Constructing Wilderness: a Series of Speculative Parks Page 5

CONSTRUCTING WILDERNESS: A SERIES OF SPECULATIVE PARKS PAGE 5

SPECULATE

The tourist is one of the last increasing sectors of human occupation in the coun- tryside. There are few places of respite from the efficiencies and automatization of both the city and the rural. “Wilderness” offers the last pockets of refuge from the fast pace dependencies of the metropolis. Park reserves have therefore become culturally-linked nostalgia—land as a mechanism of escapism. But the idea of a “reserve” is fundamentally a forward thinking process. With the discovery of the Americas signalling the end of global exploration, the landscape of the western United States was the last frontier to be cultivated. For early settlers, the moment they realized something was limited was the moment they began to manage. Tak- ing the U.S. National Park System as a case study on natural park management, the debate of wilderness unfolds over this precedented model.

The doctrine of the National Park Service (NPS)is inherently filled with contradictory goals: ideas of use and recreation versus selective preservation. Parks are still being created today as canonized commodities, but the criteria remains subjective for why one space is chosen over another. The Department of Interior handles the selection process, along with the leases for mining, extraction, and grazing. The separate landscapes are defined in legislation through the careful wording and construction of what nature’s relationship is to man. But the definition of “wilderness” is changing, and different agendas continue to make their own interpretation of what it means. These reinterpretations are what will determine the fate of the parks.

Are the parks exempt from the increased efficiency and hyper managment because their subject matter seems like it’s moving at a romantic/nostalgic speed? If visitor exhaustion and a crumbling infrastructure continue, the parks will get to a point where they cannot meet the demands of society’s expectations. STEPHANIE CONALN Management must diversify to have proper investors for different purposes. The GSD / AMO SPRING 2016 following five speculative parks have distinct agendas. They attempt to clarify and understand the br PAGE 7

MUSEUM PARK

“As a primary goal, we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained, or where necessary recreated, as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man. A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America.”

- A. Starker Leopold,” The Leopold Report” 1968

Scenery has the potential to establish a symbolic identity[1] for burgeoning socie- ties[2]. Allowing citizens access to high elevations[3] with views of the horizon[4] instills an unmatched mystic[5] empathy towards the land[6]. When wilderness is historically and archivally maintained,[7] it inspires while educating on the natural[8] pastime of a place. Thus, visitation produces both cultural[9] and corporate capital[10], supporting infrastructures[11] for future generations’ pleasure grounds.[12] The coming age of hyper-tourism[13] will produce an efficient and high capacity setting for future park tourists. The careful curation of vistas will allow guests to romanticize wilderness without risk of destroying or impeding on the picturesque land.[14] Beginning with monitored entries, a picturesque route will build a panoramic climax, sprinkled with vignettes along the way.[15] In order for land-staring[16] to compete with urban settings in the demanding tourist market,[17] enhancements should be made to ensure user relatability. By altering pristine views with virtual intensifications, visitors can connect to highly saturated and animated landscapes. NOTES

[1] All of the Department of Interior agencies (the Bureau of Land Man- [9] As a nation, the parks have had a high standing collectively. In 2013 a na- agement, Fish & Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service) have scenic tional poll, 68% of people polled were satisfied with how the government was moments in their official state seals, despite the wide range of managerial topics. handling the park system. (Gallop Poll, June 20-24, http://www.gallup.com/ (Handbook, 75.) poll/163487) [2] 19/23 United States UNESCO World Heritage Sites are managed by the [10] A 2014 National Resource Report found that for every dollar invested in the National Park Service as parks or monuments. However, UNESCO was estab- national park system, there was an average of 10 dollars generated in the com- lished in 1945 and the first US site to be acknowledged was in 1979. munity. (NPS.“National Park visitor spending affects: Economic contributions to (whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/us/2016). local communities, states, and the nation” 2014.) [3] “So if there is any central and commanding hill-top, it should be reserved for [11]While concession fees and local economies support building and repairs the public use…That area should be left unappropriated for modesty and refer- within the park, many are still facing setbacks due a hesitation of congressional ence’s sake – if only to suggest that the traveller who climbs thither in a degree funding. Currently, the National Park’s infrastructure is facing setbacks from rises above himself, as well as his native valley, and leaves some of his groveling deferred maintenance cases that continually build out of the budget. Despite the habits behind.” (Thoreau. “Huckleberries.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. monetary limitations, parks are still being added to the national registry. (NPS. 43.) “NPS Asset Inventory Summary” Sept 30, 2015) [4] “But none of them owns the landscape. There is property in the horizon [12] “...the wildest health and pleasure grounds accessible and available to which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts.”(Emerson. “Na- tourists seeking escape from care and suta and early death are the parks and ture.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 29.) reservations of the West.” (Muir. John. “Our National Parks.” 1901. The Great [5] Scholars debate on the “mythopoetic argument” to reason for the protection New Wilderness Debate. 54.) of pristine views of wilderness. “Those places they view as wilderness serve as [13] Of the 292,800,082 visitors of 2014, the average tourist rate of 5,978,804 is the optimum location for the viewing of the history of myth and are absolutely competitive with other metropolis culture institutions. The Vatican Museum just crucial for the building of the myth of the future.” (Nelson, Michael. Wilderness beat the average National Park, while the Tate Modern in London fell shortly Preservation Arguments. 1998. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 182.) behind. However, when looking at specific parks, The Great Smoky Mountains [6] The land in this case is that of the Euro-Americans. Wallace Stegner calls had 15,054,603 visitors in 2015 because of their free entry fee. This dramatically the wilderness idea “something that has helped shape our character and that has beats the Lourve’s at 9,260,000 annual visits (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ certainly shaped our history as a people.” In the wilderness debate, it is inter- most_visited_art_museums_in_the_world) (rma.nps.gov/Stats.) esting to ponder the exclusionary tendencies of ownership of the land. (Nelson, [14]Activities prohibited in Yellowstone National Park (as a representative guide- Michael. “Wilderness Preservation Arguments..” The Great New Wilderness line: “Willfully remaining near or approaching wildlife,” “Traveling off board- Debate. 177.) walks or designated trails,“ “Removing or possessing natural or cultural resources [7] The Leopold Report by A. Starker in 1963 states “As a primary goal, we (such as wildflowers, antlers, rocks, and arrowheads),” “Traveling off-road by would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained, vehicle or bicycle.” “Camping outside of designated areas.” (https://www.nps. or where necessary recreated, as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed gov/yell/planyourvisit/rules.htm) when the area was first visited by the white man. A national park should repre- [15] “These grand reservations should draw thousands of admiring visitors at sent a vignette of primitive America.”(Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 36) least in summer...Most travelers here are content with what they can see from [8] National Park Service “still aims at protect parks’ “natural condition,” which car windows or the verandas of hotels, and in going from place to place cling to it defined in 2006 as “the condition of resources that would occur in the absence their precious trains and stages like wrecked sailors to rafts.” (Muir. John. “Our of human dominance over the landscape. (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 37) National Parks.” 1901. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 57.) NOTES

[16]Land-staring is when the primary source of interaction with the land is just through looking at it, similar to that of a piece of art. Unlike art, which can be recreated, wilderness-dependent species cannot. “These places are both necessary and sufficient conditions for a true sense of beauty.” Think Yosemite Valley view. (Nelson, “The Preservation of Wilderness.” p167.) [17]The US National Parks had a total of 292.8 million visitors in 2014. (https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/) The average over 58 national parks is 5.04 million annual visitors. (NPS) Annual visitors to the Lourve were 9260000 in 2014 ] (http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr) compared with 56.5 million visitors (international and domestic) to New York City in 2014 (http://www.nycgo.com/articles/ nyc-statistics-page) 1All of the Department of Interior agencies (the Bureau of Land Management, Fish & Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service) have scenic moments in their official state seals, despite the wide range of managerial topics. (Handbook, 75.) 219/23 United States UNESCO World Heritage Sites are managed by the Na- tional Park Service as parks or monuments. However, UNESCO was established in 1945 and the first US site to be acknowledged was in 1979. (whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/us/2016). 3 “So if there is any central and commanding hill-top, it should be reserved for the public use…That area should be left unappropriated for modesty and reference’s sake – if only to suggest that the traveller who climbs thither in a degree rises above himself, as well as his native valley, and leaves some of his groveling habits behind.” (Thoreau. “Huckleberries.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 43.) 4 “But none of them owns the landscape. There is property in the horizon which no man has but he whose eye can integrate all the parts.”(Emerson. “Nature.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 29.) 5 Scholars debate on the “mythopoetic argument” to reason for the protection of pristine views of wilderness. “Those places they view as wilderness serve as the optimum location for the viewing of the history of myth and are absolutely crucial for the building of the myth of the future.” (Nelson, Michael. Wilderness Preservation Arguments. 1998. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 182.) 6 The land in this case is that of the Euro-Americans. Wallace Stegner calls the wilderness idea “something that has helped shape our character and that has certainly shaped our history as a people.” In the wilderness debate, it is interesting to ponder the exclusionary tendencies of ownership of the land. (Nelson, Michael. “Wilderness Preservation Arguments..” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 177.) 7 The Leopold Report by A. Starker in 1963 states “As a primary goal, we would recommend that the biotic associations within each park be maintained, or where necessary recreated, as nearly as possible in the condition that prevailed when the area was first visited by the white man. A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America.”(Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 36) 8 National Park Service “still aims at protect parks’ “natural condition,” which it defined in 2006 as “the condition of resources that would occur in the absence of human dominance over the landscape. (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 37) 9 As a nation, the parks have had a high standing collectively. In 2013 a national poll, 68% of people polled were satisfied with how the government was handling the park system. (Gallop Poll, June 20-24, http://www.gallup.com/poll/163487) PAGE 15

PERSONAL PARK

“Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home; that wildness is a necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life.” -John Muir “Our National Parks” 1901

The spiritual resourcefulness[1] of nature is not a commodity that can be bought by individuals.[2] Nor should it be dictated by public policy.[3] Rather, the di- vine remains fundamentally unowned for every human, balancing society[4]. Yet logistically, wilderness has been heretofore partitioned off into islands of federal, state, corporate, and individual property.[5] The restricted access[6] limits where mankind can wander and find himself alone[7]. As this solitude grows increasingly rare with the rise in tourism and congestion,[8] justifications for pushing human recreation out of reserves becomes more sound[9]. When entry prices to wilderness increase,[10] a historically collective space is de-democratized and rendered a capitalist, private enterprise[11] under the guise of federal ownership.[12] There is also interspecies conflict of use, when park rangers cordon off large amounts of trails, to limit access through fragile breeding grounds. The human here is of least priority, losing all agency to any burgeoning cause and with it, the benefits[13] that come from wilderness.

Often it seems the solitude of nature has been pushed into the two-dimension- al realm[14] -- silent snapshots and videos tease conditions that are beginning to reside only as a state of mind[15]. The desire for personal exploration[16] has therefore progressed from the historically open wander to virtually coordi- nated paths. Measures will be taken to route numbers of people on their own journeys, amplifying the amount of courses and experiences possible in the wilderness. By partitioning a maze of individual paths through using digital camouflage and landscaping, the intimate relationship between nature and man is restored through private enterprise. NOTES PAGE 17

[1] “Wilderness helps us to put our “civilized” lives in perspective...reacquaints [8] The US National Parks had a total of 292.8 million visitors in 2014. (irma. us with pain, fear, and solitude; provides us with a necessary sense of challenge; nps.gov/Stats/) The average visitors for all 58 national parks is 5.04 million and helps us discover what is really important and essential to our existence.” annual visitors. “Visitation to America’s National Parks has almost quadrupled (Nelson, Mike. “Wilderness Preservation Arguments.” 1998. The Great New during the last half century, creating a traffic and visitor congestion crisis in Wilderness Debate. p165) many places.” (https://www.asla.org) [2] “I wish to speak a word for Nature, for absolute freedom and wildness, [9] “But possibly the day will come when it will be partitioned off into so called as contrasted with a freedom and culture merely civil, -- to regard man as an pleasure-grounds, in which a few will take a narrow and exclusive pleasure only, inhabitant, or a part and parcel of Nature, rather than a member of society.” -- when fences shall be multiplied , and man-traps and other engines invented (Thoreau. “Walking.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 31.) to confine men to the public road, and walking over the surface of God’s earth [3] The Antiquities Act of June 1906 was signed into law by Theodore Roosevelt shall be construed to mean trespassing on some gentleman’s grounds.” (Thoreau. “to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric “Walking.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 33.) structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated [10] In April 2015, “the federal government is increasing the price of admission upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government…” Basically this gives at some of its public lands and raising the fees charged for camping, boating, the president executive order to preserve land into a historic monument, and cave tours and other activities” (Freking, Kevin. “U.S. raises entrance fees for thus setting it on the path towards being a national park, without getting con- some national parks.” April 2015. pbs.org.) gressional approval. (nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_antiact.pdf) [11] “Wilderness preservation shows respect for the needs of a minority, wil- [4] “If one believes that the collective mental well-being of a society is but an derness preservation is, therefore, indicative of good democracy.” (Nelson, aggregate of the mental well-being of its individual members, then the individ- Mike. “Wilderness Preservation Arguments.” 1998. The Great New Wilderness ual mental health of those who visit designated wilderness areas areas arguably Debate. p185) By making reserves more expensive to enter, “wilderness preser- contributes to the quality of a society’s life and vitality. (Nelson, p165.) vation, then, only benefits the elite few and therefore does not serve the general [5] In the West, most often associated with the frontier movement, the US welfare -- the greatest good for the greatest number.” (Nelson. p184) government owns half of all land (630 million acres.) The National Park Service [12] The U.S. National Parks have been tied to private corporations since the owns 11.9% (79.6 million acres) of federal land controlled by the Department inception of the Park System. Many parks received funding from transportation of the Interior. (McGill, Andrew. “The Massive, Empty Federal Lands of the companies, like railways, to promote westward travel. In 1998 the National Parks American West.” Jan 2016. theatlantic.com) Omnibus Management Act was passed that solidified this relationship. “A con- [6] Besides surface land ownership by the government, there lies discrepancy cessions contract shall provide for payment to the government of a franchise fee over the federal government’s right to subsurface land. When the government or such other monetary considerations as determined by the Secretary.” (Public owns the land underneath of private property, it is called a “split-estate” sit- Law 105-391 - Nov. 13, 1998) uation. There are currently 57.2 million acres of split-estate in the U.S. (U.S. [13] “Many claim that putative wilderness areas are important to maintain Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management, http://www.blm. because the provide inspiration for the artistically and intellectually inclined. gov,4/4/2013) A list can be made with examples like, Thomas Cole, Thomas Moran, Albert [7] “About one-third of our designated wilderness units are less than 10,00 acres, Bierstadt, Ansel Adams, Galen Rowell, Colin Fletcher, Ed Abbey, John Denver, about four miles long on each site. An easy stroll. Some units, usually islands, are Jim Stoltz, Walt Whitman, William Wordsworth, Robinson Jeffers, etc.) (Nelson. less than 100 acres….Disney World is 27000 acres. Disney World is nearly three p167) times larger than a third of our wilderness areas.” (Turner, Jack “In Wildness Is [14]The iconography and image symbolism of the National Park System is the Preservation of the World.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. p619.) overwhelming of untouched nature rather than humans being a part of a scene. NOTES PAGE 19

Even visitor and concession websites, geared towards tourists, mostly used idyllic imagery to convey a false sense of isolation. (various, nps.org) [15] “Without the sufficient space and time, the experience of wildness is dimin- ished or simply doesn’t exist.” (Tuner, Jack. “In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. p619) [16] Aldo Leopold wrote, “Wilderness areas are, first of all, a means of per- petuating, in sport form, the….primitive skills in pioneering travel and subsist- ence….a series of sanctuaries for the primitive arts of wilderness travel, es.... Recreation is valuable in proportion to the intensity of its experiences, and to the degree which it differs from and contrasts with workaday life.”(Nelson, p163) PAGE 21

LAB PARK

“...dynamic ecosystems around the planet that are thriving not despite the presence of humans, but in many cases because of the presence of humans. “

- M. Sanjayan “PBS EARTH A New Wild” 2015

There is little use in the totalitarian preservation of landscape[1] that claims to be original[2]. Earth has continually gone through epochs of change based on shifting climatic conditions,[3] adjusting itself accordingly. Returning to a fleeting genesis or ideal[4] is counterintuitive to the logic of Earth’s natural processes,[5] a romanticized and caricature snapshot of its constant modifications. By defining humans as a production of Earth’s timeline,[6] no different than any species around them, mankind must accept its evolved role as stewards.[7] Inter- vention is not to be looked at as a bandaid[8], but rather as an agent of change. Both assisting in migration[9] and genetic engineering[10] will be strategically deployed when needed[11] to produce resources for the future.

Reframing the discussion around the human ability to design and construct[12] highlights the potential for ingenuity and newness[13] rather than idle preservation. Instead of touring outdated nature reserves maintained as museums[14], it is more beneficial to visit environmental testing grounds within an individual’s community. These displaced systems are integrated into local, surrounding context for complete transparency[15]. With the opportunity for personal tours, the public can access these newly reconstructed landscapes that are positively affecting their daily lives NOTES PAGE 23

[1] In 1979 Jimmy Carter signed the Alaska National Land Interest conservation [8] Point Reyes National Park in California was once a prosperous mico-center Act, doubling the size of the National Park system by adding 97 million acres to for agriculture along the coast. With the pressure to retain a pristine condition be preserved. In his address, he stated that “This act of Congress reaffirms our after the land was made a park in 1962, the federal government started pushing commitment to the environment. It strikes a balance between protecting areas certain sectors out of the area. In 2015, Drake’s Bay Oyster Co. was shut down of great beauty and value and allowing development of Alaska's vital oil and gas as an attempt to restore the coast. However, this attempt at fixing an existing and mineral and timber resources.” (www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45539) landscape only resorted in scar from the previous tenant. (Worral, “How A [2] What baseline origin should be preserved? “For many conservationists, res- Family-Run Oyster Business Caused A National Ruckus” Aug 23 2015. National toration to a prehuman or pre-European baseline is seen as healing a wounded Geographic.) or sick nature. For others, it is an ethical duty.” (Marris. Rambunctious Gar- [9] Assisted migration: was defined by Wild Earth in 2005 as “moving species... dens. p15.) But others would argue going even further back, 2.6 million years in a paleoecology sense, in which species move around slowly, in geological to the Pleistocene age. It is the most recent time the Earth entered an ice age timescales, often in response to climate shift.” (Marris. p92.) Hugh Possingham that continues to this day, making “obsessing over 1872 no longer as helpful to and Camille Parmesan, along with others in Science, claim that “species should park managers” since it is just a moment in time during a particular swell of the be moved if they are at high risk to extinction from climate change, if they can epoch. (Marris. p46.) be feasibly transported and if the ‘benefits of translocation outweigh the biologi- [3] Paleoecologist Feng Sheng Hu states “there really isn’t one unique state of cal and socioeconomic cost and constraints.” (Marris. p94-95.) natural conditions for any given landscape. What is more realistic is to set a [10] The biologist E.O.Wilson claims “The creation of artificial life-forms is range of natural conditions.” Secular climate change, or “climate change that already a reality….they have built cells from the ground up.” (Wilson. p362). was not humanity’s fault,” has had the largest impact on our environment over Synthetic biology is now the term when describing ”the manufacture of organ- the past millions of years.(Marris. Rambunctious Gardens. p46.) isms and parts of organisms.” (Wilson. p365.) [4] The changing face of the Earth contradicts the notion of an “ideal”. In Jan [11] Richard Hobbs from the University of Western Australia in Crawley stat- Zalasiewics’ book, The Earth After Us , he states that, “The surface of the Earth ed”REstoration has evolved rapidly over the past couple of decades. Increasingly is no place to preserve deep history. This is in spite of --and in large part because we are thinking about the uncertain future...History becomes for this new breed, of -- the many events that have taken place on it.” (Zalasiewic, Jan. The Earth a guide instead of a straitjacket.”(Marris. p144.) After Us. p14) [12] Erle Ellis summarize the potential for advanced ingenuity around the [5] “The wilderness idea assumes that if preserved, an ecosystem will remain in wilderness debate. “Our powers may yet exceed our ability to manage them, but a stable steady-state, while current thinking in ecology stresses the importance of there is no alternative except to shoulder the mantle of planetary stewardship. A constant, but patchy, perturbation and the inevitability of change.” (Callicott, good, or at least a better, Anthropocene is within our grasp. Creating that future J. Baird. “Should Wilderness Areas Become Biodiversity Reserves?.” The Great will mean going beyond fears of transgressing natural limits and nostalgic hopes New Wilderness Debate. p587.) of returning to some pastoral or pristine era.” (Ellis.The Planet of No Return. [6] Also known as the Anthropocene -- ”a geological epoch in which Earth’s 2012) atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are shaped primarily by human forces.” [13] In 2004, 13 scientists and conservationists...met at broadcasting mogul Ted (Wilson. Half Earth. p143) Turner’s rand in New Mexico to discuss the idea of bringing proxies of extinct [7] Aldo Leopold wrote “The self-directed evolution of rational beings does megafauna back to North America. The group agreed that they would love to not apply to us until we become collectively, as well as individually, rational and restore, if they could, the age when nature lived wild and large, when hairy mas- self-directing.” (Leopold, Aldo. “Wilderness as a Form of Land Use.” The Great todons and elephantine sloths heaved their bulk around the continent, and when New Wilderness Debate. p84) deadly predators were big…..they outlined a plan for “Pleistocene Rewilding,” NOTES PAGE 25 which was published in Nature 2005.” (Marris. p73-74.) [14]“”But possibly the day will come when it will be partitioned off into so called pleasure-grounds...when fences shall be multiplied, and man-traps and other engines invented to confined men.” (Thoreau. “Walking.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 43.) [15] Many scientists have reservations about the future of human intervention. Emma Marris describes the sentiment: “Restoration ecologists aren’t going to be renaming themselves ‘ecosystem designers’ or ‘rambunctious gardeners’ any time soon.” The need for complete transparency to processes taken is important to unite the cause. (Marris. p144.) PAGE 27

CITY ISLAND PARKS

“...I shall use the world wilderness to denote a region which contains no permanent inhabitants, poss no possibility of conveyance by any mechanical means and is sufficiently spacious”

-Robert Marshall, The Problem of the Wilderness, 1930

Incentives for self-preservation[1] and economic gain[2] have forced a total migration to cities, creating pockets of dense inhabitation.[3] The reversal of fencing cities rather than parks has reinstated a true wilderness.[4] Patches of preservation were first connected through corridors,[5] until they formed massive reserves with islands of civilization. Engagement with these untamed systems thrive in virtual panorama shows[6], allowing true cinematic experiences of unmanaged, wild landscapes. An outpour of iconography dominates fashion and design trends, transforming a city’s style to fill the vacancy of separation.

This change can be attributed to moral[7] rationale seizing the conservation debate. The self-centered gratification from proximity to “nature”[8] was mass produced and tiresome. Individual gains[9] from pristine solitude, often artificial- ly maintained through human management,[10] did not outweigh the needs of entire civilizations. People have embraced the separation between human and wilderness, both ideologically and spatially. The resilience[11] of diverse ecosystems topple mankind’s past fragility and naivety.[12] When compared to natural processes, our biotechnology[13] will always be poorly equipped to manage any impending species migration.[14] By relinquishing control and rewilding the earth,[15] society can now sustain functioning levels of biodiversity[16] -- drawing a hard line between reservations and human intervention.[17] NOTES PAGE 29

[1] “We are living through what biologists call the sixth mass extinction, a time Wilderness Debate. 188.) of dramatic depletion of species, from frogs to rhinos and butterflies. By the end [8] Early wilderness philosophers proclaimed that wilderness conjured up the of the century, it is estimated that one in six species will be extinct.” (Worrall, sublime. In 1936, Ralph Waldo Emerson writes “I have enjoyed a perfect exhila- Simon. “Saving Half the Planet for Nature Isn't As Crazy As It Seems,” March ration” and “I am part or particle of God” when describing his time alone in the 2016, news.nationalgeographic.com) woods. (Emerson. “Nature.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 28-30.) Twenty [2] “Market” Value:” is liquidatable wilderness value. The equating of strict six years later in his essay Walking, Henry David Thoreau writes “I believe that reservations to economic gain comes from the argument that ”the world with- there is a subtle magnetism in Nature, which, if we unconsciously yield to it, will out wilderness areas is a world without the many natural resources found (and direct us aright.” (Thoreau. “Walking.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 33.) unfound) in them. (Nelson, Michael. Wilderness Preservation Arguments. 1998. [9] Individual participation and giving has increased since 2005. “Park volun- The Great New Wilderness Debate. 157.) teering is up by 80 percent year-over-year, from 246,000 volunteers in 2014 [3] Prof. Roderick Nash’s theory on “Island Civilizations” is defined as “cluster- to 443,000 in 2015.” (Flynn. April 2016. “National Park Service Taps Mobile ing on a planetary scale.” “Boundaries are drawn around the human presence, Game, Social Media To Recruit Young Volunteers.” IBTimes.com). The Nation- not around wilderness. Advanced technology permits humans to reduce their al Park System relies on a number of campaigns targeted at citizens, treating the environmental impact.” (Nash, Human Occupancy of Earth in the Fourth Mil- park as a luxury which needs fundraising rather than a resource that is invested lennium. 377) in. If the individual values the resource the NPS gives, then they have to grap- [4] Shift back to the pre-18th century ideas on wilderness. “To be a wilderness ple with givings. (United States Government Accountability Office, Dec 2015, then was to be ‘deserted,’ ‘savage,’ ‘desolate,’ barren’ -- in short, a ‘waste,’ the Report to Congressional Requesters) word’s nearest synonym.” (Cronon, William. “The Trouble with Wilderness”. [10] In order to preserve a pristine ideal, “Many US national parks are managed 1995. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 472-473.) to look as they did in colonial or frontier days. This has often meant that man- [5] The Encyclopedia of earth defines Biological Corridor as “the designation agers focus on stopping things from changing.” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, for a continuous geographic extent of habitat linking ecosystems, either spatially 22.) This heightened level of controls affects both plant species and animals. In or functionally; such a link restores or conserves the connection between habitats the case of Sierra Nevada National Park, the bighorn sheep have been placed that are fragmented by natural causes or human development.” (eoearth.org) back into the park after been pushed out by other predators. Now, mountain [6] IBTimes claims that the use of a smartphone “is becoming an increasingly lions populations are removed or killed to lower risks for the reintroduction of important part of the experience of contributing to the country’s protected are- bighorn sheep. (Duanemarch, “The Unnatural Kingdom. March 2016. newyo- as.” (Flynn. “National Park Service Taps Mobile Game, Social Media To Recruit rktimes.com) Young Volunteers.”April 2016. IBTimes.com) [11] “...rainforests, old-growth forests, and the world’s oceans house the greatest [7] Biologist Edward O. Wilson believes that humans must bear the responsibil- number of species. Most such species have not been described by systematists, ity of solving our biotic crisis. He states, “There is a greatness in understanding let alone assayed for their medicinal potential.” (Nelson, Michael. Wilderness the basic elements of human evolution and wisely acting upon the way they are Preservation Arguments. 1998. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 159.) linked...the biosphere gave rise to the human mind, the evolved mind gave rise [12] Biologist E.O. Wilson claims humans are “weak and dependent” because to culture, and culture will find the way to save the biosphere.” (Wilson. Half- our “knowledge is mostly confined to our own immediate welfare, particularly Earth, 98.) the biological aspects of medicine.” “We remain organisms absolutely dependent Also of importance is the Gaia Hypothesis, defined as “the earth itself, as a on other organisms.” (Wilson. Half-Earth, 31-33.) self-correcting system, is alive...if we owe moral consideration to living beings, [13] Because of climate change, we would need to make accurate predictions on and if the earth itself is alive, then the earth deserves moral consideration.” where to move species and when. “As microclimate changes, so will the plants (Nelson, Michael. Wilderness Preservation Arguments. 1998. The Great New that can live there with little or no water or fertilizer. So if gardeners get turned NOTES on to native plants because it’s more environmentally friendly to grow them, they may have to think again, or maybe just start looking at native gardens a bit to the south…..” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 160.) [14] Emma Marris makes the argument that the Earth should naturally adapt to rising temperatures, instead of using our limited knowledge to play god. ”Could we hope to do any better than nature in managing and arranging our natural world for a warmer, more populous future?” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 135.) [15] Dave Foreman, co founder of Earth First!, coined the term “rewilding,” suggesting that ecosystems can become “resilient and diverse” through “regula- tion provided by large, top-of-the-food-chain predators.” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 72.) [16] E.O. Wilson claims that half of the earth must quickly be made into reserves if the earth is able to survive. The key driver for preservation is evolution- ary forces: “if altruism toward other members of the group contributes to the group’s success, the benefit the altruist bloodline and genes received may exceed the loss in genes caused by the individual’s altruism.” (Wilson. Half-Earth, 338.) [17]Roger Kaye writes for the National Park Service that “This approach would require forgoing all interventions and restoration efforts—even, for example, removal of invasive species. Hold them off at the border if you can, but once established, they are part of the “natural order” of what may become a novel ecosystem.” (Kaye, “What Future for the Wildness of Wilderness in the Anthro- pocene?”) PAGE 33

GARDEN WORLD

“Wilderness is a relative condition.” - Aldo Leopold, “Wilderness as a Form of Land Use” 1925

Conservation agendas[1] have been marked by aesthetic bias since their inception.[2] Virgin wilderness, though falsely idyllic, has always been preferenced over tame landscapes.[3] The equating of naturalness[4] with the nonhuman has cemented this fetishized misconception[5] into law[6] by the ruling elite. [7] But the value of nature does not depreciate because it has evolved alongside mankind.[8] Instead, urban and rural will be appraised under the same criteria as “wilderness.”[9] By freeing resource evaluation of empty descriptions,[10] society will stop focusing on pastoral favoritism, at the expense of species diversity. [11] This method of reconciliation enables all people living in urban systems to reconsider their separation from “nature.”[12] By no longer aiming for nonexist- ent ideals,[13] complacent nostalgia will lose hold over the country's identity.[14] New social awareness reallocates economic investment into individual[15], local systems, rather than generic, cultural trends. Accountability collapses the differ- ing ideas of greenspace and nature into one system. Local tourism[16] will grow amongst communities based on the new appreciations of these biotic values. NOTES PAGE 35

[1] U.S. National Park System & tourism agenda: When selecting a park, the by humans in any way could no longer be considered as candidates for wilder- criteria for a resource is defined as “an area that has outstanding scenic qualities ness designation.” (Woods, Mark. “Federal Wilderness Preservation.” The Great such as dramatic topographic features, unusual contrasts in landforms or veg- New Wilderness Debate. 135.) etation, spectacular vistas, or other special landscape features.” (National Park [7] “Country people generally know far too much about working the land to Service U.S. Department of the Interior) regard unworked land as their ideal. In contrast, elite urban tourists and wealthy Endangered Species protection agenda: Well-known, large animals have more sportsmen project their leisure-time frontier fantasies onto the American land- resources fighting for their survival. “Advocacy for individual species can become scape and so created wilderness in their own image.” (Cronon, William. “The extremely political and highly emotional. And ‘umbrella species’ notwithstand- Trouble with Wilderness”. 1995. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 482.) ing, focusing on the charismatic doesn’t always bring other species along. A world [8] Also known as the Anthropocene -- ”a geological epoch in which Earth’s in which our only goal was preserving elephants might be a world without many atmosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere are shaped primarily by human forces.” species of succulent plants.” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 160.) (Wilson. Half-Earth, 143.) [2] Historically, preserved wilderness was chosen based on “scenic grandeur, the [9] “Increasingly, justification and criteria for preserving wilderness areas are chance to test oneself against primitive conditions, and opportunities to revere turning away from scenic and recreational values to address instead the biotic sublime or sacred aspect of nature.” (Waller, Donald. “Getting Back to the Right values that wild lands sustain.” (Waller, Donald. “Getting Back to the Right Nature. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 552) Nature.” 1998. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 552.) [3] “And it still saturates nature writing and nature documentaries where the Biotic in this case means, “living components of an ecosystem.” (Marris. Ram- wild is always better than the tame….The cult of pristine wilderness is a cultural bunctious Gardens, 36.) construction, and a relatively new one. It was born, like so many new creeds, in [10] NPS Parkland requirements are broken down into two categories -- resource America.” (Marris. Rambunctious Gardens, 28.) evaluation and national significance. One criteria for resource evaluation is The Central Great Plains Grasslands is the “least conserved” and “most altered” listed as “an area that has outstanding scenic qualities.” One criteria for nation- landscape on earth. The intense cultivation continues despite the fact that the real significance is that “ it retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, gion could recover to preserve the most diverse ecosystem in the continental US. and relatively unspoiled example of the resource.” (National Park Service U.S. Unfortunately for the Great Planes, there are no sweeping vistas, but instead Department of the Interior) panoramic horizon lines. [11] “Wild nature” is not the only place worth saving….We seem unlikely to (United States Government Accountability Office. “Report to Congressional make much progress in solving these problems if we hold up to ourselves as the Requesters.” Dec 2015.) the mirror of nature wilderness we ourselves cannot inhabit.” (Cronon, William. [4] The Wilderness Act of 1964 defines naturalness as being “untrammeled by “The Trouble with Wilderness”. 1995. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 487.) man.” Or as Mark Woods describes, land that is “not subject to human controls [12] In the advertisements & brochures of both the National Park System and and manipulations that hamper the free play of natural forces (Woods, Mark. their partnered concessions, there is little to no human presence. The moments “Federal Wilderness Preservation.” The Great New Wilderness Debate. 134.) captured in photographs cement the idea that when traveling to these parks, they [5] “Roderick Nash calls the ‘wilderness cult,’ a national fad for all things wild are a separate landscape to that which contains humans. (nps.org) that emerged in the 1890s, just as urbanizing, industrializing America settled [13] Between 2013-2014, Joshua Tree National Park was in a heated conflict down to enough safety, prosperity and leisure to enjoy the wilderness.” (Marris. with BrightSource Energy over a 500 MW Palen Solar Project. Despite the Rambunctious Gardens, 33.) implementation of a renewable resource nearby for the area, those within park [6] “After the passage of the Act in 1964 a number of industry groups opposed management strongly campaigned against the project. They claimed that the to wilderness and the USFS argued that the Act required an untrammeled new plant would emit too much light and pollute the night sky from it’s pre-man condition of wilderness in the strictest sense possible: lands previously impacted state. The project did not move forward. However, the interesting factor to this NOTES PAGE 37 story is how physically polluted Joshua Tree’s daytime sky actually is -- they’ve consistently gotten F grades in air quality because of the proximity to major highways. The management contradicted itself over wanting a pristine night sky when the sky could never actually be pristine. (Howley, Andrew. “Missing Sloths, Modern Pollution, and the Fate of the Joshua Tree.” April 2013 voices. nationalgeographic.com) & (Laylin Tafline. “Joshua Tree Light Pollution.” Sept 2013. The Green Prophet.) A 2008 Airborne Contaminant Assessment revealed that pesticide concentration was found in the coniferous needles of a large majority of parks. For many, they had never had the pesticide in the vicinity, or even the state. Even Historic Eu- ropean pesticide contaminates were able to be identified. So even with preservation, how do you create something pristine? (NPS.”Western Airborne Contami- nants Assessment Project Report.” 2008.) [14] In response to Aldo Leopold, Bill Cronon states that American wilderness is TEMPE, AZ a “cultural invention”(p g472) and it strives for a historic baseline of preservation that is entirely chosen subjectively. “The removal of Indians to create an ‘uninhabited wilderness’ -- uninhabited as never before in the human history of the place -- reminds us just how invented, how constructed, the American wilderness 1945 really is.”(Cronon, William. “The Trouble with Wilderness”. 1995. The Great New Wilderness Debate. 482.) [15] The National Park System has seen much more support from individuals than congressional legislation. Volunteers have grown every year, since 2005. However, controlled management, like the check-in entry fees, has stayed consistent from 2005-2016, emphasizing the need for individual control of their interaction with what one would call wilderness. The future system will rely on this micro participation. (United States Government Accountability Office, Dec 2015, Report to Congressional Requesters) TEMPE, AZ 2045 [16] As tourism continues to rise in National Park, ( irma.nps.gov/Stats, 2016) AZ 2045 SCOTTSDALE, outsourcing to smaller, either state or county run systems, might reduce temporary pressures on capacity. If individual communities let loose social trends on greenspace, their might be even more relief for the government agencies. PARK OVERVIEW NATIONAL PARKS [2016] PAGE41 DIVISION BETWEEN WEST & EAST

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

• established 1916 • 58 National Parks • 120 National Monumnets

source: nps.gov/aboutus/index.htm Source: irma.nps.gov/Stats COMPARED WITHPARK ESTABLISHMENT DATES RECREATIONAL VISITORS 1895 1872 1890 1890 1899 Yellowstone Yosemite Sequoia 1902 Mount Rainier 1903 Crater Lake

1905 1906 Wind Cave Wind Mesa Verde 1910 Glacier

1915 1915 1916 1916 1916 1917 Rocky Mountain Lassen VolcanicLassen Hawaii Volcanoes Haleakala 1919 1919 1919 Denali 1921 Acadia Grand Canyon Grand Zion Hot Springs

1925 1926 1928 Shenandoah 1929 [1872-2016] 1930 Bryce Canyon Bryce Grand Teton Carlsbad CavernsCarlsbad 1934 1934 1935 Everglades Rocky Mountain 1938 1940 1940 Olympic 1941 Kings Canyon Isle Royale Mammoth Cave 1945 1944 Big Bend

1955 1956 Virigin Islands 1962 1964 Petrified Forest

1965 1966 Cayonlands 1968 Guadalupe Mountains North Redwood Cascades 1971 1971 1971 Capital Reef Voyaguers Arches 1975 1978 1978 Badlands 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 1980 Theodore Roosevel Gates of Artic the Wrangell St. Elias Channel IslandsChannel Biscayne Katmai Glacier Bay Kenai Fjords Kobuk Valley Clark Lake 1985 1986 1988 Great Basin NAtional Park of Samoa 1992 1994 1994 1994

1995 TortugasDry Death Valley Saguaro Tree Joshua 1999 300,000,000 visitors 2000 Black Canyon Black C uya 100,000,000 150,000,000 200,000,000 250,000,000

2005 h 50,000,000 oga Va ll PAGE ey

2015 43 UNESCO WORLD HERTIAGE SITES PAGE 45 RECREATIONAL FEES VS CONCESSION LEASE FEES

19/23 United States World Heritage Sites are managed by the National Park Service, as parks or monuments OOlympiclympic NationalNational PParkark WWaterton-Glacieraterton-Glacier IInternationalnternational PPeaceeace PParkark

YYellowstoneellowstone NNationalational PParkark

RRedwoodedwood NNationalational PParkark

YYosemiteosemite NNationalational PParkark MMesaesa VVerdeerde NNationalational PParkark MMammothammoth CaveCave NNationalational PParkark GrandGrand CCanyonanyon NationalNational PParkark CChacohaco CultureCulture TTaosaos PPuebloueblo HHistoricistoric PParkark GGreatreat SSmokeymokey MMountainountain NNationalational PParkark NNationalational HHistoricParkistoricPark PPovertyoverty PParkark NNationalational MMonumentonument

HHawaiiawaii PPap-ap- Kluane/Wrangell-St.Kluane/Wrangell-St. EElias/Glacierlias/Glacier aah naumoku keah naumoku kea NationalNational SSanan AAntoniontonio MMissionsissions NationalNational HistoricHistoric ParkPark Bay/Tatshenshini-AlsekBay/Tatshenshini-Alsek NationalNational PParksarks MMonumentonument HHawaiiawaii VVolcanoesolcanoes NNationalational PParkark EEvergladesverglades NNationalational PParkark

Source: whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/us2016 NATIONAL IMAGE AND THE PARK SYSTEM PAGE 47 RECREATIONAL FEES VS CONCESSION LEASE FEES

"It was like lying in a great solemn cathedral, far vaster and more beautiful than any built by the hand of man."

-Theodore Roosevelt after camping in Yosemite Valley, 1906

Collage: (L) Notre Dame - Édouard Baldus 1863 (R) Yosemite - Carleton Watkins 1865 AVERAGE VISITORS [2014] Source: (1): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums_in_the_world (2)rma.nps.gov/Stats CULTURAL MUSEUMSVS. NATIONAL PARKS OF ART, DC NATIONAL NATIONAL GALLERY GALLERY

4093070 NATIONAL NATIONAL MUSUEM, MUSUEM, PALACE TAPAEI

4500278 MODERN, LONDON TATE

4884939 NATIONAL NATIONAL PARK (58) AVG. AVG.

5048277 * VATICAN MUSEUM

5978804 E,NCBRITISH MET, NYC

6226727 *Total Annual Visitors in 2014(292,800,082) over 58 National Parks MUSEUM, MUSEUM, LONDON

6695213 LOUVRE, PARIS

9260000

# in millions PAGE 49 CULTURAL MUSEUMS VS. NATIONAL PARKS PAGE 51 CULTURAL MUSEUMS VS. NATIONAL PARKS

THE LOURVE, PARIS YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING

2014 - 9,260,000 Total Visitors 2015 - 4,097,710 Total Visitors

Source: (L Image) Editorial Stock Image, 2007 (L) en.wikipedia.org (R Image) NPS, 1997 (R) rma.nps.gov/Stats NATIONAL PARK MISSION STATMENT PAGE 53 CONTRADICTORY MESSAGES

arrowhead

sequoia tree

bison

2016 - Current National Park Service Statement July 20 1951- National Park Service Seal GOV’T SATISFACTION LEVELS [JUNE 2013] PAGE 55 BASED ON PERFORMANCE OF 19 KEY FUNCTIONS

“Americans may be satisfied with the government's role in national parks and transportation because these are generally noncontroversial areas that require relatively limited government funding and attention. For example, the Depart- ment of Transportation and the Department of the Interior (which contains the National Park Service and the Bureau of Land Management) made up only a combined 3% of President Barack Obama's proposed 2013 federal budget.”

- gallop.com , July 2013

Source: Gallop Poll, June 20-24, http://www.gallup.com/poll/163487/americans-praise-gov-work-natural-disasters-parks.aspx PARK ECONOMY U.S. SECTOR- PARKS VS. SPACE NATIONAL BUDGET FY_2016.pdf the Interior 2016, National Park Service Fiscal YearSource: of (L) Department 2016 Budget Justification (R) NASA FY 2016 Budge NPS BUDGET (inthousands) [2014-Requested 2016] % OFTOTAL NATIONAL BUDGET [2014] NPS CHANGE INBUDGET 2014to2016 1,129,863,000 USD .545% National Park Budget: NASA BUDGET (in billions)[2014-Requested 2016] t Request, https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Agency_Fact_Sheet_ NNASA BUDGET VSNPSBUDGET [2014] NASA CHANGE INBUDGET 2014to2016 A S A

B AANATIONAL PARK SERVICE NASA U D G 17715400000 E 784,600,000 USD T

V S

N P S

B U D G E T

[

4207618000 2 0 1 4 ] PAGE 59 NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM RETURNS PAGE 61 INCREASE FROM 2008 to 2014

LOCAL ECONOMIC RETURNS ECONOMIC OUTPUT FOR $1.00 OF FEDERAL INVEST- TOTAL 32 BILLION USD MENT NASA NATION

10 * Secondary Effects 10100 Transportation 830.9 Retail 491.7 Restaurants 2000 Recreation Industries 961.8 4 Hotels 3300 Groceries 221.6 Gas 140.1 1 1 Camp 271.1 dollars

INVEST [2008] RETURN [2008] INVEST [2014] RETURN [2014] # in millions RETURN University of Michigan Study National Resourse Report *Secondary Effects (economic multiplier effects): “the sales, income and employment resulting from the ripple effect of NPS visitor spending throughout a regional economy. These ripple effects are the result of local businesses purchasing supplies and labor (indirect effects) and employees spending their incomes in the local economy (induced effects). Secondary Effects are equal to the sum of indirect and induced effects. Secondary effects are estimated using economic multipliers”

Source: (L1) University of Michigan, Econmics of National Parks. (L2) National Resource Report 2014 National Park visitor spending effects [R] NPS U.S. Department of the Interior. April 2016. National Park Visitor Spending Effects Economic Contributions to Local Communities, States,and the Nation. NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM RETURNS PAGE 63 INCREASE FROM 2008 to 2014 ECONOMIC OUTPUT VISITOR SPENDING: TOTAL 32 BILLION USD TOTAL: 16.9 BILLION USD

Camping JOBS ADDED LABOR INCOME Gas TOTAL: 295.3 THOUSAND JOBS TOTAL: 11.1 BILLION USD

Groceries

Hotels *Secondary Effects (economic multiplier effects): “the sales, income Recreation Industries and employment resulting from the ripple effect of NPS visitor spending throughout a regional economy. Restaurants These ripple effects are the result of local businesses purchasing supplies and labor (indirect effects) and Retail employees spending their incomes in the local economy (induced effects). Transportation Secondary Effects are equal to the sum of indirect and induced effects. Secondary effects are estimated Secondary Effects* using economic multipliers”

Source: NPS U.S. Department of the Interior. April 2016. National Park Visitor Spending Effects Economic Contributions to Local Communities, States,and the Nation. NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM RETURNS PAGE 65 SPENDING BY STATE

ECONOMIC OUTPUT FROM TOP TEN VISITOR SPENDING STATES NATIONAL PARKS NPS INVESTMENT

TYP. ENTRY FEE [YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK 2016]

TOTAL RECREATION FEES COLLECTED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

2015 - 4,097,710 Total Visitors

TYP. ENTRY FEE [GREAT SMOKY NATIONAL PARK 2016] Free! Why? “The reasons for free entry to the national park date back at least to the 1930s. The land that is today Great Smoky Mountains National Park was once privately owned. The states of Tennessee and North Carolina, as well as local communities, paid to construct Newfound Gap Road (US-441). When the state of Tennessee transferred ownership of Newfound Gap Road to the federal government, it stipulated that "no toll or license fee shall ever be imposed…" to travel the road. Action by the Tennessee legislature would be required to lift this deed restriction if Great Smoky Mountains National Park ever wished to charge an entrance fee.”

2015 - 15,054,603 Total Visitors

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec Sources: (1) rma.nps.gov/Stats (2) https://www.nps.gov/grsm/planyourvisit/whyfree.htm 2015. NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM REVENUE INCREASING CONCESSION FEE REVENUE

COMMERCIAL SERVICE REVENUES COLLECTED BY THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE “The Federal Government should move all hotels and other concessions out of the national parks, an environmental group said Tuesday in issuing a report on what it considers the 10 most threatened parks.

George Frampton, president of the group, the Wilderness Society, also urged the Government to end subsidies for activities of other Federal agencies that could hurt the parks.

''Motels and hotels and that kind of thing should go outside the national parks,'' Mr. Frampton said at a news conference. ''Jails and concession stands don't belong in a sound master plan.''

In its section on Yosemite National Park in California, the report noted that plans called for a beauty parlor and a jail. An Ongoing Controversy

Mr. Frampton's remarks were the latest in a long controversy over what should be allowed in national parks. There have been hotels in the parks since the earliest days of the National Park Service, which was founded in 1916, and calls for their removal go back almost as long.”

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec Source: NYTimes, May 1988, National Parks Urge to Ban All Concessions 2015. NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM & CONCESSIONS PAGE 71 ACT OVERVIEW

NATIONAL PARKS OMNIBUS MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1998 SEC. 407. FRANCHISE FEES. SEC. 401. SHORT TITLE.

(a) IN GENERAL.—A concessions contract shall provide for payment to the govern- This title may be cited as the ‘‘National Park Service Concessions Management Improvement Act of 1998’’ ment of a franchise fee or such other monetary consideration as determined by the Secretary, upon consideration of the probable value to the concessioner of SEC. 402. CONGRESSIONAL FINDINGS AND STATEMENT OF POLICY. the privileges granted by the particular contract involved. Such probable value shall be based upon a reasonable opportunity for net profit in relation to capital invested and the obligations of the contract. Consideration of revenue to the United States shall be subordinate to the objectives of (a) FINDINGS.—In furtherance of the Act of August 25, 1916 (commonly protecting and preserving park areas and of providing necessary and appropriate services for visitors known as the National Park Service Organic Act; 16 U.S.C. 1 et seq.), which at reasonable rates. directs the Secretary to administer units of the National Park System in accord- ance with the fundamental purpose of conserving their scenery, wildlife, and nat- SEC. 410. CONTRACTING FOR SERVICES. ural and historic objects, and providing for their enjoyment in a manner that will (a) CONTRACTING AUTHORIZED.—(1) To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations, the Congress shall contract with private entities to conduct or assist in those elements of the management of the hereby finds that the preservation and conservation of park resources and values National Park Service concessions program considered by the Secretary to be suitable for non-Feder- requires that such public accommodations, facilities, and services as have al performance. Such manage- ent elements include each of the following: (A) Health and safety inspections. to be provided within such units should be provided only under carefully (B) Quality control of concessions operations and facilities. controlled safeguards against unregulated and indiscriminate use, so that— (C) Strategic capital planning for concessions facilities. (1) visitation will not unduly impair these resources and values; and (D) Analysis of rates and charges to the public. (2) development of public accommodations, facilities, and services with (2) The Secretary may also contract with private entities to assist the Secretary with each of the in such units can best be limited to locations that are consistent to the following: highest practicable degree with the preservation and conservation of (A) Preparation of the financial aspects of prospectuses for National Park Service conces the resources and values of such units. sions contracts. (B) Development of guidelines for a national park system capital improvement and main (b) POLICY.—It is the policy of the Congress that the development of public ac- tenance program for all concession occupied facilities. commodations, facilities, and services in units of the National Park System shall (C) Making recommendations to the Director of the National Park Service regarding the be limited to those accommodations, facilities, and services that— conduct of annual audits of concession fee expenditures. (1) are necessary and appropriate for public use and enjoyment of the

unit of the National Park System in which they are located; and 2) are consistent to the highest practicable degree with the preservation and conservation of the resources and values of the unit.

Source: Public Law 105-391 - Nov. 13, 1998 NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM & CONCESSIONS CREATION OF PARKS AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS - GLACIER NP, MONTANA 1900 GREAT NORTHERN RAILWAY MAP

Glacier NP

Source: Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 59, No. 1, 2009 Early-Twentieth-Century Lake Tourism in Glacier National Park

1892 1910 1910 1914 1957 1982 2010 2013 2013

Development in President William The Great Northern The Great Northern Solenex, leases 6,200 Anshutz Exploraiton Anshutz Exploration In August, Anshutz Glacier begins with Taft creates Gla- Railway builds 9 cha- Railway turns over acres of the Bad- Corp begins drilling Corp. announced Exploration Corp.’s Apgar Village Cab- cier National Park. lets laying the infra- managment , and in ger-Two Medicine on the Blackfeet that it would cease subsidary, Xanterra ins open in parallel structure for tourism 1960 Don Hummel during the Regan Indian Reservation drilling on the becomes the park’s with the constru- creates Glacier Park adminstration - 11 out of 22 lo- Blackfeet Reserva- concessions with citon of Northern Inc. cations leased were tion, in March a 16 year lease for Railway’s expansion used 18.5 million a year NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM & CONCESSIONS CREATION OF PARKS AND PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS - GLACIER NP, MONTANA

1912 - “See America First”, Great Northern Railway / Glacier NPS 1965 - “Vacationland, USA”, Western Star Brochure / Glacier NPS

Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 87, No. 1 1997, Promotional Imagery of Glacier National Park NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM & CONCESSIONS PAGE 77 FINDING NEW CONCESSIONS

TRANSFER OF CONCESSION % FEE BY NUMBER OF CONTRACT BIDDERS* 0.16 “After a prospectus is issued, potential concessioners submit bids that include, among other things, the franchise fee they agree to pay if they are awarded the contract—which has to be equal to or higher than the minimum in the prospectus—along with details about the services they propose to provide. Before 1998, when the Concessions Act was enacted, the Park Service set minimum franchise fees based on limited financial reviews of concessioners’ financial statements, according to Park Service officials. After 1998, Park Service officials told us that they started hiring hospitality consult- 0.05 ants to help them with the financial aspects of contract prospectuses to meet the requirements of the new act.” 5% concession fee 16% concession fee

1 TO 2 BIDS 3 OR MORE BIDS

*Study based on 25 National Parks

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec 2015. NPS & CONCESSION ISSUES PAGE 79 LEASEHOLDER SURRENDER INTEREST

PROBLEM: SOLUTION: LEASEHOLDER SURRENDER INTEREST (LSI) PARK PAYS THE LSI

LSI defined as “a right to payment for related capital improvements that “One of the ways that Park Service officials said they tried to make concessions a concessioner makes or provides within a park area on lands* owned by contracts attractive to more potential bidders was by reducing the amount the United States” of Leaseholder Surrender Interest (LSI) that had accumulated

*“The existence of a leasehold surrender interest does not give the concessioner, or any other person, under certain contracts. LSI generally represents the depreciated value of any right to conduct business in a park area, to utilize the related capital improvements, or to prevent capital improvements made by a concessioner to a property, such as building a the Director or another person from utilizing the related capital improvements. The existence of a new structure or completing a major rehabilitation. If a contract is awarded to a leasehold surrender interest does not include any interest in the land on which the related capital different concessioner when the contract ends, the Concessions Act requires the improvements are located.” previous concessioner to be reimbursed for any LSI.”

Concessions are losing their competetive bid process because not enough corporations have the capital to pay back the previous concessions improvements.

Source: https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/36/51.51 Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec 2015. NPS & CONCESSION ISSUES PAGE 81 GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

CASE STUDY

GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK, NEVADA

“The problem: Xanterra over the decades has invested up to $200 million in improvements to its hotel, gift shops and restaurants around the canyon’s South Rim, money it would be entitled to collect should the government yank its concession contracts. The chances of finding a competing concessions contractor willing to assume that debt to Xanterra are considered slim.”

“But this time, in a decision straight from National Park Service Director Jon- athan Jarvis, the winning contractor would have to reimburse Xanterra only a more manageable $57 million. That’s because the Park Service plans to tap $100 million in fee revenues accumulated by other parks in the national system to pay down the debt to Xanterra. And, it will raise the franchise fees the new contractor is entitled to collect from a recent 3.8 percent to 14 percent.”

The deal is “certainly a better bargain for the companies, but not so great for the taxpayers,” it said. “The government invited trouble. In 2015 - 5,520,736 Total Visitors 1998, a new parks management law required concession contracts be put out to bid every 10 years. That took away the incentive for companies to invest for the long haul. A management company isn’t likely to invest if it knows it might not be around to get the return on its investment. Congress could learn from this and take a fresh look at how these deals are struck.”

Source: http://www.govexec.com/contracting/2014/09/grand-canyon-park-gets-creative-attract- Source: rma.nps.gov/Stats bids-concessions-contract/95009/ NATIONAL PARK MAINTENANCE BACKLOG PAGE 83 OVERVIEW

MAINTENANCE BACKLOG DEFINED: 2015 MAINTENANCE BACKLOG

“Maintenance is generally considered to be work done to keep DEFERRED MAINTENANCE assets—property, plant, and equipment—in acceptable condition. It includes normal repairs and the replacement of parts and structural components needed to preserve assets. However, the composition of the maintenance backlog estimate provided by the Park Service includes activities that go beyond what could be considered maintenance. Specifical- ly, the Park Service’s estimate of its maintenance backlog includes not only repair and rehabilitation projects to maintain existing facilities, but also projects for the construction of new facilities.” “In some cases, the deferred maintenance backlog threatens the very - UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING, 1998 resources the National Park Service was created to protect. Accord- ing to the agency’s 2017 budget justification, a leaky wastewater system in Yosemite National Park has caused raw sewage to spill into the park’s streams. In Grand Canyon National Park, an 83-year-old water distri- bution system frequently breaks, leading o water shortages and facility closures. And at Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, a deteriorating visitor center is contaminated by mold and rodent infestations, resulting in unsafe conditions and temporary closures”

- PROPERTY AND ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH CENTER, 2016

Source: United States General Accounting Office, 1998, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Mainte- Source: Property and Environment Research Center, Feb. 2016, Breaking the Backlog. nance Backlog Issues. NATIONAL PARK MAINTENANCE BACKLOG PAGE 85 ISSUES OF APPROPRIATIONS VS. AQUISITIONS

NATIONAL PARK BUDGET [2016] DEFERRED MAINTENANCE BACKLOG VS. CONGRESSSIONAL APPROPRIATIONS [2004-2014] 4% LAND AQUISITION 8% CONSTRUCTION

ACQUISITION CONTINUES....

[In 1998] The Park Service’s list of projects in the construction portion of the maintenance backlog reveals that over 21 percent, or $1.2 billion, of the $5.6 billion is for new facilities.

- UNITED STATES GENERAL ACCOUNTING, 1998

Source: [TOP]Property and Environment Research Center, Feb. 2016, Breaking the Backlog. Source: [TOP] NPS 2016 Budget [BOTTOM]United States General Accounting Office, 1998, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Maintenance Backlog Issues. NATIONAL PARK MAINTENANCE BACKLOG PAGE 87 BREAKDOWN OF BUDGET [2015]

FACILITY CRITICAL SYSTEMS CURRENT UNIT OF CONDITION DEFFERED DEFERRED REPLACEMENT MANAGE- INDEX MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE VALUE MENT

Source: NPS. Sept 30, 2015, NPS Asset Inventory Summary, https://www.nps.gov/subjects/plande- signconstruct/upload/FY-2015-NPS-Asset-Inventory-Summary-2016-01-11.pdf NATIONAL PARK MAINTENANCE BACKLOG PAGE 89 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

CASE STUDY

GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

“The Anschutz Exploration Corporation has been drilling exploratory wells for hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, on the Blackfeet Indian Reser- vation, immediately east of Glacier National Park, for over two years.”

“Now a subsidiary of the company, Xanterra Parks and Resorts, is bidding on a contract to operate all concessions in Glacier National Park for 16 years.”

“Xanterra is the nation’s largest park concessionaire. It manages lodges and retail operations in several national parks, including Yellowstone. Its parent company is owned by the billionaire Philip F. Anschutz, one of the wealthiest men in America. He is possibly one of the few able to afford the initial investment of $33 million required to take on Glacier’s crumbling infrastructure and run the park’s retail operations.” 2015 - 2,366,056 Total Visitors

“Those operations include an aging fleet of tourist buses, historic lodges and roads that are routinely battered by winter storms. Glacier is accept- ing bids until April 2.”

Source: The New York Times, March 2013, A Snapshot of Drillin on a Park’s Margins Source: rma.nps.gov/Stats PARK ICONOGRAPHY PAGE 91 COMPAREDNATIONAL PARK WITH SERVICE PARK ESTABLISHMENT [2016] DATES

Source: nps.org 2016 PARK ICONOGRAPHY PAGE 93 VISITOR CAMPAIGN WEBSITES [2016] NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM REVENUE [2005-2014] PAGE 95 INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTIONS

FLUCTUATING CASH DONATIONS TO NPS [2005-2014] INCREASING VOLUNTEER REVENUE* [2005-2014]

“According to Park Service data, volunteer support for the agency has increased steadily. Specifically, the number of volunteers increased from about 132,000 in fiscal year 2005 to about 248,000 in fiscal year 2014, and the estimated cash value of their work increased from about $93 million to about $155 million during this period.27 The number of volunteers increased every year, except for fiscal year 2013. According to a senior Park Service official, the decline in the number of volunteers that year was attributable to Hurricane Sandy and the 2013 federal government shutdown, both of which disrupted the typical operations of the Park Service.

- UNITED STATE S GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE, DEC 2015

* “The Park Service calculates the cash value of their volunteers’ work by multiplying the number of hours the volunteers work by the Independent Sector’s estimate of the value of volunteer time, which was $23.07/hour for 2014. The Independent Sector is a leadership network for the nonprofit and philanthropic community.

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec 2015. PHILANTHROPIC CAMPAIGNS PAGE 97 2016 CENTENNIAL CAMPAIGN

“The Park Service and the Foundation have launched a major fundraising campaign, which aims to raise $250 million in donations by 2018. These funds will be used to support 100 projects that protect resources, connect visitors with the parks, and develop the next generation of park stewards. For example, in the area of protecting resources, projects include rehabilitating Constitution Gardens in Washington, D.C., and restoring an area of large Sequoia trees to a more natural state in Yosemite’s Mariposa Grove.”

“In collaboration with the Foundation, the Park Service launched the “Find Your Park” campaign in 2015. This public outreach effort is designed to encourage Americans to visit park units, generate interest in parks, and help raise financial and in-kindsupport for park units. This effort uses social media and disseminates marketing materials online and in park units. The Park Service has partnered on this campaign with certain major donors, which each made at least $500,000 in contributions to the Foundation to support the campaign.”

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec 2015. PHILANTHROPIC CAMPAIGNS PAGE 99 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE CENTENNIAL ACT

Source: www.nationalparks.org/ PHILANTHROPIC CAMPAIGNS PAGE 101 NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION

RESOURCE RECOVERY AND PROTECTION INITIATIVE Mission Statement:

“The National Park Foundation receives, manages and puts into action conservation and historic preservation funds which arise from court orders, mitigation and restoration projects, and the settlement of criminal and civil cases. From the reclamation of the Elwha River in Olympic National Park to the restoration of Everglades National Park’s “Hole- in-the-Donut,” the National Park Foundation works closely with NPS biologists, wildlife management specialists, historic preservationists and engineers to ensure that funds are directed to most critical conservation, preservation and restoration projects.”

Source: www.nationalparks.org/ PHILANTRHOPIC CAMPAIGNS PAGE 103 SELECTIVE FUNDING

LESS LIKELY TO RECIEVE FUNDING

TYPE OF PROGRAM BIAS

“One factor they cited is the types of projects that need funding are not always attractive to donors. For example, routine maintenance on buildings or sewer systems may be less attractive to donors than large, visible projects, such as the construction of a visitor center.”

LOCATION BIAS

“In addition, the location of some parks can limit their ability to obtain philanthropic support. For example, Park Service officials in one regional office told MORE LIKELY TO RECIEVE FUNDING us that some friends groups have difficulty raising large sums of money because their parks are not near urban areas with large pools of potential donors. Similarly, some parks may not generate as much interest as larger, better known parks and may struggle to attract donors.”

Source: United States Government Accountability Office: Report to Congressional Requesters, Dec 2015. OWNERSHIP FEDERAL LAND OWNERSHIP [2016] PAGE 107 WEST VS. EAST

WESTERN 11 COTERMINOUS STATES: 46.9% EASTERN STATES: 3.1%

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE FOREST SERVICE FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Source: Congressional Research Service, Dec 2014, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data U.S. LAND AGENCIES PAGE 109 BREAKDOWN OF MANAGEMENT

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE “responsible for the management and conservation of “coordinating and supervising all agencies “responsible for developing and executing federal govern- most federal land and natural resources, and the adminis- and functions of the government con- ment policy on farming, agriculture, forestry, and food. It tration of programs relating to Native American, Alaska cerned directly with national security and aims to meet the needs of farmers and ranchers, promote Natives, Native Hawaiians, territorial affairs, and insular the United States Armed Forces. “ agricultural trade and production, work to assure food areas of the United States.” safety, protect natural resources, foster rural communities -Administers 14.4 million acres and end hunger in the United States and internationally.” (consisting of military bases, trainign ranges, etc.)

FOREST SERVICE -Manages 192.9 million acres NATIONAL PARK SERVICE -Originally authorized to protect the lands, preserve water fl ows, and provide timber. -Manages 79.6 million acres in -1891 concern over eff ect of timber harvest on water sup- 401 diverse units to conserve land and plies led to creation of forest reserves, created in 1905 resources -Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 (added recrea- -Yellowstone established in 1872 (pro- tion, livestock grazing and wildlife and fi sh habitat) tected by the US Army) -Sustains yields of various products and services, includ- -Created in 1916 to manage growing FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE ing timber harvesting,recreation, grazing, watershed number of parks -Manages 89.1 million acres protection, and fi sh and wildlife habitats -66% in Alaska -Primarily tries to conserve and protect animals and plants -Established by an executive order in BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT 1903, offi cially a system in 1966 -Manages 247.3 million acres of public land and administers -76.7 million acres (86%) of 89.1 about 700 million acres of federal subsurface mineral estate million acres are in Alaska -Formed in 1946 by combining 2 existing agencies (Grazing Service est. 1934 & General Land Offi ce est. 1812) (pg 8) -99.9% in 11 western states and Alaska -“Sustains yields of multiple uses” Energy development, recreation, grazing, wild horses and burros, and conservation

Source: Department definition: wikipedia.com., Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data, Congressional Research Service, December 29, 2014 U.S. LAND AGENCIES PAGE 111 BREAKDOWN OF MANAGEMENT

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT (BLM)M) DOD NPS FWS 2% 13% 14% FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE (F&WS)

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (NPS)

FS 31% FOREST SERVICE (FS)

BLM DEPARTMENT OFF 40% DEFENCE (DOD)

Source: Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data, Congressional Research Service, December 29, 2014 FEDERAL LAND OWNERSHIP [2016] PAGE 113 ALASKA AND HAWAII

-61.2% of Alaska is federally owned

BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE FOREST SERVICE FISH & WILDLIFE SERVICE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

Source: Congressional Research Service, Dec 2014, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data FEDERAL LAND OWNERSHIP PAGE 115 ALASKA PROPOSAL [1977]

NATIONAL PARK PROPOSED

“The Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANIL- CA) is a United States federal law passed on November 12, 1980 by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on December 2 of that year.”

Source: http://www.npshistory.com/publications/williss/images/map14.jpg FEDERAL LAND OWNERSHIP PAGE 117 ALASKA [1979]

ALASKA NATIONAL LAND INTEREST CONSERVATION ACT Remarks on Signing H.R. 39 Into Law. December 2, 1980

“We are setting aside for conservation an area of land larger than the State of California. By designating more than 97 million acres for new parks and refuges, we are doubling the size of our National Park and Wildlife Refuge System. By protecting 25 free-flowing Alaskan rivers in their natural state, we are almost doubling the size of our Wild and Scenic Rivers Sys- tem. By classifying 56 million acres of some of the most magnificent land in our Federal estate as wilderness, we are tripling the size of our Wilderness System.”

“This act of Congress reaffirms our commitment to the environment. It strikes a balance between protecting areas of great beauty and value and allowing development of Alaska's vital oil and gas and mineral and timber resources. A hundred percent of the offshore areas and 95 percent of the potentially productive oil and mineral areas will be available for exploration or for drilling. With this bill we are acknowledging that Alaska's wilderness areas are truly this country's crown jewels and that Alaska's resources are treasures of another sort. How to tap these resources is a challenge that we can now face in the decade ahead.”

SIGNED BY JIMMY CARTER

Source: www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=45539 BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT PAGE 119 RESOURCE LEASING/PURCHASING Bureau of Land Management

I want to lease federl I want to buy land in I want to lease federl I want to lease federl I want to buy land in land for oil drilling the Eastern US land for grazing land for coal mining the Western US

Not possible Will you attend an Will you attend an You may bid for oral, competitive Do you have a base oral, competitive parcels that the auction? property? auction? BLM offers on a competitive basis

No Yes No Yes Yes No

Did you see Not possible Not possible Do you have $2.11 Not possible Do you have $3.00 the Notice of per animal unit a per acre for 5 years Competitive Lease month (AUM)? for a 20 year lease, Sale? plus your competitive No base bid? Yes Yes No No You can obtain a Not possible Yes Not possible Do you have $1.50 per permit from the acre for 5 years, and BLM for a ten year Was the Not possible $2 for the following 5, period Environmental plus your competitive Analysis (EA) and base bid? Impact Statement (EIS) approved? No Yes

No Yes Are you willing to pay the Not possible Office of Natural Resources 12.5% of any royalties? You can obtain Are you willing to pay the a permit for ten Office of Natural Resources Yes years and must get 12.5% of any royalties? No approval for any You can obtain a Yes surface-distrubing No permit for ten years Not possible activites but it can be taken away after ten Not possible Source: Congressional Research Service December 29, 2014, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data LAND FOR POTENTIAL LEASE Indian Bureau of Land Forest Service PAGE 121 LOOP HOLES FOR EXPLOITATION Reservations Management Approximately 300 reservations are Federally recognized, totaling 55 million acres.

Source: [Image] nationalatlas.gov & nytimes.com [Info] Appendix D: Indian Nations - US Forest Service LAND FOR POTENTIAL LEASE PAGE 123 LOOP HOLES FOR EXPLOITATION - NATIVE AMERICANS

1923 - Miss Jennie Many Tail Feathers 1927 - Blackfeet Indian

Source: Geographical Review, Vol. 87, No. 1 1997, Promotional Imagery of Glacier National Park LAND FOR POTENTIAL LEASE PAGE 125 LOOP HOLES FOR EXPLOITATION - NATIVE AMERICANS & GLACIER NATIONAL PARK

CASE STUDY

GLACIER NATIONAL “In the early 1980s, a Louisiana company called Solenex leased more than 6,000 PARK acres of this national forest land from the Bureau of Land Management for a dollar an acre.”

“Solenex’s lease was one of dozens issued in the area during the Reagan ad- ministration. During that era, the BLM was committed to increasing oil and gas production from federal lands.”

"You're talking about an area that has a railroad through it, has a pipeline through it, has a road through it, Highway 2 goes through it," he says. "We have known for a long time, geologists have known, that this area has tremendous SOLONEX potential for oil and gas development." SITE

-Solenex’s lawyer, William Perry Pendley March 4, 2016

"The government does not have the legal authority to cancel the lease"

-Solenex’s lawyer, William Perry Pendley November 23, 2015

Source: NPR Marcy 4 2016, Tribe Says Drilling Project Would Have “Heartbreaking” Consequences NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATION PAGE 127 ORGANIC ACT OVERVIEW - ESTABLISHMENT OF NATIONAL FOREST

ORGANIC ACT OF 1897 [PUBLIC--No.2.]

“For the survey of the public lands that have been or may hereafter be designated as forest reserves by Executive proclamation, under section twenty-four of the Act of Congress approved March third, eighteen hundred and ninety-one, entitled “An act to repeal timber-culture laws, and for other purposes,” and including public lands adjacent thereto, which may be designated for survey by the Secretary of the Interior, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be immediately available: Provided, That to remove any doubt which may exist pertaining to the authority of the President thereunto, the President of the United States is hereby authorized and empowered to revoke, modify, or sus- pend any and all such Executive orders and proclamations, or any part thereof, from time to time as he shall deem best for the public interests.” ESTABLISH UNDER SECITON 24

7. “It is further provided, that Nothing herein shall be construed as prohib- iting the egress or ingress of actual settlers residing within the boundaries of such reservations, or from crossing the same to and from their property or homes; and such wagon roads and other improvements may be constructed thereon as may be necessary to reach their homes and to utilize their property under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Interior. Nor shall anything herein prohibit any person from entering upon such forest reservations for all proper and lawful purposes, including that of prospect- ing, locating, and developing the mineral resources thereof: Provided. That such persons comply with the rules and regulations covering such forest reservations.”

SIGNED BY WILLIAM MCKINLEY

Source: cfr.washington.edu/classes.esrm.459/yellowstone/yellowstone/Project1/Yellowstone_Docs/ ORGANIC%20ACT%20OF%201897.pdf NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATION PAGE 129 ANTIQUITIES ACT THROUGH THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

ANTIQUITIES ACT JUNE 8 1906

16 U.S.C. 431, SECTION 2

“The President of the United States is authorized, in his discretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the lands owned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be national monuments, and may reserve as a part thereof parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confined to the smallest area com- patible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected. When such objects are situated upon a tract covered by a bona fide unperfected claim or held in private ownership, the tract, or so much thereof as may be necessary for the proper care and management of the object, may be relinquished to the Government, and the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized to accept the relinquishment of such tracts in [sic] behalf of the Government of the United States.

SIGNED BY THEODORE ROOSEVELT

Source: www.nps.gov/history/local-law/fhpl_antiact.pdf NATIONAL PARK ESTABLISHMENT PAGE 131 WILDERNESS ACT OVERVIEW Effectively lobby a ...

National Park Service memeber Presidential advisor

* Approved by Con- NPS recommends a proposal to Antiquities Act * gress on June 8 and the Secretary of the Interior 1906 signed by Theodore Roosevelt The President uses the act to * Used over 100 times The Secretary takes a proposed create a national monument from by 16 /19 presidents since 1906 project to the Senate and House public lands to “protect significant Subcomittees on National Parks natural, cultural or scientific * Alaska National Inter- features” est Lands Conservation Act requires Congres- The subcommitees address the sional ratification of the use of the Antiquities Senate and House Commitee on Legislation is approved with Energy and Natural Resources Act in Alaska for with- specifics on planning, land drawals of greater than acquision, management, and 5,000 acres operations Congressional Hearing

National Park Service advises with study reports to Congress

Legislation is approved with specifics on planning, land acquision, management, and operations NATIONAL PARK DESIGNATION PAGE 133 WILDERNESS ACT OVERVIEW

WILDERNESS ACT (1) generally appears to have been affected primarily by the forces of PUBLIC LAW 88-577 (16 U.S. C. 1131-1136) nature, with the imprint of man’s work substantially unnoticeable; SEPT 3RD 1964 (2) has outstanding opportunities for solitude or a primitive and un confined type of recreation; SECTION 2. (3) has at least five thousand acres of land or is of sufficient size as to make practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; (a) In order to assure that an increasing population, accompanied by expanding (4) may also contain ecological, geological, or other features of scientiic, settlement and growing mechanization, does not occupy and modify all areas educational, scenic, or historical value. within the United States and its possessions, leaving no lands designated for preservation and protection in their natural condition, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the Congress to secure for the American people of present and future generations the benefits of an enduring resource of wilderness. For this purpose there is hereby established a National Wilderness Preservation System to be composed of federally owned areas designated by Congress as ''wilderness areas'', and these shall be administered for the use and enjoyment of the American people in such manner as will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness, and so as to provide for the protection of these areas, the preservation of their wilderness character, and for the gathering and dissemination of information regarding their use and enjoyment as wilderness; and no Federal lands shall be designated as ''wilderness areas'' except as provided for in this Act or by a subsequent Act.

DEFINITION OF WILDERNESS

(c) A wilderness, in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain. An area of wilderness is further defined to mean in this Act an area of undeveloped Federal land retaining its primeval character and influence, without permanent improvements or human habita- tion, which is protected and managed so as to preserve its natural conditions and which SIGNED BY LYNDON B JOHNSON

Source: wilderness.net/NWPS/documents//publiclaws/PDF/16_USC_1131-1136.pdf NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HEIRARCHY PAGE 135 DELINEATION OF POWER CURRENT NPS DIRECTOR NPS HEADQUARTER ORGANIZATION Jonathan B. Jarvis 18th Director, National Park Service

“Jarvis's 39-year career has taken him from ranger to resource management specialist to park biologist to superintendent of parks such as Craters of the Moon, North Cascades, Wrangell-St. Elias, and Mount Rainier. Before being confirmed as the 18th Director of the National Park Service on September 24, 2009, Jarvis served as regional director of the bureau's Pacific West Region.”

Source: (L) Department of the Interior, 2016, NPS FISCAL YEAR 2016 BUDGET JUSTIFICA- TIONS (R) https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/director.htm LOCAL HERITAGE VS. RESOURCE PAGE 139 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

Sept 21 2015 By Matt Volz, Associated Press “The development would be so damaging to the area “that the Blackfeet Tribe’s ability to practice their religious and cultural traditions in this area as a living part of their community life and development would be lost,” the council said in its recommendation.” ´:LOOLDP3HUU\3HQGOH\SUHVLGHQWRI0RXQWDLQ6WDWHV/HJDO)RXQGDWLRQWKHODZÀUPUHSUHVHQWLQJ6ROHQH[FDOOHGWKH council’s statements an unconstitutional recommendation to close public land because one group considers it to be sacred.” “Among the issues the federal district judge will decide is whether the Interior Department has the authority to cancel the lease and whether the government unreasonably delayed Solenex from drilling for 30 years.” http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/sep/21/panel-recommends-canceling-drilling-lease-near-gla/

Dec 12 2012 Nov 25 2015 By Raven Rakia, Associated Press Blackfeet Reseravation oil well, AP Images “Besides disrupting traditional ceremonies, oil drilling in Badger-Two medicine could have a detrimental impact on WKHWULEH·VVRXUFHRIZDWHU0DQ\RI WKHVWUHDPVWKDWÁRZLQWRWKHULYHUXVHGIRUZDWHUZRXOGEHDWULVNRI SROOXWLRQ from the oil drilling.” “Badger-Two Medicine land is also essential for the Blackfeet Bison Project, developed in 2008 as a way to bring economic development to the Blackfeet tribe while preserving cultural traditions and a species that was at risk of being endangered.” ´6ROHQH[KDVDOUHDG\VDLGLWSODQVWRDSSHDOWKHGHFLVLRQDQGWKHÀQDOOHJDOGHFLVLRQFRXOGVHWDSUHFHGHQW³6ROHQH[ holds just one of 18 suspended leases on the land. The Blackfeet tribe would like to see all of the leases canceled.” KWWSJULVWRUJOLYLQJRLOOHDVHRQVDFUHGEODFNIHHWODQGLVFDQFHOHGEXWWKHÀJKWLVIDUIURPRYHU

March 4 2016 By NPR “In the early 1980s, a Louisiana company called Solenex leased more than 6,000 acres of this national forest land from the Bureau of Land Management for a dollar an acre.” “Late last year, the Interior Department said it has the authority and is prepared to cancel the lease because it was originally issued without full environmental review.” http://www.npr.org/2016/03/04/469074400/tribe-says-drilling-project-would-have-heartbreaking-consequences

Feb 24 2016 Blackfeet Tribe’s Bison Reserve in Browning, Mont. LOCAL HERITAGE VS. TOURISM PAGE 141 BISCAYNE NP, MIAMI DADE COUNTY FLORIDA

May 17 2015 By Jameson Clifton, NationalParkTraveler.com “...when the National Park Service was created in 1916 its mission also called for providing a public place, "or pleasur- LQJJURXQGIRUWKHEHQHÀWDQGHQMR\PHQWRIWKHSHRSOH%XWWKH1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH2UJDQLF$FWDOVRHPSKDVL]HG that the "fundamental purpose of the parks is to conserve the scenery; natural and historic objects; and the wildlife therein,"thus leaving them "unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations." “Though managed by a federal agency, the park's enabling legislation places much of Biscayne's waters under regulations from the State of Florida. An exception has been given that allows Park Service rule-making authority for areas that fall within the boundaries of the original Biscayne National Monument when it was established in 1968.” http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2015/05/restoring-marinescape-biscayne-national-park26618

July 25 2013 %\'DYLG)OHVKOHU7KH+XIÀQJWRQ3RVW “The decision to drop the ban proposal was made public after a meeting earlier this month between representatives of the park and the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, the state agency that regulates hunting and July 14 2014 ÀVKLQJDQGWKDWKDVXVXDOO\RSSRVHGQRÀVKLQJ]RQHVDVDQLQIULQJHPHQWRQWKHULJKWVRIWKHSXEOLFµ Blue Crab Fisherman, Biscayne Naitonal Park, Fla. “Fishing groups applauded the park's decision, saying a ban would have been an extreme step that should not be taken when less severe methods are available."We were pleased to see the Park Service take a step back and begin working ZLWKWKH):&RQWKLVVDLG0LNH/HRQDUGRFHDQUHVRXUFHSROLF\GLUHFWRUIRUWKH$PHULFDQ6SRUWÀVKLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ WKHWUDGHDVVRFLDWLRQIRUWKHUHFUHDWLRQDOÀVKLQJLQGXVWU\:HGRQ WEHOLHYHLW VDSSURSULDWHIRUÀVKHU\PDQDJHUVWR FORVHRIIDQDUHDIURPWKHSXEOLFZLWKRXWWU\LQJHYHU\RWKHUWRROÀUVW KWWSZZZKXIÀQJWRQSRVWFRPELVFD\QHQDWLRQDOSDUNÀVKLQJEDQBQBKWPO

June 4 2015 By Jenny Staletovich, The Miami Herald ´2YHUÀVKLQJKDVVODPPHGVWRFNV³PRUHWKDQSHUFHQWRIVSHFLHVDUHGRZQ³ZKLOHDQFKRUVWUDSVOLQHVDQG KHDY\ERDWWUDIÀFKDYHFUXVKHGFRUDOVDQGUDNHGVHDJUDVVPHDGRZV0RUHWKDQSURSVFDUVPDUÁDWV2QO\VL[ percent of its reefs remain. On Friday, the National Park Service will unveil a new general management plan intended WRVWDUWUHYHUVLQJWKHGHFOLQHZLWKDVXLWHRIQHZUXOHVIRUYLVLWRUVWKDWZLOOIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHLQFOXGHDFRQWURYHUVLDO ´QRÀVKLQJµPDULQHUHVHUYHµ “The plan, 15 years in the making and long mired in tugs-of-war between varied interests, tries to balance protecting WKHSDUNZLWKÀQGLQJEHWWHUZD\VIRUWKHSXEOLFWRHQMR\LWVDLG6XSHULQWHQGHQW%ULDQ&DUOVWURPµ ´&RPPHUFLDOÀVKHUPHQZRUU\WKDWUHVWULFWLRQVZLOOSODFHSUHVVXUHRQRWKHUDUHDVSDUWLFXODUO\WKH.H\VVDLG%LOO.HOO\ H[HFXWLYHGLUHFWRURI WKH)ORULGD.H\V&RPPHUFLDO)LVKHUPHQ·V$VVRFLDWLRQµ http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article23137869.html

Oct 8 2015 Biscayne Natinal Park Humana Senior Skip Day, Fla. RESOURCE VS. PRESERVATION PAGE 143 GLACIER NATIONAL PARK, MONTANA

August 15 2012 By Jack Healyaug, New York Times “All through the billiard-green mesas leading up to the mountains are signs of the boom. Well pads and water tanks dot the rolling hills. Tractor-trailers loaded with chemicals and drilling machinery kick up contrails of dust along the reservation’s winding gravel roads. And spirelike drilling rigs quietly bore into the ground, silhouetted against mountains with names like Sinopah, Rising Wolf and Chief.” “It is an increasingly common sight for tribes across the West and Plains: Tourist spending has gone slack since the recession hit. American Indian casino revenues are stagnating just as tribal gambling faces new competition from online gambling and waves of new casinos. Oil and fracking are new lifelines.”

´7KHGULOOLQJFRPSDQLHVWKHORFDO%XUHDXRI/DQG0DQDJHPHQWDQGWULEDORIÀFLDOVVD\WKHUHKDVEHHQQRHYLGHQFH that the fracking has affected the reservation’s water supplies or soured its air. But to opponents, the damage to the land is still being done.” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/16/us/montana-tribe-divided-on-tapping-oil-rich-land.html

March 1 2013 By Leslie Macmillan, New York Times “The Anschutz Exploration Corporation has been drilling exploratory wells for hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, on the Blackfeet Indian Reservation, immediately east of Glacier National Park, for over two years.” Aug 15 2012 “Now a subsidiary of the company, Xanterra Parks and Resorts, is bidding on a contract to operate all concessions in Blackfeet Reseravation oil well, AP Images Glacier National Park for 16 years.” http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/01/a-snapshot-of-drilling-on-a-parks-margins/ The Great Divide March 3 2014 By George Black, On Earh.org “What is happening along the Rocky Mountain Front, in other words, is what happens whenever big energy arrives in small places. It offers a devil’s bargain: a choice between the lure of prosperity and the preservation of place. It pits neighbor against neighbor, family against family, and whatever the eventual outcome, a lot of people are probably going to be unhappy.” http://archive.onearth.org/articles/2014/02/montana-energy-wars-pit-neighbor-against-neighbor-along-rocky- mountain-front

April 24 2014 %\.ULVWD/DQJORLV0LVVRXOD1HZV “It is unconscionable that the National Park Service would give such a coveted contract to Phil Anschutz,” wrote Helena activist Bob Brigham in an online petition that sought last year to prevent the contract from going to Xanterra unless Anschutz Corp. agreed to stop fracking the park’s boundaries. The petition garnered more than 5,700 signa- tures, and today the fracking has largely ceased.” “As national parks across the West deal with the shrinking budgets and massive maintenance backlogs of recent years, mega-concessionaires like Xanterra may be increasingly necessary for parks to stay solvent.” http://missoulanews.bigskypress.com/IndyBlog/archives/2014/04/24/corporate-giant-xanterra-takes-over-operations-at-glacier-national-park May 11 2010 Glacier National Park 100 year anniversary, AP Images PRESERVATION VS. RESOURCE PAGE 145 EVERGLADES NP, FLORIDA

Feb 18 2015 By Jenny Staletovich, Miami Herald ´%XWWKHUHTXHVW³WRSXPSXSWRPLOOLRQJDOORQVRI IUHVKZDWHUGDLO\LQWRSODQWFRROLQJFDQDOVIURPDQHDUE\ GUDLQDJHFDQDORYHUWKHQH[W\HDUV³ZRXOGURE%LVFD\QH%D\RI IUHVKZDWHUQHHGHGWRUHYLYHDLOLQJFRUDOUHHIVDQG VHDJUDVVPHDGRZVDQGXQGRPLOOLRQVRI GROODUVVSHQWLQ(YHUJODGHVUHVWRUDWLRQIHGHUDORIÀFLDOVVDLGDWD6RXWK)ORUL- da Water Management District meeting Wednesday.” “The water management district signed off on the request, but only until October and only if there was surplus water. Under Everglades restoration work, water managers must reserve a certain amount of water in the canals during the dry season to keep the bay quenched over the winter months.” http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/environment/article10655732.html

Dec 21 & 28 2015 %\(OL]DEHWK.ROEHUW7KH1HZ

Feb 18 2016 Tony Pipitone, NBC Miami “The salinity of groundwater for miles around the plant has already increased because of the CCS. The administrative judge found Turkey Point’s CCS is the major contributor to the salinity of water in the Biscayne Aquifer in an area H[WHQGLQJQHDUO\ÀYHPLOHVZHVWDQGPRUHWKDQWZRPLOHVHDVWRIWKHFRROLQJFDQDOVµ “A 5-mile long interceptor ditch designed to keep saltwater from migrating west toward Everglades National Park is not doing its job, the UM study and judge found.” http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Judge-State-fails-to-hold-FPL-to-account-for-pollution-around-Turkey- Point-369345601.html

March 10 2016 By Nina Burleigh, Newsweek “A county-ordered report released this week found levels of the radioactive isotope tritium in the bay to be 200 times higher than normal, leading to suspicions that the Turkey Point nuclear power plant in Homestead, Florida, which was built in the 1970s and supplies juice to 900,000 Floridians, is leaking. “When sea level rises, the islands will be gone and there will be no more barriers to storm surge. It’s just a bad place WRSXWDQXFOHDUSODQW³EHWZHHQWKH(YHUJODGHVDQGWKHED\DWWKHIRRWRIDSHQLQVXODWKDWZLOOEHYHU\KDUGWRHYDFX- ate,” he says. KWWSHXURSHQHZVZHHNFRPELVFD\QHED\ÁRULGDQXFOHDUSRZHUSODQWOHDNLQJ"UP HX May 11 2010 President Obama visits the Everglades National Park PRESERVATION VS. RESOURCE PAGE 147 LAKE CLARKE NP, ALASKA

June 11 2012 %\.XUW5HSDQVKHN1DWLRQDO3DUNFRP “In a draft document the Environmental Protection Agency prepared in general to possible mining operations that could arise near the national park. While there are efforts to sink a copper, gold, and molybdenum mine called "Peb- ble" near the southwestern corner of the park” “The report notes that upwards of 100 miles of streams that might be valuable to "spawning or rearing habitats for Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, Sockeye salmon, rainbow trout, and Dolly Varden (trout)" could be lost or blocked by WKH3HEEOHSURSRVDODQGWKDWLPSDFWVWRVXUIDFHDQGJURXQGZDWHUÁRZVFRXOGKDUPZLQWHUDQGVSULQJÀVKKDELWDWµ http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2012/06/epas-assessment-proposed-mine-near-alaskas-lake-clark-national-park-raises-many-theoretical-concerns10051

Jan 01 2015 %\1LFKRODV5LFFDUGL7KH+XIÀQJWRQ3RVW “It's unusual for a mine to be so strongly opposed in Alaska, which owes much of its economy to extractive industries such as oil and hard-rock mining. But Pebble Mine casts development against another signature industry, salmon ÀVKLQJµ “The Environmental Protection Agency has ruled that discharge from the mine could destroy the world's largest VDOPRQÀVKHU\LQ%ULVWRO%D\,Q-XO\WKHIHGHUDODJHQF\DFWHGWROLPLWPLQLQJLQWKHDUHD3HEEOHLVFRQWHVWLQJWKDW July 13 2007 move in court.” Test Drilling on Pebble Mine project, Alaksa “Though the EPA has halted Pebble for now, Hackney says that is the wrong way to stop the project, which is why the current ballot measure would leave the mine's future up to a vote of the Legislature.” KWWSZZZKXIÀQJWRQSRVWFRPDODVNDSHEEOHPLQHSURMHFWBQBKWPO

July 17 2015 By Alex DeMarban, The ADN “The Alaska Supreme Court on Friday supported a lower court’s decision to nullify the Save Our Salmon initiative that sought to stop the controversial Pebble mining prospect by limiting large-mine permitting in the Lake and Pen- insula Borough. The 2011 initiative, which gave the borough the ability to unilaterally veto a project approved by the state Department of Natural Resources, is unlawful, the Supreme Court said.” “It’s also battling the Environmental Protection Agency in court to stop the agency from preemptively blocking the project under the Clean Water Act, before the project has had a chance to be reviewed in the permitting process.” http://www.adn.com/article/20150717/anti-pebble-mine-ballot-initiative-violated-state-law-alaska-supreme-court-

July 22 2015 By Tim Bradner, Alaska Journal of Commerce, Alaska Journal “The Supreme Court found the MLUPs to be functionally irrevocable based on the large investment made by Pebble in exploration that the state would be unlikely to halt, and that the well casings left behind after drilling constitute a permanent “disposal” of public land that requires notice and comment under the state Constitution.” “This decision means that all Alaskans, especially those whose rights and livelihoods are jeopardized by intensive exploration activities like those at Pebble, have the constitutional right to participate in those decisions affecting them,” said Trustees for Alaska Executive Director Vicki Clark in a formal statement after the decision. Trustees for Alaska represented the plaintiffs in the case.” KWWSZZZDODVNDMRXUQDOFRPEXVLQHVVDQGÀQDQFHH[SORUDWLRQSHUPLWVDLUDIWHUFRXUWUXOLQJ9X- July 5 2013 :50YNU.8N Lake Clark Pass National Park, Alaska TOURISM VS. RESOURCE WASTE PAGE 149 GREAT SMOKY MNT. NP, TENNESSEE & N. CAROLINA

April 15 2011 %\.XUW5HSDQVKHN1DWLRQDO3DUN7UDYHOHUFRP “The Tennessee Valley Authority's board of directors signed off on an agreement that will lead to the phaseout of RI LWVFRDOÀUHGSRZHUSODQWXQLWV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKH79$RIÀFLDOVDJUHHGWRLQVWDOOPRGHUQSROOXWLRQFRQWUROVDW another 36 units. And they agreed to help both the National Park Service and U.S. Forest Service restore and improve "lands, watersheds and forests." KWWSZZZQDWLRQDOSDUNVWUDYHOHUFRPSODQVVKXWGRZQFRDOÀUHGSRZHUSODQWVVKRXOGKHOSFOHDUDLURYHU great-smoky-mountains-national-pa7962

June 21 2013 By Louie Brogdon, Times Free Press “Two big ozone-producing culprits -- sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide -- have been reduced by more than 90 percent from peak levels. And with more planned coal plant closures -- and another $2.2 billion slated for emission FRQWUROWKRVHOHYHOVDUHH[SHFWHGWRFRQWLQXHWRGHFOLQHVDLG'XQFDQ0DQVÀHOGDVSRNHVPDQIRU79$µ “By 2017, nearly 30 units at its coal-burning power plants will be closed, converted or cleaned up with emission-re- GXFLQJVFUXEEHUVDVSDUWRI DQDJUHHPHQWZLWKWKH(QYLURQPHQW3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\0DQVÀHOGVDLGµ http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2013/jun/21/tva-credits-pollution-reduction-at-power/111395/ Aug 15 2012 Duke Energy Lake Julian, North Carolina

Oct 16 2015 By Dr. Howard Neufeld, Citizen Times “These extremely high concentrations, also seen throughout the rest of our state, contributed to the passing of the Clean Smokestacks Act by the General Assembly in 2002. A year later, the EPA started efforts to reduce emissions that contribute to ozone formation. These two acts forced the Tennessee Valley Authority to reduce pollution that drifted into North Carolina from its power plants.” “Maintaining and improving upon these air quality successes begins with our ability to monitor conditions over time to assure our citizens the air is healthy and the environment protected.” http://www.citizen-times.com/story/opinion/contributors/2015/10/16/push-cut-air-quality-monitoring-sense- less/74043394/

Dec 23 2015 %\+ROO\.D\V6PRNH\0RXQWDLQ1HZV “Overall tourism to the Smokies has increased drastically over the past two years, with the year-to-date total as of the end of November already more than 12 percent greater than the total visitation for 2011. In 2014, visitation to the SDUNWRSSHGPLOOLRQIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHVLQFHDQGWKHQXPEHUVDUHSURMHFWHGWRVWD\KLJK,QIDFWWKHSDUNLV expecting the 2015 visitation total to be the largest in the park’s history.” http://www.smokymountainnews.com/outdoors/item/16906-a-double-edged-sword-rising-visitation-in-the-smokies- brings-challenge-and-reward

April 14 2001 Great Smokey National Park, Newfound Gap LOCAL HERITAGE VS. HISTORIC OWNERSHIP PAGE 151 YOSEMITE NP, CALIFORNIA

Feb 24 2016 %\.XUW$OH[DQGHU7KH6DQ)UDQFLVFR&KURQLFOH ´

Feb 29 2016 %\.XUW$OH[DQGHU7KH6DQ)UDQFLVFR&KURQLFOH “...executives with Aramark of Philadelphia said visitors won’t see many changes immediately, but laid out a plan to invest $100 million in the park during the life of the company’s 15-year contract.” ´:KLOH$UDPDUNLVQHZWR

March 4 2016 By Robin Abcarian, The La Times ´7KH\DUULYHGRYHUWKHZHHNHQGMXVWEHIRUHVRPHRIWKHSDUN VPRVWIDPRXVQDPHVZHUHRIÀFLDOO\FKDQJHG³FRO- lateral damage in a trademark dispute between the National Park Service and its previous concessionaire, Delaware North. The new concessionaire is Aramark, which won the lucrative 15-year contract.” ´'HODZDUH1RUWKKDVVXHGWKH1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFHFODLPLQJWKDWLWLVRZHGPRQH\IRUWUDGHPDUNVLWRZQV³ZRUWK about $50 million, the company says. Au contraire, says the park service. Not only are the trademarks worth a mere $3 million, they were fraudulently obtained.” http://www.latimes.com/local/abcarian/la-me-0304-abcarian-yosemite-ahwahnee-20160304-column.html

March 12 2016 %\$OLFH'DQLHO.4('RUJ “These names belong to the Native Americans,” Sylvester says. “I think that’s what really got me roiled up. No, no one can own those. Just because you can doesn’t mean you have to.” “In a statement, Delaware North, the former concessionaire, agrees that the names do hold a special place in the nation’s cultural history, but this is a contract dispute. And, the company says, it was willing to let the park service use the names for free while the issue gets resolved.” http://ww2.kqed.org/news/2016/03/12/in-yosemite-native-americans-ask-whose-names-are-they-anyway May 11 2010 Half Dome (formerly Ahwahnee) Hotel, Yosemite National Park WASTE VS. TOURISM PAGE 153 DEATH VALLEY NATIONAL PARK

October 16 2014 By Matthew L. Waldcot, New York Times “Yucca, a volcanic structure adjacent to what was formerly known as the Nevada Test Site, where the government ex- ploded hundreds of nuclear bombs, was never described as the best place for burying nuclear waste, only an acceptable one about which a consensus could be achieved.” ´7KH(QHUJ\'HSDUWPHQWVHOHFWHG

July 17 2015 By Sarah Zang, Wired Magazine “Well, last week America got three new national monuments, including the 704,000 acres of the Basin and Range 1DWLRQDO0RQXPHQW$QGJXHVVZKDW"7KHWUDLQWKDWZDVVXSSRVHGWRFDUU\DOOWKDWQXFOHDUJXFNWR

August 13 2015 By Matthew Daly, Washington Times “By a 2-1 vote, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ordered the commission to complete the licensing process and approve or reject the Energy Department’s application for a waste site at Nevada’s Yucca Moun- tain.” “Reid, a Democrat, called the appeals court decision “fairly meaningless.” Congress has cut funding for Yucca and is unlikely to restore it, Reid said.” KWWSZZZZDVKLQJWRQWLPHVFRPQHZVDXJDSSHDOVFRXUWREDPDYLRODWLQJODZQXFOHDUVLWHQHY"SDJH DOO

October 27 2015 %\.HLWK5RGJHUV5HYLHZ-RXUDQO “The Nuclear Information and Resource Service estimates more than 10 million people will be exposed to small doses of radiation along transportation routes that would involve 2,800 rail shipments and 2,700 truck shipments.” http://www.reviewjournal.com/news/nevada/dump-blasts-feed-concerns-about-yucca-mountain Feb 24 2016 Death Valley National Park, AP Images TOURISM VS. LOCAL HERITAGE PAGE 155 POINT REYES NATIONAL PARK, CA

Aug 23 2015 By Simon Worral, National Geographic

“People saw within it their own fears and prejudices. Some saw a story about big government harassing the little guy. Other people saw conservatives doing a land grab for public lands to the detriment of the environment. Others saw it as a story about bad science. The issue was that this farm was inside a designated wilderness area, grandfathered in because it pre-dated the wilderness area.” - Interview with Summer Brennan “One of the reasons it became such an issue locally was because it is about encroachment. We feel we’re running out RI VSDFHDQGWKHVSDFHZHKDYHLVSUHFLRXV:KRGHFLGHVZKDWXVHVLWVKRXOGEHSXWWR"6KRXOGLWJRWRKLNHUVDQG ND\DNHUV"2UDUHZHJRLQJWRPDNHVSDFHIRUWKHOLWWOHJX\WRKDYHDIDPLO\IDUP"7KHUH·VDORWRIDQ[LHW\DERXWWKHVH issues.” http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/08/150823-oysters-wilderness-point-reyes-national-seashore-marin-coun-

Sept 16 2015 By Leilani Clark, The Press Democrat “I found myself wedged between the National Park Service, wilderness advocates, and their defenders on one hand, and the Drakes Bay Oyster Company, the local agriculture, community and their supporters on the other . . .” she Jan 6 2013 writes in her new book “The Oyster War: The True Story of a Small Farm, Big Politics, and the Future of Wilderness Drake’s Bay Oyster Company in America.” “The story began, in part, in early 1970, when Richard Nixon signed a bill approving funds for the National Park 6HUYLFHWRSXUFKDVHWKRXVDQGVRI DFUHVRI ODQGLQ3RLQW5H\HV³WKHIXWXUH3RLQW5H\HV1DWLRQDO6HDVKRUH³ZKLFK included land managed by family-owned dairy and cattle ranches. The legislation was the fruit of a landmark collabo- UDWLRQEHWZHHQHQYLURQPHQWDODFWLYLVWV3RLQW5H\HVFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVDQGDJULFXOWXUDOLQWHUHVWV³DOOXQLWHGLQWKH desire to protect Point Reyes from rampant commercial development.”

´7KHIDWHRIWKHR\VWHUIDUPZDVPRVWGHÀQLWHO\DORVVIRUORFDOIRRGORYHUVLQWKH%D\$UHD DQGWKHR\VWHUZRUNHUV who were employed there, some for decades), but the decision sets an important precedent. It marks a commitment to ZLOGHUQHVVRYHUSULYDWHEXVLQHVV³RQHWKDWIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQVZLOOEHQHÀWIURPIRUPDQ\\HDUVWRFRPHµ KWWSZZZSUHVVGHPRFUDWFRPOLIHVW\OHR\VWHUZDUZKDWUHDOO\KDSSHQHG"DUWVOLGH

Jan 9 2016 %\*X\.RYQHU7KH3UHVV'HPRFUDW ´7KHIDUPHU.HYLQ/XQQ\XOWLPDWHO\ORVWKLVELGWRFRQWLQXHKDUYHVWLQJPLOOLRQD\HDUZRUWKRI VXFFXOHQW3DFLÀF oysters from the 2,500-acre estero and was evicted from the shoreline adjacent to his lifelong home on the last day of 2014.” “The National Park Service, which manages the seashore, immediately launched a cleanup effort that has cost taxpayers more than $500,000 to date. That number could easily double with the toughest part of the job due to start this spring.” “The ultimate goal is to restore the estero, after 80 years of commercial oyster cultivation, to its “wilderness character,” Gunn said, of natural ecological and biological processes. “It’s an absolute gem,” she said, noting that Drakes Es- tero is now the second marine wilderness in the National Parks system, along with Glacier Bay near Juneau, Alaska.” KWWSZZZSUHVVGHPRFUDWFRPQHZVPRUHZRUNDKHDGWRUHVWRUH"DUWVOLGH Jan 9 2016 Drake’s Bay, California TOURISM VS. HISTORIC PRESERVATION PAGE 157 POINT REYES NATIONAL PARK, CA

Feb 18 2016 %\6DPDQWKD.LPPH\3WUH\HVOLJKWFRP ´7KUHHHQYLURQPHQWDOQRQSURÀWVDUHVXLQJWKH1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFHDQG3RLQW5H\HV1DWLRQDO6HDVKRUH6XSHULQWHQ- dent Cicely Muldoon over the seashore’s ranching management plan and the alleged absence of environmental review of ranch authorizations.” “The suit sharply critiques dairy and beef ranches for their impacts to water quality and public access, and criticizes the park’s management of tule elk. Though it does not call for an injunction to stop ranching immediately, it appears to lay out an argument for either curtailing or eliminating ranching from the park.” “Cattle grazing is generally known to impair water quality, alter stream channels and hydrology, compact riparian soils, reduce riparian and upland vegetation and native biodiversity, and increase runoff, erosion, and sentiment loads into ZDWHUERGLHVµWKHVXLWVWDWHV´6XFKLPSDFWVDUHGHWULPHQWDOWRULSDULDQDUHDVLPSDLURUHOLPLQDWHLPSRUWDQWÀVKKDEL- WDWFRPSRQHQWVDQGDGYHUVHO\HIIHFWVDOPRQLGVDQGRWKHUÀVKVSHFLHVµ http://www.ptreyeslight.com/article/environmental-groups-sue-allowing-ranches-point-reyes

Feb 26 2016 By Paul Rogers, Daily Democrat “Many of the cattle ranches in the iconic park have been operated by the same families since the 1860s. And park ser- May 26 2014 YLFHRIÀFLDOVVD\WKH\KDYHQRSODQVWRUHPRYHWKHP%XWWKHVXLWÀOHGLQ86'LVWULFW&RXUWLQ6DQ)UDQFLVFRDJDLQVW the National Park Service by three groups, claims that the cattle are causing erosion, polluting waterways with manure, Point Reyes National Seashore harming endangered salmon and other species and blocking public access.” ´7KHJURXSVVD\WKDWSDUNVHUYLFHRIÀFLDOVDUHYLRODWLQJIHGHUDOODZEHFDXVHWKH\DUHPRYLQJIRUZDUGZLWKDSODQWR renew 20-year leases to the ranchers without conducting adequate environmental studies on how the thousands of FRZVDUHDIIHFWLQJWKHVHDVKRUH·VVFHQLFUHVRXUFHVLQFOXGLQJLWVWXOHHON1RUKDYHRIÀFLDOVXSGDWHGWKHLU\HDUROG park management plan to consider other options, like reducing the number of ranches in the park or the size of the cattle herds, the lawsuit contends.” http://www.dailydemocrat.com/article/NI/20160216/NEWS/160219913

March 8 2016 By Joushua Rapp Learn, The Smithsonian "Rewilding" landscapes to return them to a natural state might sometimes be ineffective and even harmful “Tule elk, a species originally native to large parts of California, has been reintroduced to the second, greener area after being hunted to near extinction in the 19th century. Federal and state agencies collaborated to reintroduce the elk in the 1970s in an effort to "rewild" the seashore, or return it to its natural state.” ´7RÀ[WKHSUREOHPVZHPD\KDYHVLQFHFDXVHGYLDLQWURGXFLQJLQYDVLYHVSHFLHVRUUHPRYLQJQDWLYHZLOGOLIHZHMXVW have to turn back the clock. But ecosystems aren't like that. Humans have been altering habitats for thousands of years. Now some experts are beginning to think that rewilding is not only impossible but possibly harmful if ecologists aren't able to untangle the many variables in these new, human-made landscapes.” http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/it-might-be-impossible-turn-back-clock-altered-ecosystems- "QRLVW April 6 2016 Point Reyes National Seashore HISTORIC PRESERVATION VS. NATURE PAGE 159 YELLOWSTONE NP, WYOMING

Jan 7 2016 By Associated Press “As many as 900 wild bison at Yellowstone National Park will be killed or removed this winter as government agencies continue working to reduce the effects of their annual migration into Montana.” ´3DUNRIÀFLDOVUHOHDVHGWKHLUSODQVRQ7XHVGD\WRFXOOWKHELVRQKHUGE\WRDQLPDOVE\HLWKHUKXQWLQJRUFDS- turing the large creatures. It could potentially be the largest hunt in one winter since 2008, and could remove nearly 20 percent of the current population of about 4,900 bison that currently roam the park.” "The park would gladly reduce the frequency and magnitude of these operations if migrating bison had access to more habitat outside the park or there was a way to transfer live bison elsewhere," Wenk said. ´6RPHUDQFKHUVODQGRZQHUVDQGHOHFWHGRIÀFLDOVLQ0RQWDQDKDYHDPRUHQHJDWLYHYLHZ7KDW VEHFDXVHRIEUXFHOORVLV and the potential for bison to compete with cattle for grazing space on public lands outside the park.” https://weather.com/science/nature/news/yellowstone-bison-hunt

Feb 16 2016 By Michael Wright, Bozeman Daily Chroncile “Hunting itself is controversial, too, as groups have criticized hunters for lining up at the park border to kill bison in GURYHVDQGOHDYLQJXQVLJKWO\JXWSLOHVWRIHVWHUDORQJWKHURDG³HVSHFLDOO\QHDU%HDWWLH*XOFKZKHUHWKHFDQGOHOLJKW vigil took place. Yellowstone spokeswoman Sandy Snell-Dobert said more than 10 bison have wandered back into the park this year after being injured by hunters.” Aug 15 2012 Bison Slaughter, Yellowstone National Park http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/environment/yellowstone-bison-advocates-protest-planned-slaugh- WHUDUWLFOHBIGHHFGEFDGDGKWPO

Feb 25 2016 By Buffalo Field Campaign, Ecowatch.com “Ranchers oppose such an expansion for bison because female bison can transmit the disease brucellosis to cattle via afterbirth, potentially causing the cows to miscarry and costing ranchers money. There has never been a document- ed transmission of brucellosis from a bison to a cow, but the two sides view that fact differently: advocates say it's a reason to relax the restraints; the livestock community says it's proof the current system works.” “The decision to open more land to bison could signal that Montana is closer to confronting the heart of the dispute, which is whether these animals are truly "wild." http://www.outsideonline.com/2057901/could-yellowstone-bison-slaughters-be-way-out

March 4 2016 By Buffalo Field Campaign, Ecowatch.com “Montana is blessed with an abundance of public lands but cursed by a statute that stands in the way of managing migratory buffalo as a wildlife species,” said Geist. “Few people know that MCA 81-2-120 is almost entirely fund- ed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to back Department of Livestock management of wild buffalo. Without American taxpayer funding, Montana and Yellowstone National Park would have to changes their ways.” “This population target is a result of livestock industry pressure to address unfounded brucellosis fears and Yellow- stone’s false premise that there are “surplus” wild bison.” https://weather.com/science/nature/news/yellowstone-bison-hunt Yellowstone National Park TOURISM VS. CONGESTION PAGE 161 BANFF NATIONAL PARK, BANFF CANADA

Nov 25 2014 By Michael Platt, Calgary Sun “That’s why the idea of gondolas is certain to raise a stink like the Sulphur Mountain hot springs on a sweaty July day. Gondolas will mean serious change to the way tourists get around in Banff, while altering the look of the town forever.” ´7UDIÀFKDVFHUWDLQO\EHFRPHDQLVVXHWKDWZHKDYHWRJUDSSOHZLWKLQDWRZQWKHVL]HRIRXUVDQGWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUH LVRQO\FDSDEOHRI KDQGOLQJVRPDQ\YHKLFOHVµVDLG.DUORV KWWSZZZFDOJDU\VXQFRPEDQIIWRZQFRXQFLOH\HVJRQGRODVWRUHGXFHWUDIÀFFRQJHVWLRQ

May 13 2015 By CTV Calgary Staff ´,QDQDWWHPSWWRDOOHYLDWHWKHWUDIÀFWLHXSVRQ%DQII$YHQXHDQGWKURXJKRXWWKHWRZQWRZQRIÀFLDOVDUHFRQVLGHU- ing resurrecting tourist train service connecting Banff with Calgary but several questions remain unanswered.” “Preliminary discussions are underway between the Calgary Regional Partnership and the town of Banff entertaining ? ???? the feasibility of train travel.” Banff National ParkPark, East Gate KWWSFDOJDU\FWYQHZVFDZRXOGWKHUHWXUQRIUDLOVHUYLFHUHGXFHWUDIÀFVQDUOVLQEDQII

Feb 17 2016 By Rocky Mountain Outlook “Much like the mandate Parks Canada was handed several years ago to increase tourism by two per cent annually, a WDUJHWDOUHDG\JUHDWO\H[FHHGHGLQ%DQIIWKHÁDJVKLSRIWKHQDWLRQDOSDUNV\VWHPWKHUHZLOOEHFRQVHTXHQFHV The hoped-for two per cent increase, as it turns out, has, in fact, translated into 3.8 million visitors Banff in 2015; which is a 7.4 per cent increase over 2014, which was a 10.4 per cent increase over 2013.” “No kidding. As former Banff Mayor John Stutz used to say in regard to his town providing infrastructure for tour- LVP²´ZHÁXVKWRLOHWVIRUDGD\RQDWD[EDVHRI SHRSOHµ http://www.rmoutlook.com/article/Whats-the-cost-of-free-passes-20160217

http://www.rmoutlook.com/article/Whats-the-cost-of-free-passes-20160217http:/p/p //ww//w w.rw.w moutlot ok.com/ar/ ticle//WhaW ts-the-cost-tt--of-free-ppasssssses-20160217

Feb 17 2016 By Colette Derworiz, Calgary Herald “The numbers project a 7.4 per cent increase in visitors to the iconic park from April 1, 2015 to March 31, 2016.“This year was a record year for visitation,” Dave McDonough, superintendent of Banff National Park, said at the annual parks planning forum last week. “We expect by the end of March to say that we’ve had 3.8 million visitors in the park.” The numbers are up from 3.6 million visitors in 2014/2015.” “Locals at the forum were concerned the iconic park could get even busier in 2017, without the approximately $20-million in annual entry fees being available.” http://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/banff-on-track-to-set-visitor-record-raising-worries-about-park-congestion Banff National Park, Gondola TOURISM VS. RESERVE PAGE 163 ZION CANYON NATIONAL PARK, UTAH

August 7 2015 By Ellen Creager, Detroit Free Press ´2QHWKLQJSURWHFWLQJ=LRQ VWUHDVXUHV"7KHIDUVLJKWHGGHFLVLRQLQWREDQFDUVLQ=LRQ&DQ\RQIURP0DUFK to Oct. 25. You either have to take a shuttle or hike.” “Yet, solitary contemplation of nature's beauty can still be had at Zion, which sprawls over 229 square miles. You just KDYHWRORRNKDUGHUWRÀQGLWµ http://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/destinations/2015/08/07/zion-national-park/31219771/

Feb 14 2016 By Don Gilman, St. Geroge, Utah “In late October and early November 2015, when the shuttle service was due to shut down for the season, lines at the main entrance to Zion canyon were so long the park had to let vehicles in only when a parking spot became available. Wait times lasted hours. Tourist frustration grew. Some were turned away. The shuttle service was then reinstated for two weeks longer than normal to accommodate the increased visitation.” “Some asked if it would be possible for Congress to enact an emergency decree limiting the number of visitors. Bradybaugh said it is unlikely Congress would take action on the issue. Zion is not alone in the issue of overcrowding. Visitation is up at virtually every national park in the U.S.” “What we’re seeing is resource damage,” Baltrus said. “We’re seeing people who are making their own trails, either to get around crowds or just to get away from crowds. That really affects (the canyon) … whether it be soil, plants, erosion … it doesn’t take very much out in the desert and the soils to create a trail that takes years and years to come back.” ?????May 23 2014 http://www.stgeorgeutah.com/news/archive/2016/02/14/djg-maxing-out-capacities-growth-challenges-for-zion-na- Zion National Park Entrance WLRQDOSDUNVSULQJGDOH9X;EFS0U/I<

Dec 16 2015 %\.XUW5HSDQVKHN1DWLRQDO3DUN7UDYHOHUFRP “Back in the late 1980s, when National Park System visitation rose to a then-record 287 million, park managers were ODPHQWLQJWKDWZH UHORYLQJWKHSDUNVWRGHDWK7RGD\ VYLVLWDWLRQQRWRQO\KDVVKRWDERYHWKDWPLOOLRQÀJXUHE\ quite a bit, but visitation is setting records year after year. Some parks saw 2015 visitation climb more than 40 percent over 2014 levels.” http://www.nationalparkstraveler.com/2015/12/record-visitation-strained-some-national-parks-year-creating-concern-over-what-2016-might

March 8 2016 %\.LUN6LHJOHU0735RUJ ´%XWWKHVXFFHVVRIFDPSDLJQVOLNHWKH1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFH V)LQG

Zion National Park, The Canyons RECREATION VS. HISTORIC PRESERVATION PAGE 165 GRAND CANYON NP, ARIZONA

August 9 2014 %\.HYLQ)HGDUNR7KH1HZ

June 4 2015 By Lisa Neff, Wisconsin Gazette “This spring, more than 200,000 people submitted public comments urging the U.S. Forest Service to reject a special permit request from Stilo Development Group to build roads, sewers and other utilities through the public lands ZLWKLQWKH.DLEDE1DWLRQDO)RUHVW7KHDFFHVVLVQHHGHGWRGHYHORSWKHUHVLGHQWFRPPXQLW\RI7XVD\DQ$UL]RQD ³QHDUWKHVRXWKHUQHQWUDQFHWRWKHSDUN³IURPDWRXULVWWRZQLQWRDFRPSOH[RI KLJKHQGKRPHVUHWDLOVWRUHVDQG restaurants.” “Also, the Department of the Interior warned the massive development was raising international concerns over potential harm to the Grand Canyon, a World Heritage Site. The National Park Service has called the project one of the ?Oct ????31 2007 biggest threats to the park in its nearly 100-year history.” Grand Canyon Skywalk http://wisconsingazette.com/2015/06/04/more-than-200000-protest-development-plans-near-grand-canyon/

August 7 2015 By Joanna Walters, The Guardian

“This is a sign that the Grand Canyon is a national treasure and an international treasure and the forest services recognizes it as such. This development was to o close, too large and too thirsty,” he said. “I hope this decision is the EHJLQQLQJRI DWUHQGZKHUHFLWL]HQVJRYHUQPHQWRIÀFLDOVDQGODQGPDQDJHUVZRUNWRJHWKHUWRSURWHFWVXFKSODFHVµ Eric Duthie, the town manager of Tusayan, also said he was surprised by Provencio’s decision, though not pleased. “We had been given assurances that it was moving to environmental assessment. This decision was just astounding,” he said.” http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/mar/13/grand-canyon-commercial-development-tusayan-conservation

March 9 2016 By Ellen Creager, Detroit Free Press “Roger Clark, the director of the Grand Canyon program for the Grand Canyon Trust was concerned about where the water for the development was supposed to come from.” ´,QDOHWWHUDGGUHVVHGWRWKHPD\RURI 7XVD\DQ.DLEDE)RUHVW6XSHUYLVRU+HDWKHU3URYHQFLRZURWHWKH86)6KDG rejected the easement proposal by the town because not only would it “stress local and park infrastructure and have untold impacts to the surrounding Tribal and National Park lands, [but it’s] deeply controversial [and] is opposed by local and national communities." http://www.digitaljournal.com/news/politics/grand-canyon-development-project-rejected-by-federal-government/ar- Sept 30 2013 North Rim Lodge, Grand Canyon RECREATION VS. PRESERVATION PAGE 167 GRAND CANYON NP, ARIZONA

July 18 2014 %\-HQ/HEURQ.XKQH\7KH5HSXEOLF ´7KHGHVLJQSODQVIRUWKHJRQGRODDUHQRWÀQDOL]HGEXWGHYHORSHU5/DPDU:KLWPHUVDLGVRPHRI WKHLQVSLUDWLRQ behind the project came from other scenic aerial tramways in places such as the Swiss Alps and Napa Valley.” "It's about the experience for the average person," Whitmer said. "What better place to see the Canyon from the rim DQGWKHQJRWRWKHERWWRPDQGH[SHULHQFHWKHHQRUPLW\DQGDZHRI VHHLQJWKHWRS" “Whitmer said the potential 2018 opening date builds in litigation time over whether Navajo lands end at the center point of the Colorado River or a quarter-mile to the east of it, like the National Park Service says.” http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/2014/07/18/developers-plans-cable-car-system-inside-grand-canyon-draw-opposition/12873763/

August 9 2014 %\.HYLQ)HGDUNR7KH1HZ

August 14 2014 By Amanda J. Crawford, National Geographic “That's why Whitmer says he wants to make this special part of the Grand Canyon accessible to the world. He and his partners are working with the Navajo Nation to build the Grand Canyon Escalade, a billion-dollar development with hotels, restaurants, shops, and a Navajo cultural center on the desolate canyon rim, almost 30 miles from the closest highway.” ,QDZRUOGKXQJU\IRUKDUPRQ\DQGEHDXW\FDQ\RXWKLQNRI DEHWWHUSODFHWKDQWKH*UDQG&DQ\RQ":KLWPHU asks. The plan, now pending before the Navajo Nation Council, has caused division on the reservation and with RWKHUWULEHVLQFOXGLQJWKH+RSLZKRVD\WKHFDQ\RQDQGWKHFRQÁXHQFHLQSDUWLFXODUDUHVDFUHGDQGVKRXOGQRWEH disturbed. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/08/140814-grand-canyon-national-park-threats-developments/

.DLEDEWR%ULJKW$QJHO7UDLO*UDQG&DQ\RQ RESOURCE VS. HISTORIC RESERVE PAGE 169 GRAND CANYON NP, ARIZONA

Sept 15 1965 %\0RUUV.XGDO+RXVH2I 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV6SHHFK “These bills provide for two major control and hydroelectric power dams on the Colorado River, and pumping and diversion facilities to transport the water into the Salt River Valley area around Phoenix and on to Tucson in Arizona. Like all reclamation projects it would serve the multiple purpose of providing water storage needed for irrigation, for industry, and for municipal and domestic use.” ´0U6SHDNHULPDJLQHWKHVLJKWRISODFLGFOHDUEOXHODNHVUHÁHFWLQJWKHPDMHVW\RIVKHHUFOLIIVWRIHHW KLJKWKDWIRUPWKHLQQHUJRUJHRI 0DUEOHDQG%ULGJH&DQ\RQVRUSLFWXUHPLOHVRIÀRUGOLNHYLHZVDOOQRZZLWKLQWKH reach of everyone to see. These are values not to be discounted or written off as "desecration" or "destruction." “It is my position that these lakes and clear waters can enhance the beauty of these canyons and, what is more, make WKHPDFFHVVLEOHIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHWRWKHSXEOLFIRUYLHZLQJDQGIRUXQOLPLWHGUHFUHDWLRQµ KWWSZZZOLEUDU\DUL]RQDHGXH[KLELWVXGDOOVSHHFKHVÁRRGJFKWPO

Dec 25 2009 By E.D. Andrews and Leslie A. Pizzi, Ydrological Science Journal

:KHQDQH[SHULPHQWDOÁRRGZDVSURSRVHGWREXLOGVDQGEDUVDFRQÁLFWDURVHEHWZHHQWKH8SSHU%DVLQVWDWHVDQG power consumers, and environmentalists. In the 1956 Act, Congress directed the Department of the Interior to operate Glen Canyon Dam "so as to produce the greatest practicable amount of power and energy that can be sold at ÀUPUDWHV 6HFWLRQ 7KH8SSHU%DVLQVWDWHVDQGSRZHUFRQVXPHUVEHOLHYHGWKLVODQJXDJHLQWKH$FWSURKLELW- ?????May 23 2014 ed spills in excess of power plant capacity, except as required by dam safety considerations. Others believed that the Artist render of the Grand Caynon Lake "greatest practicable" directive was not limited by only dam safety. They argued that other federal objectives and resources, including especially the protection of Grand Canyon National Park, would justify releases from Glen Canyon Dam in excess of power plant capacity.”

Grand Canyon National Park RESOURCE VS. RECREATION/RESERVE PAGE 171 GRAND CANYON NP, ARIZONA

Oct 27 2015 %\+DOO4XLQ3UHVLGHQW&KLHI([HFXWLYHRI 1DWLRQDO0LQLQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ7KH1HZ

Oct 14 2015 By Mark Udall, The New York Times In 1975, Congress nearly doubled the park’s size, declaring that the entire Grand Canyon “including tributary side FDQ\RQVDQGVXUURXQGLQJSODWHDXVLVDQDWXUDOIHDWXUHRIQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDWLRQDOVLJQLÀFDQFHµ “Today, four uranium mines operate within the watershed that drains directly into Grand Canyon National Park. Ar- bitrary boundaries and antiquated rules permit these mines to threaten hundreds more life-giving seeps and springs in the desert basins below. Thousands of new mining claims on public lands that surround the canyon were put on hold E\D\HDUPRUDWRULXPLPSRVHGLQE\.HQ6DOD]DUWKHQWKHLQWHULRUVHFUHWDU\7KH1DWLRQDO0LQLQJ$VVRFLD- tion and the Nuclear Energy Institute are suing in federal court to end the ban.” http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/14/opinion/grand-canyon-waters-at-the-abyss.html

2014 Unreclaimed uranium mine, Grand Canyon Nov 24 2015 %\0DUN8GDOO+XIÀQJWRQ3RVW “The mining industry's statement counts on readers to be ignorant of the fact that federal and state agencies do not require wells to measure water pollution more than a thousand feet underground, where uranium mining threatens aquifers that feed springs deep within the Grand Canyon. No monitoring means contamination is undetected: out of sight, out of mind.”

“But that's changing as the U.S. Geological Survey pieces together samples taken from existing wells and places where JURXQGZDWHUÁRZVGRZQZDUGLQWRWKH*UDQG&DQ\RQ7KHVHVKRZWKDWPLQLQJKDVDOUHDG\SROOXWHGVSULQJVDQG ÀYHZHOOVZLWKLQWKH*UDQG&DQ\RQ VZDWHUVKHGZLWKWR[LFOHYHOVRI XUDQLXPµ KWWSZZZKXIÀQJWRQSRVWFRPVHQPDUNXGDOOZK\WKHSUHVLGHQWPXVWEDBEBKWPO

March 2 2016 By Greg Zimmerman and Nicole Gentile, ThinkProgress.org 7KH.RFKEURWKHUV·DQWLSDUNHIIRUWLVEHLQJUXQWKURXJKWKH$UL]RQDEDVHG3URVSHU,QFDQGLWVVLVWHURUJDQL]DWLRQ WKH3URVSHU)RXQGDWLRQ,QFZKLFKVKDUHDSK\VLFDODGGUHVVDORJRDVWDIIDQGDIRXQGHU³.LUN$GDPV$GDPV served as Speaker of the Arizona House of Representatives from 2009 to 2011, ran a failed attempt for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2012, and is currently the Chief of Staff to Arizona Governor Doug Ducey.

http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2016/03/02/3755751/kochs-uranium-mine-grand-canyon/

Hiking trail, Grand Caynon National Park WASTE VS. RECREATION/RESERVE PAGE 173 ANIMAS RIVER, COLORADO

August 6 2015 By Maya Rhondan, Time Magazine “About 1 million gallons of mine waste spilled into a Colorado waterway on Wednesday, turning the water bright RUDQJHDQGSURPSWLQJRIÀFLDOVWRZDUQUHVLGHQWVWRDYRLGUHFUHDWLRQDOXVHRI WKH$QLPDV5LYHUµ

´6DQ-XDQ&RXQW\KHDOWKRIÀFLDOVVD\WKH(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ$JHQF\DQGWKHVWDWH'LYLVLRQRI 5HFODPDWLRQ Mining and Safety were investigating another contamination when they “unexpectedly triggered a large release of mine waste water into the upper portions of Cement Creek.” Cement Creek is a tributary of the Animas River.” http://time.com/3987958/mine-spiller-yellow-river-colorado/

August 10 2015 By BBC News ´$WR[LFOHDNRI ZDVWHZDWHUWKDWKDVWXUQHGD&RORUDGRULYHUPXVWDUG\HOORZLVWKUHHWLPHVODUJHUWKDQ86RIÀFLDOVKDG originally estimated. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) now says that three million gallons of wastewater Aug 07 2015 VSLOOHGIURPDQDEDQGRQHGPLQHODVWZHHN7KH(3$GRHVQRWEHOLHYHZLOGOLIHLVLQVLJQLÀFDQWGDQJHUEHFDXVHWKH Animas River Mine Spill sludge moved so quickly downstream.” “The EPA is still investigating the health effects of the leak, which included heavy metals including lead and arsenic. The discoloured water, which is now beginning to dissipate, stretched more than 100 miles into neighbouring New Mexico.” http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33856444

August 10 2015 By Julie Turkewitz, The New york Times “On Monday, Gov. John W. Hickenlooper released $500,000 in funds for assistance. The City of Durango and La Plata County have declared states of emergency.” ´)RU\HDUVWKH*ROG.LQJKDVOHDNHGWR[LFZDWHUDWDUDWHRI WRJDOORQVDPLQXWH7KHDJHQF\KDGSODQQHGWR ÀQGWKHVRXUFHRIWKHOHDNLQWKHKRSHRIRQHGD\VWDQFKLQJLW,QVWHDGDVZRUNHUVXVHGDEDFNKRHWRKDFNDWORRVH PDWHULDODVXUSULVHGHOXJHRI RUDQJHZDWHUULSSHGWKURXJKVSLOOLQJLQWR&HPHQW&UHHNDQGÁRZLQJLQWRWKH$QLPDV The burst did not injure workers.” http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/11/us/durango-colorado-mine-spill-environmental-protection-agency.html

August 10 2015 By Julie Turkewitz, The New york Times “Even months later, although the yellow water has passed, the EPA’s data show that storms have disturbed contaminated sediment and pushed lead levels back above the tolerance for safe drinking water,” Environmental Secretary Ryan Flynn wrote in The Wall Street Journal Monday. “The city of Farmington (pop. 45,000) still shuts its water intakes whenever storms or snowmelt increase water turbulence.” Aug 13 2013 Animas River, Colorado HISTORIC PRESERVATION VS. NATURE PAGE 175 YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK

May 6 2014 By SacramentoRadio.org “The number of Bighorn sheep has increased from 3,000 to 9,000. Chris Healy is with the Nevada Department of Wildlife. "When you have success, there is often a byproduct and now we just have in some cases in limited area, too many sheep," says Healy. Healy says less forage, as a result of the drought, will weaken herds and make them more VXVFHSWLEOHWRGLVHDVH6RIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHWKHGHSDUWPHQWLVUHFRPPHQGLQJKXQWLQJIHPDOH%LJ+RUQVWRUHGXFHWKH number of births.” KWWSZZZFDSUDGLRRUJDUWLFOHVQHYDGDZLOGOLIHRIÀFLDOVUHFRPPHQGLQJPRUHKXQWVWRFRQWUROELJ- horn-sheep,-elk-populations/

March 30 2015 %\&KULV&ODUNH.&(7RUJ “The relocation was a joint effort of the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW), Yosemite, Sequoia and .LQJV&DQ\RQ1DWLRQDO3DUNV,Q\R1DWLRQDO)RUHVWDQG86):6µ

"This is a legacy event for Yosemite National Park and the bighorn sheep," said Don Neubacher, Yosemite National Park Superintendent. "Additionally, this is one of the Signature Centennial projects for the National Park Service and ZHDUHHFVWDWLFWRVHHELJKRUQVKHHSLQWKH&DWKHGUDO5DQJHIRUWKHÀUVWWLPHLQPRUHWKDQ\HDUV "Bighorn sheep are a true symbol of wilderness and represent the need to protect wild lands," added Frank Dean, president of the Yosemite Conservancy. "With the reintroduction, visitors will experience a wilderness similar to that found in the days of John Muir, when large alpine wildlife was abundant." Jan 2013 KWWSVZZZNFHWRUJUHGHÀQHKXJHZHHNIRUELJKRUQLQ\RVHPLWHDQGVHTXRLD Bighorn Sheep, Yosemite National Park

May 25 2015 By Tom Stienstra, San Francisco Gate “A little over a month ago, in a historic breakthrough for wildlife, scientists reintroduced Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep to the high country of Yosemite National Park.” “At one point, with binoculars, we were staring up at 10 bighorns perched on the rocks across a canyon at Pine Creek, ZKHQ:HKDXVHQVDLG´6HOHFWLYHOLRQFRQWUROKDVFHUWDLQO\EHQHÀWHGWKH6LHUUDELJKRUQ7KHOLRQV·SRSXODWLRQKLWDORZ in the late ’90s, and the sheep population took off. There’s a great concern right now because the lion population is back up. People are wondering if we’re being adequately effective” at limiting lion predation of endangered bighorns.” “Wehausen was able to negotiate quietly with the Department of Fish and Wildlife and the Mountain Lion Founda- tion to work out the removal of lions in critical areas of national forest where Sierra bighorns were at risk. No lions were taken out of Yosemite, but that issue is eventually going to emerge if the goal is to establish large herds of bighorn sheep.” http://www.sfgate.com/sports/article/Hopeful-sign-for-bighorn-sheep-in-Yosemite-6283596.php

March 11 2016 By Daniel Duanemarch, The New york Times “The subsequent Sierra Nevada Bighorn Sheep Recovery Program, an interagency collaboration, tacitly acknowledged that our biggest and best-protected wild ecosystems are so badly compromised that we can no longer fence them off and hope for the best” ´1HWJXQVÀUHGIURPKHOLFRSWHUVZHUHXVHGWRFDSWXUHELJKRUQRXWÀWWHGZLWKFROODUVWKDWFDUULHGERWK*36DQG9+) UDGLRWUDQVPLWWHUVSURIHVVLRQDOKXQWHUVPHDQZKLOHWUDFNHGDQGGDUWHGHYHU\PRXQWDLQOLRQLQWKHDUHDWRRXWÀWWKHP with collars that carried VHF radio transmitters. Biologists at computer monitors began to watch bighorn move- ments. Anytime a lion killed multiple bighorn in a short period of time, those hunters used VHF radio telemetry and VSHFLDOO\EUHGOLRQKRXQGVWRÀQGDQGNLOOLWµ KWWSZZZQ\WLPHVFRPVXQGD\UHYLHZWKHXQQDWXUDONLQJGRPKWPO"BU Big Horn Sheep, Yosemite National Park WILDERNESS QUALITY VS. CONGESTION PAGE 177 JOSHUA TREE NATIONAL PARK

Sept 16 2005 By Stefan Lovgren, National Geographic News ´$VZLWKPDQ\RWKHUGHVHUWFRPPXQLWLHVLQ&DOLIRUQLDWKHVPDOOWRZQVVXUURXQGLQJWKHSDUNKDYHVHHQDQLQÁX[LQ recent years of people seeking refuge from city life. New housing and business developments, locals complain, have led to an increase in light and noise pollution. ´$FFRUGLQJWRRQHFRQWURYHUVLDOSURSRVDODQDUHDERUGHULQJWKHSDUNFRXOGEHWXUQHGLQWRWKHODUJHVWODQGÀOOLQWKH contiguous United States, receiving up to 20,000 tons (18,000 metric tons) of garbage daily. Environmentalists warn that it could disturb the habitat of the endangered desert tortoises.”

Radnich, the Celestial Rhythms organizer, says some people are not aware of the environmental problems facing the desert, because "they think it's all barren." KWWSQHZVQDWLRQDOJHRJUDSKLFFRPQHZVBBMRVKXDBWUHHKWPO

April 13 2013 By By Andrew Howley, National Geographic Society “Dr. Edie Allen PHD and Professor of Plant Ecology at University of California, Riverside, has found a link between WKHQLWURJHQR[LGHVIURPFDUSROOXWLRQDQGZLOGÀUHV:LOGÀUHVGLGQ·WDOZD\VSRVHVXFKDWKUHDW-RVKXD7UHHVJURZIDU June 7 2015 HQRXJKDSDUWWKDWLQWKHSDVWÀUHVUDUHO\OHDSWIURPRQHWUHHWRDQRWKHUDQGWKHGHVHUWEHWZHHQWKHWUHHVKDGOLWWOH Joshua Tree National Park Haze SODQWOLIHWKDWFRXOGFDUU\WKHÀUHIURPWUHHWRWUHH7KHQLWURJHQR[LGHVIURPFDUSROOXWLRQHQGXSVHWWOLQJLQWKHVRLO and acting as a fertilizer. In the desert soil that is more like gravel, the native plants have evolved to survive with much less nitrogen.” http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/04/13/missing-sloths-modern-pollution-and-the-fate-of-the-joshua- tree/

July 28 2015 By Sammy Roth, The Desert Sun “Air pollution knows no boundaries,” said Ulla Reeves, clean air program manager for the conservation association. “Unfortunately, that area of California is home to two of the busiest north-south trucking highways and diesel freight corridors.” ´7KHFXUUHQWIHGHUDOVPRJVWDQGDUGLVSDUWVSHUELOOLRQEXWPDQ\VFLHQWLVWVDQGSXEOLFKHDOWKH[SHUWV³LQFOXGLQJ WKH$PHULFDQ/XQJ$VVRFLDWLRQ³KDYHDUJXHGWKDWDSDUWVSHUELOOLRQVWDQGDUGLVQHHGHGWRSURWHFWSXEOLFKHDOWK %XVLQHVVJURXSVKDYHSXVKHGEDFNDJDLQVWFKDQJLQJWKHFXUUHQWVWDQGDUGDUJXLQJWKDWGRLQJVRFRXOGVWLÁHHFRQRPLF growth.” http://www.desertsun.com/story/news/environment/2015/07/28/joshua-tree-national-park-gets-grade-air-quality/30793759/

Nov 11 2015 By Cole Mellino, EcoWatch.com “Early last month, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tightened its ground-level ozone pollution stan- GDUGIURPWRSDUWVSHUELOOLRQ SSE ³SXWWLQJFRXQWLHVDFURVVWKHFRXQWU\LQQRQFRPSOLDQFHµ ´%XWZKR·VWREODPH"7KH1DWLRQDO3DUN6HUYLFHVD\VSRZHUSODQWVZKLOHVFLHQWLVWVDQG&DOLIRUQLDRIÀFLDOVSRLQWWKH ÀQJHUDWFDUHPLVVLRQVIURPWKHPLOOLRQVRI WRXULVWVWKDWYLVLWRXUSDUNVHYHU\\HDUµ Sept 30 2010 http://ecowatch.com/2015/11/11/national-parks-fail-ozone-standard/ Joshua Tree National Park WILDERNESS QUALITY VS. RESOURCE PAGE 179 JOSHUA TREE NP, CALIFORNIA

Sept 23 2013 %\7DÁLQH/D\OLQ7KH*UHHQ3URSKHW “Slated for a site 36 miles west of Blythe, California, the 500MW Palen Solar Plant – a collaborative project between BrightSource Energy and Abengoa Solar – is meeting resistance from critics concerned about its light pollution.” “Excessive lighting could cause impacts to Joshua Tree National Park’s dark sky, said Seth Shteir from the National Parks Conservation Association. “That part of the park is the darkest part of the park.” “The paper reported that both the California Energy Commission (CEC) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) have conducted separate environmental impact reports that reference the potential light pollution, and both dismiss it as being mostly a peripheral issue. Businesses that rely on tourism for their bread and butter are far less nonchalant about the light pollution’s potential impact.” “Paul Smith, who owns a small hotel, said that the towers would be visible from the Mojave National Preserve as well and urged for a more in-depth study that takes tourism and the local economy into greater consideration – even if the project is expected to generate jobs and reduce carbon emissions by 17 million tons over its 30 year lifetime.” http://www.greenprophet.com/2013/09/joshua-tree-light-pollution-dims-brightsource-energys-500mw-palen-solar- project/

Nov 21 2013 %\&KULV&ODUN.&(7RUJ “The National Park Service has made its opinion known on a proposed solar power tower project just outside the Nov 10 2014 boundaries of Joshua Tree National Park, and the agency says the project would have "unavoidable and unmitigatable Bright Source 500 MW Solar Power project, Ivanpah VLJQLÀFDQWDGYHUVHLPSDFWVWRWKHSDUNµ “Foremost among the National Park Service's requests: scrap the power tower design and go back to the drawing board to create a solar power plant with less visual impact than the two power towers, which at 750 feet would tie for sixth place among the tallest structures in California.” “The mere presence of the towers, with the requisite safety lightings and navigation beacons, poses concern to the park agency, which holds among its many missions protecting the dark desert night skies over Joshua Tree.” KWWSVZZZNFHWRUJUHGHÀQHMRVKXDWUHHQSXQHDV\DERXWVRODUSODQWVHIIHFWRQGDUNVNLHVELUGVDQGSROOXWLRQ

Oct 7 2014 By Desert Sun Staff, “Even the isolated border of Twentynine Palms and Joshua Tree National Park isn’t far enough away to escape the glimmer of city lights. The lights of the surrounding towns and the Marine Corps base can be seen, and from another direction the cities of the Coachella Valley create an orange glow. Light pollution has seeped into this remote part of the desert.” http://www.desertsun.com/story/travel/2014/10/07/joshua-tree-national-park-stargazers-travel/16883767/

Sept 4 2015 %\&KULV&ODUN.&(7RUJ “It’s kind of crazy to think that even in National Parks, dark skies are threatened. Most light that hampers the nighttime views in National Parks comes from development, the study notes. Light from cities or towns can travel to parks and dim the view from as far away as 250 miles.” “One action that would have a big impact is that older light sources disperse illumination horizontally rather than directionally. By converting to LEDs and/or other directional lighting, parks and neighboring developments can help a lot to reduce light pollution, says the study.” http://www.treehugger.com/conservation/losing-nighttime-sky-light-pollution.html

Joshua Tree National Park FEDERAL VS. STATE PAGE 181 WILDLIFE REFUGE, OREGON

Jan 2 2016 By Liam Stack, The New York Times “In a telephone interview Sunday morning with CNN, Mr. Bundy said his group wanted the federal government to restore the “people’s constitutional rights.” “People need to be aware that we’ve become a system where government is actually claiming and using and defending people’s rights, and they are doing that against the people,” he said. “The people cannot survive without their land and resources,” he said. “We cannot have the government restricting the use of that to the point that it puts us in poverty.” Mr. Bundy described the federal building as “the people’s facility, owned by the people” and said his group was occupying it to take “a hard stand against this overreach, this taking of the people’s land and resources.” KWWSZZZQ\WLPHVFRPXVRUHJRQUDQFKHUVZLOOUHWXUQWRSULVRQDQJHULQJIDUULJKWDFWLYLVWVKWPO"B U

Jan 5 2016 By Justin P. McBrayer, The New York Times “Since last weekend, armed men have been in control of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge in Oregon. Incensed by the sentencing of local ranchers to jail time for burning public lands, the protesters want the federal government out of the land business. Their stated goal is to return the refuge to the locals so that “people can reclaim their resources.” ´:HSUREDEO\GRQ·WZDQWWRVD\WKDWWKHÀUVWSHUVRQWRVHHRUÀQGVRPHWKLQJLVWKHUHE\HQWLWOHGWRLW7KDW·VWKH ÀQGHUVNHHSHUVPRGHORI SULYDWHSURSHUW\7KH8QLWHG6WDWHVFHUWDLQO\GLGQ·WZDQWWRVD\WKLVDIHZ\HDUVDJRZKHQ D5XVVLDQVXEPDULQHSODQWHGDÁDJRQWKH$UFWLFVHDÁRRUDQGGHFODUHGWKHRLOUHVHUYHVWKHUHLQWKHSURSHUW\RIWKH Russian government. And, again, the protesters in Oregon should be handing the refuge over to the descendants of Jan 27 2016 WKHÀUVWKXPDQVWRÀQGWKDWODQG SUREDEO\QRWPHPEHUVRIWKH1RUWKHUQ3DLXWHWULEHEXWVRPHHDUOLHUJURXS µ Rancher Protest in Harney County http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/01/05/this-land-is-your-land-or-is-it/

Feb 18 2016 By Jason Silverstein, New York Daily News ´7KHDUPHGRFFXSDWLRQRIDIHGHUDOEXLOGLQJLQ2UHJRQFRVWVWDWHDQGORFDODJHQFLHVPLOOLRQLQGD\V³ZLOGO\ exceeding the governor's estimate of how much money was being wasted thanks to a small self-styled militia, according to records obtained by the Daily News.” “Nearly half that amount was shouldered by state police, who had to spend more than a month constantly monitoring the group of about 30 people holed up at the isolated wildlife refuge. But cities and counties all across the state also had to pay big.” http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/oregon-occupation-cost-government-2-million-article-1.2536514

March 3 2016 By Jess McHugh, The Ib Times “Finicum took part in the occupation of the Malheur Wildlife Center in Harney County, led by Nevada rancher Ammon Bundy for 41 days starting in January. The armed occupation was staged to protest the reincarceration of two local ranchers who were ordered to return to jail after serving terms for committing arson on federal lands. The protest centered on ranchers’ rights, and Bundy and his supporters used the example of the Oregon ranching pair to lobby the federal government to cede ownership of land in the West for grazing and logging.” Jan 3 2016 KWWSZZZLEWLPHVFRPRUHJRQVWDQGRIIXSGDWHIELDJHQWVXQGHULQYHVWLJDWLRQUDQFKHUUREHUWODYR\ÀQL- Harney County Willdlife Refuge System cum-2332623 WATER RESERVE VS. RECREATION PAGE 183 COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO

August 24 2015 By Jim Carlton, The Wall Street Journal “As many as 60,000 tourists raft the Colorado River above this scenic canyon town each summer, and local boosters ZDQWWRNHHSWKHPFRPLQJ³E\GLYHUWLQJVRPHRIWKHULYHU·VÁRZWRIHHGDQHZQHWZRUNRI ZKLWHZDWHUUHFUHDWLRQ parks. But the city’s proposal is meeting resistance from Colorado Springs and other cities on the opposite side of the Rocky Mountains, which pipe water from the river’s watershed all the way across the Continental Divide to help fuel their fast growth, and worry that their share of the bounty could dwindle.” “To protect its economic interests as a white-water recreation destination, Glenwood Springs, a city of about 10,000 SHRSOHRQWKH:HVWHUQ6ORSHÀOHGDUHTXHVWZLWKDVWDWHZDWHUFRXUWLQIRUWKHULJKWWRXSWRDFUHIHHW of Colorado River water. That is roughly equivalent to what is now diverted to the Front Range through tunnels and ditches.” KWWSZZZZVMFRPDUWLFOHVZDWHUÀJKWVWLUVXSROGULYDOULHVLQFRORUDGR

Aug 31 2014 Oct 20 2015 By Bruce Finley, The Denver Post Clear Creek, Colorado ´%XWWKHUH VVWLOOQRFRQVHQVXVRYHUZKHUHZDWHUWRÀOOQHZUHVHUYRLUVZRXOGFRPHIURPWRPHHWDSURMHFWHG DQQXDOVKRUWIDOORI ELOOLRQJDOORQV$XURUDVKDUHVVRPHRI &RORUDGR6SULQJV FRQFHUQVDERXWOLQLQJXSVXIÀFLHQW supplies and storage, Aurora Water director Marshall Brown said. It also is disappointed the plan emphasizes urban conservation when agriculture uses 85 percent of water statewide, Brown said.” "That water's our livelihood. Our ranchers use it. Farmers use it. We use it for recreation, tourism," said Silt Mayor Bryan Fleming. "We stand together. We cannot afford to lose any more water on this side of the mountains. We understand they have water issues, but we need to come to a comprehensive plan with conservation. We need to watch building, and developers should have to secure water before building." KWWSZZZGHQYHUSRVWFRPQHZVFLBIURQWUDQJHFLWLHVGHPDQGPRUHFRORUDGRZDWHUGLYHUVLRQV

Dec 10 2014 By Rachel Estabrook, CPR.org “If you think of Colorado as a rectangle and you draw a line right down the middle of that rectangle, 80 percent of the water falls on the left side of that line, and 87 percent of the people are on the right side of that line," he said. "The water has to get where the people are if we want to sustain ... growth along the Front Range," Ecklund added. http://www.cpr.org/news/story/colorado-water-plans-big-hurdle-uniting-western-slope-front-range

Clear Creek - Pagosa Springs, Colorado FEDERAL VS. STATE PAGE 185 UTAH, NATIONAL MONUMENT PROPOSAL

Sep 1 2015 By Matt Canham, The Salt Lake Tribune “Utah politicos believe Obama is considering a national monument in San Juan County's Cedar Mesa area, piggybacking on the Bears Ears conservation proposal pushed by a coalition of 25 American Indian tribes, led by the Navajo.” "When you create wilderness, you create a problem for adjacent counties," said Rep. Mike Noel, R-Kanab. "You create Class I airsheds. It's a cop in your backyard waiting for you to do something wrong." http://www.sltrib.com/home/2871995-155/utah-public-lands-deal-would-protect-39m

March 11 2016 By Rich Landers “Earlier this week, Utah approved $4.5 million for the effort. Utah Senate sends management of federal lands bill to governor. On a 23-4 vote Thursday, the Utah Senate approved House Bill 276, which lays out the state's plan to manage federal lands if they're transferred to the state. The measure is on Gov. Gary Herbert's desk awaiting action.” http://www.spokesman.com/blogs/outdoors/2016/mar/11/utah-lawmakers-send-federal-land-takeover-plan-gover- nor/ Cedar Mesa Ruins, Utah

March 12 2016 By Jack Healy, The New York Times “At a moment when much of President Obama’s environmental agenda has been blocked by Congress and stalled in the courts, the president still has the power under the Antiquities Act of 1906 to create national monuments on federal lands with the stroke of a pen.” “But this is Utah, where lawmakers are so angry with federal land policies that in 2012 they passed a law demanding that Washington hand over 31 million acres managed by the Bureau of Land Management and the Forest Service to WKHVWDWH7KHIHGHUDOJRYHUQPHQW³WKHODQGORUGRI SHUFHQWRI8WDK·VODQG³KDVQRWFRPSOLHGVR8WDKLVQRZ considering a quixotic $14 million lawsuit to force a transfer.” “Conservative lawmakers across the state have lined up to oppose any new monument. Ranchers, county commis- sioners, business groups and even some local tribal members object to it as a land grab that would add crippling re- strictions on animal grazing, oil and gas drilling and road-building in a rural county that never saw its share of Utah’s economic growth. Unemployment here is 8.4 percent, more than double the state average.” http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/us/remote-utah-enclave-new-battleground-over-reach-of-us-control.html

March 13 2016 %\$P\-RL2·'RQRJKXH.6/FRP ´8WDKODZPDNHUVGHFLGHGWRSXWPRQH\EHKLQGWKHLUZRUGVDQGSRQLHGXSPLOOLRQIRUDODZVXLWLQWKHÀJKWWRJHW ownership of 30 million acres of federal lands. Proponents say so much federal land ownership in Western states puts them at an economic disadvantage compared to East Coast counterparts. In Utah, close to 70 percent of the state is in federal ownership, setting the stage for a host of tensions over land use such as grazing, oil and gas development DQGHYHQIRUHVWPDQDJHPHQWIRUZLOGÀUHVµ KWWSVZZZNVOFRP"VLG QLG Mar 11 2016 Cedar Messa, Utah WILDERNESS DEFINED PAGE 189 HISTORY OF THE DEFINITON

MERRIAM WEBSTER DEFINITION THESAURUS.COM SYNONYMS

Source: (L): http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/wilderness (R): http://www.thesaurus. com/browse/wilderness GEORGE PERKINS MARSH [1801-1882] PAGE 191 AMERICAN PHIOLOGIST & DIPLOMAT

[1864] MAN AND NATURE: OR, PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AS MODIFIED BY HUMAN ACTIONS

“In the Middle Ages, has been half awakened to the necessity of restoring the disturbed harmonies of nature…” (pg 8) “But, as we have seen, man has reacted upon organized and inorganic nature, and thereby modified, if not determined, the material structure of his earthly home.” (pg 8)

“Nature, left undisturbed, so fashions her territory as to give it almost unchanging permanence of form, outline, and proportion, except when shattered by geologic convulsions; and in these comparatively rare cases of derangement, she sets herself at once to repair the superficial damage, and to restore as nearly as practicable, the former aspects of her dominion.” (pg 27)

“...a condition of equilibrium has been reached which, without the action of man, would remain, with little fluctuation, for countless ages.” (pg 27) HENRY DAVID THOREAU [1817-1862] PAGE 193 AMERICAN AUTHOR

[1862] WALKING

“In the parlance of conservation science, ‘Wilderness’ refers to undomesticated places not yet yoked to the human will. In the parlance of conservation science, ‘wilderness’ means a large area within which natural processes unfold in the absence of deliberate human intervention, where life remains ‘self-willed’” (Half Earth pg 146)

“Wildernesses have often contained sparse populations of people, especially the indigenous for centuries or millennia, without losing their essential character. And areas of wilderness… are real entities. They cannot be defined out of existence.” (Half Earth pg 146-147)

Equivalates the Anthropocene to “the Eremocene, the age of loneliness.” (Half Earth pg 44/501)

”The biosphere gave rise to the human mind, the evolved mind gave rise to culture, and culture will find the way to save the biosphere.” (Half earth, pg 98)

“Extremists among [the anthropocene] believe that what is left of nature should be treated as a commodity to justify saving it. The surviving biodiversity is better judged by its service to humanity.” (Half-Earth pg 140) RALPH WALDO EMERSON [1803-1882] PAGE 195 AMERICAN ESSAYIST

[1836] NATURE

Equivalates the Anthropocene to “the Eremocene, the age of loneliness.” (Half Earth pg 44/501)

”The biosphere gave rise to the human mind, the evolved mind gave rise to culture, and culture will find the way to save the biosphere.” (Half earth, pg 98)

“Extremists among [the anthropocene] believe that what is left of nature should be treated as a commodity to justify saving it. The surviving biodiversity is better judged by its service to humanity.” (Half-Earth pg 140) JOHN MUIR [1838-1914] PAGE 197 SCOTTISH-AMERICAN NATURALIST & ENVIORNMEN- TAL PHILOSOPHER

[1901] OUR NATIONAL PARKS

“Thousands of tired, nerve-shaken, over-civilized people are beginning to find out that going to the mountains is going home; that wildness ia a necessity; and that mountain parks and reservations are useful not only as fountains of timber and irrigating rivers, but as fountains of life.” Pg 48

“Even the scenery habit in its most artificial forms, mixed with spectacles, silliness, and kodaks; its devotees arrayed more gorgeously than scarlet tanagers... even this is encouraging, and may well be regarded as a hopeful sign of the times.” Pg 48-49

“Looking at our continent as scenery when it was all wild, lying between beautiful seas, the starry sky above it, the starry rocks beneath it, to compare its sides, the East and the West, would be like comparing the sides of a rainbow.” Pg 49

“When, like a merchant taking a list of this goods, we take stock of our wildness, we are glad to see how much of even the most destructible kind is still unspoiled. Looking at our continent as scenery when it was all wild lying between beautiful seas, the starry sky above it…” (TGNWD, pg 49)

“...the wildest health and pleasure grounds accessible and available to tourists seeking escape from care and suta and early death are the parks and reservations of the West.” (TGNWD pg 54)

“These grand reservations should draw thousands of admiring visitors at least in summer...Most travelers here are content with what they can see from car windows or the verandas of hotels, and in going from place to place cling to their precious trains and stages like wrecked sailors to rafts.” (TGNWD pg 57) THEODORE ROOSEVELT [1858-1919] PAGE 199 UNITED STATES PRESIDENT

[1897] THE AMERICAN WILDERNESS

“Hunting in the wilderness is of all pastimes the most attractive, and it is doubly so when not carried on merely as a pastime.” (TGNWD, pg 74) A. STARKER LEOPOLD [1913-1983] PAGE 201 AMERICAN FORESTER, ZOOLOGIST, & ENVIORNMEN- TALIST

[1825] THE LEOPOLD REPORT: WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE NATIONAL PARKS

“...Park Service developed a philosophy of wildlife protection, which in that era was indeed the most obvious and immediate need in wildlife conservation. Thus the parks were established as refuges... “ (TGNWD 103)

“Management of National Parks and Equivalent Areas” - First World Conference on National Parks - Seattle in July 1962 (TGNWD 105) “I. management is defined as an activity directed toward achieving or maintain a given condition... “ pg 105 “2. Few of the world’s parks are large enough to be in fact self- regulatory ecological units; rather, most are ecological islands subject to direct or indirect modification.” Pg 105

“...area was first visited by the white man. A national park should represent a vignette of primitive America.” (TGNWD pg 106)

“Wildlife should not be displayed in fence enclosures; this is the function of a zoo, not a national park. In the same category is artificial feeding of wildlife.” (TGNWD, pg 109)

“The agency best fitted to study park management problems is the Natioanl Park SErvice itself.” (TGNWD pg 110) ALDO LEOPOLD [1887-1948] PAGE 203 AMERICAN CONSERVATIONIST

[1825] WILDERNESS AS A FORM OF LAND USE

“...criteria of civilization has been the ability to conquer the wilderness and convert it to economic use.” (TGNWD, pg 75)

“The first idea is that wilderness is a resource, not only in the physical sense of the raw materials it contains, but also in the sense of a distinctive environment which may if rightly used, yield certain social values….We no longer think of municipal golf links, for instance, as merely soil and grass..” (TGNWD, pg 76)

“Wilderness certainly cannot be built at will, like a city park or a tennis court.” (TGNWD, pg 76)

“Wilderness is a relative condition.” (TGNWD pg 77)

“...it is not timber, and certainly not agriculture, which is causing the decimation of wilderness areas, but rather the desire to attract tourists. The accumulated momentum of the good-roads movement constitutes a mighty force…” (TGNWD pg 81)

“...that enlarging the range of individual experience is as important as enlarging the number of individuals; that the expansion of commerce is a means, not an end…” (TGNWD, pg 84) THE EXPLOERS CLUB OF NEW YORK [1904-] PAGE 205 Nonprofit Enviornmental Organization, Arlington, Virginia

Mission Statement: “The Explorers Club is an international multidisciplinary professional society dedicated to the advancement of field research and the ideal that it is vital to preserve the instinct to explore.”

“The Explorers Club promotes the scientific exploration of land, sea, air, and space by supporting research and education in the physical, natural and biological sciences. The Club’s members have been responsible for an illustrious series of famous firsts: First to the North Pole, first to the South Pole, first to the summit of Mount Everest, first to the deepest point in the ocean, first to the surface of the moon—all accomplished by our members.”

“The Club provides expedition resources including funding, online information, and member-to-member consultation. And our famed annual dinners honor accomplishments in exploration. But probably the most powerful resource available to those who join the Club is fellowship with other members—a global network of expertise, experience, technology, industry, and support. The Explorers Club actively encourages public interest in exploration and the sciences through its public lectures program, publications, travel program, and other events. The Club also maintains Research Collections, including a library and map room, to preserve the history of the Club and to assist those interested and engaged in exploration and scientific research.”

Source: https://explorers.org/ E. O. WILSON [1929-] PAGE 207 AMERICAN BIOLIGIST

[2016] HALF-EARTH: OUR PLANET’S FIGHT FOR LIFE

Equivalates the Anthropocene to “the Eremocene, the age of loneliness.” (Half Earth pg 44/501)

”The biosphere gave rise to the human mind, the evolved mind gave rise to culture, and culture will find the way to save the biosphere.” (Half earth, pg 98)

“Extremists among [the anthropocene] believe that what is left of nature should be treated as a commodity to justify saving it. The surviving biodiversity is better judged by its service to humanity.” (Half-Earth pg 140) J. BAIRD CALLICOTT [1941-] PAGE 209 American Enviornmentalist and Philosopher

[1968-1972] SHOULD WILDERNESS AREAS BECOME BIODIVERSITY RESERVES?

“Human economic activity need not be ruled out, by definition in biodiversity reserves”

“Establish biodiversity reserves in the places that are biologically rich but scenically poor…’ (TGNWD, pg 592)

Representative biomes with their characteristic species - the Great Plains “no monumental scenery, no wilderness designation. The plains are sufficiently vast, sparsely populated, and climatically diverse to warrant the stablishment of a whle network of biodiversity reserves from Manitoba to Chihuahua.

“Conservation biologists call “hot spots” -- areas of particularly rich biodiversity (which often o ccur at the intersection of biomes) are obvious candidates for designation as biodiversity reserves.” (TGNWD, pg 592) EMMA MARRIS [1979-] PAGE 211 AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTALIST WRITER

[2016] RAMBUNCTIOUS GARDEN: SAVING NATURE IN A POST-WILD WORLD “We have hidden nature from ourselves.” (RG, pg 14)

“Many conservationists spend their lives desperately trying to stop wilderness from changing. We cling to fragments of “virgin” or “old growth” forests, to the “last great places,” the ever-rarer “intact ecosystems”, but they slip through our fingers. Like slivers of soap, they shrink and disappear. Add we mourn. We are always mourning, because we can’t make more of such places.” ( RG, pg 14)

“We are already running the whole Earth, whether we admit it or not. To run it consciously and effectively, we must admit our role and even embrace it. We must temper our romantic notion of untrammeled wilderness and find room next to it for the more nuanced notion of a global, half-wild rambunctious garden, tended by us…..it creates more and more nature as it goes, rather than just building walls around the nature we have left.” (RG, pg 15)

“The idea of using small city garden as a “reserve” for nature may seem a bit silly, since the size would seem to limit its usefulness to all but the umblest of creatures. But for many small or mobile plants and animals, a range composed of lots of tiny bits of land will act somewhat like one large connected range. The larger groups that are made up of many smaller populations are called metapopulations. “ (RG, pg 158) ROBERT ELLIOT PAGE 213 AMERICAN PHILOSOPHER

[1997] FAKING NATURE: THE ETHICS OF ENVIORNMEN- TAL RESTORATION

“As his provocative title indicates, Elliot’s original argument against the restoration thesis focused on the idea of fakery and deception. In a comparison with works of art, he demonstrated that the genesis and history of an object are crucial determinants of its value. A perfect replica of an artwork would not have the same value as the original, because it was not created by the original artist. The value of the work of art is at least partially a function of the particular historical circumstances of its creation.”

“The point is that “genesis matters” (83). But in addition, Elliot here corrects his original paper’s emphasis on faking nature by outlining a more complete typology of faking, forging, copying, replacing, restoring, and preserving (98- 100). Of particular importance is a detailed analysis of the differences between actions regarding “tokens” and “types.”

“And Elliot continually reminds us that even if a restoration project succeeds in replacing all the natural value that was lost, there is still a significant “down- time” while the natural value is being redeveloped, so the world as a whole has lost value. These points significantly weaken the restoration thesis. But they are a far cry from Elliot’s original strong position condemning restoration as a policy tool of anti-environmentalist development.”

-Eric Kratz Faking Nature Review WILLIAM CRONON [1954] PAGE 215 ENVIORNMENTAL HISTORIAN

[1995] THE TROUBLE WITH WILDERNESS, OR GETTING BACK TO THE WRONG NATURE

“The romantic legacy means that wilderness is more a state of mind than a fact of nature, and the state of mind that today most defines wilderness is wonder.”

“The tree in the garden is in reality no less other, no less worthy of our wonder and respect, that the tree in an ancient forest that has never known an ax or a saw, -- even though the tree in the forest reflects a more intricate web of ecological realionships. “ (TGNWD, pg 494)

“By seeing the otherness in that which is most unfmailiar, we can learn to see it too in that which at first seemed merely ordinary.”

Sites Wendell Berry saying “ The only thing we have to preserve nature with,” he writes, “is culture; the only thing we have to preserve wildness with is domesticity.” ERLE ELLIS American Geography & Envionrmental Systems Professor

[2012] THE PLANET OF NO RETURN: HUMAN RESIL- IENCE ON AN ARTIFICIAL EARTH

“We are no longer living in the Holocene, the period of environmental stability following the last Ice Age. We have so dramatically altered landscapes, the oceans, and the climate that the planet has entered the age of humans, the Anthropocene.” -Breakthrough staff

“What’s ultimately at stake, Ellis argues, is not human civilization, but the ecological heritage of the Holocene. The good news is that urbanization could “drive ever increasing productivity per unit area of land, while at the same time allowing less productive lands to recover.”-Breakthrough staff

“Our powers may yet exceed our ability to manage them, but there is no alternative except to shoulder the mantle of planetary stewardship. A good, or at least a better, Anthropocene is within our grasp. Creating that future will mean going beyond fears of transgressing natural limits and nostalgic hopes of returning to some pastoral or pristine era. Most of all, we must not see the Anthropocene as a crisis, but as the beginning of a new geological epoch ripe with human-directed opportunity.” - Ellis