a fierce Province in a computer class. struggle against the Pretoria regime, attracting much support Gao Mingyi from the international community, and effectively isolating the white-minority government there. (p. 16).

Published every Monday by Distributed by, China International Jerk Subscripttcm prices (1 yeor): BEIJINO REVIEW Treding Ce~ (GUOJI SHUDIAN), Australia ...... A.$ 22.00 USA US$ 22.N 24 Boiwanzhuang Road, Belling P.O. Box 399, Boliing, China New Zealand... NZ.$]0.O0 UK ...... £12.00 The People's Republic of China Canada...... Can. $ 21.00 i Deng On Issues of World Interest

During a September 2 interview with Mike Wallace Ji,om Columbia Broadcasting System of the United States, Deng Xiaoping, chairman of the Central Advisory Commission of the Chinese Communist Party, talked about China's current situation and a number of international issues. Following is the gist of his remarks.

Question: Mr. Chairman, Mikhail troops from there, I myself will be relations between China and the Gorbachev in his recent speech ready to meet him. United States is determined in the in Vladivostok seems to say to context of their specific con- you, to China, "Let's be good Q: The Vietnamese said just this ditions, and so is that between friends again, let's end the morning that they would like to China and Soviet Union. tension between our two coun- engage in the negotiations with tries." He talked of wanting to China to bring an end to the Q: President and Mrs. Reagan reduce the number of Soviet difficulties between Viet Nam watch this programme just troops on border, and making and China. about every Sunday night. And that border between the Soviet A: Viet Nam has said that at least a I'm sure they are going to be Union and China a link instead of hundred times. We have told them watching closely on the night barrier. What do you make of explicitly that the prerequisite is of this broadcast. Do you have Mikhail Gorbachev's peaceful the withdrawal of all the any message for President and proposal? Vietnamese troops from Kampu- Mrs. Reagan? Answer: There is something new chea. The question of Kampuchea A: When President and Mrs. in Gorbachev's speech in Vladi- should be settled by the four parties in Kampuchea through Reagan were in China on a visit, vostok (Haishenwai), and that is we became acquainted with each consultation. why we have expressed cautious other. We had ~ cordial and frank welcome to what is new and conversation. I would like to positive therein. However, his Q: So, as far as a summit between Deng and Gorbachev, extend, through your channel, my remarks also show that he has not good wishes to President and Mrs. taken a big step. Soon after the ball is in Mr. Gorbachev's court? Reagan. I hope that during Gorbachev made his speech, an President Reagan's term of office, official from the Foreign Ministry A: Ask Viet Nam to withdraw all its troops from Kampuchea. On Sino-US relations will make of the Soviet Union also made a further progress. speech which was different in tune. this question, the Soviet Union This shows that the Soviet can play its part. For without Q: What are the major issues authorities have to decide among Soviet backing, the Vietnamese cannot go on fighting in currently dividing China and themselves what China policies to America? pursue, and so we still have to wait Kampuchea for a single day. A: There are three obstacles in and see. Gorbachev evaded this question in his Vladivostok speech. This is Sino-Soviet relations, and also why I say that the Soviet Union there is one obstacle in Sino-US Q: Would you like to meet Mr. has not taken a big step towards relations. That is the Taiwan Mikhail Gorbachev? Have you question, or the question of the removal of the three major ever met him? He says he will China's reunification of the two obstacles. talk at any time, at any level sides of the Taiwan Straits. There about anything. Would you be Q: Chairman Deng, it seemed has been talk in the United States prepared to meet Gorbachev at that Chinese relations with to the effect that the United States the summit? capitalist America are better has taken an attitude of "non- A: If Gorbachev takes a solid step than Chinese relations with the involvement" on the question of towards-the removal of the three Soviet communists. How did that China's reunification, that is, the major obstacles in Sino-Soviet denote? Taiwan question. This is not true. relations, particularly urging Viet A: China does not regard social The fact is that the United States Nam to end its aggression in systems as a criterion in its ap- has all along been involved. In the Kampuchea and withdraw its proach to problems. The state of 1950s, MacArthur and Dulles

4 BE[JING REVIEW, NO. 38 DENG SPEAKS regarded Taiwan as an unsinkable Kampuchea constitutes the main Q: Chairman Deng, you always aircraft carrier of the United obstacle in Sino-Soviet relations. say, "Seek truth from facts." And States in Asia and the pacific. The stationing of troops by Viet facts are that Taiwan is Therefore, the Taiwan question Nam in Kampuchea is a question prosperous, capitalist and has been the most important issue which has actually put Sino-Soviet doesn't want to reunify, they say in the negotiations on the relations in a hot-spot state. Once and their leaders say. establishment of Sino-US dip- this problem is resolved, I will be A: In reunifying the country, we lomatic relations. ready to meet ~;orbachev. To be will adopt the formula of '.'one]J frank with you, I am over 82, country, two systems," that ~s to S Q: Is the United States failing to already advanced in years. Having say, socialism will continue to be live up to the commitment to long accomplished my historical practised on the mainland while China concerning US relation- task of making overseas visits, I Taiwan will practise its capitalism. ship with Taiwan? am determined not to take any This will bring no change to A: 1 think the United States should more trips abroad. However, if Taiwan and the life-style of the! take a wiser approach on this this obstacle in Sino-Soviet people there and cause no loss to question. Most regrettably, during relations is removed, I will be them. As for the contrast in the the latter period of the Carter ready to break the rule and go to levels of development between Administration, the US Congress any place in the Soviet Union to Taiwan and the mainland, this adopted the Taiwan Relations meet with Gorbachev. I believe a question should be examined Act, which has become an meeting like this will be of much objectively. The difference is only I~ immense obstacle in Sino-US significance to the improvement of temporary. As far as the mainland relations. As I said just now, I Sino-Soviet relations and the is concerned, there were some hope that President Reagan will, normalization of Sino-Soviet state mistakes and delays in our nation-' during his term of office, bring relations. building in the course of 37 years about further progress in Sino-US since the founding of the People's relations, including some effort in Q: And what must come first Republic. With the implement- respect of China's reunification. I specifically?. ation of our existing policy, the believe that the United States, A: Among the three major growth rate will not be slow and President Reagan in particular, obstacles, the main one is the gap is being narrowed, l can accomplish something with Vietnamese aggression against believe that the growth rate on the regard to this question. Kampuchea. For China and the mainland will, at least, not be Soviet Union are actually in a state lower than that in Tafwan in the Q'. What can they do? of confrontation, a hot spot', few years to come. The reason is A: They can encourage and which takes the form of pitting very simple. Taiwan is short of persuade Taiwan first to have Vietnamese armed ibrces against resources while the mainland "'three exchanges" with us, China. abounds in them. If we say that namely, the exchange of mails, Taiwan has already tapped its trade and air and shipping Q: Back to Taiwan, what's in it potentials, the potentials on the services. Contacts of this kind can for Taiwan to be reunified to the mainhmd have yet to be tapped help enhance mtitual understand- motherland? I was there rec- and for sure, will soon be tapped. ing between the two sides of the ently, this summer. They are Besides, in terms of overall Taiwan Straits, thus creating prosperous, they are a good strength, the mainland is much conditions for them to proceed to capitalist country. And their stronger than Taiwan. So it would discuss the question of reunific- leaders insist they do not need be unbahmced to judge the ation and ways to achievc it. and they do not want the superiority of one side just by reunification to China. Taiwan's somewhat higher aver- Q: My colleague, Producer, says A: First of all, it is a national age income. that he doesn't think that we question, a question of national have got an answer whether you sentiments. All the descendants of would like to meet Gorbachev. the Yan and Huang Emperors Q: To modernize Chinese So can I ask or I ask again for want to'see China reunified. The economy and develop your specific desire to meet him? present state of division runs country, Chairman Deng, you A: As I have said. the main thing is, counter to our national will. So said China needs Western if the Soviet Union can contribute long as Taiwan is not reunified investment. But Western inves- to the withdrawal of Vietnamese with the mainland, Taiwan's tors complained that China is troops from Kampuchea, this will status of being part of Chinese making it difficult to make remove the main obstacle in Sino- territory will remain uncertain, business here: exorbitant rents Soviet relations, l will say it once No one knows when Taiwan will for offices, too much bickering again: The Vietnamese invasion of be taken away again, about contracts, too many

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 5 ~-,~,~ i i .<~/7-] -~- ~-- .... ,_, ~ J,C_~-4'w v/5,,'2; \,5~ 1 special taxes, labour that is too principle of a communist society, amount to the state in taxes and expensive, plus corruption, kick- i.e. "from each according to his keep the rest for themselves. backs, and the Chinese bureauc- abili~ and to each according to his A: They can't possibly be very rich. rats. Are you aware of these needl be practised. Socialism is Even the m'uch talked-about complaints? the first stage of communism. It "household of ten thousand A: Yes, I am aware of these things. covers a very long historical yuan" in the countryside has only Such phenomena do exist. As it is period. The main task in the an annual income of some 2,000 or something new to us, some socialist stage is to create material 3,000 US dollars. Would you call mistakes are unavoidable. We are conditions for the advent of a that rich? By our standards, of working to change the present communist society. So the main course, that is rich. But compared state of affairs. I do understand task of socialism is to develop the with the national income in those complaints of foreign productive forces, steadily im- developed countries, the income is investors. No one would come prove the life of the people and still very low. here and invest without getting keep increasing the material Q: You spoke of the "cultural returns on their investment. We wealth of society. Therefore, there revolution" before, Chairman are taking effective measures to can be no communism with Deng, what happened to you and solve these problems. But they can pauperism, or socialism with your family during the "cultural only be solved gradually. Not long pauperism. So to get rich is no sin. ago, our Premier Zhao Ziyang However, what we mean by revolution"? shared his thoughts with some getting rich is different from what A: That episode looks bad, but in foreign businessmen during their you mean. Wealth in a socialist the final analysis, it,is also a good discussion. As far as I know, society belongs to the whole thing. Because it sets people foreign investors were interested people. To get rich in a socialist thinking and helps to locate our in this area. I believe the problems society means prosperity for the defects. Chairman Mao has often pointed out by foreign business- entire people. The principles of said that bad things can be ttirned men can be solved gradually. socialism are: first, development into goodthings. In other words, if However, when these problems of production and second, com- we are good at drawing lessons are resolved, new problems will .mon prosperity. Our policy from the "cultural revolution', we arise and they, too, should be permits some people and some can institute measures of reform to solved. As leaders, it is necessary places to become prosperous first, change China's face politically to get a clear picture of the for the purpose of achieving and economically. Thus bad problems and work out effective common prosperity at a faster things are turned into good things. measures to solve them. There is speed. As the latter principle is It is because we had summed up also the question of educating the eventual common prosperity, our the experience and drawn the cadres. policy will not lead to polariz- lessons of the"cultural revolutioff" Q: To get rich is glorious. That ation, where the rich are getting that we were able to formulate a declaration from Chinese richer and richer while the poor series of policies currently in force leaders tq their people surprises are becoming poorer and poorer. by the end of the 70s and in the many in the capitalist world. To be frank, the policy will not 80s. What does that have to do with give rise to the emergence of new Q: So, that is good for you, too? communism? bourgeoisie. Under our socialist Sweep the floor, and serve meals A: We went through the"cultural system, it is very difficult for and split fire wood, and be revolution'; During the" cultural pcople to become millionaires. paraded in dunce cap? revolution"there was a view that A: Of course, these can't be poor communism was preferable Q: Yes, but the farmers for regarded as entirely good. What I to rich capitalism. After I resumed instance that I saw down in the am saying is that in the end bad office in the central leadership in Pearl River estuarymThey have things were turned into good 1974 and 1975, I criticized that motorcycles, they have colour things. view. Because I refuted that view, I television sets, they are building Q: I have yet to see one picture, was brought down again. Of their homes. And what you have Deng Xiaoping, in the public! course, there were other causes. I done is let them, you give them place in China, why?. ~i said to them there was no such and send them to get rich. They A: We do not encourage that. Any i thing as poor communism. only have to give a certain individual is a member of the According to Marxism, commu- amount to the state, and may collective. Nothing can be accom-i nist society is based on an keep the rest for themselves. plished by an individual in( abundance of material wealth. And in a sense, that is almost isolation from others. Personally, Only when there is an abundance like our system in the U~ited I have all along rejected offers to of material wealth, can the States, they give a certain write my biorgraphy. Over the

6 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 DENG SPEAKS F T years, I have done quite a few first examine whether the policy is Q: Final questions, last question. ,good things, but I have done some correct, whether the policy is right You are number one in China. :wrong things too. Before the for the country and the people and How long you intend to continue I'eultural revolutioff2 we committed whether the life of the people is to be number one, the principle psuch mistakes as the "great leap gradually improving under the at height, the man who say, I forward." Of course, I was not the policy. I believe that the people's whose word is law here in China? I chief architect, but I did not eyes are discerning. If the present r oppose it either. That means I had policy is altered, the standard of A: I am all for the abolition of life ]a share in that mistake. If a living of the people will definitely tenure and the institution of a biography is written, both good come down. So long as the people retirement system. As you know, I and bad things one has done, think the existing policy is correct, told Fallaci that my plan was to including one's mistakes, should whoever wants to change it will be work until 1985. Now, it's already !be included. So, it's better not to brought down. one year beyond that date. 1 am now considering when to retire. write it. Q: Mao Zedong has been dead Q: Two questions. You say, you Personally, I would like to retire for just 10 years. What do you i would like to live until you are a early. However, this is a rather think would be Mao's reaction to hundred, and then yougo to visit difficult question. It is very hard to China today, a China where the I Karl Marx, perhaps, Mao Zedong persuade the Party's rank and file leaders say to get rich is will be seating by his side. What glorious, and where personal and our people to accept that. I do you think those two gentle- happiness and private enterpr- believe if I retire when I am still men will have to say to you, Deng ises and political reform and around, it would be good for the i Xiaoping, when you are up there? greater freedom of expression continuation of the existing ]A: I am a Marxist. I have are beginning to be permitted, policy. That is also in keeping with consistently followed the funda- the conviction I have always had. what would Mao say?. It seems mental principles of Marxism. you are againt everything he was However, I need to work harder to What is Marxism, or communism? talk people around. In the end, as I for. i In the past, we made revoh~tion, am a member of the Communist A: There are differences. However, won the. country and finally Party, I must obey the decision of there are similarities as far as ~founded the People's Republic of the Party. I am a citizen of the certain principles are concerned. I China, because we had this faith People's Republic of China, so I Mao Zedong thought is still our i and ideal. Because we abided by must obey the will of the people. I guiding ideology. We have the fundamental principles of am still hoping that I can succeed Marxism and had the ideals, we adopted the Resolution on Some Questions in the History of the in persuading our people to come I were able to win the victory. After round to my view. ~ victory in our revolution, we have Party Since the Founding of the PRC, which has answered your' again abided by the principles of Q: You told Fallaci in 1985, what i Marxism in national construction, question. will you tell Mr. Wallace? A: To be quite frank, I am I that is, the building of socialism. Q" It doesn't answer me. China of persuading our people to let me I Our overriding task now is to Deng Xiaoping is different from retire at the Party's 13th National build socialism. We are striving China of Mao Zedong. It's a new Congress next year. But so far., for the four modernizations, but revolution that is going on here, what I have heard is dissenting people tend to forget that they are at least you are trying to make a voice all around. socialist four modernizations. new revolution, it seems. This is what we are doing now. A: What you said is right. We are Q: Well, in the United States, Q: Everybody asks the question, also saying what we are doing now people are trying to get Mr. Chairman Deng Xiaoping has is in essence a revolution. In Reagan to run for the third term. done a wonderful job here in the another sense, we are engaging But the law says: No. last few years, the good ourselves in an experiment. For A: That is up to the people to modernization, economy is back, us, it is something new, and we decide. people are not as afraid as .they have to grope our way. Errors are were, but after Deng Xiaoping, bound to occur as this is a Q: Mr. Chairman, I thank you very we don't know what's going to revolution and is completely new. very much for this opportunity happen? Perhaps, it could go Our method is to sum up and I wish you good health and back to the bad old days. experience from time to time and long life. A: For sure, there will be no correct mistakes whenever they A: Thank you. I am grateful to you turning back. When one tries to are discovered, so that small for giving me this fine opportunity find out whether the existing mistakes will not grow into big of talking to the people of the policy is here to stay, he should ones. United States. •

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 7 EVENTS/I'RENDS

Coastal Areas Urged to Boost Exports

hina's coastal regions, especi- increase returns. "It is no use poor quality, and this can be C ally the cities and areas now trying to shift the burden on to the solved only through improving open to the world, should give consumers," he said. both management and priority to developing an export- During his inspection tour, technology. During his tour, Premier Zhao oriented economy, Premier Zhao Premier Zhao Ziyang also called also pointed out the importance of Ziyang said during a recent on people in the coastal areas to running Sino-foreign joint ven- inspection tour of Tianjin, Qing- pay attention to economic chal- tures well. He said, "Combining dao and Weifang. lenges from the Pacific area "The industrial production with trade The premier said the coastal export goods of certain countries and the joint operation of export- areas should make their industrial in this area are being upgraded oriented businesses are good ways structure "'lighter," that is, attach steadily," the premier said. "This of doing things and they should be still greater importance to light constitutes both a challenge and a popularized on the basis of mutual and textile industries that produce very good opportunity to China's benefit and voluntary goods for export. "'These indus- coastal industries. The coastal participation." tries must shift from their former areas ought to enhance their pursuit of greater numbers of competitiveness in the intern- "The fact that many foreign products to better quality and ational market by drawing on the firms are investing in China proves higher grades," Zhao said. experience of other countries," he that China is attractive," he said. "The coastal areas, whose said. "'Our disadvantage lies in our economy has developed very incomplete infrastructure and quickly, have an extremely To meet the challenge, Premier underdeveloped service trades. important role to play in China's Zhao called for faster economic Things are improving in this modernization drive, but it must growth in such coastal cities as regard, but it will take time." be noted that this economic Guangzhou, Dalian, Shanghai, The premier stressed the need to growth was achieved under Qingdao and Tianjin as well as the create what he termed "mini- coditions of very low wages and Zhujiang (Pearl) and Changjiang climate" favourable to foreign cheap raw materials," the premier (Yangtze) river deltas. investment. By this he meant that added. He said that the light and textile Sino-foreign joint ventures and Zhao said that because it was industries, as well as some other enterprises solely operated with impossible to keep wages and raw processing industries will have a foreign capital should be allowed material costs at such a low level great export potential for a long to manage themselves according for long, and they were in fact time to come and that was why the to internationally accepted rising, enterprises in the coastal coastal areas should focus on methods. They should be given regions must constantly try to them. "all necessary power," including reduce their costs and raise He added the major problem in the power to manage their product quality as a way to exporting textile goods Was their employees. •

nology had not received proper agriculture, consumer goods ancl Experts help attention in the past, Wu said. the machine-building industry, Frame Policy While government decisions were form the principles guiding the made, attention was paid only to overall development of China's political and military policies, and technology in these fields. They hina has for the first time science and technology were often l establish the goals of technical C published a series of govern- neglected. As a result, Wu said, development and indicate the ment policies on science and what the country had to suffer was appropriate production structure technology thanks to the efforts of not only the failure of this or that and product mix, as well as the thousands of specialists "~aking enterprise but confusion in the ways and means of promoting part in state policy-making, said nation as a whole. progress in science and Wu Mingyu, vice-minister in technology. charge of the State Scientific and The published policies covering Technological Commission. 12 areas, including power, trans- Work On these policies began in Matters of science and tech- port and communications, January 1983 under the leadership 8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 China & the World

• Kampuchean War: a Struggle Between Justice and Injustice. When meet- ing a Democratic Kampu- chean delegation in Beijing on September 9, Chinese Party leader Hu Yaobang said, "It is a struggle between justice and injus- tice, between truth and force. The Chinese govern- ment has no choice but to Premier Zhao Ziyang talking with President Ortega, and his party. support unreservedly the struggle of the Kampuchean people to the end." China, Nicaragua: "It is China's internationalist duty to safeguard the interests of Working for Peace the third world countries," he said. • Chinese and Soviet hinese Premier Zhao Ziyang According to Ortega, Nica- Vice-Premiers End Talks. C reiterated his support for the raguans are building al society Chinese Vice-Premier Yao Nicaraguan people and the based on a mixed economy and Yilin held a final round of position of letting Central Amer- political pluralism. In intern- talks with Nikolai Viadimi- icans find solutions to their ational affairs, he said, Nicaragua rovich Talyzin, first vice- problems peacefully through follows the principle of non- chairman of the Council of negotiations without resorting to alignment, and seeks to form new Ministers and chairman of force oi" threats of force. "Central economic and trade relations with the State Planning Com- Americans must be allowed to countries of different ideologies. mission of the Soviet Union, solve their own problems without "Nicaragua supports all move- in Beijing on September 10. outside interference." he said. ments aimed at relaxing world Alter the talks, a revised Meeting with Nicaraguan Preli- tension, ending arms race and consular treaty was signed dent Deniel Ortega Saavedra on promoting disarmament." between the People's Repub- September 12, Zhao said China Meeting the visiting Nica- lic of China and the Union opposes any country that practises raguan President and his Party, oP Soviet Socialist great power chauvinism or seeks Deng Xiaoping, Chairman of the Republics. hegemony over others. Central Advisory Commission,

• Chinese Ambassador of the State Council. Several had already been incorporated in calls for a Check on US thousand scientists, economists the Seventh Five-Year Plan(1986- Trade Protectism. In a letter and administrative personnel were 90), Wu said, and answers have to leaders of the US involved, carrying out research, been provided to questions that Congress and the US State preparing proposals and docu- have been under discussion lbr a Department, Chinese am- ments. Consultations and studies long time. bassador Han Xu urged the were made in hundeds of areas in The policies are contained in American government to order to make a systematic Guide to Chinese ScienH/i'c and draw back from a new trade analysis on the country's technioal Technological Policies White protection bill that would potential, economic and social Papers on Science and Technology. adversely affect interests of conditions and natural environ- No. 1, published in August by the the Chinese and American ment, as well as the direction of State Scientific and Technological peoples. developmentabroad. Commission. • Many of the suggestions made by Shang Rongguang SEPTEMBER 22. 1986 ') Officials Lay Foundation Stone for Asian Games

State Councillor Gu Mu (left) and Beijing Mayor Chen Xitong laid the foundation stone at the construction site of the Varsity Gymnasium on September 10. The right picture shows the architectural model of the gymnasium. Another 26 stadiums and gymnasiums are being built or renovated for the I lth Asian Games scheduled for 1990. In addition, an Asian Games Village with training halls and a communications centre attached to it will be built. ~

explained the tasks confronting offhis 1,500 yuan (about US$400) the area, the co-operative assigned China: first, going all out to debt. Now after two years' hard 78 co-ordinators to work with modernize and free itself from work Chert and his family have poor villagers, to find out about poverty by the end of the century; earned 5,900 yuan (about their financial situation and second, opposing hegemonism US$1,600). Apart from clearing productive abilities, and to help and working for world peace; and off the debt, he has built a new them work out a plan to shake off third, securing the return of three-room brick house-- their poverty. It provided them Taiwan to the motherland. another dream. with 130,000 yuan in loans. During his three-day state visit Chen's story is like that of many The Chinese government adop- to China from September 12 to 14, in China's rural areas over the past ted a policy of subsidi/ing the poor Ortega also met General Secretary few years. The Chen family was when the People's Republic was Hu Yaobang. Both leaders one of the poorest in the village. founded in 1949. But in the past, expressed support for each other They had been relying on as everyone ate from the same politically, and readiness to co- government subsidies for years. public pot, that is, each got an operate with each other Chen's wife was sick all the time equal slice of the collective cake no economically. and the children too young to matter how much he had done, the During the visit the two help. Three years ago the co- gap between the poor and the governments signed agreements ordinator of sideline production at better-off farmers was not very an trade and economic, scientific the local co-operative offered great. In other words, everyone and technical co-opcration. • help. lie gave Chcn a Io~ll~ of g00 had a rather low ~i~,,,dnrd 6f yuan and suggested he make living. Government subsidies brooms and raise rabbits. The mainly went to areas with difficult Fighting Rural Poverty: Chen family's fortune started to natural conditions or which had More Cash, More Effort change. suffered natural disasters, and to Chen is not the only one to have individual households with too en Xilin, a poor farmer in received help from the local co- many mouths to feed. Despite the ~ astern China's Jiangsu Pro- operative. To raise the standards large amounts of money spent on vince, dreamed that he could pay of living of the poorest people in subsidies each year, the financial 10 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 situation of the poor never really can make good use of local improved. Moreover, .the less resources and get better and faster capable poor came to rely on social results, the decision says. government benefits and make Along with the loans, the decision News in Brief less effort themselves, while the continues, specialists, technical initiative of those who made an services, materials and inform- ank savings amounted to effort was blunted. ation must be provided too. B a record 203.41 billion Beginning with the economic Offering loans is not the only yuan (US$55 million) at the reform in the rural areas in 1979, way the Chinese government helps end of August, 41.15 billion the peasants' initiative has been the least developed areas and the yuan (US$11.1 billion) more given full play and the gap poorest households. More effort is than the total for last year. between the poor and the better- being made to explore the natural The figure for urban areas off has widened. Though the resources and tap the productive was 134.71 billion yuan majority of farmers have got potential of these areas. In Dingxi (US$36.4 billion) and that enough to eat and wear and some County, Gansu Province, north- for rural areas, 68.7 billion are on the way to making a small west China, the governent, yuan (US$18.5 billion). fortune, .some others, especially together with specialists from all those in remote areas, are still over the country, have helped fighting the poverty caused by an local people work out a plan of unfavourable natural environ- development to include animal • • • ment and low productivity. husbandry, forestry and A survey in 1985 showed the agriculture. average income of peasants in Dingxi is a mountainous area ewspapers in China's 36,667 households from 262 suffering from serious soil erosion. N capital carried articles villages was 399 yuan (US$110) a For 30 years the local people have on September l0 to mark the year. However, only 36.5 percent lived on subsidiary grains. The key second annual Teachers' had an income higher than the to the prosperity of this area is to Day. The articles extended average, and the income of 63.5 regain and ecological balance. their regards to more than 10 percent was below average. Three With an investment of 15 million million teachers, saying that to four percent had incomes lower yuan, the provincial government teaching is one of the most than those of 1978. The gap has encouraged peasants to turn glorious professions in between the incomes of the highest their farmland over to pasture. As society. Li Peng, member of and the lowest had increased 23.5 a result, domestic animals have the Political Bureau of the percent. increased by more than 30,000 and Party Central Committee The problem of poor peasants 2,000 township enterprises have and vice-premier, and Deng and poor areas has drawn more been built. Average annual Yingchao, chairman of the attention from the governmenl~. income in this county has gone up National Committee of the Besides the 3.3 billion yuan to 246 yuan per head. Chinese People's Political allocated for the development of Hengshui Prefecture in Hebei Consultative Conference, the poor areas, the State Council Province had its own way of visited teachers at some recently decided to advance shaking off poverty. Its leaders Beijing schools and extended another 1 billion yuan annually to visited universities and research greetings to the teachers on those areas as loans with interest institutions personally to ask for September 9. ~' to be paid in the form of scientific and technical help. Their deduction. Arranged by the directness was well rewarded. The People's Bank of China through prefecture attracted 3,000 specia- the Bank of Agriculture, the loans lists who introduced to the area will be granted each year for five !,500 technical innovations. Fur- years beginning in 1986. The new thermore, it established co- funds have been allocated mostly operative relationships with 270 f the 3743 cities in China, to the coulatry's 200 poorest universities and institutions. Now O about 95 percent have counties in 14 least developed the area's 150 dying township completed work on their areas. The money is to be used for enterprises have been revitalized overall urban construction increasing employment and build- and 800 others have started new plans, and 80 percent of ing productive establishments to lines of production. these have so far been help villagers make enough to eat An area where average income approved by the State and wear as soon as possible. is below 150 yuan a year and grain Council and govcrnment Priority should be given to production less than 200 kg. per departments. productive programmes which person is defined as poor in China.

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 I1 " '~ ..... i; "

pioneer investors, proposed by the Group of 77, one of the most U,'N ITED' NATIONS influential multi-national organizr ations, gained a concensus. As a Rallying Around Common Interests result, the long-standing question of overlapping mining site's To ensure that the resources of the seabed are fairly claimed by the pioneer investors distributed, the Preparatory Commission of the and the potential pioneer investors International Seabed Authority and the Tribunal for the has been resolved, and the deadline for third world countries Law of the Sea on September 5 adopted a "Statement on to apply to become pioneer in- the Imph, mentation of Resolution II." vestors has been extended from. January 1985 until the Law 0f, the onflicts and, ultimately, wars ities. Obviously this document was Sea actually comes into force, C emerged on earth, because of aimed at allocating developing which is expected to be sometime the uneven social and economic countries their share of territory in 1990. development of the planet. for mining the seabed in the The natural resources of the Conflicts over the distribution of northeast Pacific Ocean. seabed are the "common heritage the natural resources, in parti- However, since the Preparatory of mankind" and may be exploited cular, became intense with the Commission began work three by all nations. However it is one dawn of the industrial age. Yet years ago, the so-called "pioneer thing to write this down in a today, on the threshold of the 21st investors," the Soviet Union, ,document, but another to put it century, can our planet .still France and Japan, and the into practice. The high level of remain divided? "potential pioneer investors," scientific and technological devel= such as the United States, Britain opment of advanced countries h.as In 1973 the first UN Conference and West Germany, have become made it almost impossible for on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entangled in disputes over the dcveloping nations to exercise began its work, with the aim of mining sites, thus seriously their rights. The situation with regulating maritime activities by hampering the establishment of a mining the seabed is quite similar defining zones and boundaries, unified registration system for to that regarding the exploitation ensuring the fair exploitation of seabed mining and keeping third of outer space. resources of the seabed, and world countries from developing Now it is high time the pro- providing machinery for the such operations. sperous North realize that it could settlement of disputes. During this session, which not do without global prosperity, Sincc then efforts have const- opened on August 12, there which in turn required global co, antly been made by many were discussions and negotiations, operation between North and countries to implement the aims of but finally a compromise, which South. • UNCLOS. In April 1982 the UN was apparently favourable for the by She Duanzhi Convention of the Law of the Sea was finally passed. It declared that the international seabed and its resources are the common heri- tage of mankind. This represented JAPAN an important advance in intern- ational law and politics. Altog- ether, 130 states voted in its Education Minister Fired favour, but unfortunately some I industrialized countries, including Japanese Prime Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone has fired the United Statcs, voted against it. Minister of Education Masayuki Fujio, who It was this UN Convention on whitewashed the war crimes of Japanese militarists four the Law of the Sea that produced Resolution II, which stipulates decades ago and refitsed to step down. that all nations and entities wishing to participate in the exploration and mining of the apanese Prime Minister Yasuh- cabinet on September 8. The latter seabed should, under a unified J iro Nakasone showed good had, since he assumed office over a system, apply to and register with sense and wisdom when he month ago, stirrd up an intern- the Preparatory Commission of eliminated Masayuki Fujio, the ational political storm by justify- the International Seabed Author- education minister, from his ing Japan's annexation of Korea

I ~ BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 in 1910 and its slaughter of ignored the plain fact that over Minister Yasuhiro Nakasone has Chinese people during World War 300,000 Chinese people were changed his position. He did not II. killed in Nanjing by Japanese visit the Yasukune War Shrine this Mr. Fujio made excuses for the soldiers in just a few days, saying, year as he had done last year. Japanese militarists on four "It's not slaughter as far as Rather, he" asked his cabinet occasions, which aroused the international law is concerned." members not to visit it in their anger of the Chinese people and According to him, Japan seemed capacity as government officials. the people of other Asian to have done nothing wrong and It is reported that Nakosone is countries, including Japan. the 'Japanese invasion of other considering moving the memorial On August 12, the minister said countries was completely tablets to war criminals out of the in a speech to the Japan Press Club legitimate. shrine. that "world history is a history of After Masayuki Fujio made his aggression and war. The erro- However, Masayuki Fujio is erroneous remarks, the prime neous view that only Japan not the first Japanese politician to minister tried to persuade him to committed aggresssion must be justify the evils of the militarists. step down voluntarily. But Fujio corrected." In 1982, the ministry of education stubbornly insisted he was right On August 15, he lamented the denied the Japanese had invaded and refused to resign until he was death of Japan's wartime Prime Asian countries, claiming in their dismissed by the Prime Minister. Minister Hideki Tojo, a war revised school textbooks that the Now that Fujio has been fired, criminal, and referred to the Japanese had merely "advanced" who knows whether there will be verdict of the Tokyo International into these countries. another, or a third, Masayuki Military Tribunal as "incorrect." Fujio? Both the Chinese and the In an interview with the To preserve good relations with Japanese people must keep a Japanese monthly Bugei Shuniu China and other Asian countries, constant look out for such published in its October issue, Mr. the Japanese government has dangerous and unfriendly in- Fujio defended further the war of taken serious and positive mea- cidents. • aggression and denied crimes had sures to improve matters. Prime by Ma Baolin been committed. Glossing over the holocaust perpetrated by Japanese troops in Nanjing, China, in 1937, he claimed that it was an "unredressed incident," saying that the mass murder in the city was intended to "break down LIS-1JSSR enemy resistance." He even went so far as to say, "War means killing people. It is not slaughter as 'Spies' and Bilateral Relations far as international law is concerned.'" The case of Nicholas Daniloff~ an American journalist Fujio also justified Japan's 1910 arrested in Soviet Union, has aroused the concern of both annexation of Korea. "If Japan Washington and Moscow as it represents a threat totheir committed aggression, I believe bilateral relations. the Korean side was partly :! i responsible," he said. He said to visit the Yasukune War Shrine is to "express merican journalist Nicholas the United States and the Soviet sympathy and solicitude for those A Daniloff was releas&l on Union came to an end, but who laid down their lives for the September 12 into the custody of Moscow said that although country. It is the same as the the US embassy in Moscow. He Daniloff had been released, the Chinese paying homage at a shrine was arrested on August 30 by the investigation into his case would to Confucius or the Zhongshan Soviet secret police on charges of continue. He will not be allowed to Mausoleum." espionage. leave the territory of the Soviet As is well-known, Japan On the same day, the United Union. brought disaster to China and States released Gennadi Zak- US President Ronald Reagan other Asian countries during its hi~rov, a Soviet UN employee has indicated that the Daniloff war of aggression and the arrested in New York in August affair could be a major obstacle to massacre in Nanjing was one of on spying charges, into the US-Soviet relations if it is not the most ferocious slaughters in custody of the Soviet embassy. resolved properly. Soviet leader human history. But Fujio simply The immediate friction between Mikhail Gorbachev replied by SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 13 saying that his country will settle monitoring of tests, while Moscow and navigation, though they have the issue in such a way as not to wants to ban nuclear tests had little real effect on improving harm bilateral relations. altogether. After the Soviet Union US-Soviet relations. announced its third unilateral Soviet leader Gorbachev rec- It is interesting that the new suspension of nuclear tests, which ently said a US-Soviet summit displeasure between Washington Gorbachev regards as the most conference was uncertain as no and Moscow has occurred at a important issue of all, the Soviet step had been taken towards arms time when they are trying to reach leader invited Reagan to follow control. The Soviets require any agreements on arms control and suit. But the United States refused US-Soviet summit to be preceded regional disputes and nuclear on the pretext that it was difficult by progress in arms control. This treaty, in preparation for the US- to monitor nuclear tests. But remark, the most pessimistic he Soviet conference of foreign another reason is the link between has made so far on the prospects of ministers scheduled for the 19th nuclear tests and laser weapons. a summit conference, leads one to and 20th of this month, and a The only progress made during conjecture a possible delay in a .second summit meeting between US-Soviet talks in June and Reagan-Gorbachev meeting. Reagan and Gorbachev. So far no August were in the fields of significant progress has been culture, science and technology by Zhang Yunwen made. Although the Soviet Union has allowed the United States to undertake laboratory research on NICARAGUA its Star Wars programme, and the Americans have agreed to put off implementing the programme for seven and a half years, no other Economic Woes to be Overcome important agreement has been arrived at. The Nicaragua Government has breathed new life into When a new Soviet proposal on the economy, which is" now expected to recover from a disarmament was put forward in ~eriod of sluggish growth. June this year, it met with a cautious welcome from the United States. But the requirement that both sides stick to existing anti- Ying in the Central America Laying emphasis on increasing ballistic accords for at least 15 L Isthmus, the Republic of productivity, the government years has prevented agreement on Nicaragua is a land of abundant permits various systems of the proposal. natural resources. It grows coffee, ownership to coexist side by side in It has been reported that the US cotton, sugar cane and bananas, rural areas and is continuing with government is preparing fresh and also has a developed fishing the land ret'orm it launched in the disarmament proposals in which industry. But Samoza's misrule late 1970s. To date it has the quota of offensive nuclear and the turmoil of recent decades distributed about 2 million weapons will be raised closer to havc left it with a poorly hectares of land to 100,000 the level proposed by the Soviet developed economy, now further peasant households. Meanwhile, Union. However, their failure to bm'dened by the conflict with the the Nicaragua government has agree on arms reduction measures United States and the economic decided to raise the purchase turns on what weapons to cut and blockade and trade embargoes of prices of grain, stlgar, eggs and in what way they are to be cut. 1984 and 1985. milk in hope of encouraging Washington demands the Soviet The Nicaragua Government farmers to increase production. Union slash its land-based has tried to breath new life into its ballistic missiles, in which the depressed economy by readjusting Given the shortage of consumer Soviets have an edge, while policies on agriculture and animal goods, the government rationed a Moscow wants to limit US nuclear husbandry, giving top priority to number of daily necessities. At the weapons in space and under water. the production of daily necessities, same time profiteers were fined or Their intentions are always to seeking trading partners and sent to prison. reduce the superiority of the other increasing exports. The country is pinched for while maintaining their own. Agriculture and animal hus- foreign currency as a result of bandry are the principal occup- drastically reduced exports and an The two countries also find it ations in Nicaragua, employing enormous trade deficit. In order to difficult to agree on the nuclear about 50 percent of the working reduce imports and improve the tests issue. The United States only population and providing about domestic market the government wants to agree about the 80 percent of export earnings. has paid great attention to

14 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 manufacturing industries which can make use of the country's raw ASEAN materials, such as the textile, food and fruit processing industries, Fostering Closer Economic Ties and instant coffee and furniture manufacturing--also hoping to The 38th ASEAN meeting was dominated by discussion reduce Uncle Sam's control of its of new economic initiatives and the adoption of new markets and technology little by little. In addition to this, measures to promote regional co-operation Nicaragua has sought more help from both the West and the East. Since 1980 its trade with West and East European countries has ~ e three-day meeting of a supplementary agreement which increased from 17.5 percent and economic ministers of the would boost preferential treat- 0.8 percent respectively of its total Association of Southeast Asian ment for goods produced by trade in 1980, to 27.9 percent and Nations (ASEAN) ended on ASEAN Industrial Joint Ventures 29.7 percent. As a member of non- August 30 with practical pro- from 50 percent to 75 percent. aligned movement, Nicaragua posals for closer ASEAN The ministers also proposed receives the support of some of its economic ties. signing an agreement on the colleagues with loans or preferent- Certain principles were agreed preferential shortlisting of ial tariff agreements. by ministers from Brunei, In- ASEAN contractors. Its objective Besides these measures, the donesia, Malaysia, the Philip- is to support and provide more government of President Daniel pines, Singapore and Thailand. opportunities for ASEAN con- Ortega has done its utmost to These include enhancing regional tractors in fields that may make political life in Nicaragua resilience by strengthening na- otherwise be dominated by non- more democratic. On June 3 the tional economies and focusing on ASEAN firms. National Constituent Assembly economic co-operation to the released 307 political prisoners. mutual benefit of all member A gradual approach towards Since 1980 a forum called "Going countries. This co-operation is to establishing intra-ASEAN free to the Masses' has been held once be established in a phased way trade or an ASEAN common a week attended by the President within a specific time-frame. market was decided upon. Some and government ministers. During ASEAN countries, especially the the meetings they listen to people's Intra-ASEAN trade accounts Philippines, have long advocated advice and proposals and many for only about 17 percent of the the idea of a European-style policies have been framed later in group's total external trade. common market as a long-term accordance with them. Economic ties among them goal to help resolve the region's It may be said that Nicaragua's remain limited to preferential growing economic problems. But economic difficulties cannot end tariffs on 18,431 items that are, for some other member nations, without first terminating the war. the most part, neither supplied nor Indonesia for example, disap- But the government and people needed in the region. prove of thc idea, considering it are steadily improving their Furthermore, as producers and inappropriate because of the country by relying on their own exporters of primary products, vast difference in economic efforts and making full use of its most ASEAN countries have to development among ASEAN natural resources. • compete fiercely with others as countries. by Liu Reichang well as with each other. Discord The ministers welcomed the and conflict between them have recent decision of the Central arisen as a result. Bank of the Philippines to permit As the first step to facilitate the the use of ASEAN national flow of goods, the economic currencies, instead of hard ministers agreed to increase the currencies like the US dollar, as tariff reduction under the ASEAN media of exchange in trading Preferential Trade Agreement Philippine products with other from 50 percent to 70 percent. An ASEAN member states. It is very ASEAN preferential tariff quota likely Singapore and Brunei will scheme, intended to supplement follow suit. The move is at least the accord, was approved at the one step towards creating a meeting. common market among ASEAN To encourage industrial co- nations. • operation, the ministers proposed by Zha[ Shuyao SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 15 Blacks Struggle On in South Africa

For two years now, the black people in South Africa have been struggling against racial segregation and racial discrimination with a vengeance. They have turned their feelings of humiliation and resentment that have been pent up for generations into a storm of enmity that has severely shaken the racist system. by Meng Qingzai

hhaet are the main features of ation into ones of support for and doned their posts and fled, and W black people's struggle participation in the mass move- five of them were killed. Since today'? ment. This was a heavy blow to the November last year the black The first is its enduring and South African regime. Other new resistance struggle has also been widespread character, far exceed- forces are various black mass extended to the rural areas and the ing the Sharpeville and Soweto organizations, such as the parents black homelands. incidents of 1960 and 1976. associations, the sports associ- The second feature of the The fuse of the present struggle ations, and the family mutual aid struggle is the rapid increase in the was the "'new constitution" groups, anti-illiteracy groups-- strength of black workers and the concocted by the South Afl'ican all established in recent years-- growth of black trade unions. In regime in September 1983~ which which usually come out together the 1970s, black unions were still only allows coloureds and Indians during a strike. For example, in immature, and were illegal until to participate in government and 1984 the black women of the 1978. Some unions were formed political affair on a limited basis, Transvaal province refused to after the wave of strikes in Durban but stubbornly denying blacks work in white houses and in 1973 and grew rapidly. But their rights under the constitution. boycotted the goods in white because of lack of experience and This has aroused the resentment of shops, taking whites by surprise. the 1976-78 economic recession, the black people. In January 1984, Meanwhile, more coloureds and the labour movement then went the United Democratic Front of Indians joined in the struggle, into a lull. Some union leaders South Africa called on coloureds creating a united force involving were arrested and the workers and Indians to boycott the various races. Moreover, the themselves threatened by unem- elections and students to boycott scope of the struggle, limited to ployment. The unions did not classes. This was the curtain-raiser black urban districts before revive until the black people won to a struggle that has gone on wave September last year, has been the right to organize in 1979. The after wave ever since, despite the extended to white city areas. On last two years have been a period fact that 15,000 black people have October 18, 1985, black people in of rapid development. There are been arrested and about 2,000 Johannesburg looted white shops now about six black and mixed killed under martial law imposed and, on October 24 organized labour federations and another 20 during the state of emergency. demonstrations in ~Cape Town, or more black unions that remain All this is unprecedented in the leading to conflict with the police. outside the federations but are history of the black people's The South African regime de- more militant. The number of struggle, into which people of all clared in July and October of last black union members was under walks of life have thrown year the state of emergency and 100,000 in 1979, but increased to themselves-- workers, students imposed martial law in 44 cities. It 400,000 in 1984 and to around 1.5 and new forces, the first of which revoked these measures on March million in 1985, about one quarter was the church (92 percent of 7 after 229 days. of black workers. Among them, blacks in South Africa are the members of the National Christians). Under the leadership Out of 34 black township Union of Miners, one of the most of Bishop Desmond Tutu and councils set up by the South militant unions, increased from Pastor Allan Boesak, they African regime in December 1983, 80,000 in 1984 to 200,000 in changed their former conservative 31 have collapsed, 200 local August 1985. The Trade Union ideas about non-involvement in officials, including 27 mayors, Congress of South Africa, set up at the struggle against racial segreg- have aban- the end of last year, is the biggest 16 BEIJ1NG REVIEW, NO. 38 Ii .... --

labour federation with 500,000 by trade unions. According to First, it has shifted its attention to members. It demands the abrog- official statistics, there were 469 inside South Africa, declaring its ation of the passlaws, the release strikes in 1984, a 39 percent willingness to establish a broad of Nelson Mandela, the annul- increase over 1983. The number of democratic front, regardless of ment of martial law, the removal strikers reached more than race, in order to unite all forces of troops from black towns and 180,000, three times the 1983 opposed to the white racist the resignation of Pieter Botha. In figure, and 380,000 workdays government, and to work for a February, the Central Executive were lost,49 percent up on 1983. In non-racial South Africa that is Council of the Trade Union 1985, the strikes continued to united, democratic, and governed Congress declared that South intensify, the number of strikers by the majority. It embraces Africa must get rid of racial increasing to almost 240,000, people from all walks of life, apartheid completely and immedi- despite the reduction in the including advocates of black ately. It is important that the trade number of strikes to 389. "homelands" and some democra- unions turn their economic The third characteristic is the tic whites. In June last year the struggle into a political one. increasing influence of the African organization held a conference at National Congress (ANC)," which it elected a new leadership, During the past two years there founded in 1912 but banned in the National Executive Com- has been a growing number of 1960. Since 1984, the organization mission, and accepted new strikes. Most of them used to be has made some important adjust- members from other races. spontaneous, but they are now led ments in its policy and strategy. Secondly, it has stressed the importance of strengthening the armed struggle. In 1985 the organization's guerrillas under- Black worker holding portrait of Nelson Mandela demands South African troops Withdraws from black townships. took more than 120 raids, three times more than in 1984. Thirdly, it does not refuse to negotiate with the South African authorities and is able to advance demands well- received by the people. Whenever black people gather, they sing ANC songs and its flag is placed on the coffin at black funerals. In the hearts of many black people Nelson Mandela has become the spiritual leader.

The fourth feature of the struggle is the growing involve- ment of the younger generation, mainly university and secondary school students or graduates. They are discontented that the severe recession in South Africa's economy has made it difficult for them to find jobs (in recent years there have been 250,000 young people coming onto the labour market annually), and that the South African government is reluctant to take measures to resolve the problem. Young people's organizations have been set up recently under the leadership of the ANC and the United Democratic Front. Among the 7,000-odd blacks detained from mid-July 1985 to February 1986, more than 2,000 were teenagers under 16.

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 17 I.,l:l|[~]I~

There are deep class and social of the labour force in the mining in the mining industry the reasons for the persistent struggle industry, 69.6 percent in the whiteman's pay can be 20 times of black South Africans. As an building industry, 53.7 percent in that of blacks, and never less than ethnic group they have been more manufacturing industry, 48 perc- 6 times greater. cruelly exploited than any other in ent in transportation and the bulk In recent years the living the world. Bantus, Bushmen, of agricultural workers in white- standards of blacks have de- Hottentots and other Africans inhabited areas. The contribution teriorated as a result of unemploy- lived in South Africa for of the blacks has never been ment and inflation. The economic generations before the Dutch properly recognized or fairly recession of 1982-84 put the invasion in the 17th century and rewarded. heaviest burden on the blacks who the British in the 19th century. The White workers get much higher suffered from price rises and the blacks were enslaved by the pay than their black brothers. The increasing unemployment. Ac- colonialists who came with former's average income was 7.8 cording to official statistics, the cannon and guns. times the iatter's in 1970, reduced number of unemployed black After the establishment of the to 4 times in 1983 since the blacks people reached 520,000, or 8.3 Union of South Africa in 1910 the began to organize themselves. But percent of the 6,130,000 self- whites took control of a government that enforced aparth- eid. In 1984 the National Party representing extreme racialist view, took office and imposed Supporters of the United Democratic Front celebrate the third anniversary of the policies of racial segregation and founding of the organization. discrimination in a systematic and all-round way. Over a period of 70 years or more the white govern- ment of South Africa has enacted over 350 pieces of legislation aimed at creating a system of apartheid in the political, economic, social, cultural and other fields. Moreover, it propa- gated the theory that the white race is superior to others. Seventy four percent of the black population are deprived not only of the franchise but also their basic rights as human beings-- where they live, what kind of job they have, how they travel, and where to, are all controlled. They are segregated from whites even in some public places. The govern- ment has the legal right in law to detain, arrest and even kill blacks anytime it wishes, in sharp contrast to the democratic at- mosphere of political and social life. in most places in the world in the 1980s. South Africa is the only developed country in Africa and ranks 25th among industrialized nations. Apart from its rich mineral resources, its wealth can be attributed chiefly to the cheap black labour. According to fig~ares released by the South Africa Central Statistics Bureau, blacks in 1983 accounted for 88 percent 18 supporting blacks. Wage increases children died of malnutrition each against South Africa though they for black people lag far behind year. may not be substantial. Meanw- increases in prices, rents and the hile the Conservative-dominated cost of commuting in the last two Although the medical services British Government has been years. In 1985, the rand declined in in South Africa have reached a widely criticized by both the value by 40 percent and the rate of high standard, the blacks are not Commonwealth and the intern- inflation rose to 16.5 percent (it given the health facilities they ational community for sitting on jumped to 20.7 percent in January need. Even outside the "home- its hands. The white-minority this year). The consumer price lands" there is one doctor for government of South Africa has index (100 in 1980) had risen to every 12,000 blacks, while there is been isolated. 165.7 in 1984 and 197.8 in one doctor for every 350 whites. White people themselves are no September 1985. In addition to Restrictions on admission to longer united on the question of this, black people are having schools and universities for blacks apartheid. Some enlightened busi- heavier taxes and fines imposed on are many. For a long time the nessmen, journalists and others them. money spent on education for are beginning to criticize the The ten "homelands" were blacks was only one tenth that for Botha regime for its stupid established by Pretoria for African whites, though it has increased a philosophy, suggesting it should ethnic group under a policy of little in recent years. Many abandon apartheid, open negoti- "separate development.'" They universities are still closed to ations with the ANC and free comprise more than 10 "'black blacks, and there are only 37,000 Nelson Mandela. Some demand reservations," on barren soil and black university students. Accord- that P.W. Botha steps down. covering 13 percent of the area of ing to UNESCO, the illiteracy rate Businessmen and leaders of South Africa. The whites, who is 54.52 percent among black opposition parties sent a deleg- make up 15 percent of the people, but 2.82 percent among ation to Lusaka, Zambia, m population, occupy 87 percent of white adults. search of a settlement through the land area, on fertile soil with talks with the ANC. A conference rich deposits. Black South Africans are was held in April this year in which The 12 millions blacks living in supported in their struggle by more than 2,000 whites partici- the "homelands" lead a terrible front-line states such as Zim- pated to press Pretoria to abolish existence below the poverty line babew, which set them a good apartheid. (the income of a family of 6 is less example in gaining its own than £1 ! 1 percent month). During independence from a white The situation become ever more the last 20 years a great number of minority government in 1980. favourable to. the black people in blacks have died of pernicious They also receive the support of South Africa. It is attracting more diseases such as cholera, hydro- the international community.The and more followers at home and phobia, myelitis and typhoid UN Security Council has adopted abroad. But the reactionary forces fever. According to official many resolutions condemning are launching ever more ruthless figures, 80,000 people died of apartheid, as have other intern- offensives against the liberation measles, gastroenteritis, malaria, ational organizations. Even the movement by political, economic leprosy, hepatitis and mulnut- United States and some of its and other means. So the struggle rition in 1981, 13,000 died of Western allies bit the bullet and still has a long way to go before cholera in 1982 and 30,000 have imposed some sanctions final victory. •

Forthcoming...

Issue No. 39 of "'Beijing Review" will be specially devoted to a discussion of the origins of the "cultural revolution" and the changes since its conclusion 10 years ago.

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 19 0

Backwater Area into the Mainstream by Our Correspondent Lu Yun

he Xiangxi Tujia and Miao well as unusual architecture. The long and over two metres wide on T Autonomous Prefecture in walls of Fenghuang County in the top, were built of stones in northwest Hunan Province used their authentic ancient style and 1798 during the Qing Dynasty, to be known as the "caecum of old the Huangsiqiao walls are both of each piece weighing 1,000 kilo- China" and "'hell on earth." A interest. The latter, 615 metres grammes, and have three gates mountainous region covered with thick forests and crawling with robbers and bandits before ighuang~odn~y wall gate tower. liberation, the area was one of the poorest, its inhabitants living well , . ~: - ~. • below subsistence level. Liberation eliminated the men- ace of robbers, and the region's total industrial and agricultural output value in 1985 was more than four times that of 1952 and 57.3 percent higher than in 1978. But it was the economic reforms which began in 1978 that have brought the greatest changes. The Xiangxi Prefecture is made up of eight counties and two cities covering an area of 21,000 square kilometres in the Wuling Moun- tains. Farmers account for 90.5 percent of its population of 2.843 million. The majority (65.8 percent) of the people are national minorities including 1.114 million Tujias, 655,000 Miaos, 92,000 Bais and 8,400 Huis, Yaos, Tongs and Zhuangs.

Rich Tourist Resources ,e ~ ',~N,~~ ~ll~

The Xiangxi Prefecture is divided by the Mengdong River into two: the south, famous for its local traditions, and the north, il noted for its scenery. Liu Gouji, secretary of the Party committee of the city of Dayont~, points to a map hanging in his office and says: "'We have rich tourists resources here." For rich tradition one need look at the Miaos alone. They have distinctive dress and customs as

20 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 REPORT FROM XIANGXI

historical interest is in the counties of Shangzhi and Yongshun. Marshal He Long's residence and headquarters are here. He was a vice-premier of China after New China was founded in 1949, and before that the area was a revolutionary base set up by the Marshal. The northern half of the prefecture has sceneries rema- rkable both for their beauty and uniqueness. Geologists estimate that the area was a bay about 380 million years ago. Movements in the earth's crust and in the soil since have shaped steep-sloped peaks and deep revines out of the area, which are now covered in forests and dense undergrowth. The place has long been a place of pilgrimage for geologists, naturalists,and lovers of natural beauty. In 1982 the central government decided to designate Zhangjiajie a forest reserve and to develop it properly into a tourist area. In 1985, 410,000 visitors came, many of them from abroad. The area is 97.7 percent secondary primitive forest. Five hundred and seventeen different kinds of woody plants have been found there, and 191 kinds of pines, cypresses, poplars and other trees. Davidia involucrata, known in Chinese as Gongtong or pigeon trees because of their pigeon- shaped flowers and leaves, grow Scenic ZhangJiaJla. there. So does the Ginkgo tree-- nearly 50 metres tall. Both species and 300 battlements. Dragon Cave, for example, is like are living fossils, survivors of the The Mengdong River scenic entering a fairy tale. The cave is devastation of the Quaternary area in Yongshun County is the over 1,000 metres long and its Glacier Period. Half of the world's focus of a great deal of beauty and many small offshoots interwine dozen or so gymnosperm are also interest. A major tourist attrac- like a cobweb, into which visitors to be found there. tion, now still in the development may float on small pleasure boats. The wildlife is profuse. Birds of stage, covers 250 square kilo- The nearby village of Wang- 41 species have been sighted, as metres. Both the water and the chun is an exquisite Tujia site. The tiave 27 species of other animals. banks offer delights. On a river cobbled streets ari~ lined with Most remarkable is the cliff- cruise the visitor can see the wooden Tujia houses on stilts. nesting small pheasant, for a bag primitive forests on both steep The county seat of Xizhou is hangs from its neck, which can banks, and might also catch a over 800 years old. It is being hold seven oi" eight days' supply of glimpse of the wildlife-- renovated and will soon be open to water. predominantly troops of monkeys tourists. In it is a symbol of peace: leaping among the bushes. a bronze column cast in AD 939 to This rich variety of life thrives Along the banks there is also a witness a truce between two amidst 3,000 or so peaks of many network of 120 karst caves. warring tribes. shapes identified by the locals for Entering one of these, the small A place of more recent their similarity to bamboo shoots, SEPTEMBER 22. [986 21 ©

pagodas or young women and the against the Ming Dynasty (1369- primarily mercury, manganese, like. Legends have grown around 1644) lie. At their head was Xiang lead, aluminium, zinc, iron, many of these peaks. Dakun, a chieftain of Tujia phosphorus, coal and marble. Jinbian Crag, or Gold-Whip nationality, and self-proclaimed Much of this potential remains Crag, is attributed to Qin Shi "son of heaven." He led 30,000 to 6e tapped. The prefecture is still Huang, the first emperor of the men against the Ming army but lagging behind, and its industrial Qin Dynasty (259-210 BC). The was eventually surrounded and and agricultural output value is emperor, it is said, came into the defeated in the mountains. still 52.3 percent (per-capita) possession of a magic gold whip. lower than the prownce as a The mountain was renamed With it he tried to move a whole, and the farmers' per-capita Tianzi, or Son of Heaven. Three mountain to fill a bay. He lashed income is about 43 percent less temples were built to the memory his whip, leaving a gash in the than the national (and provincial) of his men. One ofthe temples may carth which is now the Yangtze average. be renovated and opened to River. Displeased at this, the Part of the problem is a legacy tourists in the future. dragon king of the sea sent his of the decade-long "cultural The Xiangxi Prefecture is daughter to seduce him. On their revolution" (1966-76) when all looking forward to a time not too wedding night, after playing the places were required to follow a long in the future when it will emperor with drink, the princess uniform pattern in whatever they welcome guests who come to see fled, taking the whip with her and did, irrespective of local con- its people and scenery with style. leaving an ordinary, false one ditions. The whole country was behind. Dayong city has had plans for an instructed what to do, and the airport approved," which by 1988 Upon waking the emperor control problem lay in these should be big enough to discovered the deceit and returned instructons making no allowances accommodate Boeing 737s,'" says to his palace in disgust, leaving the for local factors. Liu Guoji~ replacement whip behind. That When the slogan "grain comes A school of tourism has already whip is today's Gold-Whip Crag. first" was pronounced, the people been set up, and hotels, advanced The Husband and Wife Crags in the mountains were forced to telecommunications and places of are twin peaks. The Husband turn more slopes over to crop recreation are in the pipeline. peak, his mouth slightly open, cultivation, felling forests and seems to be whispering into his aggravating an erosion problem wife's ear. Their love, however, Natural Resources that was already serious. Shangzhi once nearly ended in disaster. County lost 40,000 hectares of One day when the husband was forest (56.63 percent of the total) out gathering firewood the wife Before liberation the region that way. was capturcd by the armed produced about 1,600 kilo- Shangzhi County's area of henchmen of a local chieftain. The grammes of grain for every hectare vulnerable soil increased to 52 husband pursued the abductors of grainland, but it had no percent of its total area, and its and fought against them with his industry at all. Now the prefecture rivers in 1982 were carrying 24.6 bow and arrows. As they were has 1,000 factories producing over times, as much siltas they had in locked in battle a cloud came, 100 different commodities, and 1952. As a Chinese saying goes: spiriting husband and wife away, 43,000 kilometres of highways, 23 Sin against nature will be punished and deluging the bandits with rain. times the length at liberation. by nature. The prefectural govern- When the waters receded the two There is also a new railway line ment has now ordered that slopes peaks emerged, leaning towards which was built in 1978 and links with a gradient of more than 25 each other. six counties and cities with the rest degrees-- totalling 86,000 Local people believed that of the country. That people now hectares--are to be reafforested. bowing before the peaks could have enough food to eat and Half of the work has already been cure all marital ills: if a couple clothes to wear is a great advance completed. were quarrelling it would bring on the past. "We must change predatory harmony: if a couple were the natural resources in the area production into constructive pro- miserable, it would bring happi- offer great potential. The moun- duction," says Yang Zhenwu, ness: to an engaged couple it tains are three-quarters forest, and secretary of the prefecture's Party would bring a good marriage; and the grass areas can support committee. "We are in the middle if one partncr had had an affair it 640,000 head of livestock. There of a transition period. We must would restore good relations. are 23.4 billion cubic metres of also change our subsistence self- water; which, fully utilized, can sufficient economic orientation A whole collection of peaks are generate 1.18 million kw of and create a properly planned said to have risen where the bodies electricity. Underground deposits commodity economy for of a force that rose in revolt of 27 minerals have been verified, ourselves.'" 22 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 REPORT FROM XIANGXI

Yang, 45, a Tujia and member area last year and cut grain yield central government, these mea- of the CPC Central committee, by 25 million kilogrammes, the sures have contributed much to recognizes that the prefecture's average annual income rose by 28 the prefecture's growth. economy has suffered seriously yuan per person. Last year the prefecture co- from underdevelopment and bad Xiangxi's industry is small in operated with 14 provinces and communications. "We used to scale and yields commensurately municipalities on 105 projects and plunder our resources indiscrimi- small profits. The prefectural attracted 64 million yuan in aid. nately," he says, "It was a vicious government has set about improv- Since 1984 it has brought 451 circle. The more we did that, the ing its industry by taxing factories' professionals in from other parts poorer we became; the poorer we profits as little as possible to leave of the country to offer their got, the more randomly we them enough to update their expertise. The Huayuan Manga- plundered." production. Efforts are made to nese Mine has recruited eight Although efforts were made in develop its commodity economy skilled people from other parts of grain production, output did not by opening trade markets along Hunan and this includes its increase. The farmers were the borders with Hubei, Sichuan director Liu Linshen. prevented from undertaking any and Guizhou and by strengthen- Workers all the way from task other than the collective ing its economic links with the Shanghai came to offer their production. With the responsi- technologically more advanced services to the prefecture's gar- bility system now in force and regions. ment factory--a)joint venture diversification of the economy, the The central government has between Jishou city, the whole area is r'allying all its forces given preferential treatment to the prefecture's capital, and the to shake offthe remnants of"left" prefecture-- reducing agricul- Shanghai Dunhuang Shirt Mill. thinking. tural taxes, giving food-grain The factory has since succeeded in Today, the Xiangxi Prefecture subsidies to areas that are being updating its equipment and has revived its abandoned tra- reafforested, reducing profit taxes keeping up with market trends. Its dition'al specialities, the produc- on minority-run commercial out- products have sold briskly in 22 tion of raw lacquer, tung oil, lets and also giving price subsidies surrounding counties and cities, tobacco, tea, oranges and medi- and grants for them. and despite doubling its output cinal herbs. Cash crops are grown In combination with the special and enrolling 80more workers this over 70,000 hectares, about a treatment given to scientists and year, supply still falls short of quarter of which was added only technicians in remote areas by the demand. last year. The.output of its rural industry doubled in value between 1983 and 1984, and increased by another 67 percent in 1985. In the Dayong city area exclusive concentration used to be placed on crop production. In A Shanghai technician (right) instructs a local worker at the Jishou National 1980 the city government pro- Costumes Factory. claimed the slogan "bring in. wealth through more channels," and agricultural output doubled in the following two years. In the same spirit, the county of Yongshun chose to develop its lime, sand, brick and cement processing factories, as raw materials were easilyavailable, and the products marketable and lucrative. Huayuan County further ex- panded its manganese mine, channelling the profits into other development. Fenghuang County stressed its cured tobacco, cigarettes, pigs and sideline production, and quadrupled its output value in five years. Despite a drought that hit the SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 23 silk handkerchiefs, ploughs and lution" to 28.11 million yuan last. pots,, jewellery and costumes. year. The Jujias During the "cultural revolution,'" The Jishou Hardware Factory production of many of these was manufactured necklaces, bracelets The Tujia as an ethnic group is and earrings using 687.5 kilo- traceable back to the 10th century. suspended as "representing old Although Han influence is great, the culture and old customs." Over grammes of silver last year. The Tujias have kept many of their 9wn the past few years 50 new and special local wedding silver peculiarities. The Tujias are re- renovated factories have began ornaments were produced at two- cognized as a separate ethnic group production of 140 varieties of local thirds the market price, in after 1949 and they live in compact goods. The value of such deference to the local customs. communities in the Xiangxi Tujia and production has gone from 100,000 The Fenghuang County Arts Miao Autonomous Prefecture (set up yuan during the "cultural revo- and Crafts Factory produces silk in 1957) and the Western Hubei Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture (established in 1983). Their popul- Miao and TuJla nationality workers at the Fenghuang County National Arts and Crafts ation totals about 2,832,700 people. Factory. The Tujias have proved themselves brave and skilful in battle. Between 1928 and 1935, led by Marshal He Long (1896-1969), they established the Hunan-Westcrn Hubei and the Hunan-H ubei-G uizhou-Sichuan re- volutionary bases, contributing much to the Chinese revolution. The Tujia language belongs to the Han-Tibctan family of languages. The Tujias now speak and write Chinese. They have a rich tradition of arts, dancing with special hand move- ments, and literature, notably poetry and folk songs.

The Jishou Leather Factory has had a similar experience. The prefecture is known for its quality cattle-hide and .~ct the leather factory was buried in a I million yuan debt before it suspended production in 1984. So in March last year the Shanghai Yimin Leather Factory sent its deputy director and 12 economists and technicians to help. They updated the Jishou factory's equipment, trained competent personnel, instituted quality standards and selected first-class supervisors, so that with the doubling of output a steady improvement in quality has been noted. Businessmen as far as Shanghai have chosen to invest in the factory, and after handing over 200,000 yuan in tax, the factory still had 270,000 yuan in profit; a production boom is expected next. Xiangxi used to be a centre of local crafts such as printed lace, 24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 REPORT FROM XIANGXI

handkerchiefs, lace, belts and quilt She is promoting traditional covers. Its officials say that the last brocade by collecting designs in year it produced goods worth 30 the countryside. Her achievements The Miaos times as much as it did 22 years include a large tapestry- ago when the factory was set up, "Developing the Mountains," The Miao, one of the oldest ethnic and its work force has increased 7- which was exhibited in Europe in groups in China. has about 5,030,000 fold. 1957 and received particular By the time a planned attention. Her works have also members living in Guizhou,. Yunnan, expansion is completed, the won recognition by the.Ministry Hunan, Guangxi, Sichuan, Guan- gdong and Hubei. Their origins are in factory will have 300 pieces of of Light Industry which has the middle reaches of the Yangtze machines.as against its present 66. decided to collect and preserve her River about 2000 years ago, but later In the past the factory had to hand works as part of the country's they began moving southward. They over all its profits, if any, to the brocade treasure. have their own language but not in written form. Their lives and customs are as varied as their places of habitation. The Miaos are known as hard- working, outspoken, hospitable and brave people. They had several big I armed uprisings--the largest began in 1855 and lasted 18 full years. They have a traditional culture rich in fairy tales, legends, songs, dances, paintings, flower weaving and wax printing.

At the same time the state's recent measures are compelling Xiangxi to alter its economic methods. "We are having to tighten up and use scientific methods in all our undertakings-- Ye Yucui, a senior craftswoman of TuJla nationality, and her apprentices. from feasibility study, through contruction to management of our projects," says Yang. He foresees expansion of co-operation with other areas around the country. state. Now it is merely taxed on its Since the beginning of this year "There is every possibility we will basic profits, and those on above- the government has decided to forge ahead and shake off quota production can be kept by slow down the speed of industrial poverty," he says. • the factory. "We can also sell some development and limit the scope of our products ourselves," says ofcaptial construction. "In a sense the director of the factory. this is bad for us," says Yang Zhengwu. "But in another sense it Ye Yucui, 78, is a well-known benefits us because the developed artisan of Tujia nationality and a areas, limited as they are, will look member of the China National for ways of channelling their Artists' Association. At 9 years s/arplus funds and technology. We old, she began learning to weave could be that outlet." Yang is Tujia brocade, famed for its thrilled that some approaches for exquisite designs and bright business have already been made colours. She now weaves nearly to enterprises within the prefec- 100 different designs in silk. She ture. Guangzhou and Huayuan works at the arts and crafts factory County already have plans to and has 14 young women jointly build a manganese-iron apprenticed to her. alloy factory in the county. SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 25 © Miao Woman Pioneers Reform

by Our Correspondent Lu Yun

n Decembcr 1983, Wu Chilian, she has done, particularly her investigation and hold trade talks I 43, a Miao woman and an temperament and approach to with thc county authorities. Wu assistant agronomist, was elected problems, so that she may correct also proposed the expansion of head of Guzhang County in the her shortcomings and improve her production of traditional Chinese Xiangxi Prefecture. work. medicines, oranges and tan- The news caused a sensation gerines, and Chinese chestnuts. throughout the county, for it was Wu says: "'I know my short- In the past, Guzhang's forests comings. Some times I take a the first time that a minority were low-yielding and slow- nationality woman was elected a rather subjective approach to growing. Many trees died for lack county head in the province. Most things. I think, though, that it's of proper management. In 1985, people supported her. but some good for a person to have his own they began planting firs that are had unkind words for her and individual character. When I high-yielding and quick-growing. make tip my mind to do sarcastically advised the people to With proper technical guidance, something, I'll fight for it to the "prepare money now to buy 265 hectares of uncultivated land bitter end." expensive grain or you'll go were planted with these firs and hungry.'" And Wu had a lot to fight for, as the survival rate exceeded 90 In the face of this feudal sexist Guzhang was beset with pro- percent. Further efforts were mentality. Wu determined to work, blems. Though bandits and local made and today the county has hard and to gain the support of the despots were suppressed after 800 hectares of forests for masses and hcr colleagues. liberation and great changes have commercial use. At her inaugural ceremony she taken place m Guzhang, the Guzhang is rich in natural county is still poor and backward. did not flinch and told the cadres resources, too, but it lacks the of the wtrious townships: "'Gu- Located in a poor mountainous funds and technology to explo,t zhang County is a good place. The area with a population of about them. So Wu set about instituting mouiltaill aleas ;.ibol_lnd in natural 180,000, Guzhang lagged far reforms, such as opening to the rcsourccs and wc should make the behind other places economically. outside world and co-operating best use of them. I pledge to be In 1983 per-capita net income• f was with advanced cities in other parts devoted to my duty and suit my only 122 yuan. After consultations of the country to set up joint actions to the actual prevailing with the governor of the province, ventures. She invited well-known conditions and not seek any the head of the autonomous people working in other provinces private gains." The message was prefecture and the county's cadres to discuss how to develop the not lost on those present. and masses, and after studying the mountain area, hoping they would Wu was just an ordinary archives of the county, Wu made offer the necessary expertise. government employee in Feng- her proposals to help propel the Last spring, an old friend huang Cotmtv. betk)re she became county out of backwardness and working in Beijing, told Wu that head of Guzhane. She was quite lift the people out of poverty. the Beijing Timber Company and familiar with the agricultural First, Wu determined to the Beijing Furniture Factory sitt, ation in the locality and was transform the mountains. As the hoped to co-operate with the eager to learn more and do a good saying goes: "Those who live on Guzhang Fibreboard Factory to job. the mountain live off the establish a forest products com- Upon becoming head of the mountain." Guzhang's mountains pany. Wu grasped the opportun- county, she resolved to work as are a great treasure-house. ity, went to Beijing and signed a hard as any man. act like a kind According to historical records, as contract to this effect. Between mother to lhe pcople, and keep early as the Tang Dynasty (618- them the two Beijing units three diaries. The first is a diary' on 907) Guzhang tea was sent to the invested 400,000 yuan and sent her day-to-day work and she imperial court as tribute. Guzhang more than 10 engineers and makes it a point to suit her action tea was packed in bamboo baskets technicians to work with the to her word. The second is a diary and put on display in Beijing Guzhang people• recording her studies and expe- Hotel. It attracted the attention of By the end of last year the riences gained from hcr colleagues a visiting Japanese mayor and his Guzhang Forest Products Com- and the newspapers, and in the experts who later went to pany had built the main third diary she reexamines what Guzhang to make on-the-spot workshops and trained a number

26 BE1JING REVIEW, NO. 38 REPORT FROM XIANGXI

of skilled workers who produced seeds, raised money for him to they would allocate the necessary 33 kinds of furniture that same repair his house, and asked other funds for its development. year. people in the village to help Luo When she got them, the funds The two co-operating sides are with the cultivation of the land. were used where they were needed thoroughly pleased with the Wu suggests that every county most, helping households develop arrangement. Li Zhendong, a organization help a poor village production, invigorating enterpr- senior technician from Beijing,, and every leading officer help two ises and diversifying Guzhang's said: "Our apprentices from poor households. economy. Wu also used the money among the minority people are Now great changes have taken to buy seeds for the poor hard-working and are anxious to place in Guzhang. In 1984 and households and provide them with learn. I'll do my best to pass on to 1985 its industrial and agricultural urgently-needed technical service. them all my experience." output value increased 14 percent As for the. enterprises, they There were 24,000 households and 8.8 percent respectively; in replenished their equipment and in Guzhang in 1984, and for 1984 the average farmer's per- recruited competent technicians to 14,000 of them the annual per- capita income was 142 yuan, and update their production. capita income was less than 120 in 1985 it further increased to 177 In 1984 Wu learnt of a yuan. These figures were distress- yuan. kindergarten which had long been mg to Wu. She told me a story Guzhang's people began to • out of repair and was in danger of about Luo Wentao. Luo, a praise Wu, but she knew that collapse. She hurried to the place farmer, was ill, and had two Guzhang was still very poor. She and found 260 children packed in children and a wife. Wu took his reported Guzhang's difficulties to case in hand, helped him borrow the higher authorities and hoped ( Cont&ued on p. 29)

China National Machinery and Equipment Import & Export Corp.

purpose machinery; hoisting, transport and engineering machinery; food processing and packaging machinery; bearings and basic compo- nents; electrical products, including instruments and L '/ EAIT' meters; complete sets of equipment and complete projects; and various special-purpose equipment.

Import business: The China National Machinery and Equipment Import of technology, ioint ventures, co-operative Import & Export Corporation (CMEC) is one of the production~ and the import of various types of biggest foreign trade corporations in China. machinery and electrical equipment, instruments and Combining industry and trade, CMEC specializes in the meters, as well as parts and components and raw import and export of machinery and electrical materials. equipment and instruments. With its head office in CMEC also provides processing with client's Beijing, CMEC has 36 branches in various provinces, drawings, samples and materials; assembles supplied municipalities and autonomous regions, and 23 parts; produces designated trade-mark products; overseas offices and wholly or jointly owned engages in compensation and barter trade; arranges companies and trade agencies in 20 countries. CMEC joint designs and joint bids; provides technical services has established trade relations with 128 countries and and handles the export of technology and technology regions throughout the world and signed agency transfers; as well as organizing co-operative labour agreements for the distribution of its products with 322 services and the undertaking of engineering proiects foreign companies. abroad. CMEC mainly handles the following import and export business: Address: 12 Fu Xing Men Wai Street, Beijing, China Tel: 362561 Export business: Cable: EQUIMPEX Tools and machine tools; heavy-duty machinery Telex: 22186 EQUIP CN 22610 EQUIP CN 22341 for the mining and petrochemical industries; general- CMIC CN SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 27 date. On the contrary, efforts should be made to develop new Consumers Need Guidance areas of consumption to satisfy people's increasing need for various kinds of social services divert people's attention away "JINGJI RIBAO" and leisure activities. (Economic Daily) from luxury goods. Both production and consump- It must be acknowledged that e purchasing power of the tion must accord with China's China lacks experience in provid- hinese people jumped from actual conditions, and hence ing guidance on consumption. 80.4 billion yuan at the end of 1980 consumers should spend most of According to tile Marxist to 250 billion yuan in 1985. their money on non-luxury and economic theory, consumption is However, 160 billion yuan of this basic commodities. If the demand an inseparable link in reproduc- was deposited with banks. As a for colour TV:s, refrigerators, tion. Production decides con- result, large numbers of goods washing machines and tape sumption and consumption in coming off Chinese production recorders is to be met, large turn promotes production, if the lines are not being sold. Stockpiles amounts of capital will be needed problem of consumption is have increased markedly in the to update and retool industry with tackled properly, the Chinese first half of this year. modern technology. At present, market with 1 billion people and a There are many reasons for this China cannot afford to do this. purchasing power of many situation. First, China's product Therefore, it would be inappropri- hundred billion yuan will become mix does not match market ate to guide consumption towards a great force in the development of demand. Some products that sell luxury products at too early a the economy. • well fall short of demand, and those that are not welcomed by customers are manufactured in large quantities. As incomes have How Is China's Future Shaping Up? increased, people have begun to pay more attention to quality and variety and to well-known brands. "ZHONGGUO QINGNIAN BAO" pressured in front of the students But many factories continue to (China Youth News) and wished 1o have more opporttinities for professional make outdated goods of poor training and self-ilnprovement to design and quality. here are now more than 47 keep tip with the brightest children Secondly, some goods pile tip million middle school students T in their classes. not because nobody wants them in China, who will, in a dozen but because of failures of years or so, become the backbone distribution. Very often goods are of the cotintry's future. A survey in Chengdu, capital of sold in smaller towns and the Sichuan Province, revealed that an- increasing number of youths were countryside only after the market Today's students as a whole are in the larger cities has been much better informed than their quitting school altogether. saturated. predecessors-- and some of their In one middle school, according to the survey, 49 out of 974 Thirdly, Chinese people are instructors as well. students between 1984 and 1985 used to low living standards and The reason for this is that more have given little thought hitherto than 70 percent of urban middle had dropped out: and in a rural to leisure pursuits. There has been school students have television school, the figure was even higher, insufficient development of ser- sets at llome, and oil avera,,e each with 40 percent of all students vice trades, cultural facilities and subscribes to at least one stopping attending school. tourism, etc., making it difficult newspaper or magazine. Each day, Some of the dropouts said they for them to spend their rising they have an average of two hours were asked by their money- incomes. for out-of-class reading, during minded parents to help out with Finally, as people get to know which they learn about the latest the family businesses, and others more about consumption in the developments in science, tech- simply wanted Io wander the developed countries, they are nology, culture and politics. streets. Some even became saving tip to buy colour TV's, tape ] pickpockets or criminals of recorders, twin-tub washing ma- For example, one stndent was another sort and ended tip in jail. chines and double-door re-I disappointed that his teacher was Teachers were also held res- frigerators. In terms of consump-.] unable to explain to him the ponsible in part for the rising tion, this is an abnormal situation rnystery of a UFO. number of dropouts. They did not which calls for proper guidance to Many teachers, when inter- viewed, said that they felt try to help the dropouts through 28 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 patient guidance, nor did they committed crimes that were in one thought of manual labour was consult the parents involved. In way or another related to cigarette loathsome. the end, those students were smoking. The root of the problem could totally ignored by society. But smoking is only one of the be traced to parents in the first Social influence was another problems faced by middle school place. With living standards factor in the dropout tendency. In students. There are many others. rising, many parents are willing to a few cities, some dropouts Here are some examples un- do anything for their spoiled became private traders who covered in the survey. children so long as the youngsters attempted to show off their new- One youngster was found to be were successful in their academic found affluence by dressing up in spending his time reading English studies. the latest fashions and riding texts aloud on Sunday mornings One parent even questioned his imported motor cycles into school while his father, who worked far son's teacherqike this: "My son campuses. Such behaviour, to- away in another town, came to do comes here to study and from here gether with the spread of his son's laundry. The excuse is the he'll go on to college. How can you pornographic books, magazines son was preparing for college be so uncaring as to waste his time and video shows, has had an entrance exams and therefore had and force him to do all the unhealthy effect on the develop- no time for ordinary chores. cleaning when we expect him to do ment of the youngsters. In another instance, several nothing at home?" Some teachers were even There is no reason to remain students in a dormitory of a blamed for their students' mis- silent and do nothing about the boarding school were arguing behaviour at home. It never situation. Otherwise, the nation about who should do the weekly crossed the minds of the parents would have to pay a higher price cleaning. In the end, they decided that they.were mainly responsible for the growing population of to leave it until their parents came for whatever their children had young illiterates and semi- to help. become and should be reminded literates. As a result, many lost the of their principal obligation--to As several of the young students motive to study and work provide their children with a interviewed noted, smoking diligently, or to look after proper upbringing. • cigarettes is all a young man has to themselves. To some, the very do if he wants to be macho. In fact, 90 percent of middle school students who start smoking say they take up the habit just to be smart or trendy. ( Continued Jrom p.27) cannot guard against her own Whatever the reason, the nature, and when she determined number of young smokers has to do something about been on the rise in recent years. In Report from Xiangxi Duanlong's water shortages, some middle schools in Chengdu, a dilapidated room of 230 square something got done. as many as 85 percent of the boys metres. She managed to get smoke. 150,000 yuan for the kindergarten Duanglong is a region where the Such posturing with cigaret- from the department concerned. q'ujias live in compact commun- tes as a prop---is both wasteful With the money the kindergarten ities. Water shortage has long been and damaging to youngsters" built, a 1,400-square-metre build- a problem for the more than health. ing, a small swimming pool and a 10,000 farmers there. Wu raised Two young delinquents in a garden and bought some new toys 440,000 yuan to build an irrigation Chengdu reform school said they and additional teaching equip- project and had 6,890 metres of started smoking when they were ment for the children. seamless steel pipes laid. Last May around 11 in the sixth grade. At Wu Chilian has co-operated water began to flow into the first, they stole cigarettes from well with her colleagues. Jia Duaniong people's homes and home, and as they became Changyue, secretary of the county fields. greedier, they began to steal Party committee, is of Tujia money and other items from stores nationality and Yin Youmin, Yet Wu is restless. "I am head of or street stalls. deputy county head, is a Ham the county," she said, '~but I can- An official of the Sichuan" They have given Wu warm not get enough money to build up Provincial Education Bureau said support and often advised her Guzhang. That is my problem. that a fairly large number of against overanxiety for quick But whenever I think I am doing juvenile delinquents in the results. sonqething for Guzhang's people, I province's reform schools had But for all their good advice she feel happy." [] SEPTEMBER 22. 1986 29 107-Year-Old Philharmonic Society

he August heat of summer saw modern techniques. In the first T the orchestra of the Shanghai movement, many unconnected Philharmonic Society in the themes are unharmoniously coastal metropolis pausing for a placed together to represent the month's breathe after five months people's sufferings and mental of continuous performances. In turmoil during these chaotic years. September it begins another five The second movement is based on months season. the melody of a militant song of the Red Guards, rather popular The society gives two perfor- during the early stages of the mances and rehearses one new "cultural revolution," the distor- programme to add to its repertoire ted treatment of the melody every two weeks. As a result the satirizing the distorted social life orchestra has a large repertoire of of the time, and thus producing a REN LONG classical pieces which it can strong response from the au- perform at any time. The society dience. The third movement seems Chen Xieyang, leader of the Shanghai Philharmonic Society. also actively promotes pieces to reflect people's wordless composed by Chinese musicians indignation and anxiety about 1907, tile band had developed into and other contemporary works. being placed under high pressure. an instrumental orchestra. After Unlike the customary victorious the founding of the People's A series of 10 concerts in Beijing ending, the last movement has a Republic in 1949, it became the two months ago gave music lovers slow and weak tone to symbolize Chinese people's own orchestra in the capital much pleasure. the people's desire to draw lessons and has grown gradually into one Under the baton of 47-year old from a really painful and of the country's leading sym- Chen Xieyang. the first concert suffocating experience. phonic orchestras. caught the attdience's attention At present, giving concerts is from the begiiming with its In contrast to the energetic only part of the Shanghai vigorous and flexible playing. Chen Xieyang, another younger Philharmonic Society's job. Its Beijing's music lovers are familiar conductor, Hou Runyu, expresses musicians have held a number of with Brahms" Academic Fe.:'tival his enthusiasm in a more subtle radio forums, trying to nurture Overture and Tchaikovsky's Vi- style. Hou has studied in the more music lovers in schools, olin Concerto No. 5, but they Federal Republic of Germany and universities, factories, army units seldom hear them performed by Austria. He was the first to and in rural areas. Chinese players, the latter by conduct Bruckner's Romantic Chen Xicyang and several other teenager Wang Xiaodong who has Symphony No. 4--one of the best musicians with a spirit of twice won first prize in Yehudi known of the composer's nine enterprise were appointed leaders Menuhin international symphonies--in China. He mas- of the society in December 1984. competitions. tered the work in Austria, the In his inaugural speech Chen The second half of the concert composer's native country. talked of building the society into was devoted to Zhu Jianer's Another concert was devoted to one of the best in the country, then Sj;mpholLl~ No. 1, one of Zhu's new well known classical pieces and in Asia and the world. "We must pieces centring on the "cultural arias from the operas. All the have an orchestra we can be proud revolution." Using traditional soloists, vocal or instrumental, are of," he said. "'The orchestra, the symphonic technique, the com- promising new stars who have oldest in this country, has its good poser tries to portray the whole won prizes in international points. We have a number of process that the Chinese people competitions. accomplished players, but the underwent during the "cultural society needs fi-csh blood. It needs revolution" from blindly follow- The success of these Shanghai more contact with foreign coun- ing to doubt and discontentment, artists is no accident. In 1879, the tries. So much work has to be to finally standing up to resist it, German Professor Rudolf Buck, done. The journey will be a long through the four movements together with six other European and tortuous one, but we are ready entitled "?", "? !", "...... " and 'T'. musicians, formed the Shanghai to face the difficulties and the The composer "has also used Municipal Public Band, and in setbacks.'" • 30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 Value of Point Magnetic Therapy

he 2,000-year-old theory of the acupunctur e points. A Classic o! magnetic line of force. Develop- T body's channels and collaterals Acupuncture and Moxibustion ment of modern science has is one of the great treasures of gives a relatively comprehensive provided evidence that the human China's medical history. The review of the techniques involved. body itself is a minor magnetic channels and collaterals are Acupuncture and moxibustion field, as is each organ. When usually described as a crisscross became popular in the Tang disorders occur in an organ, an network in which qi, or vital Dynasty (618-907), Li said, and applied magnetic field can remove energy, and blood, circulate later, the research of the theory of the disorders, curing the patient. through the body. In the 1960s, channels and collaterals devel- Today, point magnetic therapy scientists fused the age-old oped quickly. has been used to treat various magnetic therapy with channels On the basis of his study of conditions seen in general medi- and collaterals and created a new ancient history of channels and cine, dermatology, gynecology, technique known as point magne- collaterals, and his clinical expe- pediatrics and others. Success has tic therapy. rience, Li came to understand that been won in many cases, Dr. Li Dingzhong is a specialist stimulation along channels does particularly in the more com- in point magnetic therapy and exist, and it is consistent. His plicated. Point magnetic therapy is associate professor in the Depart- theories on channels and col- said to activate the functioning of ment of Channel and Collateral laterals are collected in his first the channels and collaterals, Studies of the No. 6 Hospital in book Jinluo Phenomena I, which improve circulation and promote Beijing. Li, born into a family of was published by the Toyko growth of tissues. Such conditions six generations of traditional Yukonsha Publishing Co. Ltd. in as the following are particularly medicine practitioners, specialized 1984. The second volume is susceptible to point magnetic in dermatology at the Beijing expected to be published in Japan therapy: bone fractures, cervical Medical University. One year soon. problems, retention of urine, after his graduation, Li made The channels and collatcral~ hyperthyroidism, diarrhea, itch- some'noticeable achievements in constitute a network of holo- ing and dysmenorrhea. treating skin diseases with acu- graphic conduction and self- Statistics from a magnetic puncture and was transferred to adjustment, Li said. A point is therapy group made up of doctors work in the Institute of Derma- connected with several channels of seven hospitals in Sanming city, tology and Veneral Disease under and in turn several channels are Fujian Province, indicate that the Chinese Academy of Medical connected with a point. Thus, magnetic therapy is effecti.ve in Sciences. In, 1954 he began interior and exterior communi- treating 50 diseases, and that 80 studying the theory of channels cation between points is available, percent of 5,000 patients treated in and collaterals. he said. Furthermore, information 14 months were cured. The earliest records of the conduction in the channels may be In the past few years, to meet. theory of channels and collaterals, controlled and adjusted by oneself the needs of magnetic therapy, Li said, were found in the medical or by others. several dozen factories through- text, Nei Jing, (manual of Internal In his study of the regulation of out the country have begun Medicine) written in the third or the channels and collaterals Li producing equipment needed for second century Be. By the later chose the point magnetic therapy magnetic therapy. These items half of the Han Dynasty (206 BC- as his prime approach. Points are include magnetic chairs; beds, 220 AD), Shang Han Lun (Treatise closely related to channels and underwears and waist belts. • on Febrile Diseases) further collaterals, and there are various by Zong Zuyun develops the theory, dealing with ways to stimulate points, increas- analysis and differentiation of ing their activities with needling, CORRECTION: In "'Making a Dent in the pathological conditions in ac- light, heat, electricity, magnetics 'Iron Rice Bowl," issue No. 37, p. 16, the cordance with th'e eight principal and so forth. The stimulation from title of He Guang should be\ ice-Minister syndromes (vin and yang, exterior outside regulates the system of the of Labour and Personnel. and interior, cold and heat, channels and collaterals, which hypofunction and hyperfunction), consequently helps cure disease which still remain in use today. and relieve pain. In the Jin Dynasty (265-420), Li Point magnetic therapy, how- said, the theory of channels and ever, treats patients through collaterals was incorporated with stimulation of points by the

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 31 Old Hands Hold Out While New Stars Radiate

he Seventh World Cup Gy- Li on the vaulting horse and vaulting horse; Artemov took the T mnastics Tournament, held in horizontal bars. Whether these bronze with only 0.30 points Beijing from August 30 to two can maintain their gold streak behind Korolev and Li Ning. September 1, saw two seasoned in the 24th World Championship Mogilnyi took two golds in the hands outshine the others. China's in 1987 and the 24th Olympic rings and the parallel bars. Here, wonder boy Li Ning, all-round Games in 1988 depends largely on Korolev and Li will face stiff champion in the Sixth World Cup their determination and the competition in days to come. Gymnastics four years ago, and quality of their training, and Yuri Korolev, Soviet all-round maybe on the advancing speed of In the women's events, how- champion at the 21th and 23th rivals. ever, the new stars outperformed World Gymnastics Champion- This Cup Tournament has most of the former ones. Among ships, shared the top honours of shown that few other young men them, Elena Chouchounova and Oksana Omeliantchik of the Soviet Union and Daniela Silivas of Romania shone, while former world champion Ecaterina Szabo had to bow out. New stars come up faster than the men, usually every four or five years. Soviet gymnastics are charac-, terised by an excellent combin- ation of difficulty and beauty, and this was especially true in this tournament. In the floor exercises, two of Chouchounova's routines have formerly been seen only in men's gymnastics, and her grace- ful body formations on the balance beam belonged to the art of sculpture. Though the new Romanian star Camelia Voinea won only the silver in floor routine, her big somersault mixed Li Ning and Korolev share the all-round title. with pop dance was very impressive. And Silivas took full the all-round title here too. No gymnasts are on a par with Li and advantage' of her small stature to new men's stars can yet outstrip Korolev. But among promising demonstrate a nimble and lively these old ones. ones are Xu Zhiqiang of China, style. All these young gymnasts Korolev and Li Ning maintain Sylvio Kroll of the GDR, and added creative or difficult moves their grip firstly because they have Valentin Mogilnyi and Vladimir to their choreography and thus solid basic skills and can put on a Artemov of the Soviet Union. overtook their old rivals. precise, complex high-quality According to some experts, The four elements of difficulty, performance: secondly because though placed sixth in the all- creativity, steadiness and grace are they can still come up with new round event. Xu Zhiqiang would all essential for a gold winner, who tricks. Li's 720-degree turn is still have been a strong contender for should give special attention to the best in the world, and his the all-round title if he had not one of the four while maintaining somersault easily the highest; crashed on the horizontal bar. Xu an overall grasp of the four. thirdly because they have perfor- was impressive with his graceful Chouchounova got the gold for med steadily and with ease in all movements and all-round skill. the difficulty of her performance, six previous tournaments, except , Kroll won lk~rth place in the all- Li Ning for his creativity, Korolev Korolev on the pommel horse and round event and the crown for the for his steadiness and Omeliant-

32 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 38 ...... II II I[IIIIIIIIIIUI

chik for her grace• Sometimes one 1. Li Ning, Yuri Korolev (Soviet outstanding element can make up Union) 3. Vladimir Artemov for the other three. Korolev was (Soviet Union). weak on the vaulting horse, but he Final results of the women's won the gold because he landed over-all apparatus events: 1. Elena steadily. Of the four elements, Chouchounova (Soviet Union) 2. steadiness was the most important Daniela Silivas (Romania) 3. in this tournament. Oksana Omeliantchik (Soviet Union). China's gymnastics team got Final results of the men's four golds this time, three won by individual apparatus events: Floor Li Ning, one by Xu Zhiqiang, the exercises 1. Li Ning (China) 2. first in his career. Among women Yuri Korolev (Soviet Union) 3. gymnasts, Huang Qun progressed Sylvio Kroll (GDR). Rings 1. to seventh in the over-all event Valentin Mogilnyi (Soviet Union), from last year's 15th, Yang Yanli Korolev 3. Li. Vault 1. Kroll, rose to 12th from last year's 16th. Korolev 3. Xu Zhiqiang (China) However, the problem facing Parallel bars 1. Xu, Mogilnyi 3. the Chinese team is who will Korolev. Horizontal bar 1. succeed Li Ning when he retires. If Korolev 2. Kroll 3. Boris Petri this problem is not solved, China's (Italy)• Pommel horse 1. Li 2. gymnastics may decline into Mogilnyi 3. Xu. obscurity for some time. The Final results of the women's individual events: Floor exercises women's team still lags behind the Li Nlng on the horizontal bar. Soviet and Romanian teams 1. Elena Chouchounova (Soviet Union) 2. Camelia Voinea though they were placed third at Chouchounova on the uneven bars. the Moscow Goodwill Games in (Romania) 3. Oksana Omeliant- July. chik (Soviet Union). Vault 1. Chouchoun0va 2. Omeliantchik 3. Ecaterina Szabo (Romania). Un- Final Results even bars 1. Chouchounova 2. Omeliantchik 3. Silivas. Beam 1. Final results of the men's over- Omeliantchik 2. Silivas 3. all apparatus events: Chouchounova.

Huang Qun cruises on the floor. XU XIANGJUN

......

!

~,.~ :

SEPTEMBER 22, 1986 33 A Life Dedicated to a Dictionary

he Dictionary of Etymology is Dictionary of Etymology into a wanted to compile some supple- considered the most important special reference book for reading mentary books to the dictionary. reference book for ancient ancient Chinese. Unfortunately, he fell ill in the Chinese and is the most compre- The work began in 1958, and winter of 1985 and his work had to hensive work of its kind since Wu Zeyan was appointed head of remain unfinished. 1949. The book is a lasting tribute the revising group. "The work was Though recovered from his to the skills of veteran editor-in- actually not revising but recompil- illness, he cannot work as hard as chief Wu Zeyan, who has devoted ing, because half of the items had before. Walking with a cane, he nearly all his life to the dictionary. to be left out and many new items still goes to the press three times a Wu, 74, is the oldest editor in about ancient Chinese had to be week to give directions to his the Commercial Press, where he added to the dictionary," Wu said. colleagues, who were completing started work 52 years ago--quite The most important and his unfinished work. by chance. When he was looking laborious task Wu faced was to "I cannot rest without worry. for a job after graduating from read all the major pre- 1840 classic Now many who have the ability to Daxia University in Shanghai in Chinese writings to check the compile dictionaries do not like to 1934, he took an entrance definitions of words and phrases. do the work because it is hard for examination for the Chinese Since Wu knew about interpret- compilers to give definitions, and Professional Education Office ing ancient texts, phonology and it is easy for the readers to find because it had been established by lexicoiogy, he did most of the fault with dictionaries. I hope a famous educationalist he work. "As an editor working on there will be more able editors and admired. He did not know that the dictionary, one has to have a spirit compilers who would like to give office was recruiting for the of sacrifice and must be deter- their life to the work," Wu said. Commercial Press until he was mined to give one's life to one's accepted. work," Wu said. by Zhu Yuan He was taken on as an editor Wu practised as he preached. In after six months 'ion probation," nearly 30 years, he copied extracts and apart from five years' absence from books on to 400,000 cards. during the anti=Japanese war, he The new edition in four volumes has never left the press. Many contains 12,890 words and 84,134 years of work there prepared him phrases, 97,024 entries in all. for the later task of revising and Including explanations, there are editing the Dictionary of more than 12 million words. It was !i i!iii ! Etymology. a meticulously researched project. The dictionary was first pub- With the interruption of the lished by the press in 1915 in "cultural revolution," the editors response to a demand among had to stop their work for nearly intellectuals for a new dictionary 10 years and Wu went to a cadres' to help them read Chinese school. translations of foreign books, To make up for the lost time, which brought many new words Wu forgot about holidays and into the Chinese vocabulary. days off, getting up at six in the However, 40 years later, morning to start work. dictionaries specializing in many "The dictionary is Wu's life and subjects had been published, and he was engrossed in the work," the original book became out- one of his colleagues, Liu Yeqiu, dated and in need of revising. said, "Without his efforts, it By this time the press had also would have been impossible to get published a Comprehensive the four volumes published by Chinese Encyclopaedic Dictionary 1983." and a Contemporary Chinese The dictionary was finally Dictionary, so the Publishing completed by the end of that year, Bureau decided to change the but Wu did not stop working: he 34 BEIJ[NG REVIEW, NO. 38 ART PA(~E

Liu Xiaoyi's Art Liu Xiooyi, born in 1944 in Shandong Province, is art editor of the China Youth magazine. Inspired by straw weaving techniques, Liu has, in his spare time, used paper and metal foil to create 10 striking reproductions of wild insects. Strong Eagle Gym Shoes

Light and durable

a~...

Soft uppers

Many designs

CHINA NATIONAL LIGHT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS IMPORT & EXPORT CORP., HUBEI BRANCH Address: 99 Shengli Street, Wuhan, China Cable: INDUSTRY WUHAN Telex: 40119 HBLIC CN