1. Introduction 1 4. Public Involvement and Consultation 91 Planning Process 2 Public Scoping 92 Purpose of the General Management Plan 3 Summary of Scoping Comments 94 Issues Addressed 4 Draft Alternatives Public Process 103 Summary of Draft Alternatives Public Comments 106 2. Background of the National Monument 9 Draft GMP/EIS Public Process 114 History of the Internment and Incarceration of Nikkei at Summary of Draft GMP/EIS Public Comments 115 Minidoka Relocation Center 9 Comments on Implementation of the Plan 121 Establishment of Minidoka Internment NM 46 Agency Consultation and Coordination 129 Actions Affecting Minidoka Internment NM after Its Print and Broadcast Media 130 Establishment 47 Purpose of Minidoka Internment NM 50 5. Affected Environment 135 Significance of Minidoka Internment NM 50 Location and Setting 135 Interpretive Themes for Minidoka Internment NM 52 Origin, Meaning, and Use of the words Minidoka and Hunt 135 Desired Future Conditions 55 The Cultural Environment 139 Pre-History and Early History of Minidoka Internment 3. General Management Plan 59 NM Environs 140 Management Zones 59 Archeological Resources 143 Cultural Resource Management 63 Cultural Landscape Resources 150 Education and Interpretation 70 Historic Buildings and Structures 153 Visitor Facilities 73 Archival and Museum Collections 157 Natural Resource Management 75 Sites Associated with Minidoka Internment NM 159 Scenic Resource Management 76 NPS Involvement with Sites Associated with the Partnerships and Outreach 76 Internment and Incarceration of Nikkei Access, Circulation, and Parking 77 during World War II 166 Land Protection and Boundaries 78 Education and Interpretation 166 Carrying Capacity 81 Minidoka InternmentNational Monument Interpretive Park Operations and Management 84 Themes 168 Action Plans and Studies 85 Southern Idaho Interpretive Themes 168 Actions Requiring Cooperation with Partners 86 Educational and Interpretive Programs at Related Historic Sites and Institutions 168

Table of Contents Ongoing Partnership Programs 169 Demographics - Population Trends; Racial & Ethnic Visitor Use and Recreation 170 Composition 201 Visitor Use Patterns and Trends 170 Contemporary Japanese Americans 202 Recreation Trends 173 Contemporary Local Community 205 Pilgrimages 177 Tribal Interests 205 Heritage Tourism 178 Labor Force, Employment, and Employers 206 The Natural Environment 178 Minidoka Internment NM Site Agreements 207 Environmental and Physiographic Context 178 Land Use Documents, Related Plans, and Programs 208 Soils 179 Vegetation 180 Appendices 211 Wildlife 182 Appendix A: Minidoka Internment NM Proclamation 211 Threatened and Endangered Species 184 Appendix B: Record of Decision 214 Water Resources 185 Air Quality 185 Glossary 223 Soundscape 185 Abbreviations and Acronyms 231 Night Sky 186 Bibliography 232 Hazardous Materials 187 List of Preparers 237 Fire and Fire Management 188 Visual and Scenic Resources 189 Partnerships, Outreach, and Neighbors 194 Opportunities for Partnership 194 North Side Canal 195 Access, Circulation, Roads, and Parking 196 Park Boundary and Land Protection 197 Park Operations and Management 199 Operations 199 Signs and Information 199 Utility Systems 199 Socioeconomic Factors 200 Location 200 Roads and Highways 200 Land Use and Ownership Patterns 200

Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan List of Maps List of Tables

Map Name: Page: Table Number and Title: Page: Associated Sites 14 Table 1: Management Zones 61 Minidoka Relocation Center -1945 21 Table 2: Proposed Staffing 84

Management Zones 60 Table 3: Cost Estimates of Implementing the Boundary Modifications 80 General Management Plan 86 Regional Map 136 Table 4: Summary of Actions in the General

Local Context 137 Management Plan 87 Minidoka Internment National Monument 145 Table 5: Public Scoping Workshops 2002 94 Southern Idaho 172 Table 6: Public Draft Alternatives Workshops 2003 105

Land Ownership 198 Table 7: Public Draft GMP/EIS Workshops 2005 115 Development Concept Plan Back Sleeve Table 8: Media Organizations on the Minidoka Internment NM Mailing List 130

Table 9: Federally Designated Sites Related to the Internment and Incarceration of Nikkei During World War II 167

Table 10: Driving Distances between Minidoka Internment NM and Regional Recreation Sites 177

Table 11: Problematic Weeds at Minidoka Internment NM in 2003 182 Table 12: Terminology Associated with Japanese

American Heritage 203

Table of Contents List of Historical Photographs 10 Photograph No. 210. Kitaro and Sueko Arima dairy farm, Page: Figures List Description: Christopher, Washington. 1919. Permission of White River Valley Museum Photograph Collection. Photograph No. SOC341. Internees of Block 7. 1943. Special Diverse Collections Division. Courtesy of University of Washington 10 Instructors at the Portland Obukan. (Left to Right) Frank TerminologyLibraries. Tomori, Art Sasaki, Headmaster Bun-Uyemon, Senta Nii, Toru Kobayashi. ca. 1926. Courtesy of Jack Yoshihara and the Photograph No. 210-CMB-I1- Yasusuke Kogita, at left, Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center. Table of created this garden in Block 5. Circa 1944. Records of the Contents War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National 11 Photograph No. MOHAI 83.10.2.125. Nikkei farmers donate Archives at College Park, MD. food to the poor at Pike Place Market, Seattle. Circa 1922. Photographer: Webster & Stevens. PEMCO Webster and Intro Photograph No. 210-CMB-MS-1-1115a. A funeral ceremony Stevens Collection. Permission of Museum of History & for Minidoka’s fallen soldiers. Circa 1944. Records of the War Industry. All Rights Reserved. Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 11 Japan Day celebration at Shattuck School featuring Nisei students with parents and teachers. ca. 1937. Courtesy of 5 “Guard Tower” and fenceline at Minidoka Relocation Center. Lilly Irinaga and the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center. Circa 1943. Painting by Kenjiro Nomura. Courtesy of George and Betty Nomura. 11 Photograph No. MOHAI 83.10.2.123. Nikkei stores on Jackson street in Japantown, Seattle. Circa 1919. 7 Photograph No. denshopd-p15-00044. Entrance to Minidoka. Photographer: Webster & Stevens. PEMCO Webster and Circa 1944. Permission of Densho Project. Mitsuoka Stevens Collection. Permission of Museum of History & Collection. All Rights Reserved. Industry. All Rights Reserved. Photograph No. 210-CMA-E-6. “On the wall in the 12 Damage at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941. Backgroundbackground of this high school classroom at the Minidoka Photograph No. 61524. Permission of Franklin Delano Relocation Center is a mural depicting center life. It was done Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. by 11th grade students.” January 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at 13 Photograph No. PI28035. “Soldier posting civilian exclusion College Park, College Park, MD. order on Bainbridge Island.” 1942. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All 10 Photograph No. SHS13350. Emily Inez Denny and Oyshu. Rights Reserved. Seattle. Circa 1890. Photographer: Faber. Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All Rights Reserved. 13 Photograph No. PI28032. Man stacking radios surrendered by Nikkei in Seattle. December 29, 1941. Seattle Post- 10 Jimmy’s Clothes Shop with owner Maasaki Usuda. Portland Intelligencer Collection. Permission of Museum of History & Oregon. 1940. Courtesy of May Hada and the Oregon Nikkei Industry. All Rights Reserved. Legacy Center.

Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan 15 Photograph No. PI28065. “Evacuation Sale” of store inventory 17 A family arrives and prepares to enter the Japanese Assembly in the Seattle. Circa 1942. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. Center with the assistance of soldiers. Pacific International Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All Rights Livestock Expo Building in north Portland. May 3, 1942. Reserved. Permission of Oregon Historical Society. 15 Photograph No. PI28071. Sixth Avenue in Japantown, Seattle 17 Photograph 9CA-42-2806-psf. Police at Portland Assembly after mass removal. 1942. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. Center. Circa 1942.Final Report: Japanese Evacuation From the Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All Rights West Coast 1942. National Archives at College Park, MD. Reserved. 17 Five person apartment of Reverend T. Terakawa (Buddhist 15 Archival news photo of Sadji Shiogi carrying a single bag, priest), Hiroko Terakawa, daughter, and friend Lilian Hayashi between two G-men in dark hats and overcoats taken on at the Pacific International Livestock Expo Building in December 7th, 1942. Oregonian Collection. Permission of the Portland, Oregon. May 31, 1942. Permission of Oregon Oregon Historical Society. Historical Society.

16 Photograph No. 210-G-3B-424. Photographer: Clem Albers. 17 Photograph No. 1986.5.6681. “Internees lined up in the rain “Dressed in uniform marking service in the first World War, at Camp Harmony, Puyallup.” 1942. Seattle Post-Intelligencer this veteran enters Santa Anita Park assembly center for Collection. Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All person of Japanese ancestry evacuated from the West Coast.” Rights Reserved. April 5, 1942. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record 18 Photograph No. ft3c6003zb. Minidoka Relocation Center Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. under construction. Photograph by Francis Stewart. August 16 Photograph No. SOC216. Internees arriving at the Puyallup 18, 1942. Available from the Online Archive of California; Assembly Center. 1942. Special Collections Division. Courtesy http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3c6003zb. Courtesy of The of University of Washington Libraries. Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley

16 Photograph No. PI25525. The Bailey Gatzert School in Seattle 19 Photograph No. ft8489p1bn. Minidoka Relocation Center lost about 45 percent of its student body when Nikkei were under construction. Photograph by Francis Stewart. December removed to Minidoka and other WRA camps during World 10, 1942. Available from the Online Archive of California; War II. Circa 1942. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8489p1bn. Courtesy of The Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All Rights Bancroft Library. University of California, Berkeley Reserved. 19 Photograph No. ft5z09n9pj. Baggage, belonging to internees 17 Photograph No. OrHi28157. Portland Assembly Center who have just arrived from the assembly center at Puyallup, located at the Pacific International Livestock Exhibition Washington, is sorted and trucked to barrack apartments. building in north Portland. July 8, 1942. Oregon Journal Photograph by Francis Stewart. August 17, 1942. Available Collection. Permission of Oregon Historical Society. from the Online Archive of California; http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/

Table of Contents 13030/ft5z09n9pj. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library. University 24 Photograph No. 210-CMA-FS-4. Internees collecting sagebrush of California, Berkeley at Minidoka. Circa 1943. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College 20 Aerial view of Minidoka Relocation Center. Circa 1943. Park, College Park, MD. Minidoka Interlude. 24 Photograph No. 210-CMB-AGI-1099. “Establishing irrigation 22 Photograph No. 1992.041.004CC. Administration area at controls, land reclamation.” June 27, 1944. Records of the Minidoka. Circa 1943. Permission of Wing Luke Asian War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Museum Photograph Collection. Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. 22 Photograph No. SOC276. Minidoka post office in the 25 Photograph No. 210-CMB-SA2-1664. Hunt High School, administration area. Circa 1943. Permission of University of located in Block 23. Circa 1945. Records of the War Washington. Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at 22 Photograph No. 210-CMA-FCP-4. The Minidoka fire crew in College Park, College Park, MD. front of fire station #1. March 1943. Records of the War 25 Photograph No. 210-CMA-FS-11. Newly cleared fields at Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at Minidoka. Circa 1943. Records of the War Relocation College Park, College Park, MD. Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College 22 Photograph No. 1992.041.004CA. The hospital at Minidoka. Park, College Park, MD. June 1943. Wing Luke Asian Museum Photograph Collection. 25 Photograph No. 210-CMB-SA2-1677. Hunt High School 23 Photograph No. 210-CMA-CS-208. “Flooded area east of gymnasium/auditorium. Circa 1945. Records of the War Block 3.” January 25, 1943. Records of the War Relocation Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College College Park, College Park, MD. Park, MD. 26 Photograph No. SOC513. Mud from rain and melting snow at 23 Photograph No. 210-CMB-I2-1486. Elderly Issei woman Minidoka. December 10, 1942. Special Collections Division. collecting coal at Minidoka. Records of the War Relocation Courtesy of University of Washington Libraries. Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College 27 Photograph No. 210-CMB-SP. Internees playing baseball at Park, MD. Minidoka. Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation 24 Photograph No. 210-CMA-MK-123. “An evacuee drives a Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College heavy tractor pulling a triangle of heavy railroad irons Park, College Park, MD. breaking off sagebrush. This is one of the methods of clearing 27 Photograph No. 1992.041.004.CI. Dance performance at off land of the sagebrush adjacent to the Minidoka Relocation Minidoka. Circa 1943. Permission of Wing Luke Asian Center.” Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Museum Photograph Collection. Group 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan 27 Photograph No. 210-CMA-CA-10. “Girl skating on a frozen Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; pond in the center.” January 5, 1943. Records of the War National Archives at College Park, MD. Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at 30 Photograph No. 210-CMA-CB-3. “First Communion class of College Park, MD. Catholic Church at Minidoka Relocation Center, Hunt, Idaho. 28 Photograph No. 1992.041.004.CM. Yamaguchi family in their The Rev. L.H. Tibesar, Maryknoll Missionary, is pastor. The nuns room at Minidoka. December 1944. Permission of Wing Luke are Maryknoll sisters from the Maryknoll Mission in Seattle Asian Museum Photograph Collection. where the Maryknoll group numbered 1000 Japanese Catholics and non-Catholics before evacuation.” September 8, 28 Photograph No. 210-CMA-MS01. Hunt Area A, Girls 1944 1943. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group Basketball Champs. ‘Calmbanettes” Blocks 1,5, and 8. 1944. 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 30 Photograph No. 210-CMB-EX2-1870. “Arts and crafts display.” Circa 1945. Records of the War Relocation 29 Photograph No. ft458005nn. Internee George Nakashima, an Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College architect from Seattle, constructed and decorated his model Park, MD. apartment. George Nakashima and his family settled in Pennsylvania and founded his furniture design studio. He is 30 Photograph No. 1992.041.004.BA. Women doing laundry in internationally renowned as one of the greatest furniture washtubs. Circa 1943. Permission of Wing Luke Asian designers of the 20th century. Photograph by Francis Stewart. Museum Photograph Collection. December 9, 1942. Available from the Online Archive of 31 Photograph No. 210-CMA-CG-3d. An internee working in the California; http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft458005nn. administration area at Minidoka. Circa 1944. Records of the Courtesy of The Bancroft Library. University of California, War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Berkeley Archives at College Park, MD. 29 Photograph No. 1992.041.004AL. Internees gardening. Circa 31 Photograph No. ft909nb52d. Interned Dr. T. Uchida, Chief 1943. Permission of Wing Luke Asian Museum Photograph Dentist, polished false teeth at Minidoka. Photograph by Collection. Francis Stewart. December 10, 1942. Available from the 29 Photograph No. ft3r29n7wr. Students in a free-hand drawing Online Archive of California; http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ class. Photograph by Francis Stewart. December 9, ft909nb52d. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library. University of 1942.Available from the Online Archive of California; http:// California, Berkeley ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft3r29n7wr. Courtesy of The Bancroft 31 Photograph No. 210-CMA-AE-2-B. “Member of the adult Library. University of California, Berkeley education welding class using portable outfit.” June 1943. 29 Photograph No. 210-CMA-PTA-376. “Parents assist in Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; mending for children at the Hunt Nursery school.” Circa 1944. National Archives at College Park, MD.

Table of Contents 31 Photograph No. 210-CMB-11-1286. Cooperative Store. Circa 34 Photograph No. 210-G-16B-973. “A Minidoka Relocation 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group Center evacuee and an evacuee being transferred to the Tule 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. Lake Center grasp hands in a final farewell as the train carrying the 254 evacuees to the Tule Lake Center prepares 32 Photograph No. 210-CMA-A-2-MK-81. “Tura Nakamura, to leave.” September 5, 1943. Records of the War Relocation block manager of block 42-44 presents ceremonial Tai fish to Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Project Director, H.L. Stafford and Philip Schafer, assistant Park, MD. project director, on behalf of the block managers as a token of appreciation for the manner in which the administration 34 Photograph No. 210-G-16B-975. ‘High school teachers assist helped to make the Army volunteering program a success.” arriving evacuees from the Tule Lake Relocation Center.” April 1943. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record September 5, 1943. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 33 Photograph No. 210-CMB-V1-1390. WRA suggestion box. 35 Photograph No. 210-CMB-1453. WRA staff honor roll. Circa Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group Group 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. MD. 35 Photograph No. 210-CMA-A-18. Hatoshi Kanzaki, a soldier in 33 Photograph No. ft1s2003zb. “Mitsuye Yasutake, a former the U.S. military, visits his parents at the Minidoka Relocation internee from Minidoka, resettled to Cincinnati, Ohio to work Center. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record as a cashier at the University of Cincinnati cafeteria.” June Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 1943. Available from the Online Archive of California; http:// 36 Photograph No. 210-G-15E-738. “Navy students in the ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft1s2003zb/. Courtesy of The Bancroft Japanese Language school at the University of Colorado learn Library. University of California, Berkeley to write by dictation. Language instructor Grayce Nakasonke 33 Photograph No. ft2w1004gj. “Sam Kimura and Cliff Dakama, (sp) corrects blackboard writing as she dictates Japanese former internees from Minidoka, and Fujisada Takawa, former passages. Grayce, a former Los Angeles college student spent internee of Topaz, pile up shells at a Nebraska depot.” several weeks at a War Relocation Center after evacuation November 11, 1944. Photographer: Takashi Sidney Aoyama. from the West Coast defense area.” April 22, 1943. Records Available from the Online Archive of California; http:// of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2w1004gj. Courtesy of The Bancroft Archives at College Park, MD. Library. University of California, Berkeley 36 Photograph No. 210-G-15H-46. Photographer: Chase E. 34 Photograph No. 210-CMB-12-1484. Relocating from Mace. “Hand grenade drill. A company of Japanese- Minidoka. Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation American soldiers are here shown throwing hand grenades Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College into an open trench. The 442nd combat team at Camp Shelby Park, College Park, MD. is composed entirely of Americans of Japanese descent who

Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan volunteered for service in the armed forces. This unit of to the west coast during the war with Japan. February 28, approximately 8000 men is undergoing intensive training in all 1945. Permission of Oregon Historical Society. branches of combat duty, and they are looking forward with 39 Photograph No. PI28084. Vandalism on Nikkei home in eagerness to actual services at the front.” July 1945. Records Seattle. 1945. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. Permission of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National of Museum of History & Industry. All Rights Reserved. Archives at College Park, MD. 40 Photograph No. 210-G_17S-104. “Tacoma Buddhist Church, 36 Photograph No. 210-CMB-F4-1543. Buddhist funeral service Tacoma, Washington. View showing the results of pilferage for a fallen Minidoka soldier. Circa 1944. Records of the War of evacuee property originally stored in the Tacoma Buddhist Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at Church. Shows isle way full of pilfered belongings from College Park, College Park, MD. unidentified trunks and chests. This view is strictly in back of 36 Photograph No. 210-CMB-F4-1475. Christian funeral service the first view of trunks seen in S-103, and at right angles to for a fallen Minidoka soldier. Circa 1944. Records of the War View No. 1, showing the length of the stock of goods on, or Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at the width of the basement when stored.” 1944. Records of College Park, College Park, MD. the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 36 “Sogoro Yamasaki, 75, born in Japan but an Oregonian for nearly 50 years, is extremely proud of his three sons, all Purple 40 Photograph No. 210-G-17S-9. “Portland, Oregon. Vandalism Heart veterans.” November 30, 1946. Oregonian Collection. in the Japanese Cemetery.” 1944. Records of the War Permission of Oregon Historical Society. Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 37 Photograph No. 210-CMB-i1-1251. Minidoka honor roll. Circa 1943. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 41 Photograph No. 210-G-16K-507. “Japanese repatriates 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. embarking for Japan.” November 24, 1945. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National 38 Photograph No. PI28290. Crowds at Fourth and Pike on V-J Archives at College Park, MD. Day, Seattle. August 14, 1945. Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection. Permission of Museum of History & Industry. All 41 Photograph No. 210-G-16K-510. “Japanese repatriates Rights Reserved. embarking for Japan.” November 24, 1945. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National 38 “The Sign Shop.” The man in the painting is printing the Archives at College Park, MD. names on the Minidoka Honor Roll. Kenjiro Nomura. 1943. Courtesy of George and Betty Nomura. 41 Photograph No, 210-G-151-895. Photographer Hikaru Iwasaki. “With the return of the Terumatsu Yabuki to his 39 Photograph No. 1498. Oregon House Joint Memorial Number greenhouse property at Hunt’s point near Bellevue, 9 requesting that Nikkei be lawfully prevented from returning Washington on May 17, 1945, from Minidoka, the Yabuki

Table of Contents family is again reunited on the home place. Left to right: Mineta (D-CA), Rep. Pat Saiki (R-HI), Sen. Pete Wilson (R-CA), Terumatsu Yabuki; Mother Yabuki; Pfc. Kiyoshi Yabuki and Rep. Don Young (R-AK), Rep. Robert T. Matsui (D-CA), Rep. Hideo Yabuki. Kiyoshi, a veteran, returned to the United Bill Lowery (R-CA) and Harry Kajihara, President of the States last Christmas Day from Italy and France.” May 17, Japanese American Citizens League. Permission of Smithsonian 1945. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group Museum. 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 50 “Barracks and Recreational Hall.” Painting by Kenjiro 42 Photograph No. 210-CMA-54-3. “Staff Housing.” Circa 1943. Nomura. 1942-1945. Courtesy of George and Betty Nomura. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; 50 Photograph No. 210-CMA-A-22. “Mothers of boys killed National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. during World War II being honored on Mother’s Day in Twin 43 These World War II veterans won land lotteries at the former Falls.” Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Minidoka Relocation Center site. With the land, they also Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. received surplus materials from the Minidoka Relocation 51 Sgt. Kay (Keisaaburo) Niguma. Circa 1945. Courtesy of Rose Center. Circa 1947. Photograph taken by Bureau of Niguma and the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center. Reclamation staff. NPS Photo. 51 Chikano Niguma. Circa 1945. Courtesy of Rose Niguma and 43 These World War II veterans won land lotteries at the former the Oregon Nikkei Legacy Center. Minidoka Relocation Center site. With the land, they also received surplus materials from the Minidoka Relocation 52 Photograph No. 210-CC-IN-4. “Door of barber shop owned Center. Circa 1947. Photograph taken by Bureau of by Andy Hale, in a little desert town of Parker, 15 miles from Reclamation staff. NPS Photo. where is located the Colorado River Relocation Center. Evacuees from the center, who cannot leave its confines 43 Moving a staff housing building to its new site in the without a pass, are discouraged from shopping in Parker, by warehouse area. Circa 1946. Photograph taken by Bureau of WRA officials.” Records of the War Relocation Authority, Reclamation staff. NPS Photo. Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 44 A Farm-in-a-Day project advertisement for the Herrmann 53 Painting by Fumio Hanaguchi, Minidoka internee. Circa 1943. family farm which ran in the North Side News. The Herrmann Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; farm is located on the site of the former water tower #1, fire National Archives at College Park, MD. station, sewage treatment plant, Blocks 21 and 22, and portions of adjacent blocks. USDA Natural Resources 67 Photograph No. SOC506. Mrs. Eizo Nishi in her improved Conservation Service (formerly Soil Conservation Service), April barrack room. December 9, 1942. Photographer: Francis 17, 1952. Stewart. Special Collections Division. Courtesy of University of Washington Libraries. 46 President Reagan signs HR 442 (Civil Liberties Act) into law in White House ceremony, August 10, 1988. From left to right: Sen. Masayuki “Spark” Matsunaga (D-HI), Rep. Norman Y.

Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan 68 Photograph No. 210-CMB-I1-1274. Internees line up for food 164 The Merchant Building. Portland Oregon. ca. 1938. Permission in the mess hall. Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation of the Oregon Historical Society. Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College 188 Photograph No. 210-CMA-FS-38. “Brush fire midsection of Park, MD camp.” 1945. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record 72 Photograph No. 210-CMB-CH1-1753. Buddhist funeral Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. ceremony for fallen Minidoka soldiers. Circa 1944. Records of 210 Photograph No. 210-CMB-AG1-1120. “Planting celery.” the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; Archives at College Park, MD. National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. 103 Photograph No. 210-CMB-EX1-1049. Paper flowers made by internees. Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD.

112 Photograph No. 210-CMB-V1-1252. Mrs. Onodera. Her sons, Ko, Kaun, and Satoru were serving in the military. Satoru died in combat in Italy on July 5, 1944. Circa 1944. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, College Park, MD. 152 Swimming hole #1 at Minidoka. Circa 1943. Minidoka Interlude. 154 Photograph No. 210-CMB-I2-1306. The entrance at Minidoka. Circa 1943. National Archives. Records of the War Relocation Authority, Record Group 210; National Archives at College Park, MD. 159 Photograph No. LC-USF34- 073832-D. Japanese American farm labor camp at Rupert, Idaho administered by the Farm Security Administration. The camp was a civilian conservation corps camp before World War II. July 1942. Photographer: Lee Russell. Farm Security Administration - Office of War Information Photograph Collection. Permission of Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division Washington.

Table of Contents Minidoka Internment National Monument General Management Plan