Pharmacological Effects of Herbal Extracts of Zingiber Officinale and Ocimum Sanctum Linn

Kumar and Gupta Int.Available J. Phar. &online Biomedi. at www.ijpbr.netRese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2394-3726.1105 ISSN: 2394 - 3726 Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 Review Article

Peer Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal

Pharmacological Effects of Herbal Extracts of Zingiber officinale and Ocimum sanctum Linn.

Anil Kumar* and Garima Gupta School of Pharmacy, Monad University, Hapur, U. P., India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 15.09.2020 | Revised: 18.10.2020 | Accepted: 26.10.2020

ABSTRACT Zingiber officinal and Ocimum sanctum Linn has been used as a Chinese and Indian medicine for over 25 centuries. Fresh Zingiber officinale contains 80.9% moisture, 2.3% protein, 0.9% fat, 1.2% minerals, 2.4% fibre and 12.3% carbohydrates Ocimum sanctum Linn have yellow colored and pleasant volatile oil 0.1- 0.9 %. The active components were reported to stimulate digestion, absorption, relieve constipation and flatulence by increasing muscular activity in the digestive. This is a major point of total population of developing countries still uses traditional system of medicine. Around 75% of rural population of whole world is depending on herbal extracts of medicines acceding to WHO. In traditional medicine, Zingiber officinale and Ocimum sanctum Linn were used to improve the flow of body fluids. It stimulates blood circulation throughout the body by powerful stimulatory effect on the heart muscle and by diluting blood. The Pharmacological effect in aqueous herbal extract of medicinal plants used as Antioxidant, Anti- inflammatory, Anti-tumor, Anti-depressant, Anti -stress, Anti-hyperglycemic and lipid lowering effects: A Reviews of marketed formulation of Herbal extracts (Ginger and Tuls) used in pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry.

Keywords: Ocimum tenuiflorum; Zingiber officinale; Pharmacological effects; Marketed Formulations; Use of herbal extract.

INTRODUCTION superseded the actual benefits of the drug and The herbal supplemental medicines work on could be quite dangerous [2]. There is much holistic level, treating the root cause mildly less chance of the side effects, if at all, with over a long period of time and yielding good the herbal medicines. So this type of medicines results [1]. But some commercial drug market best for human beings who are allergic to is full of a variety of drugs of synthetic and various type of Drugs. Attractive the examples semi-synthetic origin. However, we still look of some natural products popularly used for for betterment owing mainly to the side the cure of common ailment, we will discuss effects. While some side effects are quite the beneficial effects of ginger and tulsi and harsh, the other may be mild. There have been the chemistry and pharmacology responsible instances where the side effects have for their actions [3].

Cite this article: Kumar, A., & Gupta, G. (2020). Pharmacological Effects of Herbal Extracts of Zingiber

officinale and Ocimum sanctum Linn., Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. 7(5), 6-21. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2394-3726.1105

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Ginger has been used by traditional Chinese plants is commonly cultivated in garden and and Indian medicine for over 25 centuries. also grown near temples. It is commonly used Ginger is used in Mexican traditional for as medicinal plants usually for stimulant, medicine, mainly for gastrointestinal cold, aromatic, stress, influenza, H1N1 complaints. In recent times, ginger has been hepatitis, cancer, bronchitis, headache, introduced into various tropical countries malaria, heart disease, and digestive disorder where diverse chemo types have been [9]. The juice is used as an antipatriotic and as developed [4]. Ginger is primarily used to treat a constituent of several preparations for skin nausea, but it is also used as an anti- diseases and also to cure ear- ache. It is a inflammatory, a pain remedy, a warming powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, remedy and a cholesterol-lowering herb. immune modulator and repellant for Randomized controlled trials support its use in mosquitoes. Use of tulsi increases metabolism preventing nausea. Animal studies suggest and lowers down the stress hormones. The thermogenic effects, but this has not been drug is a good immune-modulator agent. Tulsi evaluated in humans. Data are insufficient to has expectorant and anti-inflammatory recommend ginger as a cholesterol-lowering properties [10]. supplement. Given its long history of use as a GINGER food, ginger is presumed safe for supplemental BOTANY use [5]. It is on the Generally Recognized as Medicinal species: Zingiber officinale. Safe (GRAS) list, but no studies have Common names: Ginger, African ginger, specifically evaluated ginger’s safety during Black ginger, Cochin ginger, Ganjiang, pregnancy, lactation or during childhood. A Gegibre, Ingwer, Jamaican ginger, Race related species has uterotonic effects in ginger[11]. animals, which has led some herbalists and the Botanical Family: Zingiberaceae. Ginger is German Commission E to recommend that closely related to two other cooking spices, ginger be avoided during pregnancy. Zingiber turmeric and cardamom. officinale commonly used as ginger, shows Plant description: Ginger is a 2 - 4 food tall effective hyperglycemic control properties in perennial with grass like leaves up to a foot in diabetes mellitus. Zingiber officinale it’s also length. It is the underground root or rhizome used to treat a variety of common ailments that is used for culinary and medicinal such as vomiting, indigestion and cold-induced purpose. symptoms [6]. It is also useful as an Where its groan: Indigenous to warm tropic anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and climates, ginger is widely grown in Asis, analgesic agent. Garlic can inhibit and kill India, Jamaica, Mexico, and Hawaii [12]. bacteria and fungi, lower the blood pressure, blood cholesterol and blood sugar, prevent blood clotting and exhibit antitumor properties. It can also boost the immune system to fight potential diseases and maintain health. It has the ability to stimulate the lymphatic system which expedites removal of waste products from the body [7]. Its antioxidant character protects cells against free radical damage. It can prevent some forms of cancer, heart diseases, strokes and viral infections. Ocimum sanctum Linn, consist of fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn. (Syn. Ocimum tenuiflorum) Family Lamiaceae it’s also called holy basil [8]. The Fig. 1: Ginger foliage Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 7

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 TAXONOMY Class : Monocotyledon Subclass : Zingiberidae Division : Magnoliophyta Order : Zingiberales Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Superdiyision : Spermatophyta Family : Zingiberaceae Genus : Zingiber Species : : Z. officinale

STANDARDS OF QUALITY: FOM : Not more than 2.0 (%) per cent Water soluble extracts : Not less than 10 (%) per cent Alcohol (90 %) soluble extracts : Not less than 5.5 (%) per cent Total ash : Not more than 6.0 (%) per cent Water soluble ash : Not less than 1.7 (%) per cent Acid insoluble ash : Not more than 2.0 (%) per cent

Nutrient Composition of Ginger: farnesene, and α-sesquiphellandrene. Less Fresh ginger rhizomes are sliced, dried and pungent components like gingerone and powdered contains 80.9 % moisture, 2.3 % shogaol are also present. Shogal is formed by protein, 0.9 % fat, 1.2 % minerals, 2.4 % fibre the dehydration of gingerol and is not present and 12.3 % carbohydrates. The powdered ginger in fresh rhizome. The powdered rhizome is extracted Chloroform, Ethanol, Acetone, by contains 3-6% fatty oil, 9% protein, 60-70% the methods of extraction. The solvents are carbohydrates, 3-8% crude fiber, about 8% removed by evaporation under the room ash, 9-12% water and 2-3% volatile oil [15]. temperature. The minerals present in ginger are The volatile oil consists of mainly mono and iron, calcium and phosphorous. It also contains sesquiter– penes; camphene, beta- vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and phellandrene, curcumene, cineole, geranyl vitamin C. The composition varies with the type, acetate, terphineol, terpenes, borneol, geraniol, variety, agronomic conditions, curing methods, limonene, linalool, alpha-zingiberene (30- drying and storage conditions [13]. 70%), beta-sesquiphellandrene (15-20%), Chemical Constituents Ginger: beta-bisabolene (10- 15%) and alpha- In present study were put the fresh ginger farmesene. In dried ginger powder, shogaol a rhizome, contains 1 - 2 % volatile oil, and 5 - 8 dehydrated product of gingerol is a % pungent resonant mass and starch. The predominant pungent constituent up to volatile oil is responsible for aromatic odor biosynthesis3-5. Oleoresin, which is isolated and the pungency of the drug is due to the by acetone and ethanol extraction, contains 4- yellowish oily body called gingerol which is 7.5% of dried powder, pungent substances odorless [14]. The gingerols were identified as namely gingerol, shogaol, zingerone and the major activity of compound and gingerol paradol. The oleoresin has also been found to [5- hydroxy – 3 – merhoxy phenyl) decan –3- contain zingiberol, the principal aroma one is most abundant constituent in the contributing component as well as zingiberene, gingerol series. Volatile oil is composed of gingediol, diarylheptanoids, vitamins and sesquiterpene hydrocarbon like α-zingiberol; phytosterols [16]. α-sesquiterpene alcohol α-bisabolene, α-

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Tulsi flower cluster. Sepal cup is not hairy within. BOTANY Flowers are rarely longer than 5 mm, calyx Medicinal species: Ocimum sanctum Linn. tube bearded outside near base. Flower tube is Common names: Sacred basil, Holy basil. hairy. The fruits are small and the seeds Botanical Family: Lamiaceae. It is an yellow to reddish in color [19]. herbaceous, multi branched annual plant found throughout India. Currently Tulsi is cultivated commercially for its volatile oil [17]. Plant description: Ocimum sanctum Linn is a much branched small herb. It is an erect, fragrant and erected plant attaining a height about 30- 75 cm when mature. Leaves are oblong, acute with entire or serrate margin, pubescent on both sides and minutely gland- dotted. Its aromatic leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic, oblong, obtuse or acute with entire or sub serrate or dentate margins, growing up to 5 cm long [18]. The Ocimum sanctum Linn flowers are small having purple to reddish color, present in small compact clusters on cylindrical spikes. Stalk less heart- shaped bracts are there at the base of each Fig. 2: Tulsi Leaves

TAXONOMY Class : Magnoliopsida Subclass : Asteridae Division : Magnoliophyta Order : Lamiales Kingdom : Plantae Subkingdom : Tracheobionta Superdiyision : Spermatophyta Family : Lamiaceae Genus : Ocimum Species : O. sanctum

STANDARDS OF QUALITY: LOD : Not more than 12.0 (%) per cent Water soluble extracts : Not less than 10 (%) per cent Alcohol (90 %) soluble extracts : Not less than 3.0 (%) per cent Total ash : Not more than 15.0 (%) per cent Water soluble ash : Not less than 10.0 (%) per cent Acid insoluble ash : Not more than 5.0 (%) per cent

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Nutrient Composition of Tulsi: Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn) like the Applications in Herbal Therapy sweet basil in your mom’s marinara sauce or  Tulsi tea with honey is a good the Thai herb you use to flavor a steaming expectorant especially in cased where bowl of pho. The leaves of OS contain 0.7 % fever is involved. volatile oil comprising about 71 % eugenol  To treat migraine headache [23]. and 20 % methyl eugenol. The oil also  To reduce vomiting in patients treated contains carvacrol and sesquiterpine with cytotoxic compounds [24].  To improve blood circulation [25]. hydrocarbon caryophyllene [20]. Ocimum  To promote digestion and as an sanctum Linn is native to Southeast Asia. It antiflatulent or carminative to reduce has a history within Indian medicine as a gas and bloating [26]. treatment for many conditions, from eye  To lower blood glucose in the diseases to ringworms. Many studies support treatment of diabetes [27]. the use of the entire plant of holy basil for  As a sialagogue, to promote salivation human use and its therapeutic value. The [28]. nutritional value is also high, as it contains  Against nausea and vomiting vitamin A and C, calcium, zinc, iron, (antiemetic) during motion sickness chlorophyll. From the leaves to the seed, holy and seasickness (Langner et al., 1998). basil is considered a tonic for the body, mind, Apparently, this effect is not mediated and spirit. Different parts of the plant are through the central nervous system recommended for treating different conditions (CNS), but rather, ginger’s active [21]. principles act directly on the Chemical Constituents Tulsi: gastrointestinal tract [29]. Ocimum sanctum Linn leaves contain bright, Pharmacological Actions of Ginger: yellow colored and pleasant volatile oil 0.1- Ginger is a tuber that is consumed whole as a 0.9 %. The oil content of the drug varies delicacy, or herbs. In past research have show depending upon the type, the place of deferments groups have made efforts to cultivation and season of its collection. The understand the bioactive constituents of ginger main constituents in volatile oil from basil are and show his pharmacological actions. Even rosmarinic acid (a strong antioxidant), linalool, though ginger extract contain a number of methylchavicol, methylcinnamat, 1, 7 - constituents. The gingerol series have been dimethyl, 6-octadien-3-ol, and eugenol its recognized as the main active ingredients that medicinal effects are mostly due to rhymol, have a say to the pungent characteristic smell eugenol and camphor. It also contains of ginger extract. In the dried ginger powder, caryophyllin. The mucilage is composed of dehydrated product of gingerol is the main strong constituent. The chemical structures of sugars, xylose and polysaccharides. The seeds these components are shown in Fig. 3 as contain oil composed of fatty acids and discussed above. The bioactive constituents of sitosterol. It is one of the healing herbs that ginger have been shown to have a wide contain Vitamin A, and Vitamin C stimulates spectrum of pharmacological activities some production of disease fighting antibodies by up of which are discussed in following to 20% as well as antioxidants that help to subsections and have been collectively prevent cell damage that can lead to cancerous depicted schematically in Fig. 3 conditions [22].

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726

Fig. 3: Ginger and its constituent’s shows role in diseases prevention

4.1 Antioxidant activity: on oxidation of methyl linoleate under aeration Ali et al 2010; the present study were and heating by the Oil Stability Index (OSI) evaluated antioxidant activities of metabolic method, and inhibitory effect on the oxidation extracts of the stems and rhizomes of two of liposome induced by 2, 2’-azobis (2- Zingiber officinale varieties (Halia Bentong amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). and Halia Bara) were assessed in an effort to They found that the substituents on the alkyl evaluate and confirm the medicinal potential chain contributed to both the radical of the subterranean part of the young ginger. scavenging effect and the inhibitory effect of The Zingiber officinale extracts of reported to auto oxidation of oils. The inhibitory effect have antioxidant property of gingerol related against AAPH-induced peroxidation of compounds, and diarylheptanoids from liposome was, however, found to be common ginger. The antioxidant activity and influenced by the alkyl chain length Ahmad et phenolic contents of the leaves as determined al 2016, have studied the effect of ginger by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) extract on the oxidant status of rats induced assay and the total amounts of phenolics and with liver cancer by observing the activity of flavonoids were higher than those of the Superoxide dismutase (SOD), GPx, catalase rhizomes and stems. The Zingiber officinale and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). extracts inhibited hydroxyl radicals by 79.6 % Their study showed significant decrease in at 37 °C and 74.8 %, which showed a higher SOD activity and in the level of MDA while Antioxidants activity. They suggested increase was noticed in the catalase activity enhanced usage of ginger along with food in and no change was observed in GPx. They anticipation of free radical production by concluded that the ginger extract increased the oxidation of the food stuff. Masuda et al 2004; antioxidant status in rats as evidenced by the have evaluated the contribution of substituents decrease in SOD activity. Shirin et al 30 have present on the alkyl chain in gingerol towards compared the antioxidant activity of ginger the antioxidant activity by the measurement of components (polyphenols, vitamin C, β- 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free carotene, flavonoids and tannins) in different radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effect types of solvent extract and water extract by

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 the measurement of DPPH radical scavenging 4.3 Anti-tumor activity: activity, inhibitory effect on oxidation of Jeong et al 2005, it has been used reverse methyl linoleate under aeration and heating by docking in silico approach to reveal that the OSI method, and inhibitory effect on leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) protein is a oxidation of liposome induced by AAPH. The potential target of 6-gingerols. It suppresses antioxidant activity by these methods was anchorage-independent cancer cell growth by observed to be higher in solvent extracts of inhibiting LTA4H activity in HCT116 ginger than the water extract. Mojani et al colorectal cancer cells. The 6- Gingerol 2014, have studied the antioxidant activity of effectively prevented tumor growth in vivo in ginger by using the DPPH free radical nude mice which was mediated by inhibition scavenging method. It is determined as the of LTA4H activity. total flavonoid and total phenolic contents of 4.4 Anti-depressant activity: ginger rhizome by aluminum chloride Depression is an important global public- calorimetric assay and Folin-Ciocalteu health issued and is associated with Substantial reagent. 6-Gingerol was found to be the most disability. It is a chronic illness affects mood, abundant component. Methanolic extract of thoughts, Physical health and behavior of any the Zingiber officinale rhizome of was found individual and has been estimated to affect up to determine the DPPH radical scavenging to 21 % of the world’s population. In our activity and the result was compared with body, serotonin receptor subtype 5-HT1A is the those of buthylhydroxy toluene and α- main receptor responsible for depression. tocopherol. Andreas et al 2010, have performed using 4.2 Anti-inflammatory activity: Argus lab 4.0.1 software for the docking of

Zingiber officinale is considered to exert gingerol and shogaol to 5-HT1A receptor its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting protein. The main Gingerol and shogaol COX-2 and LOX pathway. Recently, it has interacted with leu 453, phe 454, and Tyr 457 been observed that two labdanum-deterrence residues of the active site. Imipramine was like dialdehides isolated from Ginger extracts taken as the reference compound and the act as in vitro inhibitors of the human 5- docking results were compared against it. The lipoxygenase. Saptarini et al 2014, it minuend docking scores predicted for shogaol, gingerol the results of anti- inflammatory have and Imipramine were -9.03, -8.41 and -8.21 performed in silico docking of 6-gingerol, 6- kcal/mol, respectively. They suggested that shogoal and 6-paradol in the binding pockets gingerol and shogaol can act as potent anti- of COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. The binding depressant compounds. site explored was identical to the binding site 4.5 Anti-hyperglycemic and lipid lowering for the potent anti-inflammatory drugs effect: flurbiprofen and SC-558. The predicted Singh et al 2009, have investigated the lipid docking scores, inhibitory constants (Kis) and lowering and blood glucose lowering effect of selectivity index values for the bioactive 6-gingerol in type-2 diabetic db/db mice. They components of ginger such as 6-gingerol, 6- treated db/db mice with 6-gingerol which shogaol and 6-paradol indicated that these significantly lowered the blood glucose and molecules are capable of inhibiting the COX-2 improved the glucose tolerance. They found enzyme and, thus, they may be classified as that oral administration of 6-gingerol also anti-inflammatory. Lantz et al 2007, to show significantly decreased the plasma that gingerols can be inhibit LPS-induced triglycerides, total cholesterol free fatty acid COX-2 expression as shogaol containing LDL-C and plasma insulin concentration. Zingiber officinale extracts has no effect on 6. Pharmacological actions of tulsi: COX-2 expression. Its data make obvious that Ghosh et al 1995, to study of Ocimum sanctum main compounds in ginger are capable of L. is a “Queen of herbs” described as inhibiting PGE (2) production. hallowed and medicinal plant in very old Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 12

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 literature. The name Tulsi is derived from higher quantities of carotenoids and ascorbic “Sanskrit” which means “matchless one”. The acid than the stem extract. Kath et al 2006, it is Pharmacological activity were observed from the studied of antioxidant activity of various studies of Ocimum sanctum L. have a hydroalcoholic extract of Ocimum sanctum number of pharmaceutical and medicinal leaves in animal models of peptic ulcer by property and according to this it is effective in estimating plasma levels. The animal models the treatment of the number of diseases. Future used were ethanol-treated rats and histamine- research on sacred basil should be emphasized treated guinea pigs. The study showed that the for control of various diseases. tulsi leaf extract significantly decreased the 6.1 Anti-oxidant activity: level in both the animal groups. The extract Saija et al 2010, the antioxidant activity of also increased the SOD levels in pyloric flavonoids and their relation to membrane ligated rats and histamine-treated guinea pigs. protection have been observed. Antioxidant 6.2 Anti-inflammatory activity: activity of the flavonoids (orientin and Khanna et al 1986, Benzene extract of fresh vicenin) in vivo was expressed in a significant Ocimum tenuiflorumL leaves in male rats reduction in the radiation induced lipid showed decreased total sperm count, sperm peroxidation in mouse liver. Ocimum sanctum motility and weight of testis45. The long term L extract were significant ability to scavenge feeding (up to 3 months) of Ocimum highly reactive free radicals. The phenolic tenuiflorum L leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg) to compounds, cirsilineol, cirsimaritin, adult male and female albino rats along with isothymusin, apigenin and rosmarinic acid, normal diet decreased sperm count, sperm and appreciable quantities of eugenol (a major motility and weight of rats. Kalabharathi et al component of the volatile oil) from Ocimum 2011, the anti-inflammatory activity has sanctum L extract of fresh leaves and stems studied in fresh Ocimum tenuiflorum L leaves possessed good antioxidant activity. Deo et al paste. The study of In vivo anti-inflammatory 2013, have the present activity the antioxidant activity in animal models using carrageenan- activity of ethanolic and methanolic Ocimum induced paw edema. Ocimum tenuiflorum L sanctum L leaves extracts of Krishna Tulsi paste was fed to the animal model one hour (Ocimum tenuiflorum) using DPPH-induced before administration of the phlogistic agent. radical scavenging method and Ferric reducing Major anti-inflammatory possessions were antioxidant power (FRAP) method and observed. Thakur et al 2009, the present compared the results with the standard studied of anti-inflammatory activity of the antioxidant ascorbic acid. The study showed essential oil extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum L that the extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum has the leaf in wistar rats by using carrageenan- highest antioxidant activity. Sethi et al 2004, induced Hind paw edema method. They also this is the antioxidant action activity of compared it with the anti-inflammatory Ocimum sanctum L levels of superoxide activity of the standard paracetamol. Their dismutase, glutinous and thiols. Important study showed that the extracted eugenol and reduction in peroxidase lipid plane was paracetamol exhibited significant activity observed. Balaji et al 54 have studied the when compared with carrageenan control. antioxidant activities and total phenolic assay Manaharan et al 2014, have reported anti- of Ocimum tenuiflorum using butylated inflammatory activity in Ocimum sanctum hydroxyl toluene (BHT) radical scavenging essential oil. Mire et al 60 have studied anti- activity method and DPPH-induced radical inflammatory activity of tulsi alone and in scavenging method with ascorbic acid as a combination with indomethacin using standard antioxidant. Their study showed that Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. The the leaf extract has more antioxidant activity study showed that the aqueous extract of tulsi than the stem extract towards superoxide anion had significant anti-inflammatory effect. Also, radical. The leaf extract was found to contain the reduction of edema by Ocimum Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 13

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 tenuiflorum L was found to be better than that were fed with the ethanolic extract of tulsi of the standard anti-inflammatory drug, leaves exhibited significant anti-stress and indomethacin. The authors predicted that the adaptogenic activity. The pharmacological and anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum pathological effects observed on tenuiflorum L was due to inhibition of both administration of tulsi leaf extract are depicted cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of in Fig. 4. Tulsi leaf extract shows profound arachidonic acid metabolism. Based on the antioxidant effect. The Present study was study of anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum many groups have made efforts to understand sanctum, Singh et al 1997, the study of anti- the bioactivity constituents of ginger and their inflammatory have concluded that linolenic pharmacological actions. So ginger extract acid present in it inhibited both the contain a number of constituents; the gingerol cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of series have been identified as the main active arachidonic acid metabolism . ingredients that contribute to the pungent 6.3 Anti-tumor activity: Karthikeyan et al characteristic smell of ginger extract. In dried 1999, it have investigated the medicinal effect ginger powder, shogaol, the dehydrated of tulsi on human fibro sarcoma cells (HFS) in product of gingerol, is the main pungent culture. They found that the intake of aqueous constituent. The chemical structures of these and ethanolic extracts of tulsi by mice bearing components are shown in Fig. 4 as discussed the sarcoma-180 solid tumors mediated above. The bioactive constituents of ginger significant reduction in tumor volume. have been shown to have a wide spectrum of 6.4 Anti-stress activity: pharmacological activities some. Priyabrata et al 2010, the performed in vivo studies on male Swiss albino mice. Mice that

Fig. 4: Tulsi and its constituent’s shows role in diseases prevention

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 List of some marketed Preparations of Zingiber officinale available in market: S. No. Name of Brand Name Formulations Ingredients Ref. Products No. Ginger Garlic Zingiber officinale, Capsicum 1. Dabur Paste [54] Paste annuum, Black Pepper. Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Zanthoxylum 2. Red Past Dabur Tooth Past [55] armatum, Syzygium aromaticum. Dabur Honitus Zingiber officinale, Mentha, 3. Dabur Cough Drops [56] cough Drops Eucalyptus Oil, Camphar. Garlic Lemon Calassique Zingiber officinale, Allium 4. Syrup [57] Ginger Syrup International .Inc. sativum, Citrus. Adinath.agro.pro Ginger Garlic Zingiber officinale, Allium 5. cessed food Past [58] Paste sativum Pvt.Ltd. Zingiber officinale, Herbodent Cardamomum, Cinnamom, 6. Dr. Jaikaran’s Tooth Past [59] Prenum Azadirachta indica, Clove, Kulanjum, Fennel, lomon, Vegetarian 7. Ginger Root Nature’s way Zingiber officinale. [60] Capsules Zingiber officinale, Lamon, Non-Alcoholic 8. Ginger Beer Gunsberg Apple, Canesugan, [61] Beer Canesugan, Citric Acid. Ginger Garlic Zingiber officinale, Allium 9. Suvidhi Past [62] Paste sativum Zingiber officinale, Musa, Malus domestica, Phyllanthus emblica, Acacia concinna, Ginger Anti- Tagetes, Azadirachta indica, 10. Dandruff Good-Vibes Shampoo Aloe barbadensis miller, [63] shampoo Argania spinosa, Cocos nucifera, keratin, Carica papaya, Rosa canina, Allium cepa. 11. Ginger Powder Bharat Masala Powder Zingiber officinale [64] Zingiber officinale, Allium Ginger & Garlic sativum, Actic Acid, Citric 12. Spicenest Paste [65] Paste Acid, Xantham Gum, Sodium Benzoate. Dry Ginger 13. Everest Powder Zingiber officinale. [66] Powder 14. Ginger Extract Spice drop Drops Zingiber officinale Extracts. [67] Organic putrefaction 15. Ginger infused Honey Zingiber officinale, Honey. [68] products PVT.LTD. Nutravo. Life 16. Ginger Capsules Capsules Zingiber officinale Rhizomes. [69] care PVT.LTD. Pure Organic Zingiber officinale, Honey 17. Nutriwish.pvt.ltd. Honey [70] Honey bees. Ginger Flavored 18. Monin Syrup Zingiber officinale. [71] Syrup Organic Ginger 19. Geo- Fresh Powder Zingiber officinale [72] Powder Sugar Cane, Ocimum Tulsi Honey 20. Dr. Naram’s. Syrup sanctum, Honey, Zingiber [73] Ginger Syrup officinale. 21. Ginger Solaray Capsule Zingiber officinale. [74] Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 15

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Lemon Ginger Citrus, Zingiber officinale, 22. Native Clrcle Syrup [75] Syrup Sugar Cane. Allium Sativum, Zingiber 23. Garlic & Ginger Jarrow Formulas Capsule [76] officinale Ginger Root 24. Now Capsule Zingiber officinale [77] Extract

List of some marketed Preparations of Ocimum sanctum Linn available in market: S. No. Name of Brand Name Formulations Ingredients Ref. No. Products 1. Bresol Himalaya Tablet Tulsi, Vaska, Haridrs. [78] Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Aaranya face Vedic nature care 2. Face wash Solanum lycopersicum, [80] wash pvt. ltd. Mangifera lycopersicum, Tamarindus indica. Ocimum sanctum, Syzygium aromaticum, Convolvulus pluricavlis, Santalum album, 3. Divya peya Divya pharmacy Tea Nelumbo mucifera, Myristica [81] fragrans, Rosa cetifolia, Boerhavia diffuse, Centella asiatica, Plumbago zeylanica. Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica, Aaraya face, Vedic nature care Solanum lycopersicum, 4. Scrub [82] and body scrub pvt.ltd. Mangifera lycopersicum, Tamarindus indica, Glycyrrhiza glabra. Vaibhavi Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta Tulsi mosquito Mosquito 5. aromatics and indica, Curcuma longa, Aloe [83] coil repellent handicraft barbadensis. Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Solanum xanthocarpum, Viola odorata, Taxus wallichiana, Zingiber 6. Honitus Dabur Syrup [84] officnale, Piper longum, Adhadota vasica, Hedychium spicatum, Mentha species, Madhu. Solanum indicum, Justicia gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Divya Swasari 7. Patanjali Syrup Viola odorata, Ocimum [85] Pravah sanctum, Piper longum, Cinnamom zeylanicum. Herbal tulsi 8. Mahagro Powder Ocimum sanctum. [86] powder Tulsi panchang 9. Patanjali juice Ocimum sanctum. [87] juice 10. Tulsi capsule Planet Ayurveda capsule Ocimum sanctum. [88] Ocimum sanctum.Linium usitatissimim, Cassia fistula, Adhatoda vasika, Onosma 11. Joshina Hamdard Syrup [89] bracteatum, Ephedra vulgaris, Mentha arvensis, Althoea officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra,

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Ocimum sanctum ,Cassia angustifolia, Operculna turpethum, Rosa damascene, Tinospora cordifolia, Burada sheesham, Termenalia chebula, Zingiber zerumbet, Swertia chirata, Cassia ocidentalis, Sphaeranthus indicus, 12. Safi Hamdard Syrup Chrozaphora apicata, Fumaria [90] perviflora, Bauhinia racemosa, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma zedoria, Berberis aristata, Smilax china, Acacia Arabica, Convolvulus pluricaulis, Tephrosia purpurea, Smilax aristochaefolia, Centalla asiatica, Cassia Absus. Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica, Alpinia galangal, 13. Kuka Multani Syrup [91] Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper longum, Mentha arvensis. Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum Panch tulsi basilicum, Ocimum canum, 14. Unati Drops [92] dropes Ocimum citridorum, Ocimum gratissimum. Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum canum, 15. Tulsi 51 Jolly Drops [93] Ocimum citridorum, Ocimum gratissimum. Ocimum sanctum, Aloe Touch skin face Dr. Alexander 16. Face wash barbadensis, Azadirachta [94] wash pvt.ltd. indica. Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Curcuma longa, Mentah Satyam health 17. Vasatus Syrup Syrup pipreta, Solanum [95] care xanthocarpum, Zingiber officnale, piper nigram, piper longum, turminalia chebula. Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Curcuma longa, Solanum xanthocarpum, Zingiber 18. Tulloch plus Trio health care Syrup officnale, piper nigram, piper [96] longum, Viola odorata, Caryophyllus aromaticus, cinnamomum zeylanicum, myristica fragrans. Hony, Mentha piperita, Adhatoda vasica, Tylophora asthamatica, Celerodendrum serratum, Ocimum sanctum, 19. Respired Trio health care Syrup [97] Curcuma longa, Solanum xanthocarpum, piper nigram, piper longum, Zingiber officinale. Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma 20. Ojas body soap Patanjali Soap longa, Amahaldi, Aloe [98] barbadensis. Vanish herbal Vaibhavi 21. Spray Tulsi extract [99] cloth spray aromatic and Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 17

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 handicraft Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum Organic Tulsi sanctum, Ocimum 22. Patanjali Tea [100] Ginger Tea gratissimum, Zingiber officinale.

REFERENCES Shadi Sarahroodi; Therapeutic Uses and 1. M. M. Pandey, Subha Rastogi, and A. K. Pharmacological Properties of Garlic, S. Rawat; Indian Traditional Ayurvedic Shallot, and Their Biologically Active System of Medicine and Nutritional Compounds: Iranian Journal of Basic Supplementation: Hindawi Publishing Medical Sciences, 2013, (16), 1031-1048. Corporation, 2013, 12. 8. Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda SK. 2. Yoshikazu Kinoshita, Norah’s Ishimura, Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant and Shunji Ishihara, Advantages and for therapeutic applications: Pharmacogn Disadvantages of Long-term Proton Pump Rev. 2010, 4(7), 95–105. Inhibitor Use: J Neurogastroenterol Motil, 9. Bhateja S and Arora G. Therapeutic 2018, 24(2), 2093-0887. benefit of holy basil (Tulsi) in general and 3. KP Sampath Kumar, Debjit Bhowmik, oral medicine: A review. Int. J. Res. Ayur. Biswajit, Chiranjib, Pankaj and KK Pharm. 2012; 3(6): 761–764 Tripathi Margret Chandira, Traditional 10. Mondal S, Mirdha BR and Mahapatra SC. Indian Herbal Plants Tulsi and Its The science behind sacredness of Tulsi Medicinal Importance: Research J. (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian J. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2010, Physiol. Pharmacol. 2009; 53(4): 291–306. 2(2): 103-108. 11. Chevallier, A. Acta Otolaryngol. 1989, 4. Mojani MS, Ghasemzadeh A, Rahmat A, 108 (3-4):168-74. Loh SP and Ramasamy R. Assessment of 12. Muhammad Nabeel Ghayur , Anwarul bioactive compounds, nutritional Hassan Gilani, Maria Afridi, Peter J composition and antioxidant activity of Houghton; Cardiovascular Effects of Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber Ginger Aqueous Extract and Its Phenolic officinale Roscoe). International Food Constituents Are Mediated Through Research Journal (IFRJ). 2014; 21(5): Multiple Pathways: Vascul Pharmacol, 1931–1935. 2005, 43 (4), 234-41. 5. Jalal Bayati Zadeh1 and Nasroallah 13. Shubha Ratna Shakya; Medicinal uses of Moradi Kor; Physiological and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) pharmaceutical effects of Ginger (Zingiber improves growth and enhances immunity officinale Roscoe) as a valuable medicinal in aquaculture: International Journal of plant: European Journal of Experimental Chemical Studies 2015, 3(2), 83-87. Biology, 2014, 4(1):87-90. 14. Jayashree E. & Visvanathan R. & John 6. Yiming Li, Van H. Tran, Colin C. Duke, Zachariah T; Quality of dry ginger and Basil D. Roufogalis; Preventive and (Zingiber officinale) by different drying Protective Properties of Zingiber officinale methods: J Food Sci Technol, 2014, (Ginger) in Diabetes Mellitus, Diabetic 51(11), 3190–3198. Complications, and Associated Lipid and 15. Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu, Rekha Other Metabolic Disorders: Hindawi Boloor, Harshith P Bhat, Andrew Thaliath, Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Raghavendra Haniadka, Manoj P Rai, Complementary and Alternative Medicine Manjeshwar Shrinath Baliga; Ginger ; 2012, 5 (10) 2412-5168. (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) oil: 7. Peyman Mikaili, Surush Maadirad, Milad 16. Suzanna M. Zick1, Zora Djuric1, Mack T. Moloudizargari, Shahin Aghajanshakeri, Ruffin1, Amie J. Litzinger1, Daniel P. Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 18

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Normolle2, Meihua Rose Feng3, and Dean 29. Srivastava, K.C. Prostaglandins Leukot E. Brenner; Pharmacokinetics of 6-, 8-, Med. 1984, 13: 227. 10-Gingerols and 6-Shogaol and 30. Yamahara J, Rong HQ, Naitoh Y, Kitani Conjugate Metabolites in Healthy Human T, Fujimura H. J Ethnopharmacol. 1989, Subjects: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers 27(3):353-355. Prev, 2008, 17(8), 1930–1936. 31. Ali Ghasemzadeh, Hawa Z. E. Jaafar , and 17. Shishir Maharjan; ocimum sanctum Asmah Rahmat, Antioxidant Activities, (linn.); the queen of herbs: European Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content in Journal of Biomedical AND Two Varieties of Malaysia Young Ginger Pharmaceutical sciences, 2019, 6(8), 106- (Zingiber officinale Roscoe): Molecules 109. 2010, 12(1), 1420-3049. 18. Sai Krishna. G, Bhavani Ramesh.T and 32. Masuda Y, Kikuzaki H, Hisamoto M, Prem Kumar.P; “Tulsi” - the Wonder Herb Nakatani N. Antioxidant properties of (Pharmacological Activities of Ocimum gingerol related compounds from ginger: Sanctum): American Journal of Biofactors 2004, 21(1-4), 293–296. Ethnomedicine, 2014, 1(1), 089-095. 33. Muhammad, Ihsan, Ali, Zeeshan 19. Buddhadev, S.G., Buddhadev, S.S., and Mahmood , Muhammad Ahmad , Mehta, N.D. A Review Article on Ocimum Muhammad Afzal , Muhammad Arslan sanctum Linn. Punarna V. 2014; 2(2):1-6. Munir , Muhammad Nauman Sharif and 20. Preethi G Pai1, Umma Habeeba, Nishith Amir Shakeel; Genetic variability in RS, and Jnaneshwara P Shenoy; Cirsium arvense under different Evaluation of Diuretic Activity of environmental conditions: Bulletin of Ethanolic Extract of Ocimum Sanctum (L) Biological and Allied Sciences Research, in Wistar Albino Rats: Research Journal 2016, 1(3), 003:1-4. of Pharmaceutical, Biological and 34. Mojani MS, Ghasemzadeh A, Rahmat A, Chemical Sciences, 2013, 4(1), 0975-8585. Loh SP and Ramasamy R.; Assessment of 21. Marc Maurice Cohen, Tulsi - Ocimum bioactive compounds, nutritional sanctum: A herb for all reasons: Journal of composition and antioxidant activity of Ayurveda & Integrative Medicine, 2014, Malaysian young ginger (Zingiber 5(4), 123-30. officinale Roscoe): International Food 22. Sunita Verma, Chemical constituents and Research Journal, 2014, 21(5), 1931– pharmacological action of Ocimum 1935. sanctum (Indian holy basil-Tulsi): The 35. Saptarini NM, Sitorus EY and Levita J.; Journal of Phytopharmacology, 2016, Structure based in silico study of 6- 5(5), 205-207. Gingerol, 6-Ghogaol, and 6-Paradol, 23. Bordia, A., Verma, S.K. and Srivastava, active compounds of ginger as COX-2 K.C. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty inhibitors. Int. J. Chem, 2013, 5(3), 12–18. Acids. 1997, 56: 379. 36. Lantz RC, Chen GJ, Sarihan M, Sólyom 24. Wichtl M. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; AM, Jolad SD, Timmermann BN; The 2004, 653-656. effect of extracts from ginger rhizome on 25. Evans WC. London; Philadelphia: inflammatory mediator Baillière Tindall, 1989. production: Phytomedicine, 2007, 14, 26. Metz C, Cupp M. Ginger. Totowa, New 123–8. Jersey: Humana Press, 2000. 37. Amy Fiske, Julie Loebach Wetherill, and 27. Afzal, M., Al-Hadidi, D., Menon, M., Margaret Gatz; Depression in Older Pesek, J., Dhami, M.S., Drug Metab. Drug Adults: Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2009, 5, Interact. 2001, 18, 159–190. 363–389. 28. Govindarajan, V.S. Crit Rev Food Sci 38. Sung Hoon Jeong, Sang Young Nutr. 1982, 17: 1. Yeo & Sung Chul Yi; The effect of filler Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 19

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 particle size on the antibacterial properties 48. Kirti Thakur, and K.S. Pitre; anti- of compounded polymer/silver fibers: inflammatory activity of extracted eugenol Springer Nature, 2005, 40, 5407–5411. from ocimum sanctum l. leaves: 39. Andreas Nievergelt, Peter Rasangan.J.Chem, (2009), 2(2), 472-474. Huonker, Roland Schoop, Karl-Heinz 49. Mrutyunjay M Mire, Sameer Uz Zaman, Altmann, Jürg Gertsch; Identification of and S. Ramabhimaiah; Evaluation of the Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Partial anti-inflammatory activity of Ocimum Agonists in Ginger: Bioorg Med Chem, sanctum Linn (Tulsi) in albino rats: 2010, 18 (9), 3345-51. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 2014, 3(1), 40. Amar Bahadur Singh, Akanksha, Nilendra 198-205. Singh, Rakesh Maurya and Arvind Kumar 50. Surender Singh & D K Majumdar, Srivastava.; Anti-hyperglycaemic, lipid Evaluation of antiinflammatory activity of lowering and anti-oxidant properties of fatty acids of Ocimum sanctum fixed oil: [6]-gingerol in db/db mice: International Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, Journal of Medicine and Medical 1997, l (35), 380-383. Sciences. 2009, 1(12), 536-544. 51. K. Karthikeyan1, P. Gunasekaran2, N. 41. Ghosh, G.R. Tulasi (N.O. Labiatae, Ramamurthy2 and S. Govindasamy; Genus- Ocimum). New Approaches to Anticancer Activity of Ocimum Sanctum: Medicine and Health (NAMAH). 1995, 3: Pharmaceutical Biology, 1999, 37(4), 23–29. 285–290. 42. Saija A, Scalese M, Lanza M, Marzillo D, 52. Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda SK. Bonina F, Castelli F. Flavonoids as Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant antioxidant agents: Importance of their for therapeutic applications: Pharmacogn interaction with biomembrane. Free Rad Rev. 2010, 4(7), 95–105. Biol Med 19:1995, 481. 53. [email protected] 43. Deo B, Nath M, Nayak PK and Dhal Y. om Evaluation of antioxidant activity of 54. www.dabur.com Ocimum tenuiflorum, an important 55. [email protected] medicinal herb. IJPAES 2013, 3(2), 150– 56. www.sksbindia.com 154. 57. www.adinathagro.com 44. Sethi J, Sood S, Seth S and Talwar A. 58. https://www.amazon.in/Dr-Jaikarans- Evaluation of Hypoglycemic and Herbodent-Premium-Toothpaste antioxidant effect of Ocimum sanctum. 59. www.nonGMO project.org Ind. J. Clin. Biochem. 2004, 19 (2), 152– 60. https://www.amazon.in/Gunsberg-Ginger- 155. 45. Kath RK and Gupta RK. Antioxidant Beer-Alcoholic-Pack/dp/B07T8YXPVD activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of 61. https://www.amazon.in/Suvidhi-Ginger- Ocimum sanctum in animal models of Garlic-Paste-50gm/dp/B07XWDNYV2 peptic ulcer. Ind. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 62. https://www.purplle.com/product/good- 2006; 50 (4): 391–396. vibes-anti-dandruff-shampoo-ginger-200- 46. Khanna S, Gupta SR, Grover JK. Effect of ml long term feeding of Tulsi (Ocimum 63. https://www.snapdeal.com/product/bharat- sanctum) on reproductive performance of masala-ginger-powder-100/673333272499 adult albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 64. https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/spic 24:1986,302 e-nest-ginger-garlic-paste- 47. Kalabharathi HL, Suresha RN, Pragathi B, 19847426155.html Pushpa VH and Satish MA. Anti 65. https://www.amazon.in/Everest-Dry- inflammatory activity of fresh tulsi leaves Ginger-Powder-100g/dp/B0063EHRJE (Ocimum sanctum) in albino rats. Int. J. 66. https://www.amazon.in/Spice-Drop- Pharm. Bio. Sci. 2011; 2(4): 45–50. Ginger-5ml/dp/B00PQKSEJI Copyright © Sept.-Oct., 2020; IJPBR 20

Kumar and Gupta Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(5), 6-21 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 67. https://organicaonline.com/products/ginger 86. https://www.patanjaliayurved.net/product/ -infused-honey natural-health-care/health-drinks/tulsi- 68. https://www.exportersindia.com/nutravo- panchang-juice-l/602 lifecare-pvt-ltd/ 87. https://www.indiamart.com/planetayurved 69. https://www.flipkart.com/nutriwish-100- a/single-herbal-capsules.html#tulsi- pure-organic-honey-wild-forest-350- capsules gm/p/itmfe39dbguqnkhu 88. https://www.madanapalas.com/joshina- 70. https://www.monin.com/us/ginger- syrup-100-ml-p-1247.html syrup.html 89. https://www.google.com/search?q=safi+ha mdard+syrup&sxsrf=ALeKk011RDXvoc 71. https://www.amazon.in/Geo-Fresh- ANRdZbuNf4KnLEw2DWkg:158314298 Organic-Ginger-Powder- 6406&source=univ&tbm=shop&tbo=u&sa 400g/dp/B06XGMKHT6 =X&ved=2ahUKEwjOgdWaw_vnAhX6y 72. https://snaktime.in/product/syrups/crushes- zgGHYd1DF8Qsxh6BAgNECw&biw=13 sharbats-syrups-toppings/dr-narams-tulsi- 66&bih=625 honey-ginger-syrup/382 90. https://www.amazon.in/s?k=multani+kuka 73. https://www.amazon.com/Solaray-Ginger- +syrup&adgrpid=59666705900&ext_vrnc Root-Capsules-Count/dp/B00020HY6Q =hi&gclid=CjwKCAiA- 74. https://www.qtrove.com/products/lemon- vLyBRBWEiwAzOkGVKSiuXiG5WaaL7 ginger-syrup-by-native-circle dWzVYZhqmhrA-pUtR 75. https://www.amazon.in/Jarrow-Formulas- CpvuyO9jKVav8ol9Xgqa_hoCuO4QAvD Garlic-Ginger- _BwE&hvadid=294149545666&hvdev=c Capsules/dp/B004TWNH1Y &hvlocphy=20471&hvnetw=g&hvqmt=e 76. https://www.nowfoods.com/supplements/g &hvrand=1431383526585769698&hvtargi inger-root-extract-250-mg-veg-capsules d=kwd- 77. https://www.1mg.com/otc/himalaya- 91. https://www.indiamart.com/the-unati- bresol-tablet-otc131450 cooperative-marketing/unati-herbal- 78. https://www.indiamart.com/vedic- products.html#panch-tulsi-drops naturalcare/face-care.html#anti-bacterial- 92. https://www.amazon.in/Jolly-Tulsi- face-wash-neem-tulsi Natural-Immunity- 79. https://www.lovenaturalremedies.com/lnr/ Booster/dp/B018VJ4WCI 1442-divya-peya-herbal-tea.html 93. https://www.indiamart.com/dralexanderlab /face-wash.html#neem-and-tulsi-face- 80. https://www.lovenaturalremedies.com/lnr/ wash 1442-divya-peya-herbal-tea.html 94. https://www.indiamart.com/satyamhealthc 81. https://www.indiamart.com/vedic- are/herbal-cough-syrup.html#herbal- naturalcare/face-care.html#anti-bacterial- cough-syrup face-wash-neem-tulsi 95. http://www.triohealthcare.net/respiratory- 82. https://www.mosquitorepellentsmanufactu range.html rer.com/mosquito-repellents.html#tulsi- 96. https://www.indiamart.com/triohealthcare/ herbal-cloth-spray 97. https://www.lovenaturalremedies.com/lnr/ 83. https://www.dabur.com/in/en- 1556-patanjali-ojas-mint-tulsi-body- us/ayurvedic-herbal-products/honitus soap.html 84. http://ayurvedicbazaar.in/product/divya- 98. https://www.mosquitorepellentsmanufactu swasari-pravahi rer.com/mosquito-repellents.html#tulsi- 85. https://www.mahagro.com/products/tulasi- herbal-cloth-spray powder