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Societal Security Societal Security in the Baltic Sea Region SOCIETAL SECURITY SOCIETAL SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION EXPERTISE MAPPING AND RAISING RAISING POLICY RELEVANCE RAISING AND EXPERTISE MAPPING POLICY RELEVANCE Editors: MIKA AALTOLA BORIS KUZNETSOV ANDRIS SPRŪDS ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION EXPERTISE MAPPING AND RAISING POLICY RELEVANCE SOCIETAL SECURITY SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION EXPERTISE MAPPING AND EXPERTISE MAPPING AND RAISING POLICY RELEVANCE RAISING POLICY RELEVANCE Editors: MIKA AALTOLA BORIS KUZNETSOV ANDRIS SPRŪDS ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA LATVIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS RĪGA, 2018 Supported by: In cooperation with: The book project Societal“ Security in the Baltic Sea region: Expertise Mapping and Raising Policy Relevance” was initiated to learn from Nordic best practices in societal security research and develop non-Nordic research and expertise, contributing to more informed political and expert debates on societal security in the Baltic States, Poland, Northeast Russia and Belarus, and offering recommendations. Supported by: Nordic Council of Ministers In cooperation with: Centre of International and Regional Policy, Finnish Institute of International Affairs Editors: Mika Aaltola, Boris Kuznetsov, Andris Sprūds, Elizabete Vizgunova Authors: Mika Aaltola, Anders Malle Hjortshøj, Tapio Juntunen, Ivo Juurvee, Marta Kowalska, Boris Kuznetsov, Claudia Morsut, Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir, Diāna Potjomkina, Carl Rådestad, Alexander Sergunin, Arseny Sivitski, Andris Sprūds, Cecilie Felicia Stokholm Banke, Kristina Syk, Gediminas Vitkus, Elizabete Vizgunova Project coordinators: Diāna Potjomkina, Elizabete Vizgunova The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of the Latvian Institute of International Affairs, the Centre of International and Regional Prolicy, the Finnish Institute of Internatinal Affairs or the Nordic Council of Ministers. English language editor: Līvija Uskale Layout: Oskars Stalidzāns Cover design: Kristīne Plūksna-Zvagule This book is published in collaboration with the Publishers Zinātne © Authors of the articles, 2018 ISBN 978-9934-567-21-6 © Kristīne Plūksna-Zvagule, cover design, 2018 UDK 327(4) © Oskars Stalidzāns, layout, 2018 So086 © Latvian Institute of International Affairs, 2018 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 7 ANDRIS SPRŪDS AND ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA DENMARK: SOCIETAL SECURITY IN A TIME OF UPHEAVAL . 13 CECILIE FELICIA STOKHOLM BANKE AND ANDERS MALLE HJORTSHØJ NORDIC MODEL MEETS RESILIENCE – FINNISH STRATEGY FOR SOCIETAL SECURITY . 26 MIKA AALTOLA AND TAPIO JUNTUNEN SAFETY AND SECURITY – WHAT’S IN A WORD? SOCIETAL SECURITY IN ICELAND . 43 SILJA BÁRA ÓMARSDÓTTIR SOCIETAL SECURITY AND SAFETY IN NORWAY: THE DUALITY OF SAMFUNNSSIKKERHET . 60 CLAUDIA MORSUT SWEDISH SOCIETAL SECURITY – THE BATTLE OF THE NARRATIVE . 83 KRISTINA SYK AND CARL RÅDESTAD ESTONIA’S APPROACH TO SOCIETAL SECURITY . 100 IVO JUURVEE SOCIETAL SECURITY IN LATVIA: NEW WINE IN OLD BOTTLES? . 118 DIĀNA POTJOMKINA AND ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA SOCIETAL SECURITY IN LITHUANIA: WHAT’S SO DIFFERENT ABOUT IT? . 143 GEDIMINAS VITKUS NEW THREATS FOR SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE POLISH NATIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM . 162 MARTA KOWALSKA IN SEARCH OF SOCIETAL SECURITY IN BELARUS: MISSION IMPOSSIBLE . 184 ARSENY SIVITSKI SOCIETAL SECURITY: THE RUSSIAN DISCOURSE . 212 ALEXANDER SERGUNIN SOCIETAL SECURITY: CONVERGENCE AT THE REGIONAL LEVEL . 233 BORIS KUZNETSOV CONCLUDING REMARKS. DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES, SUB-REGIONAL APPROACHES AND PROSPECTS OF SOCIETAL SECURITY IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION . 244 MIKA AALTOLA, ANDRIS SPRŪDS AND ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA ABOUT THE AUTHORS . 264 INTRODUCTION ANDRIS SPRŪDS AND ELIZABETE VIZGUNOVA The book Societal“ Security in the Baltic Sea region: Expertise Mapping and Raising Policy Relevance” assesses the evolution of the notion of societal security in the national narratives and strategies in the Baltic Sea region. It is increasingly relevant to revisit the diversity of national approaches to security in the region, as the contemporary, full-spectrum of security challenges are emerging from both within and outside the region and have the potential to leave region-wide consequences. This volume therefore analyses the national approaches to the state as a security provider and the development of the comprehensive approach to security, as well as seeks to learn from the Nordic best practices of engaging societal actors in ensuring national security on a cross- regional basis. The inevitability of regional interdependence – characterised by positive and negative political, economic and military dynamics – in the Baltic Sea region is clearly exemplified not only by the historic developments, but also the challenging security environment of the wider European continent. Global interdependence has seemingly lost the momentum it had gained in the post-Cold War era after Russia’s full- range warfare approach, employed in the Russo-Georgian six days’ war of 2008, and the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian conflict. In light of the “new age” warfare approach, more states of the Baltic Sea region have begun to increasingly engage with a wide spectrum of third sector players. This clearly means that a consensus – or, simply put, that a state-centric approach to defence and security seems not to match the challenges of the 21st century – has emerged. The project was therefore conceived with the practical purpose of learning from the Nordic model, built on transparency, good governance and a holistic approach to security. It is under these circumstances that both the state and the society pool their 7 efforts to build resilient Nordic societies. Indeed, as illustrated by the authors of the country chapters, the notion of resilience has become core to the evolving societal security community of the Baltic Sea region. Taking a step back and examining the origins of the term – and therefore underlining the problématique of the field of security studies, still pertinent today – Barry Buzan strove to examine the contradictions “between defence and security, [..] between individual security and national security, between national security and international security, and between violent means and peaceful ends.”1 The editors of this book can only agree with Buzan as he argues that finding an agreed definition of either aspect of security is impossible. Rather, we have sought to open the space for a debate and a learning exercise on a cross-regional basis – in doing so shedding light on a number of contradictions and bringing a further research agenda to the fore – in order to create a more integrated framework of thinking about security in the Baltic Sea region. The definition used by the majority of authors as a starting point was conceptualised by Iulian Chiufu, defining societal security as “dealing mainly with the preservation and affirmation of the society’s identity and cohesion of society’s members.”2 Chiufu’s understanding is closely linked to Ole Weaver’s definition of societal security, namely, “sustainability, within acceptable conditions for evolution, of traditional patterns of language, culture, association, and religious and national identity and custom.”3 However, in the latter case, societal security is still seen as one of the five security sectors (political, economic, military, environmental and societal; as Kowalska and other authors illustrate in the following chapters, the states of the Baltic Sea region have a tendency to multiply the arenas of security, widening the traditionalist definition even further). The post-Copenhagen school development illustrated that societal security can become a referent object in its own right. Eventually, as noted by Vitkus in this volume, societal security has the potential to become “a dominant security policy referent object of top priority, to which all the other sectors, including national security, are subordinated.” In this volume, Aaltola and Juntunen argue that the Nordic model “refers to similarities in the transparency in public administration, 8 respect for the rule of law, equality as a key value, and belief that social welfare heals societal cleavages and produces societal stability” and that “the nation has to pull its resources together in order to have a chance of survival in a harsh world of geopolitics.” This, coupled with the decades- long cooperation among the Nordics to ensure regional societal security, as Morsut writes in this volume, should lead to a “society’s ability to protect itself against, and manage, incidents that threaten fundamental values and functions and that put lives and health in danger.” This raises the relevance of emergency preparedness, particularly focusing on unexpected dangers that a society might need to confront. Total defence serves the purpose to ensure that the civil-military cooperation in both peace and wartime is used for the most effective crisis management. An equally recurrent term used by the authors is human security. According to Syk and Rådestad, human security serves “to connect the protection of individuals from risks to that of empowering people to be able to handle crisis situations in a more effective way.” The term resilience, as written by Juurvee, can be understood as a society’s “ability to recover quickly from the impact of negative phenomena, and restore its strength, flexibility and success”. Indeed, the myriad of terms and definitions present in the various fundamental security documents and strategies across the region clearly underlines
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