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Historical and 2009 Water Chemistry of Wells, Perennial and Intermittent Streams, and Springs in Northern Arizona

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Historical and 2009 Water Chemistry of Wells, Perennial and Intermittent Streams, and Springs in Northern Arizona Historical and 2009 Water Chemistry of Wells, Perennial and Intermittent Streams, and Springs in Northern Arizona By Donald J. Bills, Fred D Tillman, David W. Anning, Ronald C. Antweiler, and Thomas F. Kraemer Chapter C of Hydrological, Geological, and Biological Site Characterization of Breccia Pipe Uranium Deposits in Northern Arizona Edited by Andrea E. Alpine Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5025 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................141 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................141 Hydrogeologic Setting...............................................................................................................................143 Surface Water ...................................................................................................................................143 South of the Colorado River ...................................................................................................143 North of the Colorado River ...................................................................................................143 Groundwater ......................................................................................................................................144 Relation of Hydrologic Flow Components to Breccia Pipes ......................................................146 Methods.......................................................................................................................................................148 Field Methods ....................................................................................................................................148 Laboratory Methods .........................................................................................................................150 Determining Most Probable Value .................................................................................................153 Water Chemistry ........................................................................................................................................153 Historical Uranium Water-Chemistry Data ...................................................................................179 Dissolved Uranium ............................................................................................................................179 Selected Dissolved Metals .............................................................................................................185 2009 Groundwater Samples .....................................................................................................................188 Major Ions and Trace Elements ......................................................................................................188 Major Ions .................................................................................................................................188 Trace Elements .........................................................................................................................191 Summary of Evaluation of Groundwater Samples Collected in 2009 .......................................192 Future Water-Quality Investigations .......................................................................................................193 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................................................................193 Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................................................194 References Cited........................................................................................................................................194 Appendix 1. Northern Arizona University Isotope and Radiochemistry Laboratory Methods for Dissolved Uranium and Uranium Isotope Analysis of Spring- Water and Well-Water Samples Collected from Sites in Northern Arizona ......................201 Appendix 2. Water Chemistry Data from Water Samples Collected from Springs and Wells Sampled in Northern Arizona in 2009 .....................................................................203 Appendix 3. Selected Dissolved Arsenic Samples at or above USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level of 10 µg/L from All Sample Types for Historical Dataset Compiled for Northern Arizona ..................................................................................................243 Appendix 4. Compilation of Dissolved Uranium Data from Springs, Wells, Surface Water, and Mine Sumps and Shafts in Northern Arizona .....................................................249 Plate [In pocket] 1. Map Showing Geologic Structure, Cultural and Geographic Features, and Geologic Cross Sections of Northwestern Arizona Figures 1. Map showing study area, segregation areas, and land ownership in northern Arizona .......................................................................................................................142 2. Map showing perennial and ephemeral drainages and selected springs in northern Arizona ...................................................................................................................144 3. Stratigraphic column showing relation of water-bearing zones and aquifers to mineralized breccia deposits in northern Arizona ..........................................................145 4−9: Maps showing: 4. Hydrogeologic framework of northern Arizona ............................................................147 5. Average annual precipitation and average annual evaporation in northern Arizona ............................................................................................................149 6. Water chemistry data for selected wells and streams in northern Arizona ...............155 7. Water chemistry data for selected springs in northern Arizona ...............................156 8. Sites in northern Arizona at which lead, mercury, and molybdenum exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant or health advisory concentrations, and concentrations of each ..............................162 9. Average uranium concentration in spring, stream, well, mine shaft, and mine sump water samples in the historical dataset for northern Arizona ...............180 10. Histogram showing number of samples in northern Arizona analyzed for dissolved uranium that were collected during 5-year intervals in northern Arizona .......................................................................................................................183 11. Histogram showing frequency and cumulative distribution of all uranium concentrations in historical dataset for northern Arizona ................................................184 12−14. Boxplots showing range in concentration of dissolved uranium in: 12. Water samples in historical dataset from spring, stream, and well locations in northern Arizona ..........................................................................................184 13. Water samples from mine shafts and sumps in northern Arizona ............................185 14. Spring and well samples from north and south of the Colorado River in northern Arizona ............................................................................................................185 15. Line graphs showing variation in uranium concentration with time for selected wells, streams, and springs in historical dataset for northern Arizona .......................................................................................................................186 16. Map showing arsenic concentrations in northern Arizona above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level ..............................187 17. Map showing well and spring sites in northern Arizona at which water samples were collected in 2009 .............................................................................................189 18. Piper diagram showing major ions in groundwater samples collected in 2009 from sites in northern Arizona ...................................................................................191 Tables 1. Field protocol used to process spring-water and well-water samples collected in 2009 in northern Arizona ....................................................................................150 2. Laboratories used and analyte and quality-control sample types for spring- water and well-water samples collected in 2009 in northern Arizona ............................151 3. Chemical and isotopic analytes and corresponding median detection limits for spring-water and well-water samples collected in 2009 in northern Arizona .........152 4. Concentrations of elements from the historical dataset and from spring-water and well-water samples collected in 2009 in northern Arizona that exceed U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels and secondary maximum contaminant levels for selected constituents ........................157 5. Water samples from springs, streams, wells, and mine sumps in the historical dataset of sites in northern Arizona containing mercury, molybdenum, or lead with at least one measurement above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant
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