The Republic of Sudan the PREPARATORY SURVEY

Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State New Halfa Agricultural Corporation The Republic of Sudan

THE PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON PROJECT FOR UPGRADING FOOD PRODUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN

April 2012

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

SANYU CONSULTANTS INC

RD JR 12-031 PREFACE

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) decided to conduct “The Preparatory Survey on Project for Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure in the Republic of Sudan” and entrust the survey to Sanyu Consultants Inc. The survey team held a series of discussions with the officials concerned of the government of the Republic of Sudan, and conducted a field investigation. As a result of further studies in Japan, the present report was finalized. I hope that this report will contribute to the promotion of the project and to the enhancement of friendly relations between our two countries. Finally, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the officials concerned of the Government of the Republic of Sudan for their close cooperation extended to the survey team.

April, 2012

Teruyoshi KUMASHIRO Director General, Rural Development Department Japan International Cooperation Agency

Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

S U M M A R Y

1. National land, natural conditions and socio-economic conditions

The Republic of Sudan is a country situated in the North Africa region. It was in July 2011 that the Republic of South Sudan was separated from Sudan to gain independence and thereafter Sudan shares the borders with a number of countries as Egypt, Libya, Chad, Central Africa, Ethiopia, Eritrea and South Sudan with facing to the Red Sea on the eastern direction. The national land of Sudan was 2,500,000 k ㎡ (About 7 times bigger than Japan) with about 41.81 million population in the year 2010 (Central Bureau of Statistics, Sudan), however after the independence of South Sudan, it is reduced to be 1,860,000 k ㎡ area (About 5 times bigger than Japan) with about 33.0 million population as assumed (2010, CBS). The capital city of Sudan is Khartoum which is located at the conjunction point of Blue Nile and the White Nile.

Most of the country’s terrain is of vast plain land with the elevation ranging 300-600 m and the Nile River and the tributaries traverse the center of the national land. The northern part of the country is an arid desert zone and the people are residing only along the Nile River bank and the coastal belt along the Red Sea. When descending to the south direction, the precipitation gradually increases and the climate changes to step climate zone and savanna zone in order so to have more farming activities than the northern part. The population consists of races of Arabian, Nubian and Nuba and they believe mainly in Islam. Arabic and English are the official languages in the country.

The target sites under the subject project are in the River Nile State (RNS) in north and Kassala State in East. The sites in RNS are irrigation schemes situated along the main stream of Nile River at about 200-300 km north of Khartoum. The area is classified into an extreme dry zone with having annual rainfall at 56 mm only (Rainy season July-September), the highest monthly mean temperature at 43℃ (June) and the lowest at 14℃ (January). For the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State, the water source is Kashm el Girba dam/reservoir constructed on Atbara river, a tributary of Nile River. The project site is located at about 400 km east of Khartoum and classified into dry zone with having annual rainfall of about 250 mm (Rainy season May-October), the highest monthly mean temperature at 41℃ (May) and the lowest at 17℃ (January).

The GDP (MER) of Sudan in 2011 is 68,440 million UD$ (IMF) and the GDP pre capita is 1,705 USD (123rd in world ranking, IMF) in the same year. The shares of GDP by each sector are 30.6 % by agriculture, 24.9 % by manufacturing and 44.5 % by service industries, respectively (2009, Central Bank of Sudan).

The civil wars between the north and the south were continued for long for the periods first from 1955 to 1972 and the second from 1983 to 2005 and the national economy of Sudan was much impoverished due to the stoppage of economic assistances and accumulated financial indebtedness. High inflation rates, shortages of commodities and insufficient electricity supply have been constant and deemed everlasting affairs in Sudan. However, it was since 1996 that the government of Sudan adopted the economic reform program as initiated by IMF and tried sustainable efforts toward

i Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan reconstruction of the national economy. In 1999, the oil pipeline connecting the Red Sea with the oil producing areas was completed and with the price escalation of oil at the international market, the oil production volume and the export earnings by oil showed a considerable increase. Besides, recently with having large scale investments in Sudan by Gulf countries and China and etc., the economic growth from the year of 2003 to 2008 showed high rate of 8 % in average.

The national economy of Sudan has not been negatively affected by the global basis economic/ currency crisis as derived from the sub-prime loan problem as occurred in 2007, however the economic growth was slowed down due to the oil price slump as caused by the world-wide economic depression. The decreased export earnings from oil caused negatively on the government’s revenue and the ordinary financial balance of government as well as the international balance of payment of the country became worse. After the mid 2009, however, the world sees a considerable recovery of oil price and the economic growth and the government’s revenue of Sudan has been gradually improving.

For the national economy of Sudan, emerging from the heavily oil-revenue-dependent structure is the main issue to be achieved, as 80 % of oil produced was in the territory of South Sudan. For this, it is considered necessary to cut the expenditures in one way and to accelerate in other way the diversification of industrial structure through development of high potential agriculture and livestock sectors as coupled with the fast growing of private sector.

Particularly the agriculture sector, among others, is an important one favored with the fertile land resources with the 1/3 share of GDP and more than 80 % of working population employed in the sector. In spite of these facts, however, the farmers remain at the status of self-consumption manner and their standards of living are mostly under the poverty line, though the average income for the whole nation has been increased substantially in recent years. Due to the results of continued civil wars over two decades, those social infrastructures are seriously insufficient in many parts of the country. To this end, it is expected to realize activation of agricultural economy and further development of national economy and poverty alleviation in Sudan through improvement in farming techniques and provision of needed infrastructures as irrigation systems and transportation systems.

2. Background, proceedings and outlines of project

As per the NBHS (National Baseline Household Survey) conducted in 2009, 1/3 of the population (40.4 million persons) in Sudan suffers from shortage of foods. In other words, it is reported as many as 31 % of urban population and 34 % of rural population have been suffering from mal-nutrition. Under the circumstances where demands for foods have been expanding due to the repeatedly occurring drought damages, appearance of domestic refugees and the ever-increasing population with annual rate of 2.24 % per annum (2008, World Bank), possible production increase of foods are vitally important issue for the nation for her domestic food security.

ii Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure domestic as well as in international markets. Aiming at breaking through the said difficulties encountering the agriculture in Sudan and possible revival of the agriculture in Sudan, in 2008, the government of Sudan formulated as the national strategy “Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival (EPAR)”. Moreover, the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation initiated in 2009 the implementation of National Wheat Production Project aiming at increased production of wheat to attain self-sufficiency of food through rehabilitation of irrigation facilities.

As a response, JICA dispatched survey teams focusing on collection of basic data/information needed for agricultural development and conducted studies for “Preparatory Survey for Agricultural Cooperation Program in the Eastern Part of Sudan” (March 2009- August 2009) and “Preparatory Survey for Project for Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure for Northern Part of Sudan” (August-September 2010). As the results of said studies, the government of Sudan sent a request to GOJ for the rehabilitation project of 6 irrigation schemes in the River Nile State.

In response to the said request, JICA decided to conduct the second preparatory survey on project for upgrading food production infrastructure in the Republic of Sudan and dispatched the survey mission to cover the scope of work as follows.

- Confirmation on justification for grant aid cooperation - Outline design for ultimate project components and scale - Project cost estimation - Work items to be undertaken by Sudan side - O & M plan

3. Outlines of survey results and project components

(1) Survey schedule (Second preparatory survey)

The subject survey was undertaken dividing the field survey into three (3) terms as explained below.

① 1st field survey (April 21-June 19, 2011) The scope of work included collection and analysis on data/information in general regarding the irrigation schemes, preparation of inventories and preparation of report compiling the survey results. Based on the above, priorities of candidate schemes for project implementation shall be proposed. ② 2nd field survey (July 21-September 19, 2011) Field investigation, consultation and data/information collection were conducted for the candidate schemes selected through the 1st survey so as to prepare draft final report. Through the preparation of said report, directions on basic planning and design were examined, consulted and confirmed among the parties concerned.

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③ Explanation/consultation on the draft final report (February 9-16, 2012) Based on the draft final report prepared, the project contents and other relevant issues were explained to Sudan side, consulted and mutually confirmed to share the final plan toward the subject project implementation.

Under the second preparatory survey on the project for upgrading food production infrastructure conducted during April to June 2011 (1st field survey for outline design), survey was conducted on the K 14 pump station of New Halfa irrigation scheme of Kassala State in addition to the 6 requested irrigation schemes as derived from the 1st preparatory survey. K14 pump station is the project with a large beneficiary area and had ever been requested by GOS for grant aid by GOJ.

After returning to Japan, the survey team has consulted the survey results with the agencies concerned in Japan and finally consulted and agreed upon with the government of Sudan to conduct the field survey and carried out outline design for 4 schemes of Kitiab, Aliab and Kadabas in RNS and K14 of New Halfa in Kassala State.

Based on the survey results on the target irrigation schemes, outline design and cost estimation were carried out to find a lack of budget as compared with the cost originally assumed, requiring some down-sizing of estimated cost. Then, the policy direction was confirmed to decrease the number of schemes to be rehabilitated so as to assure secure implementation of subject project without increasing the burden by the Sudan side, though the beneficiary irrigation area would be unavoidably reduced to some extent. The explanation of draft final report was proceeded to Sudan side during February 7~16, 2-12 based on the policy direction as above.

Then, it was in the consultation meeting with the Sudan government to reach the following agreement by the parties concerned.

- Kadabas scheme shall be excluded from the target. - Project implementation shall cover K 14 pump station of New Halfa irrigation scheme, Kitiab irrigation scheme and Aliab irrigation scheme, 3 schemes in total. - For both Kitiab and Aliab schemes, 4 units each of Japanese made pump shall be installed.

The following table shows a comparison between the requested contents and the final plan agreed upon.

Requested Contents and Final Plan agreed upon Items Requested Contents Final Plan Bauga 1,890ha Aliab 2,205ha Kadabas 2,016ha Kithiab 2,394ha Aliab 2,205ha New Halfa K14 13,020ha Irrigation Schemes Kithiab 2,394ha Total 17,619ha Targeted Sayal 1,176ha Elshaheed 4,200ha New Halfa K14 13,020ha

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Items Requested Contents Final Plan Total 26,901ha Equipment Electric Pumps, Portable Sprinkler Electric pump and construction of pump system, Hydroflom and Drip Irrigation station system ・Aliab 1.0m3/s×170kw×4units Civil Works Excavation and embankment of canals, ・Kitiab 1.0m3/s×160kw×4units re-shaping of canals, leveling of Renewal of electric pump equipment（Re-use farmland, repair of regulators and construction of bridges crossing over of existing building） canals ・New Halfa K14 3.5m3/s×480kw×3units Works to be done by Sudan side ・Aliab, Kitiab Excavation of canals, re-shaping of canal, repair of regulator and gates, and others ・ New Halfa K14 Custom clearance, inland transportation and installation of pump Soft Component ・Survey on metrology, hydrology and ・Strengthening of management capacity of geology of the target scheme, (Technical water units’ organization ・Strengthening of management capacity ・Guidance on operation and maintenance of Assistance) of water units’ organization procured equipment / facilities ・Guidance on operation and maintenance of procured equipment / facilities Regarding guidance on operation and ・Introduction of improved farming maintenance of procured equipment and techniques facilities, the actual guidance shall be ・Introduction of strategic cash crops and performed by the manufacturer of equipment

analysis and training on value adding with their manuals / handbooks. and value chain.

(2) Higher priority-given plans and Project goal

In Sudan, there are on-going development plans/projects given with higher priorities by GOS including the Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival (EPAR, 2008-2011), National Wheat Production Project (2009/2010-2013/2014) and etc. As stated in the request format by GOS, the final goal of the subject project is “The standard of living of the farming families in the rural communities of Sudan will be raised up and the same will contribute to the attainment of national food security and poverty alleviation.” Through the project implementation, electric-driven pumps, the necessity for farming under arid condition, shall be provided to materialize a rational irrigation services in the beneficiary areas. This will bring about higher crop productivity for the farmers and is expected not only to improve the farm families’ living standard but also to activate the regional economy, food security as well as poverty alleviation in the areas. Therefore, it can be confirmed that implementation of the subject project meets with the policies involved in the higher priority-given plans as said and to support the attainment of the goal planned.

While, the project goal is set as “The agricultural productivity will be raised and production be increased with lower production cost through introducing improved irrigation facilities which can be a good model for the other schemes.” In order to attain the goals as mentioned above, it is considered

v Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan necessary to implement both hardware and software inputs including renewal of deteriorated and ineffective pump facilities and rehabilitation/improvement of irrigation canals and also active operation of soft component/program.

(3) Basic Policy

Basic policy/direction adopted for outline design is as follows.

1) Those pump facilities presently working at the target schemes in RNS are of diesel engine-driven type. Electrification of pump facilities has been promoted as the government’s policy to date, and to get along the policy, all the engine-driven pump facilities will be converted to electric motor-driven under the subject project. Moreover, the existing buildings are to be renewed under the project due to the prevailing hazards on the O & M activities due to the deteriorated conditions.

2) For the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State, the existing pump facilities at K 14 station has been much deteriorated after its installation some 40 years ago, though it is of electric motor-driven type. There observed considerable decrease in the discharge capacity and secure of necessary spare-parts is hardly possible, in need of total replacement with new equipment.

3) In any irrigation schemes, there found lack of flow sectional area of the main canals. It is therefore necessary to provide rehabilitation of canal flow sections and improvement of regulators and gates installed so as to enable water conveyance as designed in parallel with the improvement of pump facilities through electrification. However, the canals are of earthen-made and its rehabilitation is mainly an earth work like widening of the canal flow section, similar to the dredging works for the sediment materials in canals which used to be undertaken regularly as ordinary O & M works by Sudan side. Further, those rehabilitation /improvement works for gate facilities and etc. are mostly of small scale, not requiring any high level technologies, and such works required for the project as canal section widening, dredging and improvement of gate facilities are to be undertaken by the Sudan side.

4) In order to attain higher crop productivity through upgrading food production infrastructure as targeted by the subject project, an active introduction of soft components as strengthening of management capability of water users’ organization as well as of O & M capacity are considered vitally important.

In compliance with the policies/directions as mentioned above, the scope of work under the subject grant aid was determined as the followings.

1) Renewal of pump equipment (Electric-driven) and station buildings for Aliab and Kitiab irrigation scheme in RNS 2) Renewal of pump equipment and electric facilities for K 14 pump station under New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State 3) Implementation of soft components centered on strengthening of management capability of water users’ organization under each target scheme and O & M capacity for irrigation facilities.

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(4) Outline design

Due studies and examination were conducted on the target scheme as confirmed above and the outlines were delineated as the followings.

1) The design irrigation water requirements for each of target scheme were sought by multiplying the irrigation area with a certain irrigation efficiencies applied and with the evapo-transpiration of each crop as computed based on the seasonal meteorological conditions and cropping calendar planned or being practiced. With this basis, 5 % for domestic use by villages and livestock was added and the water requirement was fixed assuming the pump operation hours at 18 hours per day. The design discharge quantity by pump and the flow capacity of canal were planned in a way that the design water requirement can be smoothly conveyed to downstream.

2) For the pump station and equipment to be renewed under Aliab and Kitiab schemes, the station building shall be of underground type with roof and suction pipe and the pump equipment of horizontal double suction volute type with motor shall be adopted.

Water requirements and water levels of Nile River, the water source, fluctuate seasonally, and therefore, the total heads required for pump also do fluctuate seasonally as well. Pump facilities shall satisfy operation for required discharge for all seasons without cavitation and the highest pump efficiency shall appear at around the water level condition of the highest frequency. For this sake, the structural profile of pump station shall apply the same as adopted in the most of the existing stations, and the foundation of pump be positioned at the basement so as to have pump installed at the safe position to cavitation occurrence. The wall of the basement shall be designed with the structure which can prevent the station from intrusion of river water.

Nile River water carries with a lot of sediment materials like sand and silt, and therefore, it is difficult to apply vertical mixed flow pump as O & M works for the deposited sand and silt materials are quite difficult when employing the driving channel type. To avoid difficult O & M works for deposited materials, provision of suction pipe is recommendable since it can cope with rather easily even when the river flow may change the course to some extent. In addition, it is necessary to pay due attention to plan the intake structure in such way to avoid any excessive sediment deposits.

In and around the project area, seasonal sand storms are common and bring about damages on facilities and crops. It is necessary to protect facilities from sand intrusion and avoid deterioration of facilities by providing roofing/sealing, similar to the existing station buildings. The roof is to be designed to allow bringing in of an over-head crane and spaces for disassembling and fabrication of equipment installed.

In determining the scale and the unit number of pumps, due attention was paid to the conditions that pump operation can be made to meet the fluctuating water requirement

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efficiently and economically and the compatibility of spare-parts is good with the ones of the other schemes. As the results, it was finally planned that there would be no stand-by unit and 4 units of 1.0 m3 capacity pump shall be installed.

Construction sites for the new station were selected at the neighbor of the existing ones to avoid suspension of operation at the existing pump stations even during the construction period and the site shall be of public land but not the private-owned.

All the existing pump facilities shall be abandoned after the completion of new pump station under the project.

3) For the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State, the pump equipment and electric facilities are to be renewed under the project. It is considered that some repairs are necessary for the civil structures, roofing and discharge pipe of the station and the irrigation major canal, however, those are judged to be usable for some durations in future and not included in the rehabilitation works under the subject project implementation. Those portions deemed necessary for repairing are within the category of ordinary O & M works and can be covered by ordinary repair works by Sudan side. Major specification of pumps to be renewed are found to be similar to the existing ones after reviewing irrigation conditions prevailing and confirmation of major irrigation dimensions/requirements like cropping pattern and irrigation efficiencies etc. and due examination thereon. It is noted that in this concern that the period for pump renewal shall be 4 month period from March to June when demands for irrigation water becomes much less.

4) For attaining the improved crop productivity through upgrading food production infrastructure as targeted in the subject project, the due implementation of soft components (technical assistance) as below shall be enhanced in addition to the hardware improvement including pump facilities, station building and appurtenant structures etc.

Strengthening of management capability of water users’ organization

Scheme committees are not provided with basic data/information needed for formulating adequate activities to be undertaken by water users’ organization. The present conditions do not allow grasping of prevailing O & M situation in detail enough. To cope with this difficulty, it is deemed necessary to introduce personal computers for practicing a systematic data/information collection and data processing. Through this improvement, grasping of problem areas and raise up of water fee collection rate will be expected.

Strengthening of O & M capacity on irrigation facilities

In order to materialize timely and quantitatively adequate irrigation practices through smoothing the water flow from upstream to the terminal end users, various O & M works for the scheme system shall be strengthened. For this, the emphasis shall be placed, among others, on maintenance works as dredging and weed control in accordance with the responsibilities demarcated, regular inspection and recording, keeping of spare-parts and compulsory services

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shared by beneficiary farmer families.

Capacity building for the agricultural extension (Improved farming techniques) service workers are important issue for the project, however the issue is not included in the project component as it involves educational factors and difficult to assess the effects in a short period.

Based on the considerations and viewpoints as described above, the project components as confirmed for the subject grant aid scheme are shown as follows.

Components of Grant Aid Project and Undertakings by Sudan side Targeted Irrigation Components of Grant Aid Project by Japan Undertakings by Sudan side Scheme River Nile State Kitiab ・Max. Discharge：3.93m3/s（18 hours/day）・ To secure and clear the land for ・Renewal Intake Pump & Incidental Facilities： Construction of Pump Station Horizontal Double Suction Volute Pump with Motor including removal of storehouses, Discharge1.0m3/s×Total Head 11.4m×160Kw lodgings, oil tanks and trees ×4units ・ Provision of temporary yard for Pipes & Control Panel for 4 units construction ・・Construction of Pump Station： Installation of Transformer with 1,500KVA including foundation works Reinforced Concrete structure（with Concrete Brock and Electric Incoming Works from Wall） High Voltage Transmission Line to Length 30m×Width 11m×Height 14.75m Transformer （Above ground 8.65m、Underground 6.1m）・ Provision of spare parts stockyard ・Construction of Discharge Chamber & Connection Canal ・ Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canal Aliab ・Max. Discharge：3.58m3/s（18 hours/day）・ To secure and clear the land for ・Renewal Intake Pump & Incidental Facilities： Construction of Pump Station Horizontal Double Suction Volute Pump with Motor including removal of warehouses and Discharge1.0m3/s×Total Head 12.0m×170Kw trees ×4units ・ Provision of temporary yard for Pipes & Control Panel for 4 units construction ・・Construction of Pump Station： Installation of Transformer with 1,500KVA including foundation works Reinforced Concrete structure（with Concrete Brock and Electric Incoming Works from Wall） High Voltage Transmission Line to Length 30m×Width 11m×Height 14.65m Transformer （Above ground 8.65m、Underground 6.0m）・ Provision of spare parts stockyard ・Construction of Discharge Chamber & Connection Canal ・ Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canal Kassala State New Halfa ・Max. Discharge：9.91m3/s（18 hours/day）・ Removal of existing pump, motor and control panels K14 ・Renewal Intake Pump & Incidental Facilities： Vertical Mixed Flow Pump with Vertical Motor ・ Disembarkation, custom clearance at Discharge 3.5m3/s×Total Head 9.6m×480Kw Port Sudan, inland transportation, ×3units unloading and storage of Equipment ・ Transformer（3,000KVA）、Control Panel for 3units Installation of Pumps and control panels

・ Installation of Transformer including （ Continuing use of the existing pump building 、 construction of its foundation pipelines and irrigation canals）・ Provision of temporary water supply during pump replacement works

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In addition to the hardware component as detailed above, the implementation plans included in the soft component aspect are as indicated below.

Contents of Soft Component (Technical Assistance) Targeted Contents of Soft Period of Irrigation Target Groups Input Plan for Activity Component execution Schemes Board members ・Two (2) Japanese experts ・Strengthening of At the Representatives of for scheme management management completion and O & M, capability of water of Kitiab & Aliab Farmer’s Union ・Two(2) local experts for users’ rehabilitation in River Nile Agricultural scheme management and organization、 of Aliab State O & M, ・Strengthening of O scheme and extensionists ・One(1) local expert for & M capacity on the entire Representatives of financial aspects irrigation facilities Works farmers ・Others Board members ・Two (2) Japanese experts ・Strengthening of At the Representatives of for scheme management management and O & M, capability of water completion of renewal Farmer’s Union ・Two(2) local experts for New Halfa K14 users’ works of Agricultural scheme management and in Kassala State organization、 New Halfa O & M, ・Strengthening of O extensionists K14 and the ・One(1) local expert for & M capacity on entire Works Representatives of financial aspects irrigation facilities farmers ・Others

4. Project implementation schedule and estimated project cost

In the case the subject project will be implemented under the grant aid scheme by the Government of Japan, it will take 7.0 months for detailed design and 32.5 months for facilities construction for kitiab and Aliab irrigation schemes in RNS and equipment supply and installation for K 14 pump station under New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State.

The project cost is estimated at **** million Japanese Yen (**** million Yen born by GOJ and 62 million Yen born by GOS).

5. Project evaluation

(1) Justification

Implementation of the subject project under the grant aid scheme by the Government of Japan is considered justifiable with the following viewpoints.

① The targeted 3 irrigation schemes covers 41,950 feddan (17,619 ha) of irrigation beneficiary area in total with the number of beneficiary population of as many as 141, 500 persons implying that the project is of substantially large scale. Judging from the data on cost of living, there are many families under the poor category in the project area. It is expected that the increased production volume and higher productivity to be generated from the subject project implementation will surely contribute to improvement of national food security and stabilization of living condition as

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well as poverty alleviation in the area, making the importance of the subject project implementation quite high.

② The financial balance of the GOS heavily depends on the revenue from oil export earnings, and the GOS is trying to enhance industrial diversification by achieving raise up of the agricultural productivity through implementing the Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival and the National Wheat Production Project etc. It was then July 2012 that South Sudan who produced about 80 % of the national oil production got separated and independence from Sudan and it is certain that the revenue deriving from oil for Sudan will be reduced to a great extent. Under the circumstances, the policy of GOS is to be shifted to put more emphasis on agricultural development and to accelerate the agricultural production increase by all means. Therefore, the implementation of the subject project is to contribute to attain the goal of such development plans/projects with sharing the same targets as involved in the higher priority-given policies by GOS.

③ Basic policies adopted to ODA to Sudan by GOJ is to support GOS in peace building and stabilization of peace secured and etc. and the agricultural sector which employs more than 80 % of the working labor and has a high potential to grow to be an export earning sector is considered very important. Raise up of agricultural productivity is badly needed to attain possible diversification of revenue sources for the country and also to contribute to easing the food security issue on global basis. These are to contribute to attaining MDG’s goal for Sudan in a way to support for stabilization of peace by means of sustainable development of agriculture and also to meet the requirement to support GOS for rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation facilities covering 100,000 ha as committed by GOJ in TICAD IV.

(2) Project benefits/effectiveness

The followings are the expected benefits/effectiveness to be generated from implementation of rehabilitation and improvement of facilities and relevant soft component of the subject project for 3 irrigation schemes.

1) Quantitative effects

Target year（2017） Indexes Base year（2011）（3 years after project implemented） 1,060 kg/fed Crop productivity（Unit yield （24% increase in 3 years, assuming of wheat of three schemes in 867 kg/fed to attain 80% of the recorded average） maximum by 10 years） Annual pump operation cost 3,401,745 SDG/yr 2,215,632 SDG/yr (total of three schemes) Annual O & M cost (total of 11,003,500 SDG/yr 10,569,253 SDG/yr three schemes)

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2) Qualitative effects

① Through improvement in crop productivity and resultant production increase, the economic base of rural communities will be stabilized and this will contribute to solving problem issues of the rural society by poverty alleviation, reducing of migration to urban area by youths and lowering crime occurrence rate.

② Improvement in O & M skills and techniques through implementation of Soft Component (technical assistance) will bring about preferable collection of basic data and information required to be a good model for the other similar natured irrigation schemes. The methods and technologies applied will be extended to wider areas and will contribute to improvement of rural society in general.

③ By replacing the existing engine-driven pump to the electric motor-driven one, O & M activities will be much easier. In addition, the work load of O & M workers be reduced under safer working conditions improved by the provision of ceiling crane and maintenance space with the pump station renewed.

④ With higher opportunities for agricultural technique extension as well as the improvement of marketing capability for agricultural produces, possibilities for further improvement in agricultural productivity and farmers’ income could be enhanced.

xii CONTENTS

Preface Summary Contents Location Map / Perspective List of Figures & Tables Abbreviations Units

Chapter 1 Background of the Project ...... 1-1 1-1 Background and Outline of the Project ...... 1-1 1-1-1 Background and proceedings for the request ...... 1-1 1-1-2 Outcomes from preparatory survey and outline design ...... 1-1 1-2 Natural Conditions ...... 1-4 1-2-1 Meteorological conditions in River Nile State and Kassala State ...... 1-4 1-2-2 Water level at Nile River ...... 1-6 1-3 Environmental and Social Considerations ...... 1-9 1-3-1 Preparation and submission of EIA report ...... 1-9 1-3-2 Procedure for securing environmental approval ...... 1-9 1-3-3 Environmental Impact Assessment ...... 1-9 1-3-4 Countermeasure for Mitigation ...... 1-14 1-3-5 Monitoring Plan and Environmental Checklist ...... 1-15 1-3-6 Stakeholder’s Meeting ...... 1-15 Chapter 2 Contents of the Project ...... 2-1 2-1 Basic Concept of the Project ...... 2-1 2-2 Outline Design of the Japanese Assistance ...... 2-2 2-2-1 Design Policy ...... 2-2 2-2-1-1 Basic Policy ...... 2-2 2-2-1-2 Considerations on natural/environmental conditions ...... 2-6 2-2-1-3 Conditions of Farming and Irrigation Facilities ...... 2-8 2-2-1-4 Principles for Socio-Economic Status ...... 2-9 2-2-1-5 Considerations on situation of construction industries/procurement in Sudan .... 2-10 2-2-1-6 Policy on active use of local contractor (Construction) ...... 2-11 2-2-1-7 Principles for Operation and maintenance ...... 2-11 2-2-1-8 Selection of grades for facilities and equipment/materials ...... 2-12 2-2-1-9 Construction method, manner of procurement and construction period ...... 2-15 2-2-2 Basic Plan (Construction Plan/ Equipment Plan) ...... 2-20 2-2-2-1 Outlines of irrigation schemes to be rehabilitated ...... 2-20 2-2-2-2 Irrigation water demand ...... 2-23 2-2-2-3 Type of pump facilities for irrigation scheme ...... 2-26 2-2-2-4 Determination of number, scale and total head of pump (Specifications) ...... 2-29 2-2-2-5 Electric Equipment ...... 2-44 2-2-2-6 Pump station building and incidental facilities ...... 2-47 2-2-2-7 Outline of Pump Equipment ...... 2-54 2-2-2-8 Plan of discharge chamber ...... 2-57 2-2-2-9 Plan of riverbank protection ...... 2-57 2-2-2-10 Rehabilitation Plan of Irrigation Canal and Diversion Facilities ...... 2-59 2-2-3 Outline Design Drawing ...... 2-67 2-2-4 Construction Plan/Procurement Plan ...... 2-90 2-2-4-1 Policies on Construction/Procurement ...... 2-90 2-2-4-2 Matters to be paid with due Attention in Construction and Procurement ...... 2-91 2-2-4-3 Scope of work and demarcation of work items/ obligations ...... 2-93 2-2-4-4 Supervisory works for construction work and procurement ...... 2-94 2-2-4-5 Quality control plan ...... 2-96 2-2-4-6 Procurement plan for equipment/materials ...... 2-97 2-2-4-7 Training plan for initial operation and maintenance ...... 2-98 2-2-4-8 Soft Component (Technical Assistance) Plan ...... 2-100 2-2-4-9 Implementation schedule ...... 2-106 2-3 Obligations of the Government of Sudan ...... 2-108 2-3-1 Obligations regarding demarcation of works on construction/procurement ...... 2-108 2-3-2 Burden Sharing on The Soft Components ...... 2-109 2-4 Project Operation Plan ...... 2-109 2-4-1 Operation and Maintenance System of the Project ...... 2-109 2-4-2 O & M Plan of the Project ...... 2-110 2-5 Project Cost Estimation...... 2-113 2-5-1 Initial Cost Estimation ...... 2-113 2-5-2 Costs to be born by Japanese side ...... 2-113 2-5-3 Costs to be born by government of Sudan ...... 2-113 2-5-4 Estimation conditions ...... 2-113 2-5-5 Operation and Maintenance Cost ...... 2-114 Chapter 3 Project Evaluation ...... 3-1 3-1 Preconditions ...... 3-1 3-2 Necessary Inputs by Sudan side ...... 3-2 3-3 Important Assumptions ...... 3-3 3-4 Project Evaluation ...... 3-4 3-4-1 Relevance ...... 3-4 3-4-2 Effectiveness ...... 3-5

[Appendices] Appendix-1．Member List of the Study Team ...... A1-1 Appendix-2．Study Schedule ...... A2-1 Appendix-3．List of Parties Concerned in the Recipient Country ...... A3-1 Appendix-4．Minutes of Discussion（M/ D） ...... A4-1 Appendix-4.1 M/ D on 26th July 2011 ...... A4-1 Appendix-4.2 M/ D on 15th September 2011 ...... A4-8 Appendix-4.3 M/ D on 16th February 2012 ...... A4-23 Appendix-5．Soft Component (Technical Assistance) Plan ...... A5-1 Appendix-6．References ...... A6-1 Appendix-6.1 Selection of Targeted Irrigation Schemes ...... A6-1 Appendix-6.2 Organization Chart ...... A6-5 Appendix-6.3 Cropping Schedule and Cropping Area ...... A6-8 Appendix-6.4 Monthly Average Actual Head and Total Head of Pump ...... A6-13 Appendix-6.5 Pump shaft Power and Required Power ...... A6-14 Appendix-6.6 Output of Motor and Required Capacity of Transformer ...... A6-15 Appendix-6.7 Schematic Diagram of Undertakings for Irrigation Schemes ...... A6-17 Appendix-6.8 Environmental Approval ...... A6-20 Appendix-6-9 Monitoring Plan and Environmental Checklist ...... A6-21 Appendix-6.10 Cost of canal works for target area ...... A6-27 Appendix-6.11 Plan of canal works for target area ...... A6-34 Appendix-6.11-1 Plan of Aliab canal works ...... A6-34 Appendix-6.11-2 Plan of Kitiab canal works ...... A6-59 Appendix-6.12 Calculation of canal capacity for target area ...... A6-86 Appendix-6.12-1 Calculation of canal capacity for Aliab ...... A6-86 Appendix-6.12-2 Calculation of canal capacity for Kitiab ...... A6-92 Appendix-6.12-3 Calculation of canal capacity for New Halfa ...... A6-98 Appendix-6.13 Result of natural condition survey ...... A6-100 Appendix-6.14 General planned irrigation scheme ...... A6-107

LOCATION MAP

River Nile State

● Capital of State Candidates for Reghabilitation ① Aliab ② Kitiab

③ New Halfa (K14)

Capital of State ● Ed Damer ② ①

Perspective PROJECT FOR UPGRADING FOOD PRODUCTION INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SUDAN

Main canal Minor canal

Connection canal

Pump station

River bank protection

Suction pipe

River Nile Red：By the Japanese Blue：By the Sudanese List of Figures & Tables

List of Figures Page Figure 1.1 Metrological Data of River Nile State ...... 1-4 Figure 1.2 Variation of Annual Rainfall of River Nile State (1973-2007) ...... 1-5 Figure 1.3 Metrological Data of Kassala State ...... 1-5 Figure 1.4 Variation of Annual Rainfall of Kassala State (1973-2007) ...... 1-6 Figure 1.5 Water Level Gauging Station in River Nile State ...... 1-7 Figure 1.6 Monthly Average Water Level of River Nile at Shendi ...... 1-7 Figure 1.7 Monthly Average Water Level of River Nile at Atbara ...... 1-8 Figure 2.1 Positional relation between gauging stations and each irrigation schemes ...... 2-6 Figure 2.2 Monthly average water level ...... 2-7 Figure 2.3 Canal System ...... 2-8 Figure 2.4 Positive Impact Cycle ...... 2-11 Figure 2.5 Share of Annual & Perennial Crops (Aliab) ...... 2-20 Figure 2.6 Share of Annual & Perennial Crops (Kitiab)...... 2-21 Figure 2.7 Pump characteristic curve and monthly resistance curve ...... 2-34 Figure 2.8 Cases of pump installation position ...... 2-35 Figure 2.9 Suction Specific Speed ...... 2-37 Figure 2.10 Pump characteristic curve and resistance curve in case of 10 % shifting of design point (Aliab) ...... 2-41 Figure 2.11 Dimensional section of pump station ...... 2-43 Figure 2.12 Sequence Drawing for Starting and Stopping of Pump (for 2 schemes in River Nile State) ...... 2-46 Figure 2.13 Plan and section of pump station building ...... 2-48 Figure 2.14 Bearing capacity factor ...... 2-50 Figure 2.15 Average N value of the ground and foundation boring ...... 2-51 Figure 2.16 Bearing capacity factor ...... 2-57 Figure 2.17 Foundation of protection works on suction pipe ...... 2-58 Figure 2.18 Foundation of protection works except for suction pipe ...... 2-58 Figure 2.19 The clearance by slope of the canal bed ...... 2-61 Figure 2.20 Organization Chart (Plan) of O&M for the Pump Station ...... 2-111

List of Tables Page Table 1.1 Contents of request by GOS ...... 1-2 Table 1.2 Target irrigation scheme to be rehabilitated after 2nd Preparatory Survey ...... 1-3 Table 1.3 Requested Contents and Final Plan agreed upon ...... 1-3 Table 1.4 Metrological Data of River Nile State ...... 1-5 Table 1.5 Metrological Data of Kassala State ...... 1-6 Table 1.6 Monthly average, Highest high and Lowest low water level of River Nile ...... 1-8 Table 1.7 Impacts on the Social Environment by the Project ...... 1-10 Table 1.8 Impacts on the Natural Environment by the Project ...... 1-11 Table 1.9 Possibility of Environmental pollution occurrence by the Project ...... 1-12 Table 1.10 Comparison of alternatives ...... 1-14 Table 1.11 Countermeasures for mitigation ...... 1-15 Table 2.1 Annual maximum and minimum water level ...... 2-7 Table 2.2 Condition of water level ...... 2-7 Table 2.3 Water level of Nile river in each schemes ...... 2-8 Table 2.4 Procurement Source Countries ...... 2-17 Table 2.5 Comparison of Procurement Source Countries ...... 2-19 Table 2.6 Reference evapo-transipration in each Schemes ...... 2-23 Table 2.7 Criteria of irrigation efficiency ...... 2-25 Table 2.8 Monthly required pump discharge ...... 2-26 Table 2.9 Standards to be applied for pump facilities ...... 2-27 Table 2.10 Comparative studies on pump installation method ...... 2-28 Table 2.11 Water Demands and Pump Unit Number ...... 2-30 Table 2.12 Planned suction water level, discharge water level and actual head ...... 2-31 Table 2.13 Pipe losses and total head of each station ...... 2-32 Table 2.14 Rating point of pumps ...... 2-33 Table 2.15 Examination of diameter of suction pipe ...... 2-33 Table 2.16 Cases of pump installation position ...... 2-35 Table 2.17 Examined cases of pump design points ...... 2-35 Table 2.18 Shifting of design points, number of revolution and specific number ...... 2-36 Table 2.19 Calculation of NPSH (AV) ...... 2-37 Table 2.20 NPSH (RQ) for suction at【LWL】 ...... 2-37 Table 2.21 NPSH (RQ) for suction at【HWL】 ...... 2-37 Table 2.22 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1 ...... 2-38 Table 2.23 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1 ...... 2-38 Table 2.24 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1 ...... 2-39 Table 2.25 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1 ...... 2-39 Table 2.26 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1 ...... 2-39 Table 2.27 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1 ...... 2-40 Table 2.28 Number of revolution, shifting % of design point and installation position ...... 2-40 Table 2.29 Rating point and design point of pump ...... 2-40 Table 2.30 Outlines of pump facilities and pump station planning ...... 2-43 Table 2.31 Number of required panels ...... 2-44 Table 2.32 Shape factor ...... 2-49 Table 2.33 Bearing capacity factor ...... 2-50 Table 2.34 Result list of bearing capacity of ground foundation ...... 2-50 Table 2.35 Result list of calculation of allowable bearing capacity (foundation of pump room) ...... 2-52 Table 2.36 Result list of calculation of allowable bearing capacity (foundation of electric room)...... 2-52 Table 2.37 Check of allowable bearing capacity ...... 2-53 Table 2.38 Outline of Pump Equipment ...... 2-54 Table 2.39 Result of the inventory survey for the canal related structure ...... 2-59 Table 2.40 Result of the inventory survey for the condition of the gates ...... 2-60 Table 2.41 The improvement plan for the Aliab scheme ...... 2-63 Table 2.42 The improvement plan for the Kitiab scheme ...... 2-64 Table 2.43 The improvement plan for the New Halfa scheme ...... 2-65 Table 2.44 Standard size of the gates ...... 2-65 Table 2.45 List of departments implementation organization ...... 2-91 Table 2.46 Demarcation of Work Items to be implemented by each Government ...... 2-93 Table 2.47 Occasions and task items for inspection/checking work ...... 2-95 Table 2.48 Plans for Quality Control...... 2-96 Table 2.49 6rigins of Equipments/materials to be procured ...... 2-97 Table 2.50 Japanese Experts ...... 2-102 Table 2.51 Local Resources ...... 2-102 Table 2.52 Procurement Plan for the Local Resources of the Soft Components ...... 2-102 Table 2.53 Target groups (trainee) for Soft Component (Technical Assistance) expected ... 2-102 Table 2.54 Schedule for the Soft Components ...... 2-103 Table 2.55 Estimated Costs for the Soft Components ...... 2-104 Table 2.56 Sharing of Roles in O&M of Irrigation Facilities (Aliab Scheme) ...... 2-104 Table 2.57 Sharing of Roles in O&M of Irrigation Facilities (K14) ...... 2-104 Table 2.58 Desirable Follow-up Activities ...... 2-105 Table 2.59 Schedule for Implementation ...... 2-107 Table 2.60 Organization Structure of each Scheme ...... 2-109 Table 2.61 Periodical Inspection Items ...... 2-112 Table 2.62 Total project cost under grant aid ...... 2-113 Table 2.63 Cost to be born by government of Sudan ...... 2-113 Table 2.64 Records of Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs ...... 2-114 Table 2.65 Comparison of the Energy Cost between Diesel Oil and Electricity...... 2-114 Table 2.66 Comparison of Annual O&M Cost between Records and Planned ...... 2-115

Abbreviations ABS Agricultural Bank of Sudan AfDB African Development Bank AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ARC Agricultural Research Corporation C/P Counterpart CPA Comprehensive Peace Agreement CBS Central Bank of Sudan CBOS Central Bureau of Statistics EC European Commission EIA Environmental Impact Assessment E/N Exchange of Notes EPA Environmental Protection Act EPAR Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival FAO Food and Agriculture Organization MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund MoAIF, RNS Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State MoAI Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation MoEFPD Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development MoF Ministry of Finance and National Economy MoIC Ministry of International Cooperation MoWR Ministry of Water Resources NGO Non-Governmental Organizations NHAC New Halfa Agricultural Corporation NPWW National Wheat Production Project NRDS National Rice Development Strategy G/A Grant Agreement GOJ Government of Japan GOS Government of Sudan GDP Gross domestic product GPV Gross Production Value HCENR Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus ICID International Committee of Irrigation and Drainage IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ILRI International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement IMF International Monetary Fund IROA International & Regional Organizations Administration IsDB Islamic Development Bank IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency JPY Japanese Yen NHAC New Halfa Auricular Corporation NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Funds M/D Minutes of Discussion N/A Not Available NGO Non-Governmental Organization O&M Operation and Maintenance PCM Project Cycle Management R/D Record of Discussion RNS River Nile State RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal SDG Sudanese Pound SPLM Sudan People's Liberation Movement TICAD Tokyo International Conference on African Development UNDP United National Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNMISS United Nations Mission in the Republic of South Sudan USDA United State Department of Agriculture US(SCS) United States Soil Conservation Service WB-MDTF World Bank - Multi-Donor Trust Fund

Units 1.0 feddan = 1.0 fed = 0.42 ha = 4,200m2 MT = 1×106 kg Kg = 1,000 g Km = 1,000 m

Chapter 1 Background of the Project Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1-1 Background and Outline of the Project

1-1-1 Background and proceedings for the request

Cereals production in the irrigated area takes an important position in Sudan sharing as high as about 60 % of total cereals production (Comparison in 2007 GDP). However, the irrigation facilities are old and deteriorated to be ineffective and cause to have low productivity and at the same time higher production cost. This again causes to make the agricultural produces of Sudan less competitive in the domestic as well as in international markets. Aiming at breaking through the said difficulties encountering the agriculture in Sudan and possible revival of the agriculture in Sudan, in 2008, the government of Sudan formulated as the national strategy “Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival (EPAR)”.

Under the circumstances, the Government of Sudan made a request through TICAD IV to the Government of Japan for support for rehabilitation/improvement of irrigation facilities, water resource management and increased production of rice and wheat aiming at possible acceleration of EPAR. As a response, JICA dispatched survey teams focusing on collection of basic data/information needed for agricultural development and conducted studies for “Preparatory Survey for Agricultural Cooperation Program in the Eastern Part of Sudan” (March 2009- August 2009) and “Preparatory Survey for Project for Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure for Northern Part of Sudan” (August-September 2010). As the results of said studies, the government of Sudan sent a request to GOJ for the rehabilitation project of 6 irrigation schemes in the River Nile State.

1-1-2 Outcomes from preparatory survey and outline design

In the preparatory survey conducted during the period from August to September 2010, possibilities for taking up for grant aid project in general have been examined for the candidate schemes in Kassala, Northern and River Nile States through field investigation and due consultation with the Government agencies concerned. Then finally, the government of Sudan sent a request for rehabilitation projects for the 6 irrigation schemes in the River Nile State.

1-1 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Table 1.1 Contents of request by GOS

Candidate irrigation schemes requested and beneficiary areas in RNS

No. Name of Irrigation Scheme Irrigation Area (1fd ≒ 0.42ha) 1 Bauga 4,500fd / 1,890ha 2 Kadabas 4,800fd / 2,016ha 3 Aliab 5,250fd / 2,205ha 4 Kitiab 5,700fd / 2,394ha 5 Sayal 2,800fd / 1,176ha 6 Elshaheed (Shuhada) 10,000fd / 4,200ha Total 33,050fd / 13,881ha (fd: feddan) Contents requested 【Equipment】 Electric pump, sprinkler, pipeline facility and drip irrigation facilities 【Civil Works】 Excavation, repair, and trimming of canal section, regulators and construction of bridges crossing over canals 【Soft components】Study on meteorology/hydrology/geology and geography of the target area, strengthening of O & M capability of water users’ organization, guidance on operation and management on procured equipment, introduction of improved farming techniques, introduction of strategic cash crops and analysis as well as training on value adding and value chain

Additional items for survey coverage Other than the 6 irrigation schemes in RNS as requested by the GOS, the survey for K 14 pump station under New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State was added to the subject study. The survey for K 14 station has ever been requested in the past and this time the survey is to find out the necessity and justification for the renewal of the existing facilities.

Under the second preparatory survey on the project for upgrading food production infrastructure conducted during April to June 2011 (1st field survey for outline design), survey was conducted on the K 14 pump station of New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State in addition to the 6 requested irrigation schemes as derived from the 1st preparatory survey.

As the results of the second preparatory survey, the outlines of rehabilitation works as shown in the Table 1-2 have been agreed upon with the government of Sudan in the form of a meeting minute. As well, the demarcation of responsibilities between the governments of Sudan and Japan has been duly confirmed toward the project implementation.

1-2 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Table 1.2 Target irrigation scheme to be rehabilitated after 2nd Preparatory Survey Number of Irrigation Irrigation Scheme farming Main Crops Project Outline Area households River Nile State 1. Kitiab 2,394ha 3,000 Citrus, Wheat Replacement of Wheat, Broad bean, diesel engine pump 2. Aliab 2,205ha 1,500 Mango, Date with electric pump and 3. Kadabas 2,016ha 2,200 Wheat, Broad bean new construction of pump station Kassala State Renewal of electric New Halfa Sorghum, Cotton, 4. 13,020ha 11,000 pumps exceeding the K14 Wheat, Vegetables durability

Based on the survey results on the target irrigation schemes, outline design and cost estimation were carried out to find a lack of budget as compared with the cost originally assumed, requiring some down-sizing of estimated cost. Under the circumstances prevailing when government revenue from oil has been reducing due to the independence of South Sudan, it is deemed difficult to request to Sudan side to shoulder further burden by the Sudan side, and the policy direction was confirmed to decrease the number of schemes to be rehabilitated so as to assure secure implementation of subject project without increasing the burden by the Sudan side, though the beneficiary irrigation area would be unavoidably reduced to some extent.

Then, it was in the consultation meeting with the Sudan government to reach the following agreement by the parties concerned after explanation of survey and outline design results as carried out during the period from7 to 16, February 2012.

Table 1-3 shows a comparison between the requested contents and the final plan agreed upon.

Table 1.3 Requested Contents and Final Plan agreed upon Items Requested Contents Final Plan Bauga 1,890ha Aliab 2,205ha Kadabas 2,016ha Kithiab 2,394ha Aliab 2,205ha New Halafa K14 13,020ha Irrigation Schemes Kithiab 2,394ha Total 17,619ha Targeted Sayal 1,176ha Elshaheed 4,200ha New Halfa K14 13,020ha Total 26,901ha Equipment Electric Pumps, Portable Sprinkler Electric pumps and construction of pump

1-3 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Items Requested Contents Final Plan system, Hydroflom and Drip Irrigation station system ・Aliab 1.0m3/s×170kw×4units Civil Works Excavation and embankment of canals, ・Kitiab 1.0m3/s×160kw×4units re-shaping of canals, leveling of Renewal of electric pump equipment （Re-use farmland, repair of regulators and of existing building） construction of bridges crossing over ・New Halfa K14 canals 3.5m3/s×480kw×3units Works to be done by Sudan side ・Aliab, Kitiab Excavation of canals, re-shaping of canal, repair of regulator and gates, and others ・ New Halfa K14 Custom clearance, inland transportation and installation of pump Soft Component ・Survey on metrology, hydrology and ・Strengthening of management capacity of geology of the target scheme, water users’organization ・Strengthening of management capacity ・Guidance on operation and maintenance of of water users’organization procured equipment / facilities ・Guidance on operation and maintenance of procured equipment / facilities Regarding guidance on operation and ・Introduction of improved farming maintenance of procured equipment and techniques facilities, the actual guidance shall be ・Introduction of strategic cash crops and performed by the manufacturer of equipment

analysis and training on value adding with their manuals / handbooks. and value chain.

1-2 Natural conditions

1-2-1 Meteorological conditions in River Nile State and Kassala State

(1) River Nile State

There are two (2) climatic seasons 50 90 of winter from November to 45 80

March and summer from April to 40 70 Highest 35 October in River Nile State. In the Temperature 60 30 summer season, the temperature 50 exceeds over 40℃ at the highest, 25 40 while in January and February in 20 Lowest Temperature Rainfall 30 Rainfall（mm） winter season, the temperature is Temperature（℃） 15 20 low at about 15℃ as the lowest. 10 The annual rainfall is only 50-100 5 10 mm as a mean, though the highest 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ever is recorded at 250 mm in the past (1988). The rainfall is mostly Figure 1.1 Metrological Data of River Nile State (Atbra St.) concentrated in August in summer and there is almost none of rainfall in winter season. The humidity is low throughout a year with the range of 20-40 % only.

1-4 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Table 1.4 Metrological Data of River Nile State (Atbra St.) Highest Lowest Relative Rainfall Month Temp. Temp. Humidity （mm）（℃）（℃）（％） Jan 29.9 14.1 37 0.0 Feb 32.2 15.1 31 0.0 Mar 35.9 18.3 24 0.0 Data Source: Ministry of Science and Technology Apr 40.3 22.5 23 0.4 (1971-2000) May 42.7 26.0 23 3.5 Note) 1. The data indicated are the means of monthly Jun 43.3 28.2 23 1.0 average for 30 years derived from the highest daily temperature, the lowest daily Jul 41.3 27.3 33 14.7 temperature and the daily relative Aug 40.7 27.0 38 25.7 humidity. Sep 41.7 27.5 33 8.2 2. For rainfall, the data shown are the means of Oct 39.9 25.4 31 2.9 monthly total for 30 years. Nov 35.2 20.3 37 0.0 Dec 31.5 16.0 40 0.0 Mean/Total 38.5 22.9 31 56.4

250

200

150

100 Rainfall（mm） 50

0 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 Year

Figure 1.2 Variation of Annual Rainfall of River Nile State (1973-2007)

(2) Kassala State

In Kassala State, the winter season 50 90 begins from December and ends in 45 Kassala State 80 40 70 March, while the summer season covers Highest 35 Temperature 60 the period from April to November. The 30 50 highest monthly temperature exceeds 25 40 ℃ 20 Lowest over 30 throughout a year, and the Rainfall（mm） Temperature 30 Temperature（℃） 15 temperatures in April-June are higher 20 10 Rainfall than the other period. While the lowest 5 10 temperatures appear in the period from 0 0 December to February with the records Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec lower than 20℃. Figure 1.3 Metrological Data of Kassala State (Kassala St.)

1-5 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

The annual rainfall is about 250 mm in average with having more rainfall during the period from July to September and almost none in the winter season. Humidity is recorded at around 30-60 %.

Table 1.5 Metrological Data of Kassala State (Kassala St.)

Highest Lowest Relative Month Temp. Temp. Humidity Rainfall （℃）（℃）（％）（mm） Jan 33.5 16.8 46 0.0 Data Source: Ministry of Science and Technology Feb 35.2 17.5 40 0.0 (1971-2000) Mar 38.2 20.2 32 0.0 Note) 1. The data indicated are the means of monthly Apr 41.0 23.7 27 2.0 average for 30 years derived from the May 41.4 26.2 31 11.3 highest daily temperature, the lowest daily temperature and the daily relative Jun 39.8 26 39 24.7 humidity. Jul 36.3 24.1 54 74.9 2. For rainfall, the data shown are the means of Aug 35.2 23.7 60 81.2 monthly total for 30 years. Sep 36.9 24.3 53 43.6

Oct 38.7 24.7 42 9.5 Nov 37.1 21.9 41 0.2 Dec 34.5 18.4 46 0.0 Mean/Total 37.3 22.3 43 247.4

400 350 300 250 200 150 Rainfall（mm） 100 50 0 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 Year

Figure 1.4 Variation of Annual Rainfall of Kassala State (1973-2007)

1-2-2 Water level at Nile River

The Nile River as the water source for the target irrigation schemes in the River Nile State is the world’s longest international river with the total length of 6,700 km and as large as 3 million k ㎡ of catchment area.

1-6 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

The Blue Nile and the White Nile, major tributaries extending to east and west directions, respectively, join to form the Nile River at the conjunction point at Khartoum, the capital city of Sudan. After joined by the tributary Atbara River at about 300 km downstream point of Khartoum, the Nile River flows through Egypt to the north direction and empties into the Mediterranean Sea.

The Blue Nile holds the water source at the highland area in and around Ethiopia and Eritrea and the significant river course starts from Lake Tana. While the water source of the White Nile is in the great swamp area including the Victoria Lake located near the equator.

As much as 85 % of Nile River runoff is derived from Ethiopia, however, most of the water resource is utilized in Egypt and Sudan. Figure 1.5 Water Level Gauging Station in River

Nile State Water level records observed at Shendi and Atbara stations located nearby the target irrigation schemes are as indicated below.

The water levels of Nile River at the River Nile State shows no much fluctuation due to the effects by the reservoir dams constructed upstream. The water levels are stable during the period from December to June with having the peak at around August-September. Throughout a year, the difference in water level is 5-7 m as a mean and the largest ever at Shendi is about 8 m in comparison with the highest and the lowest in the past.

361.0 360.0

359.0 2001 Monthly Average Water Level 358.0 2002 (at Shendi) 2003 357.0 2005 356.0 2006 355.0 2009 2010 Water Level354.0 （m） 353.0 352.0 351.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 1.6 Monthly Average Water Level of River Nile at Shendi

1-7 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

350.0 349.0

348.0 2001 Monthly Average Water Level 347.0 2002 (at Atbara) 2003 346.0 2005 345.0 2006 344.0 2009 2010 Water Level343.0 （m） 342.0 341.0 340.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Figure 1.7 Monthly Average Water Level of River Nile at Atbara

Table 1.6 Monthly average, Highest high and Lowest low water level of River Nile Shendi Atbara Remarks Jan 353.503 343.588 Feb 353.221 343.374 Mar 353.129 343.368 Apr 353.674 343.672 May 353.724 343.719 Jun 353.727 343.681 Jul 355.468 345.259 Aug 358.836 347.738 Sep 358.277 347.210 Oct 355.582 345.200 Nov 354.337 344.251 Dec 353.832 343.935 Yearly Average 354.776 344.583 Highest High 360.520 349.344 1946 Lowest Low 352.375 342.914 1991 and 1988 Note: Monthly average water level is calculated by averaging the daily water level for each month during the year 2001 to 2010 (except 2004, 2007 and 2008).

1-8 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

1-3 Environmental and Social Consideration

1-3-1 Preparation and submission of EIA Report

Laws and regulations and administrative system relating to environmental and social consideration issues are mainly under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development (hereinafter, "MoEFPD"). In Sudan, the Environmental Protection Act was established in 2001 (EPA 2001) and the Act stipulates the requirement that the developer must submit an EIA report to MoEFPD before the start of the project.

This Grant Aid Project is a development project for rehabilitation of the existing pump station and canal, and accordingly, the EPA 2001 requires submission of EIA Report.

Based on the request by the Government of Sudan, the inventory survey was conducted on irrigation schemes of six locations in River Nile State and New Halfa K14 in Kassara State during April to June 2011. As a result, 1)Aliab, 2)Kitiab, 3)Kadabas, 4)K14 (New Halfa) were selected as viable and eligible for grant aid. After the selection of said four (4) schemes for Grant Aid Project, the follow up survey was conducted to 1) supplement the survey results derived from the first preparatory survey, 2) evaluate environmental impacts and to plan alternatives/mitigation measures as required for preparation of EIA report toward the project implementation, 3) support for formulation of monitoring plan by the Government of Sudan and 4) support for preparation of environmental check-list.

1-3-2 Procedure for securing environmental approval

MoEFPD confirmed that the subject project is a development project and EIA report must be submitted to the Authorities concerned. Accordingly, MoAIF, RNS prepared the EIA report on the selected four schemes with having due assistance by the JICA survey team and submitted the EIA report to the MoEFPD on August 11, 2011. The EIA report was carefully considered by “Higher Council for Environment & Natural Resources (HCENR)” and it was in September 2011 (No.7/2011) that the Environmental Approval was duly issued. (Ref. Appendix- 3.11).

1-3-3 Environmental Impact Assessment

(1) Impacts Statement

Based on the result of the preliminary scoping carried out under the Preparatory Survey on September 2010, specific study about environmental impacts with each component of the rehabilitation work was done as shown below. The prospective environmental and social impacts to be occurred through the implementation of this project are as presented in the (Table 1.7, 1.8) and (Table 1.9). Regional traffic during construction and waste disposal are considered as major concern, but through the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures, it is possible to reduce the effect and it is not serious impact to the environment and society. In the table “Evaluation” – “Previous Survey”, “The First Preparatory Survey On Project For Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure In The Republic of Northern Sudan September, 2010” are presented and shows some differences in the manner of evaluation.

1-9 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Table 1.7 Impacts on the Social Environment by the Project Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey※ Period service Project objectives are rehabilitation of the existing irrigation facilities such as pump stations (pumps and pump houses), regulators on canals and a part of canals. There are Involuntary enough spaces to construct new pump stations at the 1 D D D Resettlement vicinity of the existing pump stations which are public land owned by the government. The existing regulators on open canals are to be rehabilitated. Therefore, any involuntary resettlement will not be generated in the project. Construction period : The project will create employment Regional opportunities for local people through rehabilitation works economy such and bring positive impacts on the regional economy. 2 as C B+ A+ Period in service : It is expected that operation and employment and maintenance cost will be reduced and crop yield and farm livelihood etc. income will increase with improved irrigation services. As described in the above item one (1), no impact on land Land use and use and use of local resources is predicted since the 3 utilization of C D D construction works is conducted inside the lot area of the local resources existing pump stations. Social institutions such as social It is expected that the irrigation scheme committees are 4 infrastructure C D A+ strengthened by the soft component of the project and and local forthcoming technical assistance. decision-making organizations Construction period : It is necessary to pay attention to the Existing social local traffic during the construction works because of 5 Infrastructures D D D transportation of construction materials by trucks from main and services roads to the sites. However, the impact is considered to be small since traffic density itself is estimated to be small. The poor Indigenous people and an ethnic minority do not exist in stratum, each scheme site. The living standards of beneficiaries 6 D D D indigenous and are not so poor in particular. Therefore, project does not ethnic people generate negative impact on their communities. Mal-distribution The object of the project is to rehabilitate deteriorated 7 of benefit and B D D irrigation facilities, not land consolidation. The agricultural damage benefits generated by the rehabilitation permeate into the

※ The First Preparatory Survey On Project For Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure In The Republic of Northern Sudan September, 2010

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Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey※ Period service whole beneficiaries. Therefore, inequitable distribution of the project benefits and lopsided damages will not be generated. Cultural There is no impact on the local culture by this Project. 8 property and D D D Any ruins and cultural sites do not exist in each site. heritage The irrigation committees and Farmer’s Union established in each scheme are to coordinate and solve conflicts. And the dispute is solved in Farmer's Union. Although there is Local conflict of 9 C D D a structure of relationship between landowners and tenant interests farmers in the schemes, no conflict of interest will occur because the irrigation benefits by the rehabilitation permeates into the whole beneficiaries whatever. Water usage Water use does not increase and new water rights are not 10 and B D D required due to the nature of rehabilitation project. A new Water rights framework is not required. Construction period : Some cases are reported in other countries that public health and sanitation have been Public health affected due to increase of traffic and labors during the 11 D B- D and Sanitation construction works. Precaution will be given to the related persons concerned to the works to prevent them during construction works. Construction period : Potential of disaster and infective disease risks are predicted due to increment of traffic and 12 Hazard/Risk D B- D labors during construction works. Precaution will be given to the related persons concerned to the works to prevent them during construction works.

Table 1.8 Impacts on the Natural Environment by the Project Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey Period service Construction period : No large scale earth works Topography and (quarrying, excavation and embankment) are planned in the 13 D D D Geology project. No significant change in the topography and geology are predicted due to rehabilitation nature. Construction period : Although no large scale works which may change topography and geology, riverbank 14 Soil erosion D D D protection works is necessary to protect erosion at the water intake point. Cofferdam closures will be constructed

1-11 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey Period service temporarily for that purpose. Therefore, impact on soil erosion during construction period can be minimized. Period in service : Since the structure for riverbank protection will certainly be constructed, soil erosion after the works is not predicted. 15 Groundwater D D D Pumping up of groundwater is not planned in the project. Construction period : There is a possibility of change in flow. However, it will be made at the time of low water (low flow velocity) and impact with implementation of the Project 16 Lakes/River C D D is predicted to be minor. Period in service : Since the project is upgrading works, impact with implementation of the Project is predicted to be minor. All of the targeted four (4) schemes for the Project are not 17 Coastal zone D D D located at the coastal zone. All of the targeted four (4) sites for the Project are not Fauna, Flora 18 B D D located in the protective zone. The forest area for nesting and Biodiversity ground is outside of each scheme site. Climate change with Project implementation is not 19 Meteorology D D D predicted. 20 Landscape D D D The views around each scheme site are kept as it is. The Project aims to shift the pumps from diesel to electric

21 Global warming D D A+ ones. Therefore, the Project will contribute to reduce CO2 emission.

Table 1.9 Possibility of Environmental pollution occurrence by the Project Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey Period service Construction period : Heavy machinery may be used in the rehabilitation works. Although serious air pollution is not predicted, attention will be paid to people when passing through residential areas. Since targeted four (4) pump 22 Air pollution C B- A+ stations are distant from the residential areas, any impact on air pollution is not predicted. Period in service : The Project will contribute to reduce

CO2 emission by shifting the pump from diesel to electric ones. Any groundwater pollution with implementation of the 23 Water pollution D D D rehabilitation works is not predicted.

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Evaluation Constr Period No Items Previous Reasons uction in Survey Period service Any soil contamination with implementation of the Soil 24 D D D rehabilitation works is not predicted since the purpose of contamination this project is to improve irrigation water supply. Construction period : Although some waste materials and debris will be generated with excavation and construction. However, those will be treated properly according to the 25 Waste C B- D standard to keep environment around the sites. Period in service : No occurrence of waste which affects periphery environment. Construction period : Heavy machinery will be used in the rehabilitation works. Although serious noise and vibration are not predicted, attention shall be paid to people when passing residential areas. Since four (4) sites are distant Noise and 26 C B- B+ from the residential areas, any impact on noise and vibration vibration are not predicted during rehabilitation works. Period in service : Noise and vibration by operation of pumps is reduced by shifting the pumps from diesel to electric ones. Ground No ground settlement is predicted since no groundwater is 27 D D D settlement used in the works and daily operation of the pumps. There is no factor to produce foul odor with works since the 28 Foul odor D D D purpose of this project is to improve irrigation water supply. 29 Sediment D D D There is no factor to produce sediment with works. Construction period : Traffic jam and accidents may be predicted when passing through residential areas, and also accidents with use of heavy machinery at the sites as well. It is necessary to pay careful attention to villagers and 30 Accidents C B- A+ workers at the sites. Period in service : The accident in maintenance of the pumps is reduced by shifting the driving device from diesel to electric ones. Classification of Evaluation A+ : Positive impact is predicted A- : Negative impact is predicted B+ : Some positive impacts are predicted B- : Some Negative impacts are predicted C : Extent of impact is unknown (Examination is needed. Impacts may be clarified through the examination) D : No impact is predicted. IEE/EIA is not necessary.

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(2) Alternative Plans

Alternative plans, Plan A: maintaining current status (Zero option), Plan B: rehabilitation supported by JICA, and Plan C: newly development of farmlands (new land development, etc.), were studied and compared. Consequently, it is judged that the Plan B (rehabilitation supported by JICA) has higher validity.

Table 1.10 Comparison of alternatives Technical Environmental Plans Contents difficulties Land use Social impact Evaluation impact and costs Plan- Maintaining ◎ Same as ◎ Same as × The pump ×Deterioration of A current status the present the present facilities will the existing (Zero option) situation. situation. deteriorate much irrigation further and it will facilities will become cause a decline impossible to of the water × maintain them. conveyance Finally, they will be capacity. As abandoned. the result, farming will not be continued. Plan- Rehabilitation Most of ◎ Almost ◎ It is expected ◎Improvement B project applied same as the that CO2 will not of the quality of supported by techniques present be emitted from irrigation service JICA have been situation the pump facilities and increase of already because of by shifting from food production established. rehabilitation diesel engines to will be expected. work only. electrical ones. Large The cost is ◎ cheaper than construction the case of works will create newly more construction employment because of opportunity. rehabilitation works only. Plan- New farmland × Survey, △Construction △ The ◎ditto C development design and of new environmental project construction pumping impacts with the will be station and new land △ necessary for drainage development new land canals will be should be development necessary. examined. plan. Classification of Evaluation × : No Good △ : Fine ◎ : Very Good

1-3-4 Countermeasure for Mitigation Countermeasures to mitigate predictable negative impacts with the project were studied as below. Mitigation/ easing measures are of the categories included in the contract between the government and the contractor as in-direct costs for safety and health, and there will be no additional cost to be

1-14 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure incurred.

Table 1.11 Countermeasures for mitigation Negative impacts Countermeasures for mitigation or avoidance 【Traffic】・ Construction signs and traffic control person will be The construction of pumping stations and canal placed/assigned. Safety measures will be taken so improvement may affect regional traffic. that people will not enter the dangerous area around the construction site. ・ One lane traffic will be secured so that traffic jam will not occur. ・ Speed hump will be installed as required on the passage of residential area in order to make the construction vehicles slowdown 【Public health of workers(Infections such as ・ Enlightenment concerning hygiene for workers will HIV）】 be implemented. 【Soil erosion】・ Countermeasures such as riverbank protection River bank at the point of intake facilities will be against soil erosion will be taken. eroded. 【Air pollution】・ The machinery will be maintained properly. Nitrogen oxides will be emitted from machinery ・ Water will be sprinkled on the road during such as excavation machine during the construction works. rehabilitation works. Sandblast will occur due to increase of traffic. 【Wastes】・ Excavated soil will be used for improvement of Excavated soil will be produced with the maintenance roads. rehabilitation works. Wastes will be produced ・ Disposal of wastes will be treated according to the during the works for the improvement of prescribed standard. existing pumping stations. 【Noise/Vibration】・ Construction machinery with proper muffler or noise The operation of backhoes and passage of suppressor will be used in order to decrease noise. tracks will generate noise and vibration during ・ By-pass roads will be used in the residential area as the construction works. much as possible. Construction works during night time will be restricted.

1-3-5 Monitoring Plan and Environmental Checklist Monitoring Plan and Environmental Checklist were planned and prepared by the MoAIF, RNS with due assistance by the JICA Survey Team. (Ref. Appendix -3.12). Monitoring for the mitigation measures to be taken will be also done by MoAIF, RNS and MoAI. Scale of the monitoring activity is inclusive of normal periodic site observation by owner organization, so its cost is covered by regular budget of each implementing agency.

1-3-6 Stakeholder’s Meeting

Necessity of environmental and social consideration for the present project is explained to the stakeholders including each scheme manager, scheme council and farmer’s unions. In addition, contents and schedule of the project, land planning and facility planning were explained and agreed.

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Chapter 2 Contents of the Project Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

CHAPTER 2 CONTENTS OF THE PROJECT

2-1 Basic Concept of the Project

(1) Higher Priority-given Targets in General (Super Goal) and the Project Objective

In Sudan, there are several plans/projects given with higher priority in achieving the targets such as 1) 5 year plan, 2) 25 year plan (2007-2031), 3) Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival (EPAR) (2008-2011), National Wheat Production Project (2009/2010-2013/2014) and National Rice Development Strategy etc.. Those plans have been promoting by all means over all countries.

The project title under the subject survey is “Project for Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure” and the higher priority-given targets/goals is “Increased production in Sudan to contribute to enhancement of food security and poverty alleviation through attaining the income raising in rural communities in Sudan” as referred to in the request form prepared by the government of the Republic of the Sudan. Most of the existing irrigation pumps under the subject 3 schemes in RNS are of diesel engine-driven, much deteriorated and in broken-down condition. Besides, due to the unstable supply and price escalation of fuel required, due operation of pumps are in quite difficult situation, which necessitating possible renovation to electric-driven pumps. Under the subject grant aid project, therefore, it is expected that electric pumps required for farming in dry area be provided so as to fulfill needed irrigation services and attain higher productivity. Higher productivity may contribute to not only raising up farm families’ income but also to the vitalization of the regional economy and further again to the food security and poverty alleviation at the national level. From this viewpoint too, the subject grant aid project is considered to be in line with and to support the policies involved in the higher priority-given plans/projects by the government of the Sudan

While, the project objective is set as “The introduced model of improved irrigation infrastructure will cause higher productivity, higher production volume and lower production cost. With having required irrigation water at farm level properly both in terms of timing and quantity as served by the electric pumps provided, it is expected to attain higher ratio of planted crop, higher unit yield and increased production. Moreover, it is expected to lower the farm production cost by introducing the electric-driven system for pumps with lower energy cost.

In order to attain the higher priority-given targets and the project objective as mentioned in the foregoing, it is necessary to have following inputs and activities implemented both in hardware and software aspects. The hardware component is represented by renovation of deteriorated and ineffective pump facilities/pump house and due rehabilitation of appurtenant facilities, while the soft-natured component is to dispatch necessary personnel for assigned activities.

(2) Required inputs

1) Procurement/supply and installation of electric pump and appurtenant facilities 2) Required personnel for 1) (Dispatching of engineers) 3) Construction of pump station building

2-1 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

4) Construction of connection irrigation canal 5) Procurement/supply/installation of personal computer for related irrigation scheme 6) Dispatch of Japanese engineers/experts for implementing soft component

(3) Major activities

1) Guidance/training on operation/management of electric pumps and appurtenant facilities 2) Strengthening of management capacity of irrigation water users’ organization and implementation of soft component for strengthening of irrigation facility O&M capacity

(4) Expected output

This is defined as “Rehabilitation/upgrading of irrigation facilities required for improvement of agricultural productivity could be completed at the project site.”

It is noted in this concern that implementation of soft component is indispensable in order to elevate the sustainability in using the irrigation facilities provided under the project, to cause higher O&M capabilities on irrigation scheme and to contribute to raising up of farm families’ income through attaining higher unit yield supported by the improved irrigation services.

2-2 Outline Design of the Japanese Assistance

2-2-1 Design Policy

2-2-1-1 Basic Policy

(1) Targeted Site of the Project

Six (6) irrigation schemes in River Nile State, Bauga, Kadabas, Aliab, Kitiab, Sayal and Elshaheed, as well as New Halfa irrigation scheme Kilo 14 Pump Station in Kassala State have been requested for rehabilitation by the Government of Sudan. In accordance with the purpose and requirement of the Japan’s Grant Aid Project, present conditions of the above seven (7) irrigation schemes requested have been studied and evaluated on technical and economical viabilities for selection of target scheme. As the result, the following three (3) irrigation schemes are considered eligible and selected for the targeted sites of the project.

1) Aliab Irrigation Scheme (River Nile State) 2) Kitiab Irrigation Scheme (River Nile State) 3) New Halfa Irrigation Scheme Kilo 14 Pump Station (Kassala State)

Evaluation result shall be referred to (Appendix 6-1).

(2) Scope of work of the Project

Requested items by the Government of Sudan include equipments such as electric irrigation pumps, potable sprinkler system, hydroflom and drip irrigation system, and civil works such as canal excavation, rehabilitation, leveling, water regulators, bridges and etc.. In addition, capacity building

2-2 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure for the irrigation association on water management and technical training for operation and maintenance of the equipments procured by the Project are also requested as the soft component (Technical assistance). While, renewal of pump equipments and electric devices are requested for the New Halfa Irrigation Scheme Kilo 14 Pump Station in Kassala State.

The scope of works of the Project is to be determined in consideration of the following viewpoints.

1) Introduction of the electric irrigation pumps shall be defined as replacement of the engine pump to the electric one and reconstruction of the pump station building. Electrification of pumps has been promoted as the high priority national project in Sudan. As the policy is regarded as valid and urgent, the same shall be adopted in the subject Project. Accordingly, almost all of pumps in River Nile State are required to be replaced from engine driven to motor driven. Furthermore, as the existing pump station buildings become old and deteriorated causing the pump maintenance difficult, the buildings are also required to be reconstructed.

2) Pump equipment in the Kilo14 pump station in the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State are originally of electric motor driven, however, due to the running for over forty (40) years, it becomes significantly deteriorated and are suffering from reduction of discharge. Besides, as it is found difficult to secure spare parts of pump equipment, urgent replacement of the pump equipment is required.

3) Those equipment such as potable sprinkler system, hydroflom and drip irrigation system requested by the River Nile State are to be excluded from the scope of the Project, because organizations for operation and maintenance which are essential for effective and sustainable management of those facilities are not identified at present, though it is desirable to introduce such equipment in view of modernization of agricultural farming.

4) Such civil works as canal excavation, rehabilitation, leveling, water regulators, bridges and etc. is excluded from the cooperation project because those works are considered as ordinary repair or maintenance works in irrigation schemes based on the field survey result, indicating that although some of facilities are observed as defects or malfunctioning, those are considered not to lead directly to dysfunctional condition of the irrigation system as a whole.

5) Shortage of cross-sectional flow area is observed in the main canal of the irrigation canal in most of irrigation schemes. The flow capacity of the main canal shall be rehabilitated in order to work on properly in association with the capacity of the innovated intake facility with electrification of pumps. Additionally, control gates such as regulating gate and off-take gate installed in the main canal shall also be rehabilitated since some gate facilities is defected or disable to function as designed due to improper use, deterioration by corrosion, aging or insufficient maintenance. However, those works such as rehabilitation of the main canal is mainly earth works like enlargement of the canal section by excavation and embankment which are similar with regular or occasional maintenance works ever conducted in schemes in Sudan for a long time like dredging of the sedimentation in the canal. Furthermore, rehabilitation of gate facilities is totally categorized as the small works and considered not to require high technology. Therefore, these rehabilitation works such as enlargement and dredging of main canals, and rehabilitation of gate facilities shall be implemented by the Sudan side by own cost.

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6) Besides, because no significant information on the water shortage and any change of beneficial area in the minor canal is obtained, it is judged that existing flow sectional areas of the minor canals have no remarkable shortage and no rehabilitation is required.

7) In order to materialize the objective of the project, i.e. increase of crop productivity by the upgrading of the infrastructure for food production, not only the rehabilitation on the hard ware portion but also soft component (technical assistance) mentioned as below is required.

・ Capacity building of the irrigation association on water management

・ Enhancement of technical ability for operation and maintenance of the irrigation facility

Although technical training for operation and maintenance of the equipments procured by the Project are requested as the soft component (technical assistance), it is excluded from the soft component because training is to be conducted at the explanation/orientation for initial operation and maintenance of the equipments procured by the Project.

Accordingly, the scope of works of the Project is determined as follows:

1) Renewal and electrification of the pump equipment and construction of pump station buildings of the Aliab, Kitiab and Kadabas irrigation schemes in the River Nile State,

2) Renewal of the pump equipments and electric devices of the Kilo14 pump station in the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State, and

3) Input the Soft Component (Technical assistance) which focuses on capacity building of the irrigation association on water management and enhancement of technical ability for operation and maintenance of the irrigation facility.

(3) Basic Policy on renewal of intake facilities of the irrigation schemes in River Nile State

The basic policy regarding intake pump station and irrigation canal is as follows:

1) Proposed Water Requirement

Proposed water requirement is estimated as follows:

・ At first, evapotranspiration of the crop is estimated based on the cropping calendar in the irrigation scheme taking the seasonal climate conditions in the region into account,

・ Then, unit water requirement is estimated adding irrigation efficiency to the above figure,

・ Finally, the proposed water requirement is estimated by multiplying the irrigation area to the above and adding 5% more for domestic and animal water use.

Intake pump capacity renewed and canal flow capacity rehabilitated are decided so as to cope with the proposed water requirement.

2) Total Head of Pump and Applicable Pump Type

A total head of a pump is estimated by adding the loss head of pipeline connected with the pump to the actual head of the pump which is calculated as an elevation difference between suction water level and discharge water level. Since the water requirement for irrigation and the suction water level i.e.

2-4 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure water level of River Nile are varied seasonally, the total head required to the pump are also varied seasonally. Therefore, the pump type is selected to be able to operate in all seasons through the examination of adaptability against total head fluctuations calculated monthly.

3) Intake Type and Pump Station Building

The style of the pump station renewed is basically to follow the existing ones i.e. intake type, pump type, installation method of pump and pump station building as employed in the existing pump stations. Although there are many types for pump installation, selection shall be made based on the comparison among those of types.

4) Pump Station Site

Site location for construction of pump station building to be renewed shall be the public space where is not the private land and not to disturb the operation of the existing pump facilities even during the construction.

5) Capacity and Number of Pump Equipment

Pump capacity and the number to be installed shall be determined so as to operate the pump adequately in compliance with the fluctuation of the water requirement of the irrigation scheme. In general, the pump size becomes larger, the efficiency is higher and the required space of pump station is smaller on the contrary, and it becomes more difficult to adjust the discharge to the seasonal fluctuation of water demand. Accordingly, capacity and number of pump are decided taking economy aspect into consideration as well as compatibility of the spare parts among other irrigation schemes.

6) Stand-by Pump

In the conventional ways of planning of an engine pump system, pump number has been determined by adding one unit as a stand-by to the required number of pumps which are able to fully supply the required amount of water. This is one of the security because of high risk of an engine failure and taking long period (half to one year due to import of all equipment/spare parts) to repair if failure happened.

However, the motor driven pump is introduced in the Project. In case of the motor driven pump, less risk of failure and easier maintenance in shorter period are expected in view of past proven results. Furthermore, total number and capacity of pump are determined based on the maximum water requirement and total head appeared during only two months in the year. In other months, pump has a margin of operation in unit numbers and time because pump shall be operated under control of the operation units and time to adjust the discharge amount to the seasonal water demand fluctuation. Therefore, no stand-by pump is provided for the proposed pump units.

7) New Pump Procured by Sudan side

Two (2) sets of new motor pumps (centrifugal horizontal type double suction volute pump) with capacity of about 1 m3/sec/unit and total head ranging from 16m to 18m have been procured and delivered to the schemes of Aliab and Kithiab by the Government of Sudan. Those are going to be installed in the existing pump station soon. At the same time, transformers and electric switch gears

2-5 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan working together with the new motor pumps are also supplied to the sites.

However, pump equipment for whole required capacity will be provided by the Grant Aid Project and remove all existing pump facilities including the new motor pumps procured by the Government of Sudan based on the reason that provision of all pump facility by the Project is desirable in view of the compatibility of pump equipment.

While the new motor pumps procured by the government of Sudan are planned to be installed in the existing old pump station buildings in the schemes now, those pumps are planned to be transferred to Kadabas scheme by Sudan side in future where has insufficient capacity of intake pump for irrigation.

8) Standard and Design Criteria

Design criteria and Standard to be applied to the Project shall be of internationally accepted ones and /or equivalent. In addition, seismic force will not be adopted in the structural design because earthquake is rarely observed in Sudan.

(4) Basic Policy on renewal of intake facilities of the irrigation schemes in Kassala State

Replacement of pump equipment and electric devices is requested for the Kilo14 pump station in the New Halfa irrigation scheme in Kassala State. The civil structure and the building of the pump station, delivery pipes and the irrigation canal (major canal) are judged to be usable continuously though some repairs are required, and those are excluded from the Project component. Repairing works necessary for those facilities are considered as the common and ordinary repairing works and regarded as one of scope of works to be done by the Sudan side.

The major specifications of pump equipment to be renewed may be the same with the existing ones, and most suitable specifications for the new pump equipment will be selected based on the review of the basic irrigation situation prevailing such as cropping plan, irrigation efficiency and irrigation water supply conditions.

2-2-1-2 Considerations on natural/environmental conditions

(1) Meteorological condition

The meteorological conditions such as temperature, humidity and precipitation are principally based on the existing statistics data from meteorological observatory stations.

Specific information such as wind speed, sunshine hours and sunshine rate etc. necessary for the calculation of irrigation water n Observed value uatio requirement shall be quoted ar eq Water level line from the database of FAO. of Nile river Observed value

(2) Water level condition 139km There are no water gauge on 64km 10km 65km each irrigation schemes and Distance no observed data of water Aliab Kitiab Shendi Atbara level at the site. gauging station gauging station Figure 2.1 Positional relation between gauging stations and each irrigation schemes

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The water level of each site will be estimated by using the data which are observed daily at the Atbara and Shendi water level observatory stations. Table 2.1 Annual maximum and minimum water level Water levels at the point of each irrigation scheme High Water Level Low Water Level Year Atbara Shendi Atbara Shendi are calculated by the method of interpolation or 1946 349.344 360.520 342.924 NA extrapolation based on the length of river channel 1988 349.104 360.410 342.914 352.580 1991 NA 359.615 NA 352.375 between the site and both observatory stations. 1992 〃 359.375 〃 352.685 1993 〃 359.985 〃 352.935 1994 〃 360.355 〃 352.515 However, the design water level will be decided in 1995 〃 359.155 〃 352.795 1996 〃 359.665 〃 352.555 consideration that the elevation of existing structures 1997 〃 359.245 〃 352.645 1998 〃 360.405 〃 352.845 and ground, marked water level comprehensively. 1999 〃 360.235 〃 353.165 2000 〃 360.405 〃 353.255 2001 〃 360.245 〃 353.115 (Table 2.1) shows the past annual maximum and 2002 〃 358.815 〃 353.255 2003 348.584 359.795 343.124 352.655 minimum water levels at Atbara and Shendi 2004 348.064 359.355 343.314 352.715 2005 348.044 359.285 343.004 352.565 observatory stations. Water surface slope in the case 2006 348.724 360.415 343.314 352.785 2007 348.894 360.425 343.424 353.135 of maximum and minimum water levels are obtained 2008 348.584 360.395 343.304 353.155 2009 348.034 359.595 343.364 352.495 by these data. The difference of water level between 2010 348.634 360.195 343.154 352.645 Difference of 11.176 m 9.461 m the observed data at Atbara and Shendi stations and water level※1 Water surface 8.04 cm/km 6.81 cm/km calculated data at each scheme by water surface slope slope※2 ※1； The difference of highest high water level or lowest low water level on monthly average or highest high or lowest low in each stations. water level are as follows. ※2； Divided value of the difference of water level by the distance between both stations（=139km）.

(Table 2.2 and 2.3) shows the water level conditions obtained these converted values.

Table 2.2 Condition of water level Water surface Differences of water level between the gauging stations slope Atbara Aliab Kitiab Shendi (cm/km) (0km) (64km) (74km) (139km) MAWL(m) 7.3 - -5.475 -4.745 - HHWL(m) 8.04 - -6.030 -5.226 - LLWL(m) 6.81 - -5.108 -4.427 - note-1： The values in the （） show the length of river channel from Atbara station. note-2： The monthly average water surface slope is obtained by the measured water level in 2009 and 2010.

355.0

354.0

353.0

352.0

351.0

Water level (m) Water 350.0

349.0

348.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dce Month Figure 2.2 Monthly average water level

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Table 2.3 Water level of Nile river in each schemes Atbara Aliab Kitiab Shendi Jan 343.59 348.02 348.75 353.50 Feb 343.37 347.74 348.47 353.22 Mar 343.37 347.65 348.38 353.13 Apr 343.67 348.19 348.92 353.67 May 343.72 348.24 348.97 353.72 Jun 343.68 348.25 348.98 353.73 Jul 345.26 349.99 350.72 355.47 Aug 347.74 353.36 354.09 358.84 Sep 347.21 352.80 353.53 358.28 Oct 345.20 350.10 350.83 355.58 Nov 344.25 348.86 349.59 354.34 Monthly average water level(m) Monthly average water Dec 343.94 348.35 349.08 353.83 HHWL(m) 349.34 354.50 355.30 360.52 LLWL(m) 342.91 347.30 348.00 352.38 (3) Topographical and geological conditions

Topographical and geological conditions, longitudinal and cross sectional shape of irrigation canal are obtained by the result of field surveys as carried out by subcontract works.

The boring borehole logs are referred to the study of foundation at following chapter 「2-2-2-6 Pump station building and incidental facilities」.

2-2-1-3 Conditions of Farming and Irrigation Facilities

The grant aid project aims at replacing Major Canal=Main Canal deteriorated pumps and incidental Cross P Regulator facilities. Though it is expected that farming conditions of beneficial farm households will be improved with Off- Sub-Minor Canal a improvement of irrigation services, take l a n a l farming pattern will not be changed C a n n

e Abu Shitta Canal e ca r drastically with implementation of the r h o s n A Farm lots

project. u Mi b A

At present farmers can decide crops to Farm ditch of Individu be planted without any inhibition but Figure 2.3 Canal System some farmers may choose more profitable crop with stable irrigation.

Different from irrigation schemes in River Nile State, farmers in K14 area are required to plant crops instructed by NHAC. Farm Ditch There is no change with project implementation in operation and maintenance (O & M) of tail-end irrigation facilities. As is usual each irrigation Intake scheme committee in River Nile State is Abu-Shitta Canal responsible for maintenance of Abu-Ashreen

2-8 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

Canals, and beneficial farmers organize group temporarily for maintenance of Abu-Shitta Canal one to two times a year because of lack of water users association (WUA). Meanwhile, farmers in the K14 area are responsible for maintenance of Abu-Ashreen Canal and Abu-Shitta Canal based on regulation. Since there is no WUA both in River Nile State and Kassala State, irrigation scheme and NHAC are required to induce beneficial farmers to execute proper and regular O & M of tail-end irrigation facilities to attain complete O & M covering upstream to the tail-end. Even after completion of the Project, O & M of irrigation facilities shall be done according to the conventional method.

As well as O & M of the irrigation facilities, request system for water distribution shall be done accoding to the conventional method as shown below:

River Nile State:

Individual farmer or group Farm & Canal Guards Scheme manager Water distribution

K14 under NHAC:

Individual farmer or group Farm & Canal Guards Agricultural Inspector Agricultural Manager Water distribution

As to present canal capacity of water flow, verification shall be done based on the result of longitudinal and cross sectional surveys. Canal structure will be designed as banked earth canal. But it is judged that water leakage will be low due to low percolation of the fine sand and fine silt. In addition, scouring of canal will be small because of slow velocity of water derived from gentle slope of canals. Therefore, canal structure will be designed as earth canal as well as present one even in case that canal section might be insufficient.

Cross regulators and off-take gates etc will be designed according to the existing ones because both are now handled manually due to small scale in general. From viewpoint of O & M of these facilities, it is not necessary to make them electrized or automatized.

2-2-1-4 Principles for Socio-Economic Status

It is expected that farming environment of beneficial farm households will be improved with improvement of irrigation services both in quality and in quantity by the implementation of the Project. The Project aims at renewal of deteriorated pumps and pump houses, not at acts of new development. Therefore, living habit and tradition of the people living on irrigation schemes will be kept the same as before.

It is predicted that the Project will bring about positive impacts on regional economy and food security in both States with increase of crop production and farm incomes with improvement of irrigation condition as seen in overall goal set up for the project. To be concrete, increase of cultivation area mainly for sorghum in summer and increase of wheat yield will bring farmers substantial improvement in their incomes. The improvement of farm income will also lead to increase of collection rate of water rate which will be resulted in better irrigation scheme management and O & M.

Therefore, the Project will be designed taking into consideration village’s living custom and traditions to improve quality of irrigation service in designing strategies for supporting socio-economy.

2-9 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

2-2-1-5 Considerations on situation of construction industries/procurement in Sudan

(1) Laws and regulations to be observed

Basic law is the Labor Standards Act of Sudan, based on which the minimum wages and working hours shall be considered.

(2) Industrial standards

In Sudan, such standards as related with design and construction supervision on construction works have not been readily prepared, and therefore, ISO and JIS standards shall be adopted for equipment and construction materials to be used for the subject project including the specifications, quality and testing methods. The above has been discussed with the project implementing agencies of Sudan side and mutually agreed upon already.

(3) Situation of construction industries

In Sudan, the most of the construction companies are of small scale (Individually owned) and there is no much engineers and technicians available who have sufficient knowledge and experiences in construction works. Particularly in RNS state (Near Ed Damar, the state capital and Atbara too) where major construction works under the subject project are located, there have been no large scale construction works ever done, and only small scale works as small buildings, hotels and residential houses have been constructed by small scale local construction companies.

In Khartoum, however, several large scale local contractors are presently constructing high-rises building and large scale road improvement works, and the supply of ready-mixed concrete (Inclusive of production and delivery by concrete mixer car) is the popular practice there. Also those large scale companies including the medium size construction companies own major construction machineries. Further to mention, some of those companies have considerable construction capacities and good records/experiences with employing some foreign engineers.

Under the subject project implementation, there will be three (3) construction sites separated though the scale of works per site is not so large, then, it is expected that the quality of works and the schedule control can be secured through active use of those medium sized construction companies located in Khartoum.

As per the surveying/interview on the local construction companies and ready-mixed concrete supplier, in Sudan after the independence of South Sudan on July 9, 2011, labor cost has been escalated due to the sharp decrease of construction labors (Returning of South Sudan natives) and the construction costs in general have been continuously raised up as compared with the prices several months ago.

(4) Construction equipment/materials

Those materials as reinforcing bars, cement, sands, gravels and stones etc. being marketed in Sudan shall be locally procured. Such commonly used construction machineries as back-hoe, bulldozer and crane are available in Sudan. While, pump, motor, control panel and pipes for suction and discharge purposes are not available in the local market. As is the case, under the subject project implementation, pump, motor, control panel and steel pipes are to be procured from Japan in view of the necessity for securing quality and schedule control.

2-10 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

2-2-1-6 Policy on active use of local contractor (Construction)

Taking into consideration the scale of construction works and the difficulty/easiness of the job, the policy is to actively use the local contractors of medium size for the project works as construction of pump station building, installation of pump, motor and control panel and piping works. Better Irrigation Services with 2-2-1-7 Principles for Operation and maintenance Sustainability

The role allocation for O & M of canals and pumping Better Operation, Maintenance, and Attaining Higher facilities are being decided among concerning Management of an Crop Yields Irrigation Scheme organizations, and irrigation facilities shall be maintained according to the conventional methods Better Financial Improvement of after the completion of the Project. Both scheme Standing of an Farm Economy Irrrigation committees and farmers are required to fulfill their Scheme own roles in O & M to attain sustainable irrigation service with better quality, to increase crop Higher Colletion Rate of Water Rate productivity, higher collection rate of water rate and better financial management of each scheme (refer to Figure 2.4 Positive Impact Cycle Figure 2.4).

However, in fact each scheme is in debt and water rate collection is not 100% as observed in the three (3) targeted schemes in River Nile State excluding Aliab scheme, which is leading to insufficient O & M of canals and pumping facilities. It is necessary to implement so called soft components during grant aid period to attain positive impact cycle as seen in the (Figure 2.4).

The pump stations of the targeted schemes are to be rehabilitated by the Project and O & M system has been already established and adequate number of pump operators and mechanics are deployed. Existing pumps of the selected schemes in River Nile State will be shifted from diesel-driven pumps to new electric ones except for K14 pump station under NHAC in Kassala State. Each pump station has storage house for spare parts but it is difficult to use continuously because old spare parts are mixed and scattered on the floor. Under the circumstances, following strategies shall be planned for O & M of irrigation facilities:

1) O & M system for pump stations shall be kept same as before. But downsizing will be necessary from long-term point of views along with improvement of quality in O & M system,

2) At present spare parts are not stored in warehouses due to applying demand and supply system. Under the Project, spare parts storing system shall be established and if necessary rehabilitation of the storage shall be done by Sudan side,

3) The quality of O & M shall be uplifted taking into consideration the idea of planning maintenance, and

4) Capacity building for O & M shall be done based on the above mentioned principles.

Based on the above mentioned principles, the following main items of soft components are discussed and agreed with MoAIF of River Nile State and NHAC in Kassala State.

2-11 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

(1) Strengthening of capacity for Management and O & M of Irrigation Schemes

1) Sort-out and management of basic data and information on management, O & M and financial status of schemes based on unified formats,

2) Introduction of personal computers to conduct above mentioned 1) and to strengthen linkage with MoAIF of River Nile State, and

3) More transparency in financial management of schemes.

(2) Training for Handling and Maintenance of Provided Facilities

Aside from the proposed soft components, the training for handling provided pumps and facilities shall be done in a part of installation work of pumps. The following trainings shall be provided targeting pump operators and personnel responsible for maintenance of pump facilities for the period of installation to completion at sites by contractor and manufacturer:

1) Practical training on installation method of pump and electric facilities,

2) Practical training for trial operation method of pump facilities, and

3) Practical training on O & M and management methods of pump facilities.

The grant aid project is implemented in two (2) schemes in River Nile State and only in K14 in Kassala State. However, there are about 145 irrigation schemes (with irrigation area more than 500 feddan) in River Nile State mostly under the same conditions as those of two (2) schemes, more specifically, deteriorated diesel-driven pumps, weak management and O & M of scheme organization, insufficient irrigation service, low crop yield. Two (2) schemes in River Nile State will be good models for modernized and advanced irrigation schemes.

The training in Kassala State shall be done separately from the one in River Nile State because of long distance between the two (2) states.

During the survey, JICA Team interviewed to farmers to know their farming status and needs. In addition, PCM workshop for farmers shall be conducted to grasp the needs of farmers in detail to make use of preparing better training materials.

2-2-1-8 Selection of grades for facilities and equipment/materials

Requested Japanese Assistance is for rehabilitation of two (2) irrigation schemes in River Nile State and K14 Pump Station in Kassala State. The following criteria are applied for determination.

(1) Two Irrigation Schemes in River Nile State

1) To change the prime mover from diesel engines to motors for all pumps

2) To take pump, motor, control panel, pipes and valves as a systematic equipment from suction mouth to discharge basin as an object of the requested Japanese Assistance

3) Existing pump facility is put into the discard after that the new pump facility will be constructed.

4) New pump station will be constructed along the existing pump stations as to be easily connected to the existing canal. The survey results show that there are no restrictions for acquirement of the

2-12 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

sites for all schemes.

5) Pump number is determined to be suitable to the maximum water requirement. The standby pump is installed at present in all irrigation schemes, but, it is not considered for the Project. Correspondence to the water requirement will be conducted by the adjustment of operation hour and pump operation number.

6) As the pump installation place is near the River Nile bank and discharge reservoir is also near for it, suction pipe and discharge pipe should be installed for each pump, the one pipe system should not be applied.

7) Two units of pump and motor (capacity 1.0m3/s x total head 16 to 18m x motor capacity 200kW) are supplied to Aliab and Kitiab irrigation schemes and under installation. For the Project, these two units will be removed to the Kadabas irrigation schemes by Sudan side and excluded from the project.

8) Pump floor is designed in underground to prevent the cavitation during operation. Underground wall height of pump floor is designed at around one meter high from the highest high water level (HHWL) to protect the river water intrusion. However, for emergency of underground water intrusion or water leakage from the pipe connections into pump floor, drainage pump will be installed.

9) Overhead crane should be supplied. Its capacity is considered the minimum size corresponding to the equipment weight.

10) Area around one span size of the building should be considered for entrance, assembling and disassembling space.

11) Riverbank protection works of the River Nile where the suction pipes be installed should be considered at the minimum size. Since the existing intake pipes are fixed with the anchors but bank protection works are not applied, it is considered that the occurrence of bank erosion is relatively few.

(2) New Halfa K14 Pump Station in Kassala State

1) Equipment to be rehabilitated for the Project will be pump, motor, control panel and transformer.

2) Existing equipment should be removed by the Sudan side.

3) Number of pump shall be suitable to cope with the maximum water requirement. Since the procured equipment should be installed in the existing building, it should be corresponded to the same number and capacity as existing. Pump type is of axial mixed flow. As the existing discharge pipe is still able to be used, discharge position and size of pump should be designed as the same as the existing one.

4) Pump number and capacity should be as the same as the existing one (three units, 3.5 m3/s per unit). Motor and transformer should be designed suitable to their types and capacities.

5) Since the existing civil structure, building, discharge pipes and irrigation canal can be usable in future, they are not included in the Project.

2-13 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

(3) Criteria on Natural Conditions

Natural conditions in the both River Nile and Kassala States are very severe. Both areas require the irrigation water for farming and it is hard to cultivate the farm in the conditions in seasonal sandstorm and high temperature. Fluctuation of water level in River Nile is more than seven meter, speed of water flow becomes high in rainy season and its water turbidity is high. Under such conditions, pump facility should be designed as follows:

1) In order not to raise the inside temperature of pump station building, heat resistance material and/or prevention of the direct sunshine should be considered.

2) To secure the air ventilation through door and windows and to throw away the heat from the motors.

3) To keep away the dust during the sandstorm.

4) Since the cavitaion may be easily occurred due to large fluctuation of suction water level, it is considered necessary to prevent it for easiness of operation and maintenance.

5) Since the water quality is low, material of pump impeller, shaft and sleeve should be considered.

6) To apply the intake structure to be prevented from the sediment. It should be considered that when the water flow in River Nile changes its run with the sediment, the intake repairing works should be done relatively easily.

(4) Criteria on Social Conditions

In the Project area, since the irrigation water is also used for livelihood supply water, frequent stoppage or long term suspension of pump operation due to breakdown should be avoided. Therefore, the followings should be considered:

1) To strengthen the organization intending to obtain the higher quality of operation and maintenance system.

2) To put the 18-hour operation per day as the base hour and apply the two-shift, which have been conducted in the area.

3) In the River Nile State, scheme manager decides the daily operation hour and instructs it. At K14 pump station in Kassala State, three agriculture inspectors in New Halfa Agricultural Corporation decide it and instruct the K14 pump station twice a week through the person in charge in Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation. This system should be continued.

(5) Criteria on Determination of Scale and Grade of Equipment

In the areas, especially River Nile State, there are many types of pump facilities. They were designed to prevent the cavitation and easiness of operation and maintenance because there is a large fluctuation of intake water level in River Nile. However, each of them has some merits and demerits. For the project, the followings are criteria to select the most suitable pump facility:

1) Pump facility and equipment should be selected after the merits and demerits of each pump facility and type as well as easiness of operation and maintenance are defined and evaluated, also

2-14 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

roughly estimated cost of implementation is to be comprehensively judged.

2) In consideration of the operation and maintenance and safety, required minimum space should be secured for pump facility.

3) Electric facility should be installed above the ground level not to be damaged by the water incursion.

4) Pump equipment should be selected possibly from the standard type. Equipment to be procured from Japan should follow the JIS or international standards.

5) Compatibility of pump should be considered for easy operation and maintenance.

6) To prevent the cavitation, rotation speed of pump and discharge and suction pipe sizes should be properly selected. Systems such as water flow reduction by valve opening, speed control or impeller angle control are not considered because it is difficult to be surely controlled in the operation and maintenance, as well as their parts are easily worn and their costs are high.

7) To select the type of motor in consideration of versatile, cost and easy to operate.

8) To decide motor capacity after selected the motor connection methods with pump and calculated the pump shaft power. Capacity should include a certain allowance and be selected from the generally usable output levels.

9) To select the voltage from public use in the area. High voltages are 33kV and 11kV of 50Hz, and low voltages are 415V for three phase and 200V for single phase of 50Hz in the area.

10) To consider the high temperature in the area. It is considered necessary to install air ventilation, as required.

11) To select the generally used starting method in consideration of the public power supply and its capacity.

12) To install the necessary valves for suction and discharge pipes.

13) Control panel should be of closed type and equipped with the water proof system, which would be generally used, in consideration of affection of rain water and water leakage.

14) Control panel should be of dust proof and heat resistant in considering that there are seasonal sandstorm and high temperature in the areas and dust should be kept away from coming into the control panel.

15) Control panel should have a front door for easy maintenance.

16) Control room should be equipped with air conditioner as the same manner with the other schemes where such equipment have been applied as usual to protect electric equipment from high temperature.

2-2-1-9 Construction method, manner of procurement and construction period

(1) Construction of pump station building

There are many old existing buildings (pump building, storage, oil tank, dormitory, etc) and trees in

2-15 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan the project site (Aliab and Kitiab irrigation schemes). These should be removed by the Sudan side before the commencement of construction for the Project and sites should be clean and clear for the Project.

Construction site of pump station building is near the River Nile. Therefore, construction of Intake facility and river bank works should be conducted during the low water level in dry season and underground works with its wall for pump building should be finished within the dry season. As new pump building sites are along the existing old pump buildings in Aliab and Kitiab, it should be designed not to disturb the daily operation of existing pumps during the construction period for the Project.

Coffer dam should be constructed to protect the incursion of River Nile water during the construction period of intake structure and river bank work. Construction should be conducted after protecting the slope at river side of coffer dam with sandbags and stones as well as the water be drained from the coffer dam.

(2) Methods of Procurement Procurement is conducted in consideration with the followings: 1) Experience of existing pump procurement is fully used for determination. 2) It is required that the equipment is durable against the hard natural conditions, suitable to easy maintenance and high in quality as well as high in pump efficiency to reduce operation cost because the stable irrigation water supply is essential through the year.

3) As there would be no standby pump, it should be required to undertake the quick maintenance against any damages. Therefore, existence of reliable agents and after sales services would be required.

4) Implementation schedule should be strictly secured when Japanese grant aid project is approved for the project.

Equipment to be procured will be transported by containers after packed. Procured packages will be put on the each designated places.

(3) Consideration of Source of Procurement

Source countries are considered as follows:

1) Conditions of Procurement

Conditions of procurement are determined according to the Procurement Criteria as below:

- To consider the experiences and opinions of the Sudan side.

- To require that the pump facility to be procured is durable against the hard natural conditions, easy for operation and maintenance and high in quality and efficiency.

- To fully secure the after sale service.

- To be implemented under the Japanese grant aid.

2-16 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

2) Procurement Source Countries Pump facility except transformer is not manufactured in Sudan. Source countries are considered as follows: Table 2.4 Procurement Source Countries A. Pump Facility B. Transformer A1. Third countries B1. Sudan A2. Japan B2. Third countries B3. Japan

3) Comparison of Procurement Source Countries According to the criteria of procurement, the followings are considered: - For the products from the above source countries, their features and demerits are evaluated according to the examination about the comments of Sudan side, his experience, quality and performance of equipment and after-sales service quality. - Procurement period of the equipment are compared and evaluated. - Costs of equipment are estimated, compared and evaluated.

4) Evaluation of Procurement Source Countries

Evaluation of source countries was carried out and comprehensive evaluation is drawn up by using the itemized comparison judgments. The results are that pump facility would be procured from Japan and transformer would be procured from Sudan to satisfy the criteria of procurement. (Ref. Table 2.6).

(4) Determination of Implementation Period

Followings are consideration items before determination of implementation period: 1) Pump equipment should be selected from the multipurpose usage range. However, equipment to be procured will be manufactured after contracted, designed, approved the drawings. For the equipment of pipes and valves, as they are of simple structures, the manufacturing periods are relatively short. Length of these periods should be considered.

2) Since the pump number is more than one and procurement period would be more than 10 months as well as initial operation guidance and training of operation and maintenance are included for the Project, implementation schedule would be designed for more than one year.

3) For two schemes in River Nile State, construction works would be slow in the rainy season and they would be mainly conducted in the dry season. Equipment like pipes and valves should be procured corresponding to the building construction speed. Especially, water level of River Nile in the rainy season from July to October (four months) is seven to eight meter higher than that of dry season. Therefore, it is hard to continue the underground work of pump building and intake river bank work during this period. Also it is difficult to secure the access roads to the sites (There are 4 to 6 km bare access roads from the asphalt roads to Aliab site, and 67 to 72 km to the Kitiab) So that, it should be designed the implementation schedule like that the civil works would be conducted in the eight months dry season (November to June), and inside building works such as installation of pump/motor/control board, operation and handover would be carried out in the rainy season.

2-17 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

4) For implementation, Aliab site would be started at the first stage considering the proper usage of temporary equipment and effective use of man power. Completion of construction would be for one year. After that, the second stage would be started for Kitiab site.

5) For K14 pump station in Kassala State, installation and operation guidance would be conducted during the non-operation period for irrigation water supply (four months during March to June).

2-18 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

○ ○ ○ ○ △ Judge

、

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2-19 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

2-2-2 Basic Plan (Construction Plan/ Equipment Plan)

2-2-2-1 Outlines of irrigation schemes to be rehabilitated

(1) Aliab irrigation scheme Share of Annual & Perennial Crops Aliab irrigation scheme was constructed in the year 1942 with having 5,250 feddan (2,205 Ha) of service area covering Perennial as many as 16 villages. The cultivated lands are fully crops, 30% owned by the nation and the settlement farmers are tenant Annual farmers given with the cultivation right under the contract. crops, 70% As many as 1,500 farm families are settled and they manage 3.5 feddan per family in an average. Major crops are wheat and broad bean as single year cropping covering 70 % of Figure 2.5 Share of Annual & Perennial land use and mango and date as perennial cropping covering Crops (Aliab) 30 %.

At the initial stage of settlement, single year cropping was the major, however in these days, perennial crops like fruit trees are increasing and in accordance with this tendency, water requirement has been also increasing. The produces are sold in local market by individual farmers and there is no organized joint forwarding of the produces.

Tillage and harvesting are mainly done by using the tractor and combine machines availed on rental basis. The gross production value is rather high at 6,168 SDG/feddan. There are Youth union and Women Union organized for one each in each village.

As the irrigation facilities, 4 units of diesel engine-driven pump are installed to have the total capacity of 4.5 m3/s, though it is presently 3.5 m3 only due to the one unit being repaired. New horizontal centrifugal pump (2 units) and electric motors have been installed at the existing pump station, but not operated yet due to the incomplete electric facilities.

As for the canal facilities, there have been no major rehabilitation works ever done after the scheme started operation around 60 years ago. The main canal is of earth embankment made with the bottom width of 4.5 m and the total length of 14 km. There are 7 regulators installed on the main canal and connected with the minor canals. Gate facilities are found with comparatively good functioning, however, the total water supply capacity is insufficient with the observation that the flow capacity of main canal can cope with only 70 % of the designed requirement.

In the scheme, the whole service area is divided into three (3) blocks and the rotation irrigation is practiced for 3 days, 3 days and 4 days from the upstream block to downstream block in order. Since a lot of sediments like sands and silt be accumulated in the canals, dredging works is repeated generally once in a year during the December-January period after the flood season. The dredging works is regularly undertaken up to the tail end of the main canal.

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As to the gate facilities, steel made rectangular spindle type is adopted and with having regular maintenance as greasing, the facility is maintained in a good condition, ready to operate except some gate facilities in the lower stream reach.

(2) Kitiab irrigation scheme

The scheme was constructed in 1917 and has had a long Share of Annual & Perennial Crops history in its operation. The service area is 5,700 feddan (2,394 Ha) covering as many as 9 villages with having 21,000 population including non-farm families. In the Perennial Annual scheme, 3,000 farm families are settled with the crops crops 44% cultivation right granted. The land use is 56 % by 56% perennial crops and the remaining 44 % by single year crops. Among others, the citrus is the major crop with Figure 2.6 Share of Annual & Perennial 2,328 feddan planted. As is the case, the farm families Crops (Kitiab) in the scheme can be largely divided into two (2) groups, one for mainly perennial fruits trees and the other single year wheat etc.

As per the farm families in the area, citrus, mango and date are the most promising crops and cereals and beans are the secondary promising ones. Fruits harvested are to be transported to Khartoum and sold either by farmers and brokers, while cereals and beans are sold at local markets by individual farmers by themselves. The tillage is being done on contract basis by using tractor with plough or hallow and combine is used for harvesting. The gross production value is 5,157 SDG/feddan. In each village, there are Youth Union and Women Union organized already.

Irrigation facilities under the scheme include 4 units of engine-driven pumps and 1 nit of floating pump at the terminal end of the scheme in total 5.75 m3/s capacity. However, the flow sectional area of canal is comparatively small and the maximum operation of pump is limited to 3 units (3 m3/s) plus a floating pump (1 m3/s) in total 4.0 m3/s. At present, 2 new horizontal centrifugal pump with motors are delivered to the pump station under the National Wheat Production Project and preparation is being undertaken for the installation.

More than 90 years has passed since the construction of canal facilities. The main canal is of earth embankment type and has the total length of 14 km. There equipped with 5 regulators on the main canal and connected with 20 minor canals. The minor canal structure is also the earth embankment type and the total length is 34 km. At the terminal end of the scheme, supplementary water supply is practiced by using the floating pump installed on the River Nile main stream. There are many cases of direct intake without gate facility (Abu-Ashreen canal) on the main canals and therefore causing

2-21 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan insufficient supply of irrigation water, and also it is observed that the flow sectional area of main canal is capable only 80 % of the requirement. The floating pump installed on the River Nile main stream is for the purpose to supplement the deficit by flowing backward (1 m3/s) for 1 km length.

In the scheme, the whole area is divided into 3 blocks and rotational irrigation is practiced for 5 days each for each block by gate operation. As the canals are full of sedimentation every year, dredging once a year is practiced regularly in December-January period after the flood season. The dredging work covers up to the end of main canal and practiced regularly.

The gates are of rectangular steel type with the width of 1.0 m-1.3 m but some of them can not be operated (Opening/closing) due to insufficient O&M works.

(3) New Halfa K 14 irrigation scheme (Pump station)

K 14 pump station is located at 14 km point of main canal starting from Kasim-Girba dam constructed on Atbara river. The pump station serves for 31,000 feddan (13,020 Ha). Farmers there are tenant farmers given with the cultivation right by the government. K 14 pump station serves for 11,000 farm families of 110,000 population in 22 villages.

Major crops are sorghum, cotton, wheat and vegetables such as okra, tomato and potato. As can be seen in the cropping pattern, there are summer cropping and winter cropping with comparatively stable supply of irrigation water, being quite different with the RNS schemes where summer cropping is quite difficult.

The cost of living per year per family with 10 members is reported to be minimum 6,000 SDG and including the other incidental expenditures, the total annual cost per family is estimated at 12,000 SDG.

The project is under the category of national project, however, there are several problem issues to be solved such as incomplete data/information collection/processing concerned with the water users association and the difficulties in materializing fine-tuning water management due to the large service area.

Those irrigation pumps installed at K 14 station (Vertical axial flow 3.5 m3/s) were installed in 1974, but all still are operational. All the 3 units are of electric motor driven and one of 3 motors is of 2005 made.

For the canal facilities, as many as 7 minor canals are branched from the 5 km length main canal and further connected to small canals in the service areas to cover the whole of project area. At the terminal portions, there are drains provided. All of the canals are of earth made and depending on the priorities judging from the sedimentation conditions, maintenance by dredging have been practiced about once in a year. It is so decided and

2-22 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure understood that beneficiary farmers are responsible for regular maintenance of Abu-Ashreen canal and Abu-Shitta canal.

2-2-2-2 Irrigation water demand

(1) Calculation method

Irrigation water requirement is obtained through taking into account the characteristics of weather condition and soil moisture on the beneficiary area and water consumption of the target crops. Generally, a software named "CROPWAT" which was produced by FAO is used for this calculation. This software can consider meteorological conditions or actually cultivated or planned cropping pattern. Besides this software can apply for the case that actual irrigated area and planned irrigated area is different because this can calculate the water requirement per unit area. Moreover, use of this software was agreed upon the related organizations in Sudanese government such as Hodeida Agricultural Research Corporation in River Nile States and New Halfa Agricultural Corporation in Kassala State. The procedures for calculation of irrigation water requirement by using CROPWAT are as follows.

1) Calculation of Reference evapo-transpiration（ETo）

First, reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) is calculated Table 2.6 Reference evapo-transipration for the case that enough water is supplied to the reference in each Schemes (mm/day) Aliab, New Halfa crop. There are several methods for this assumption of Month Kitiab, K14 ETo, and Penman-Monteith equation is applied on CROPWAT Jan 5.76 5.48 because of its high conformity with meteorological data such Feb 6.74 6.19 as temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind speed. Mar 8.04 7.86 Apr 9.23 7.86 2) Calculation of effective rainfall May 8.21 8.10 Jun 9.64 8.57 The annual rainfall in River Nile State is about 50mm in Jul 9.13 7.38 average and that in Kassala State is about 250mm. Besides Aug 7.61 7.14 the rainfall is limited for short term in summer season and it Sep 8.30 6.90 varies considerably in each year. For these reasons, the Oct 7.12 6.19 effecting rainfall should not be considered in the calculation of Nov 5.98 5.48 Dec 5.86 5.00 irrigation water requirement.

3) Input on crops planted and cropping pattern

Such data as variety of crops, time of sowing and harvesting, crop coefficient and the length of crop growing period are to be input in the calculation.

4) Calculation of crop water requirement

Monthly water requirement is calculated based on the data on reference evapo-transpiration, the variety of cultivated crop and its cropping pattern.

(2) Reference evapo-transpiration

CROPWAT is linked to a database named "CLIMWAT" which accumulates meteorological data of 5,000 and more observatories in the world. The reference evapo-transpiration (ETo) was calculated

2-23 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan for two irrigation scheme in River Nile State by this database selecting meteorological data of Hodeida observatory. On the other hand, the meteorological data during 1970 to 2000 in the report of "Rehabilitation Program and Technical, Economic and Financial Feasibility Study (2004,New Halfa Agricultural Corporation)" are adopted for the calculation of ETo in New Halfa irrigation scheme.

(3) Cultivated crops and cropping pattern

The latest cropping patterns in each scheme are as shown in the figure (appendix-6.3). The summed up area by the numbers in the figures does not always agree with the total area of the scheme since it has fallow area and its land is irrigated rotationally.

(4) Irrigation efficiency

Comprehensive irrigation efficiency is obtained by the standard value applied in FAO, ICID and USSCS (referred to Table 2.7).

Conveyance Efficiency (Ec)： Main canals in the target scheme during irrigation period are always kept with flowing because farmers intake water from the canal and irrigate the crops at any time. Since this situation corresponds to continuous supply, the number of 0.90 for Ec is to be adopted. Field Canal Efficiency (Eb)： Judging from current situation in the target scheme, the number of 0.70 for Eb shall be adopted. However the number of 0.85 is applied for New Halfa scheme by the result of interview at the Agricultural Corporation. Field Application Efficiency (Ea)： The maximum number of 0.70 is adopted from the range between 0.55 and 0.70 for Ea because main irrigation method in target scheme is basin irrigation. In consideration of those factors as mentioned above, comprehensive irrigation efficiency is calculated as follows.

E＝Ｅc×Eb×Ea ＝0.90×0.70×0.70＝0.44（Aliab and Kitiab irrigation scheme）〃＝0.90×0.85×0.70＝0.53（New Halfa irrigation scheme）

(5) Operation hour of pump

The standard operation hour of pump is 18 hours/day in consideration of actual records and interview with operators.

(6) Amount of water for miscellaneous use Irrigation water is used for drinking for animal husbandry, washing for agricultural machineries and other domestic purposes. These miscellaneous uses of water are counted at 5 percent of unit requirement of irrigation water.

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Table 2.7 Criteria of irrigation efficiency

Conveyance Efficiency(Ec) ICID/ILRI Continuous supply with no substantial change in flow 0.90 Rotational supply in projects of 3,000-7,000ha and 0.80 rotation aeas of 70-300 ha,with efficient management Rotational supply in large schemes (>10,000ha) and small schemes(<1,000ha) with respective problematic communication and less effective management: Based on predetermined schedule 0.70 Based on advance request 0.65

Field Canal Efficiency(Eb) Blocks larger than 20ha : unlined 0.80 lined or piped 0.90 Blocks up to 20ha :unlined 0.70 lined or piped 0.80

Distribution effriciency(Ed=Eb x Ec) Average for rotational supply with management and communication adequate 0.65 sufficient 0.55 insufficient 0.40 poor 0.30

Field Application Efficiency (Ea) USDA US(SCS) Surface methods Light soils 0.55 Medium soils 0.70 Heavy soils 0.60 Graded border 0.60-0.75 0.53 Basin and level border 0.60-0.80 0.58 Contour ditch 0.50-0.55 furrow 0.55-0.70 0.57 corrugation 0.50-0.70 Subsurface up to 0.80 Sprinkler,hot dry climate 0.60 Moderate climate 0.70 Humid and cool 0.80 0.67 Rice 0.32

Note : ICID : International Committee of Irrigation and Drainage ILRI : International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement USDA : United State Department of Agriculture US(SCS) : United States Soil Conservation Service

(7) Irrigation water requirement

Gross water requirement for irrigation is obtained by dividing the unit water requirement per 1,000 feddan which converted from the value per day by comprehensive efficiency. Required pump discharge was calculated by adding 5 percent of miscellaneous use to gross amount of water and considering operation hour of pump.

Gross water requirement per area=Unit water requirement /Irrigation efficiency

Required pump discharge＝Gross water requirement per area ×Irrigation area ×（1＋0.05）×24/18

(Table 2.8) shows the results of calculation of each scheme.

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Table 2.8 Monthly required pump discharge

Aliab Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Net scheme irr.req. per area( l /s/hａ) 0.510.520.480.390.340.380.360.340.420.450.400.49 〃 (m3/s/1000fd) 0.21 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.18 0.19 0.17 0.21 Irrigation efficiency 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 Gross scheme irr.req (m3/s/1000fd) 0.49 0.50 0.46 0.37 0.32 0.36 0.34 0.32 0.40 0.43 0.38 0.47 Irrigation water requirement (m3/s/1000fd) 0.51 0.52 0.48 0.39 0.34 0.38 0.36 0.34 0.42 0.45 0.40 0.49 Irrigated area(fd) 5,250 4,659 3,902 2,714 2,219 2,053 2,053 2,776 3,500 3,533 4,307 5,250 Required pump discharge(m3/s) 3.58 3.24 2.50 1.41 1.01 1.04 0.99 1.26 1.96 2.12 2.30 3.44

Kitiab Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Net scheme irr.req. per area( l /s/hａ) 0.510.580.550.480.400.460.440.400.440.420.360.45 〃 (m3/s/1000fd) 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.19 Irrigation efficiency 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 Gross scheme irr.req (m3/s/1000fd) 0.49 0.55 0.53 0.46 0.38 0.44 0.42 0.38 0.42 0.40 0.34 0.43 Irrigation water requirement (m3/s/1000fd) 0.51 0.58 0.55 0.48 0.40 0.46 0.44 0.40 0.44 0.42 0.36 0.45 Irrigated area(fd) 5,700 5,069 5,069 3,733 3,216 3,216 3,216 3,216 3,531 3,846 4,174 5,700 Required pump discharge(m3/s) 3.88 3.93 3.73 2.39 1.72 1.98 1.89 1.72 2.08 2.16 2.01 3.43

New Halfa （K14） Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Net scheme irr.req. per area( l /s/hａ) 0.190.140.130.030.020.010.180.510.770.760.560.22 〃 (m3/s/1000fd) 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.08 0.21 0.32 0.32 0.24 0.09 Irrigation efficiency 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53 Gross scheme irr.req (m3/s/1000fd) 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.14 0.40 0.61 0.60 0.44 0.17 Irrigation water requirement (m3/s/1000fd) 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.15 0.42 0.64 0.63 0.47 0.18 Irrigated area(fd) 3,640 2,525 1,810 1,105 200 200 8,970 11,600 11,600 11,600 10,780 6,910 Required pump discharge(m3/s) 0.77 0.39 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.79 6.56 9.91 9.78 6.70 1.69

2-2-2-3 Type of pump facilities for irrigation scheme

(1) Examination of pump type

Under the pumping irrigation scheme in RNS, various types of pump facilities have been adopted to date. Judging from the existing pump facilities, the main issues important in the selection of type are as follows. 1) Possible to comply with the large fluctuation of suction water level 2) Possible to cope with the sediments derived from floating materials of Nile River water at the intake 3) Easiness in O&M works with lower cost

However, it is necessary to avoid the type in which the above issues could be cleared but the O&M works involve some complicated and difficult and further the possibility of facility’s defects / malfunctioning is higher.

The floating pump type is generally for use in case of small discharge capacity of 1 m3/s or less, and when adopting this type for the subject project, it is necessary to put the plural number of floating pumps in parallel. Further, discharge pipes shall be frequently connected in various manners to comply with the so much fluctuating water levels, though such connecting works are of dangerous works. Moreover, it can be said that mooring/anchoring of barges in safe and proper way is quite difficult on the fast-flowing Nile River. In view of the above and considering the experiences gained by the Sudan side who have been facing with this difficulty, it is determined that the floating pump type shall not be adopted in the subject project.

With having these considerations in mind, comparison studies have been made on various types of

2-26 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure pumping equipment and as the results the underground type pump is judged to be the best as the type is the most common with the most number of adopting for the similar capacities as the subject project. The (Table 2.10) shows the details on the said judgment. It is noted also that the pump type shall be of horizontal centrifugal and double suction is adopted as it is commonly used with high suction efficiency. Following this decision, for the motor, horizontal cage induction motor shall be adopted to be connected by direct coupling with pump considering the economy and the compatibility.

As for the K 14 pump station, the existing building shall be used as it is and only the replacement of pump facilities will be made under the project. As the result of examination on the pump type considering the present condition and prevailing technologies, the vertical mixed flow type was selected for K 14 to be similar to the existing one.

(2) Standards applied for pump facilities

Concerning the standards to be applied for pump facilities, the latest versions of those standards as listed below shall be adopted in addition to the one being applied for the subject pumping station and the one applied in general in Sudan.

Table 2.9 Standards to be applied for pump facilities Equipment/material items Standards to be applied Design and materials for Pump, motor, valve and Pipes Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) etc British Standards (BS) Other international standards Electric facilities as motor Control panel and Japan Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (JEMA) transformer International Electrical Commission (IEC) Other international standards

2-27 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

- - △ ○ △ ation Evalu

essure type ○ Vertical centrifugal Underground pr Underground - Underground type with installing the ground thepump below surface - Motor and control facilities be installedthe above groundsusrface - Sufficient depth required is cope to the fluctuatingwithlevel water - Possible select to either piping or driving channelsuction forportion strengthen- Necessary to of the wall the building for- Necessity water-proofing measures internal- Need for drainage facilities - Construction excavationof by river bank - Necessary forwall reinforced structure be the and the cost will highest - Sayal (Existing with driving (Existing channel)- Sayal with suction (Existingpipe)- Sayal with - - ○ ○ △ ation Evalu orizontal centrifugal Underground type Underground H -Underground type with installing-Underground type with pump and motor below the ground surface - Control faciities be installed above groundthe surface - Sufficient depth is required to cope with the fluctuating water level - Crane and working space is to be forsecured maintenancepurpose of wall the to strengthen Necessary - station building Complete -proofingis required - water installed theas be motoror engine thebelow groud surface Internalneeded*Easy- drain facility is in maintenance works Construction- excavation river by of bank - Necessary to make the with wall reinforced structure and results in high cost adoptedTo be - Elshaheed driven)(presently- engine (with crane and space) - Aliab (with crane and space) - Kitiab (with crane but no space) ： △ △ △ ◎ ation Evalu Driving type - Method the by lately being planned- local consultant - Provided with the driving channel - No roofing is provided - Sufficient depth is required to cope the fluctuatingwith levelwater - Without roofing, negative effects on paints and grease (Earlier deterioration)*Problems remain on the electrical safety - Necessary for removing of sediment materials Comparatively caused- high as by excavationof river bank - An approach for maintenance purpose be required causinghigh to be similarcost totalmay and the the underground type Adoptable but cost higt ： △ △ △ ○ ation Evalu Table 2.10 2.10 Table method installation pump on studies Comparative Stretch type Stretch - Installationlately adopted method - Installed overtheriverstretch effect directlyof - Velocity river water pipeson the and pump sufficient at install to Necessary - stretch from thebank to river cope the fluctuating levelwith water floating remove to Necessary - materialsriver of flow the - Without roofing, exposed to sunshine and rains/winds problemdaily for - No ordinary inspection but difficultin major maintenance - Difficult or almost impossible for Major repairing - Problemstheon electrical remain safety - Without roofing, paints and grease be deteriorated more quikly without building, - Comparatively low though installedover thestretch river costhigh for - While very maintenance work - Or,cost the for countermeasures total high and thevery be cost will may be similar to the underground type Better adopt not ： - - Faldlab (not included in the project) - - Plan irrigaerby (yet to be adopted) - - Vertical flow/verticalmixed axial flow - Vertical flow/verticalflow mixed axial - × × ○ △ ation Evalu ×△△◎ Temporary type Temporary Horizontal centrifugal - Installed beside thefacilities existing - Temporaryinstallation and be moved water when level is high casesengine-driven- Two of and motor-driven - Withoutroofing,to exposed usnshine and rains/winds but - Easy in maintenance works forneed spacefor working the- Unablecope suction to with water level water transfer- Necessary to when level up rises - Installation is not firmly done and vibrationcause negative may impacts on equipment - Problemselectrical remain on the safety - Without roofing, paints and grease be deteriorated more quickly. - Very low as the installation location can be selected building without Not adoptable - Kadabas - Aliab(partly) - Kitiab(partly) ： ------△ × △ × ation Evalu ①②③④⑤⑥ × Horizontal centrifugal Underground type (Existing) type Underground

- Bauga crane, no space) (with - but - Undderground- adopted for type as existingthe faacilities - Partly cope with the fluctuating to unable cases some but level, water cope with - Usually horizontal centrifugal pump - Engine-driven and convertible for electric motor-driven due with theattentionfacility drainage on - Without drains on the building floor, be storedwater leakage - Some cases none of space and crane provided for maintenance -Difficultmaintenance for without crane and working space Need for operation careful - to avoid level cavitationduring water low the stage - Some difficulties in daily inspection work - Comparatively higher Conclusionindications marking :

type cost

Plan Section Scheme Characteristics Demerits

Facility construction Facility Pump ： n Conclusio Note

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2-2-2-4 Determination of number, scale and total head of pump (Specifications)

(1) Examination of unit number and scale of pump

The per unit capacity (Discharge) of pump varies depending on the planned number of pumps to be equipped for a scheme. In order to operate the pumps effectively and to minimize the running cost in conformity with the fluctuating supply demands, a combination of pumps with different capacities can be considered possible, however, under the subject project, it is judged to be more advantageous to apply a certain number of pumps with the same capacity taking into such viewpoints as 1) reducing of pump procurement cost, 2) possible equalization in running pumps and 3) need for harmonious collaboration of pump operation with the pump equipment already procured recently by Sudan side.

As for the discharge control by pumps, the most simple, common and effective manner by the numbers of pumps run shall be employed. The manner has been practiced in Sudan for a considerable period with which much fluctuating monthly water demands can be managed by adjusting the operation hours of pumps in addition to the control on the number of units run. In this case, the more the number of pumps, with higher efficiency the pumps can be operated to meet the fluctuating demands. However, this is not always the effective case due to the larger requirement of land space for the station and further causing more complicated piping works leading to higher construction cost as well as land acquisition cost.

Concerning the pump facilities for the 3 schemes in RNS, 4 units of pumps per station is considered the best as examined in the (Table 2.11) in which the viewpoints as above was fully taken into considerations.

For the K 14 pump station in Kassala state, it is confirmed that the existing civil structures and buildings will be fully utilized and the number of pump units shall remain as the same as present, 3 units with equal capacity, and the pump capacity is planned to be 3.5 m3/s per unit.

(2) Rating point for planning of pumps

The total head of pump is calculated by adding the head losses incurred in suction pipe and discharge pipe on the actual head which is the difference between the discharge water level and the suction water level (Nile River water level in case of RNS and the water level at 14 km point from the beginning of New Halfa main canal).

There is a certain relationship between the pump discharge amount and the total head depending on the type, diameter, number of revolution and the rating point. And the relation between variations of discharge amounts and the total heads can be explained as the movement of operation point on the pump’s characteristics curve derived from such specifications of pumps. The rating point of the pump plan is the operation point appeared in the characteristics curve and indicated by the planned discharge amount and the planned total head.

2-29 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

◎ ○ △ ◎

of existin the y

acit p

Examination Judge ted

p he same with the ca

・Different equipment by each of 3 schemes, various to cope with ・Difficult water demands, ・Difficult to cope with whenoccurred defects during the opration for large water demand, ・Large equipment/facilities require larger width buildingof rather but shorter length, ・Require capa. large of crane forand O&M reinforcing of support column and building are necessary. ・Different equipment by each of 3 schemes, various to cope with ・Difficult water demands, ・Impossible to cope with when defects occurred during the opration for large water demand, ・Large equipment/facilities require larger width of building but shorter length, ・Require large further capa. of crane for O&M and reinforcing of support column and building are necessary. ・Common equipment/facilities are applicable for 3 schemes, ・Easy various to cope with water demands, ・Building become a little larger, ・Same capacitythe as newly procured pump by do cross-operation. to possible and side, Sudan

/s 3 ◎： be ada To /s) 3 Capa. Pump (m unit: m Ultimate r e p

table, but difficult in o difficult table, but p a d

A ：

/s) 3

t○ Table 2.11 2.11 Table Number Unit and Pump Demands Water 9 0.95 0.86 1.04 1.08 1.01 1.72 2.00 8 1.89 1.72 2.08 2.16 2.01 3.43 2.58 p 0 0.47 0.43 0.52 0.54 0.50 0.86 1.00 6 0.63 0.57 0.69 0.72 0.67 1.14 1.30

(m Demands Monthly

△： Better not ado

18 hours operation

in evaluation Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. - Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. - Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. - Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average g

Case

Case Case 2 Units 4 Units 3 Units (2) Markin Schemes 1 Aliab2 Kitiab 1.79 1.94 1.62 1.97 1.25 1.87 0.71 1.20 0.51 0.86 0.52 0.9 0.50 0.63 0.98 1.06 1.15 1.72 1.80 1 Aliab2 Kitiab 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.98 0.63 0.93 0.35 0.60 0.25 0.43 0.26 0.5 0.25 0.32 0.49 0.53 0.58 0.86 1.00 1 Aliab2 Kitiab 3.58 3.88 3.24 3.93 2.50 3.73 1.41 2.39 1.01 1.72 1.04 1.9 0.99 1.26 1.96 2.12 2.30 3.44 2.07 3 K14 0.77 0.39 0.25 0.03 0.00 0.00 1.79 6.56 9.91 9.78 6.70 1.69 3.16 1 Aliab2 Kitiab 1.19 1.29 1.08 1.31 0.83 1.24 0.47 0.80 0.34 0.57 0.35 0.6 0.33 0.42 0.65 0.71 0.77 1.15 1.20 3 K14 0.26 0.13 0.08 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.60 2.19 3.30 3.26 2.23 0.56 3.50 be t To Number Unit ③ ① I. Water Demands Water I. II. Examination on Unit Number Unit on Examination II. Note： (1) 3 units are fixed for K14 station. ②

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1) Designed water levels for pump (Suction and discharge)

The suction water level for pump is determined based on the water levels of Nile River and of the New Halfa main canal. For the pump facilities in RNS, there is a common tendency that the irrigation water demands become the maximum when the water level in Nile River is low, and accordingly, the planned suction water level shall be fixed at the lowest low of the River in each site. While the planned pump discharge level is to be fixed with the high water level in the irrigation connection canal which is obtained from the site survey result. For the K 14 pump station, the suction level shall be fixed at the lowest of New Halfa main canal at 14 km point from the beginning of the canal. While the planned pump discharge level is to be fixed at the highest level of discharge pipe taking into account the shape of the discharge pipe.

2) Actual head

The actual head is given as the difference between the discharge water level and the suction water level and calculated as in the followings.

Calculation of actual head

Ha = DWL – LWL

Where, Ha : Actual head (m) DWL : Discharge water level (m) LWL : Suction water level (m)

Table 2.12 Planned suction water level, discharge water level and actual head Suction Water Level Discharge Water Level Actual Head State Irrigation Schemes LWL (m) DWL (m) Ha (m) Aliab 347.30 355.90 8.60 River Nile Kitiab 348.00 356.10 8.10 Kassala New Halfa K14 463.75 472.55 8.80

3) Calculation of total head

The total head is obtained by adding various losses in pipes to the actual head and calculated by using the following formula.

Calculation formula for the total head

H = Ha + H1 = (DWL-LWL) + hf + fn・V2/2g

Where, H : Total head (m) Ha : Actual head H1 : Total head loss (m) DWL : Discharge water level (m) LWL : Suction water level (m) Hf : Friction head loss of pipes (m) Fn : Coefficient of various friction loss V : Velocity (m/s)

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G : Gravity acceleration (m/s2) = 9.8 (m/s2)

Friction Loss Calculation of the pipe aligned in the pump station by Darcy・Weisbach

2 hf = λ・(L/D)・V /2g ・・・・・・Darcy・Weisbach formula

λ ： Coefficient of friction；normal steal pipe λ= {0.0144+9.5/(1000･ V)}・1.5 L ： Length of pipe (suction & discharge) (m) D ： Pipe Diameter corresponding to Pipe Length L (m)

Friction Loss Calculation of the pipe aligned at outside of the pump station by Hazen・Williams

1.85 1.85 4.87 hf = 10.666・{Q /(C ・D )}･L ・・・・Hazen･Williams

Q ： discharge (m3/s) C ： Velocity Coefficient; Steal Pipe (No Coating）C=100 D ： Diameter (m) L ： Length of Pipeline (m)

The calculation results of pipe losses around the pump and the total head are as shown in the (Table 2.13).

Table 2.13 Pipe losses and total head of each station

Irrigation Scheme Aliab Kitiab K14 Discharge （m3/s） 1.00 1.00 3.50 Pump Unit Number 111 Diameter D (mm) 800 800 1,200 Length L (m) 32.7 28.4 0 Velocity V (m/s) 1.99 1.99 3.10

800) 2 0.202 0.202 0.489 φ Hv (m) (= V /2g) Friction Loss (m) 0.262 0.227 - Entrace, f = 0.3 0.061 0.061 - Bend-26.5o, f = 0.11 0.022 0.022 -

Suction Pipe( Bend-22.5o ×4, f = 0.08 0.065 0.065 - Batterfly Valve, f=0.36 0.073 0.073 - Sub-total (m) 0.482 0.447 0.000 Diameter D (mm) 600 600 1,200 Length L (m) 26.3 26.1 17.2 Velocity V (m/s) 3.54 3.54 3.10 Hv (m) (= V2/2g) 0.640 0.640 0.491

600) Friction Loss (m) 0.818 0.812 0.153 φ Check Valve Loss, f= 0.96 0.614 0.614 - Batterfly Valve, f=0.44 0.282 0.282 - Bend-90o ×2, f = 0.266 0.340 0.340 - Bend-22.5o ×4, f = 0.08 0.205 0.205 0.157

Discharge Pipe ( Taper, f= 0.3 0.192 0.192 - Out let, f=1.0 (φ800) 0.202 0.202 0.491 Flap Valve, f=0.92 (φ800) 0.186 0.186 - Sub-total (m) 2.839 2.833 0.801 Pipeline Loss Head in Total (m) 3.321 3.280 0.801 Actual Head Ha (m) 8.60 8.10 8.80 Calculated Total Head Htc(m) 11.92 11.38 9.60 Total Head Ht (m) 12.00 11.40 9.60

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(3) Rating point of pumps

The rating point for planning of pump is to be fixed in a way that the designed discharge will flow by the maximum pump lift within the actual pump operation range. The maximum irrigation water demand for the schemes in RNS will appear during the period from January to March when the water level in Nile river is in low stage. Accordingly, the rating point for planning pump is regulated by the designed discharge per one unit of pump, 1.0 m3/s and the planned total head as indicated in the (Table 2.14). Table 2.14 Rating point of pumps Name of Schemes Aliab Kitiab K14 Planned Discharge of Pump（m3/s/unit） 1.00 1.00 3.50 Planned Total head(m) 12.00 11.40 9.60

(4) Examination of number of revolution, installation position and design point of pumps

For the pump facilities for 2 schemes in RNS, intake is made directly from the Nile River which shows considerable water level fluctuations. Therefore, examination is necessary to design the facilities to be operated safely against the possible cavitation in any range of pump running through analyzing varieties of pump installation positions, number of revolutions and design points in all cases.

1) Examination on diameters of suction and discharge pipes

Range of pump running would be greatly fluctuated due to the considerable change in suction water levels, however, countermeasures are to be provided so that the pumps could be run in the full range without having complicated minor adjustment on discharge amount. The countermeasures include the followings. -The pump installation position shall be neared as close as possible to the lowest water level. -Losses in suction pipe shall be minimized. -The number of revolution shall be reduced.

The pipe diameter is to be so determined that the flow velocity inside the suction pipe would be in the range of 1.5-2.5 m/s in general considering such factors as protection of turbulent flow and sedimentation as well as economy. While in the operation of pump station to cope with the harmful cavitation occurrence due to the fluctuating water level of the Nile River, it is advantageous to maximize the NPSH (AV) value. This requires minimum losses in the planned suction pipe. The results of examination are as shown in the (Table 2.15), where the total head loss is required to be less than 0.5 m. Table 2.15 Examination of diameter of suction pipe Pump Station Aliab Kitiab Diameter (mm) 600 700 800 600 700 800 Velocity (m/s) 3.54 2.60 1.99 3.54 2.60 1.99 Pegging × × ○ ××○ Head Loss (m) 1.52 0.82 0.48 1.52 0.82 0.48 Pegging × × ○ ××○ Overall Evaluation × × ○ ××○ × : No ○ :OK

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From the results of the above examination, the diameter of 800 mm is considered adequate for each of 2 schemes. While for the discharge side, the pipe diameter is planned to have bigger losses to prevent cavitation, since the cavitation is likely to occur during the pump running on the larger water discharge at around the minimum actual head. As is the case, 600 mm is tentatively planned for the discharge pipe. For K 14 station, the idea is to follow the present conditions and the pipe diameter is fixed at 1,200 mm.

2) Range of pump running, rating point and design point

The rating point of pump is to be fixed in a way that the designed discharge would flow at the maximum head of the pump. While the range of pump running required is considerably large as the water levels in Nile River show a large seasonal fluctuation. Under the circumstances as mentioned, it is necessary to examine how much shifting of design point is adequate to mitigate the possibility of cavitation occurrence. It is understood that by shifting the design point to the larger water discharge side by 10-20 %, the pump running could be possible in the full range without complicated operation control and/or by adjusting the valves for discharge control etc, then the possibility of cavitation occurrence could be mitigated.

As an example, the following figure (Figure 2.7) shows the pump characteristic curve of Aliab station, where the rating point is the crossing point of the total head = 12.0 m with the discharge amount = 1.0 m3/s. In this case, the range of pump running is in the area enclosed by the characteristic curves from the Hamax. to Hamin. of the resistance curve.

For the range of pump running, both the resistance curves in proportion with the monthly actual heads and the averaged one (Ha ave.) are indicated. Based on this, it is shown that the most frequent operation is appeared at larger discharge side around 5-15 % of the pump rating point. As is the case, it is considered that design point of pump shall be fixed at around this area to get the pump efficiency at the highest that is able to realize the minimum energy cost and the least possibility of cavitation occurrence for pump operation.

Pump Characteristic Curve Aliab Scheme 17.00 170.0 16.00 160.0 Ｈｔ(m) 15.00 150.0 Ｈamax(m) Jan 14.00 140.0 Feb 13.00 130.0 Mar 12.00 120.0 Rating Apr 11.00 110.0 May 10.00 100.0 Jun Jul 9.00 Ha max 90.0 Aug 8.00 80.0 Sep Head (m)

7.00 70.0 Pηp(%), (KW) Oct Ha ave 6.00 60.0 Nov Dec 5.00 50.0 Ｈamin(m) 4.00 40.0 Ave.H 3.00 30.0 ηp(%) 2.00 20.0 ＰSH(kw)

1.00 Ha min 10.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40 Discharge (m3/s)

Figure 2.7 Pump characteristic curve and monthly resistance curve

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In view of the above examination and considerations, it is necessary to examine further the number of revolution and the installation position of pump so as to result in pump running in full range without cavitation occurrence and the highest efficiency by shifting the design point as mentioned.

3) Cases for examination

This examination for suction water levels shall include 2 cases of HWL and LWL, while the discharge water level shall remain unchanged.

There are 5 cases of pump installation position as below in the examination.

Table 2.16 Cases of pump installation position

Case h(m) 12.50 23.00 h (m) 33.50 44.00 LWL 54.50 h：Pump installation height above Figure 2.8 Cases of pump installation position LWL.

Further, the percentages of shifting of design point toward the large discharge side from the rating point along the pump characteristic curve is considered with the following cases.

Table 2.17 Examined cases of pump design points Discharge at Pump Design Point Case Q ％ (m3/s) (m3/min) 1 0 1.00 60.0 2 10 1.11 66.7 3 15 1.18 70.6 4 20 1.25 75.0

4) Examination on number of revolution

First assuming N, the number of revolution of pump, and the specific number (Ns) to N be calculated to stay within the range of 120 ≦ Ns ≦ 650. a) Ns (Specific Speed) of pump

Ns = H/QxN 4/3 （Standard Range：120 ≦Ns≦650）

H : Total Head of Pump (ｍ) N : Revolution (min-1) Q : Discharge of Pump (m3/min) （In case of Double Volute: 1/2 x Qo)

Calculation is to be made to obtain Ns in the case shifting the design point of pump accompanied by changes in N are duly considered, and the calculation results of Ns shall be evaluated to stay within the allowable extent to determine the number of revolution of pump.

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The results are as shown in the (Table 2.18). In the cases the design points be shifted by about 10-20 %, N = 490 min-1 (12 polar motor) and N = 580 min-1 (10 polar motor) are selected. In general, the pump efficiency will become lower when Ns would exceed 500, and it is considered that use of N =490 min-1 may be appropriate. However, it is necessary further to examine the safety to cavitation occurrence through computing the allowance water head against cavitation for the 2 cases of N = 490 min-1 and N = 580 min-1.

Table 2.18 Shifting of design points, number of revolution and specific number Scheme Design Point N Qo H Ns Adjudication 490 510 < 650 OK 20% shift 580 75.0 10.6 604 < 650 OK 735 765 > 650 No 490 485 < 650 OK 15% shift 580 70.6 10.9 574 < 650 OK 735 727 > 650 No Aliab 490 462 < 650 OK 10% shift 580 66.7 11.2 546 < 650 OK 735 692 > 650 No 490 416 < 650 OK No shift 580 60.0 12.0 493 < 650 OK 735 624 < 650 OK 490 530 < 650 OK 20% shift 580 75.0 10.1 627 < 650 OK 735 795 > 650 No 490 504 < 650 OK 15% shift 580 70.6 10.4 597 < 650 OK 735 756 > 650 No Kitiab 490 480 < 650 OK 10% shift 580 66.7 10.7 568 < 650 OK 735 720 > 650 No 490 433 < 650 OK No shift580 60.0 11.4 512 < 650 OK 735 649 < 650 OK b) Calculation of NPSH (AV)

The relationships between the pump installation position and available net positive suction head [NPSH (AV)] as well as pumping water quantity, number of revolution and required net positive suction head [NPSH (RQ)] are as indicated as follows.

NPSH (AV) = Pa – Vp – Hsl + Has – α

Pa: 9.9 Barometric pressure at Msl. 350 m (m) Vp: 0.58 Saturated steam compression at 35 water temperature (m) Hsl: 0.94 Suction head loss (m) at 1.4 m3/s (HWL) 0.48 Suction head loss (m) at 1.0 m3/s (LWL) Has: Suction head (m) (= WL – Elevation of pump center) α: Allowance water head, h= 2.5 m:0.5 m, h=3.0 m:0.75 m h=3.5 m:1.0 m, h=4.0 m:1.25 m and h=4.5 m:1.5 m (More allowance given for higher instability due to larger suction head)

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Table 2.19 Calculation of NPSH (AV)

Aliab Kitiab Items Case HWLLWLHWLLWL Suction HWL(m) 354.50 355.30 Suction LWL(m) 347.30 348.00 1 (h=2.5) 349.80 350.50 2 (h=3.0) 350.30 351.00 Pump 3 (h=3.5) 350.80 351.50 Center 4 (h=4.0) 351.30 352.00 5 (h=4.5) 351.80 352.50 1 (h=2.5) 4.70 -2.50 4.80 -2.50 2 (h=3.0) 4.20 -3.00 4.30 -3.00 Has (m) 3 (h=3.5) 3.70 -3.50 3.80 -3.50 4 (h=4.0) 3.20 -4.00 3.30 -4.00 5 (h=4.5) 2.70 -4.50 2.80 -4.50 1 (h=2.5) 12.6 5.8 12.7 5.8 2 (h=3.0) 11.8 5.1 11.9 5.1 NPSH 3 (h=3.5) 11.1 4.3 11.2 4.3 (AV) (m) 4 (h=4.0) 10.3 3.6 10.4 3.6 5 (h=4.5) 9.6 2.8 9.7 2.8 c) Calculation of NPSH (RQ)

NPSH (RQ) = )S/QxN( 3/4

S: Suction Specific Speed N: Number of revolution N(1)＝490min-1 N(2) = 580min-1 Table 2.20 NPSH (RQ) for suction at【LWL】

Rated Q N(1)=490 N(2)=580m Item Case S m3/min min-1 in-1 Q1 (20%) 60.0 1,400 2.4 3.0 NPSH (RQ) Q2 (15%) 60.0 1,400 2.4 3.0

(m) Q3 (10%) 60.0 1,400 2.4 3.0 Suction S Specific Speed Q4 ( 0%) 60.0 1,400 2.4 3.0 Discharge (%)

Figure 2.9 Suction Specific Speed Table 2.21 NPSH (RQ) for suction at【HWL】

Qmax N(1)=490 N(2)=580 Item Case Q (m3/min) Qmax (%) S (m3/min) min-1 min-1 Q1 (20%) 75.0 130.0 97.5 750 7.6 9.5 NPSH (RQ) Q2 (15%) 70.6 132.5 93.5 700 8.1 10.1 (m) Q3 (10%) 66.7 135.0 90.0 620 9.2 11.6 Q4 ( 0%) 60.0 140.0 84.0 500 11.8 14.7 Note）Qmax is the pump discharge (%) at HWL(at the Minimum Actual Head)

2-37 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan d) Examination on cavitation

In order to protect the pump from harmful cavitation occurrence, it is necessary to adjust and fix the number of revolution, installation position and shifting of design point of pump in a way that the NPSH (AV) to be utilized by pump will be larger than the NPSH (RQ) to be required by pump.

[ Allowable Water Head = NPSH(AV) - NPSH(RQ) ≧ 0 ]

In the followings, comparisons are made for both cases of LWL and HWL of suction water level on the changes of NPSH (AV) and NPSH (RQ) in accordance with the differences in the number of revolution, installation position and shifting of design points.

Suction water level at LWL (For Aliab and Kitiab)

Table 2.22 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 ( 0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 - NPSH h=3.0m 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 - (AV) h=3.5m 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 - (m) h=4.0m 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 - h=4.5m 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 - NPSH (RQ) (m) 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 - h=2.5m 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 OK Allowance Water Head h=3.0m 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 OK (m) = h=3.5m 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 OK NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 OK -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 OK

Table 2.23 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 (0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 - NPSH h=3.0m 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 - (AV) h=3.5m 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 - (m) h=4.0m 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 - h=4.5m 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 - NPSH (RQ) (m) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 - Allowance h=2.5m 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 OK Water Head h=3.0m 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 OK (m) = h=3.5m 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 OK NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 OK -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1 No

At the suction water level of LWL, all cases except for the case of N(2)=580min-1 and h=4.5m indicate safe pump running without occurrence of cavitation for all of the schemes.

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Suction water level at HWL

Aliab

Table 2.24 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 ( 0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 - NPSH h=3.0m 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 - (AV) h=3.5m 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 - (m) h=4.0m 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 - h=4.5m 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 - NPSH (RQ) (m)7.6 8.1 9.2 11.8 - OK Allowance h=2.5m 5.0 4.5 3.3 0.8 Water Head h=3.0m 4.3 3.8 2.6 0.1 OK (m) = h=3.5m 3.5 3.0 1.8 -0.7 OK, Hached:No NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 2.8 2.3 1.1 -1.4 OK, Hached:No -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m 2.0 1.5 0.3 -2.2 OK, Hached:No

Table 2.25 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 (0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 12.6 12.6 12.6 12.6 - NPSH h=3.0m 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 - (AV) h=3.5m 11.1 11.1 11.1 11.1 - (m) h=4.0m 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 - h=4.5m 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.6 - NPSH (RQ) (m) 9.5 10.1 11.6 14.7 - OK, Hached:No Allowance h=2.5m 3.1 2.5 1.0 -2.2 Water Head h=3.0m 2.4 1.7 0.2 -2.9 OK, Hached:No (m) = h=3.5m 1.6 1.0 -0.5 -3.7 OK, Hached:No NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 0.9 0.2 -1.3 -4.4 OK, Hached:No -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m 0.1 -0.5 -2.0 -5.2 OK, Hached:No

Kitiab

Table 2.26 Allowable Water Head in case of N(1) = 490min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 ( 0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 - NPSH h=3.0m 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 - (AV) h=3.5m 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 - (m) h=4.0m 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 - h=4.5m 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 - NPSH (RQ) (m)7.6 8.1 9.2 11.8 - OK Allowance h=2.5m 5.1 4.6 3.4 0.9 Water Head h=3.0m 4.4 3.9 2.7 0.2 OK (m) = h=3.5m 3.6 3.1 1.9 -0.6 OK, Hached:No NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 2.9 2.4 1.2 -1.3 OK, Hached:No -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m 2.1 1.6 0.4 -2.1 OK, Hached:No

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Table 2.27 Allowable Water Head in case of N(2) = 580min-1

Item Case Q1 (20%) Q2 (15%) Q3 (10%) Q4 (0%) Adjudication h=2.5m 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 - NPSH h=3.0m 11.9 11.9 11.9 11.9 - (AV) h=3.5m 11.2 11.2 11.2 11.2 - (m) h=4.0m 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 - h=4.5m 9.7 9.7 9.7 9.7 - NPSH (RQ) (m)9.5 10.1 11.6 14.7 - OK, Hached:No Allowance h=2.5m 3.2 2.6 1.1 -2.1 Water Head h=3.0m 2.5 1.8 0.3 -2.8 OK, Hached:No (m) = h=3.5m 1.7 1.1 -0.4 -3.6 OK, Hached:No NPSH(AV) h=4.0m 1.0 0.3 -1.2 -4.3 OK, Hached:No -NPSH(RQ) h=4.5m 0.2 -0.4 -1.9 -5.1 OK, Hached:No

5) Determination of number of revolution, installation position and design point

The operation point of pump moves around considerably within the range of pump characteristic curve depending on the seasonal water level fluctuation, but the frequency of operation appears the highest at the operation point around 10 % shifted from the rating point to the larger discharge side. This indicates the design point to be fixed around this point may lead to the minimum energy cost to be incurred by pump running.

With this concern, it is noted that the higher the height of pump shaft from the LWL level, more likely the cavitation will occur with the running at HWL causing damages on pump durability, though the civil work cost may be lower.

As is the case, those calculation results shall be comprehensively judged to determine the shifting percentages of design point, the number of revolution and the position of pump installation. It is noted that the pipe diameter shall remain as tentatively fixed at 800 mm for suction and 600 mm for discharge.

Table 2.28 Number of revolution, shifting % of design point and installation position Revolution of Pump N = 490min-1 (12 polar motor ） Percentage of shifting of design Q3：To be shifted the design point for point from rating point 10% to the large discharge side Pump Shaft installation position h = 4.5m above LWL

In this case, since the pump installation position is considerably high above the LWL, water sealing pump shall be provided to meet the requirement of vacuum tractive force for the pump operation.

The rating points and design point of pump are as shown in the (Table 2.29). Table 2.29 Rating point and design point of pump Irrigation Scheme Aliab Kitiab Pump Discharge (m3/s) 1.00 1.00 Rating Point Total Head (m) 12.00 11.40 3 Design Point* Pump Discharge (m /s) 1.11 1.11 (10% shifted） Total Head (m) 11.2 10.7 Note : * Pump discharge and total head indicated for design point are approximate values.

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Pump Characteristic Curve Aliab Scheme (Design Point shifted by 10%) 16.00 160.0 15.00 150.0 Ｈｔ(m) 14.00 140.0 Ｈamax(m) Jan 13.00 130.0 Feb 12.00 Rating Point 120.0 Mar 11.00 110.0 Apr May 10.00 100.0 Design Point Jun 9.00 Ha max 90.0 Jul 8.00 80.0 Aug Sep Head (m) Head 7.00 70.0

Ha ave Pηp(%), (KW) Oct 6.00 60.0 Nov 5.00 50.0 Dec 4.00 40.0 Ave.H Ｈamin(m) 3.00 30.0 ηp(%) 2.00 20.0 ＰSH(kw) 1.00 Ha min 10.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.11 0.22 0.33 0.44 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.22 1.33 1.44 1.56 Discharge (m3/s)

Figure 2.10 Pump characteristic curve and resistance curve in case of 10 % shifting of design point (Aliab)

(5) Pump shaft power and planned motor output

The pump shaft power required can be calculated with the following formula.

Formula for Pump Shaft Power

L = 0.163・Q・H・γ/(η/100)

L: Pump shaft power (kW) Q: Discharge (m3/min) H: Total head (m) γ : Unit weight of water; 1.0 (kgf/l) η : Pump efficiency (%); 83.5 % at design point and 80.0 % at rating point for centrifugal pump, and higher than 80.5 % at design point for mixed flow pump

The planned motor output is estimated with the following, where, the power transfer efficiency and allowance are added on the basic pump shaft power.

Formula for motor output

P = L・(1+A)/ηt

P： Planned motor output (kW) L： Pump shaft power (kW) A： Allowance (0.15 for the case of electric motor) ηt： Transfer efficiency (Fixed at 1.0 as direct jointing is applied)

As the power source, electric motors shall be adopted and standard type is planned in view of the compatibility. As is the case, the following motor capacities are determined.

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Aliab 170 kW

Kitiab 160 kW

K 14 Kassala 480 kW

Based on the above, the outline specifications of pump facilities and the pump station planning are as shown in the (Table 2.31) .

(6) Examination of valves

For the 2 schemes in RNS, valves shall be provided at the positions required. The followings are the results of the examination.

1) Sluice valve on suction side

Suction water level will largely fluctuate and sometimes the water level stay higher than the pump installation position, and it is necessary to provide sluice valve on suction side so as to protect the inside of pump station from water inflowing. In the normal operation the valve is fully opened and the valve size is selected as small one, then the type should be manual butterfly valve.

2) Sluice valve on discharge side

At the time of starting the pump operation, there will be an inhalation of air as caused by the vacuum pump running. To shut this air, a valve is necessary to be provided. The valve type is of electric-driven butterfly valve considering the location of valve installation far from the electric room and the small valve size.

3) Check valve

In case of main pump shut-down in a condition the discharge valve opened due to the sudden power cut etc, a check valve is needed on the discharge side to stop the pumped water to counter to pump equipment.

4) Flap valve

Flap valve will be provided on the discharge side for the purpose to protect leakages to some extent in case of some defects on the pipes and also to avoid intrusions of small animals, mud and sands flowing into pumps during the suspension of pump running.

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Table 2.30 Outlines of pump facilities and pump station planning

Irrigation Scheme Aliab Kitiab New Halfa K14

Design Discharge (Maximum Discharge) m3/s 3.58 3.93 9.91

Appearance Month - Jan Feb Sep

Number of Pump Nos 4 4 3

Discharge per unit (Rating Discharge) m3/s 1.00 1.00 3.50

Highest Suction WL (HWL) m 354.50 355.30 465.46

Lowest Suction WL (LWL) m 347.30 348.00 463.75

Design Discharge WL (DWL) m 355.90 356.10 472.55

Maximum Actual Head (Hamax) ｍ 8.60 8.10 8.80

Minimum Actual Head (Hamin) ｍ 1.40 0.80 7.09

Maxmum Range of Suction Water level Fluctuation ｍ 7.20 7.30 1.71 (Fhmax)

Loss Head in Suction Pipeφ800mm (Hsl) ｍ 0.48 0.45 0.05

Loss Head in Discharge Pipe φ600mm (Hdl) ｍ 2.84 2.83 0.75

Total Loss Head in Pipeline (Hl) ｍ 3.32 3.28 0.80

Calculated Total Head (Htc) m 11.92 11.38 9.60

Rating Total Head (Ht) m 12.00 11.40 9.60

Proposed Diameter of Suction (S.dia.) mm 800 800 1,200

Proposed Diameter of Dischrge (D.dia.) mm 600 600 1,200

Pump efficiency at Rating Point ％ 80 80 80.5

Revolution of Pump (Pole of Motor) min-1 490 (12P) 490 (12P) 490 (12P)

Output of Motor ｋｗ 170 160 480

Holizontal Type Duble Holizontal Type Duble Type of Pump ‐ Vertical Type Mixed Flow Suction Volute Suction Volute

Units of Pump procured by Sudan side Nos 2 2 -

Holizontal Type Duble Holizontal Type Duble Type of above Pump & Nominal Capacity ‐ - Suction Volute 1.0m3/s Suction Volute 1.0m3/s

Proposed units of Pump by Japan Grant Aid Nos 2 2 3

Height from LWL to Pump Center Level (h1) ｍ 4.50 4.50 -

Height from LWL to Pump Floor Level (h2) ｍ 2.90 2.90 -

Height from HWL to Entrance Floor (h3) ｍ 1.00 1.00 -

Entrance Floor Level (FL) ｍ 355.50 356.30 -

Pump Floor Level (PFL) ｍ 350.20 350.90

Existing Ground Level (GL) ｍ 354.83 354.86 -

Wall Height of Basement of Pump Station (H) ｍ 5.30 5.40 -

D.WL FL GL HWL h3 Discharge Pipe φ Pump 1.6m H FHmax PFL h1 Suction Pipe φ LWL h2 Figure 2.11 Dimensional section of pump station

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2-2-2-5 Electric Equipment

Electric equipment is designed according to the following criteria:

1) Equipment should be high in quality, reliable and durable. 2) It should be compact, light in weight and require small space for installation. 3) The circuit system and secure system shall be so selected that the electric cutoff range is minimized in case of occurrence of damages and repairing works. 4) Equipment should be easy in operation and maintenance with few possibilities of mis-operation. 5) It should be safe for the operators and maintenance persons. 6) It should be functionally rationalized and economical. 7) It should be easy for carrying into or out. 8) It should be designed in consideration of the natural conditions like high temperature and high humidity. 9) It should be designed to cope with natural disasters like flood and sandstorm.

(1) Incoming Equipment

Public electricity will be used as electric power source for the equipment. Since the public electricity in River Nile State is 33kV, 50Hz and in Kassala State, 11kV, 50Hz, electric power of low voltage for the usual equipment should be changed to 415V, 50Hz by using transformer.

Transformer should have protection device (RMU: Ring Main Unit) according to the Sudan Standards. Required transformer capacity is decided after calculated the total capacity of shaft power, electric efficiency, power factor, prime mover number and transformer performance as well as selected as generally used range. Its results show that for Aliab and Kitiab, 1,500kVA capacity is decided and supplied by Sudan side, and for K14, 3,000kVA capacity by Japan side. (Refer to Annex 6-6 and 6-7)

(2) Control Panel

Control panel is designed that electric power is received from incoming low voltage panel and supplied to pump panels Electric control would use the low voltage, single phase, 200V, 50Hz, being equipped with the small transformer in the receiving panel to be distributed to the pump panels. Electric sequence would be used like inter-locking system which can protect more than one pump starting simultaneously. Local pump panels and/or central control panel should not be equipped for simple operation. Therefore, control panel would have receiving panel, pump panels and auxiliary panel. Auxiliary panel controls the lighting of inside pump building, overhead crane, drainage pump. Expected panel sizes are of 700 to 1,000mm in width, 1,500mm in length and 2,200mm in height.

Table 2.31 Number of required panels Name of Scheme Receiving Panel Pump Panel Auxiliary Panel Aliab 1 4 1 Kitiab 1 4 1 K14 1 3 1

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(3) Operation methods

Operation methods would be decided considering the investment cost, maintenance cost, economy and operators’ skills. Since the pump control in Sudan is conducted by the manual switches on pump panels for electric prime movers, these systems should be followed by the Project. It would be the best way for the Project because operators in the Project sites are not used for the electric operation and the equipment are not systemized for the synchronized operation.

1) Conditions for starting

Conditions for starting pump operation should include the followings:

i) Water level of elevated water tank is higher than the specified level

ii) Starting device is on the starting position

iii) Water level of water reservoir of vacuum pumps is higher than the provided level

iv) Protection devices are not operated.

v) Another pump is not under starting

vi) Electricity reaches to the panel.

2) Starting of pump

Starting system of pump should have the following devices:

i) Before the starting; starting the vacuum pump, water supply to pump shafts, maximum water level in the pump, etc.

ii) For starting: switch for starting prime mover

iii) For after started: stopping vacuum pump at the maximum water level in the pump

3) Stopping of pump

Stopping system of pump should be designed as follows:

i) For stopping: switch for stopping

ii) For after stopped: stopping the water supply to pump shafts

4) Protection devices

In case that the any troubles happened during operation, the devices work to indicate according to the emergency levels such as by stopping, alarming and lamp-lit. Protection devices should be equipped as follows: (* marks are not applicable for K14 pump station.)

Heavy damages

Water level is lower than the specified water level (*)

Over load of main motor

Over current of main motor

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High temperature of bearing

Heavy damage on electric circuit

Light damage

Damage of well pump (*)

Damage of vacuum pump (*)

Damage on electric circuit

5) Meters and Breakers

Meters and breakers for control panels should be equipped as follows: (* marks are not applicable for K14 pump station.)

Displays and meters

Electric power, Full water level (*), completion of starting conditions, starting, operation, voltage meter, ammeter, frequency meter, hour meter, emergency display

Breakers

Electric breakers for pump operation, emergency button a) Sequence drawing for starting and stopping of pump

Sequence drawing for starting and stopping of pump for three schemes in River Nile State would be as follows:

Starting Stopping

Conditions & Stopping Operation Operation

Starting Vaccum pump timer starting ON (In case of low intake water level)

Full water Pump level starting

Discharge Discharge Provided valve fully valve speed closed closing

Discharge Discharge valve valve Opening fully closed

Starting Discharge Pump Vacuum pump timer valve stopping stopping OFF fully open

Figure 2.12 Sequence Drawing for Starting and Stopping of Pump (for 2 schemes in River Nile State)

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2-2-2-6 Pump station building and incidental facilities

(1) Style of building

Pump station building is constructed for the purpose to protect the equipment and O&M works from winds and rains, and the structure and layout shall be of percolation-proof from outer and inner basin as well as rain water.

The style of the building is in general to be determined in consideration of the kinds and types of pump and in connection with the suction sump. For the subject project, a horizontal volute type pump is to be adopted and intake is directly from the Nile River without having the suction sump. Water level fluctuation in the Nile River is quite large and therefore the building is planned as a single-floor type located at the basement at the level where pump operation can be made without cavitation even with the low water level. Also the wall height of the basement building shall be designed at 1 m higher than the highest high water level of Nile River and the building shall be provided with required drainage pump so that the groundwater inflow and leakage water from the joints with pumps could be readily pumped out.

(2) Manner of equipment/facilities carrying-in

The pump station is to be equipped with an overhead crane (7.5 ton) for the purpose to carry-in such major equipment as pump and motor etc. To allow in-and-out of these equipment, the station building shall have the carry-in entrance with the height and width sufficient for easier operation of works. The carry-in floor shall be designed 30 cm higher than the neighboring ground level so as not to allow flood water flowing into the building.

(3) Design of rooms

1) Pump room

The plan of pump room shall be decided mainly by the alignment of pumps. The alignment shall be considered in a way that pumps may satisfy various hydraulic conditions required by pump operation and also attention be paid on daily operation, inspection and maintenance to be made easily and safely.

Under the subject project, double-suction pump is to be introduced and the linear alignment shall be adopted where hydraulic condition is the best without having eccentric flow. In the case of linear alignment, the length of building becomes a little longer in the right angle direction to the pumped water flow, however, there is no problem in the required land lot for construction. The length between beams of the pump room shall be calculated by adding the suction and discharge pipe lengths on the dimensions of the space between each of flange face, assuming that such major equipment as pumps, valves, motors and etc be hanged vertically by the overhead crane. While, the length of building (Right angle direction to the flow) shall be so determined that the required space for effective O&M works could be secured around the pumps and motors under the concept of safety first. Further, the height of the building may be determined taking into consideration the height of hanging required for installation as well as O&M works for the equipment in the pump room.

2) Electric room (Operation control room)

As the facility for operation control, a partitioned room is provided in the station building with control

2-47 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan panel, though none of particular O&M office space be provided. The operation control room shall be located at the back of carry-in floor with having enough space for some office work. The room space is considered to be 6.0 m x 5.3 m size taking into account the number and size of control panel and the space required for office work. For the operation control room, it is necessary to provide some lightings and air-conditioning equipment to cope with the predicted high temperature.

Based on the considerations as above, the plan and section of pump station building are planned as shown in the following (Figure 2.13).

Figure 2.13 Plan and section of pump station building

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(4) Structure of building

The structure type of pump station building shall be of reinforced concrete which is superior in the characteristics of fire-proofing, durability and anti-wind, though concrete blocks shall be used for the wall body on ground. Besides, the project site is located at dry area with having very limited annual rainfall and the roof is designed as a flat type.

(5) Examination on foundation work

As the types of foundation works for pump station building, there are spread foundation, pile foundation and caisson foundation and the selection shall be made on considerations on the ground condition, characteristics of the upper structure, construction period as well as the economic aspect. Generally, the spread foundation is adopted for the case of about 2 m depth to the bearing stratum and the pile foundation for the depth longer than 5 m. In the followings, the allowable bearing capacity at the site shall be examined to judge whether the spread foundation type can be adopted for the project or not.

1) Formula for calculation of allowable bearing capacity

The allowable bearing capacity of the ground can be calculated by using the formula by Terzaghi (For continuous footing foundation) in which some compensation co-efficiencies be adopted on the shape of foundation and inclination/eccentric loads.

cu ・α･C( ＋･ rc ･β･γ1･･η･＋･γ NDiNBiNiq qf2qr ）･･

1 ･qq a 3 u 2 where qa : Allowable bearing unit stress (kN/m ) 2 qu : Ultimate bearing unit stress (kN/m ) C : Cohesion of the ground underneath the foundation loading surface (kN/m2) 2 γ1 : Unit weight of the ground underneath the foundation loading surface (kN/m ) When the ground is below groundwater level, the submerged unit weight shall be used. 2 γ2 : Unit weight of the ground above the foundation loading surface (kN/m ) When the ground is below groundwater level, the submerged unit weight shall be used. α, β : Shape factor (Table 2.32) Table 2.32 Shape factor Shape of the foundation Continuous Square Square Cercle loading surface α 1.0 1.2 1.0+0.2･B/L 1.2 β 0.5 0.3 0.5-0.2･B/L 0.3

Nc, Nr, Nq: Bearing capacity factor, which is a function of the angle of shear resistance (φ).

Df : Depth from the lowest ground surface adjacent to the foundation to the foundation loading surface (m) ic, ir, iq : Slope correction factor for the load

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B : Short side length of rectangle (m) Table 2.33 Bearing capacity factor φ Nc Nr Nq L : Long side length of rectangle (m) 0゜ 5.1 0 1 η : Correction factor due to the underlying 5゜ 6.5 0.1 1.6 dimensions (During normal condition 10゜ 8.3 0.4 2.5 15゜ 11.0 1.1 3.9 η=1.0) 20゜ 14.8 2.9 6.4 25゜ 20.7 6.8 10.7 2) Bearing capacity of ground foundation 28゜ 25.8 11.2 14.7 30゜ 30.1 15.7 18.4 32゜ 35.5 22 23.2 Based on the results of boring survey which has been 34゜ 42.2 31.1 29.4 conducted for each scheme, the allowable bearing 36゜ 50.6 44.4 37.8. capacities shall be calculated as follows. 38゜ 61.4 64.1 48.9 40゜or larger 75.3 93.7 64.2 The levels and embedded depths at the ground foundation beside the pump room and the independent footing foundation beside the electric room are as shown in the (Table 2.34) and the average N-value around the foundation surface was adopted in the examination.

Table 2.34 Result list of bearing capacity of ground foundation

Aliab Kitiab Carry-in floor level m 355.50 356.30 Pump floor level m 350.20 350.90 Current average ground level m 353.8 355.0 Thickness of base member m 0.40 0.40 Thickness of cinder concrete m 0.30 0.30 Foundation level in pump room m 349.50 350.20 Foundation level from current ground level m 4.30 4.80 Embedded level of foundation in pump room m 5.70 5.80 Depth of top of footing in electric room m 3.80 3.10 Thickness of footing member in electric room m 0.50 0.50 Foundation level in electric room m 351.20 352.70 Foundation level from current ground level m 2.60 2.30 Embedded level of foundation in electric room m 4.00 3.30

Figure 2.14 Bearing capacity factor

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10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 0 0 sandy sandy silt Basal surface of silt 4.00 Electric room GL-2.3m 5+6+16 sandy 6+8+21 sandy N= =9 N= =11 3.50 3 silt with 3 silt Basal surface of gravel Pump room GL-4.8m 5 sandy 5 silty silt sand sandy 16+16+6+19 =14 11+9+5+14 silt N= 4 N= =9 with 4 gravel sandy silty silt sand with 10 gravel 10

silty silty sand sand

silty 15 15 sanda with silty gravel sand

10 20 30 40 50 10 20 30 40 50 0 0 sandy sandy silt silt Basal surface of

sandy 2.70 Electric room GL-2.6m silty clay sand 2.80 25+29+29 24+21 clayey N= =27 Basal surface of sandy N= =22 sand 3 2 Pump room clay GL-4.3m 5 silty 5 sand silty sand N= 29+32+30 =30 N= 43+34+30 =35 sandy 3 3 clay silty sandy sand silt

10 10 clayey sandy sand silt

15 15 silty sand gravel with silt

Figure 2.15 Average N value of the ground and foundation boring

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Table 2.35 Result list of calculation of allowable bearing capacity (foundation of pump room)

Calculation of allowable bearing capacity (foundation of pump room) Item Formula Unit Alaib Kitiab Remark Width of foundation B (m) 11.80 11.80 Length of foundation L (m) 24.30 24.30 Degree of eccentricity e (m) 0.00 0.00 Width of foundation in consideration Be=B-2e (m) 11.80 11.80 of eccentricity Cohesion C (kN/m2) 0.0 6.0 result of test

3 Unit weight of supported ground γ1 (kN/m ) 9.0 9.0

3 Unit weight of embedded ground γ2 (kN/m ) 9.0 9.0 α 1.10 1.10 rectangle Coefficient of shape β 0.40 0.40 〃 Embedded depth Df (m) 5.70 5.80 ic 1.0 1.0 Coefficient of inclined load ir 1.0 1.0 iq 1.0 1.0 N-value of supported ground Ｎ 30.0 9.0 Angle of internal friction φ=√20Ｎ+15 （°） 39.0 28.0

Nc 67.9 25.8

Coefficient of bearing capacity Nr 77.3 11.2

Nq 56.0 14.7

Callibration coefficient for dimension η 1.0 1.0

ic・α･C･Nc (kN/m2) 0 170 (1)

2 ir・β･γ1・B･η･Nr (kN/m ) 3,284 476 (2) Ultimate bearing capacity 2 iq・γ2・Df・Nq (kN/m ) 2,873 767 (3) qu=(1)+(2)+(3) (kN/m2) 6,157 1,413 Safety factor n 3 3 normal time Allowable bearing capacity aq=qu/n (kN/m2) 2,052 471

Table 2.36 Result list of calculation of allowable bearing capacity (foundation of electric room)

Item Formula Unit Alaib Kitiab Remark Width of foundation B (m) 1.80 1.80 Length of foundation L (m) 1.80 1.80 Degree of eccentricity e (m) 0.00 0.00 Width of foundation in consideration Be=B-2e (m) 1.80 1.80 of eccentricity Cohesion C (kN/m2) 0.0 0.0

3 Unit weight of supported ground γ1 (kN/m ) 9.0 9.0

3 Unit weight of embedded ground γ2 (kN/m ) 9.0 9.0 α 1.20 1.20 Square Coefficient of shape β 0.30 0.30 〃 Embedded depth Df (m) 4.00 3.30 ic 1.0 1.0 Coefficient of inclined load ir 1.0 1.0 iq 1.0 1.0 N-value of supported ground Ｎ 22.0 9.0 Angle of internal friction φ=√20Ｎ+15 （°） 36.0 28.0

Nc 50.6 25.8

Coefficient of bearing capacity Nr 44.4 11.2

Nq 37.8 14.7

Callibration coefficient for dimension η 1.0 1.0

ic・α･C･Nc (kN/m2) 00(1)

2 ir・β･γ1・B･η･Nr (kN/m ) 216 54 (2) Ultimate bearing capacity 2 iq・γ2・Df・Nq (kN/m ) 1,361 437 (3) qu=(1)+(2)+(3) (kN/m2) 1,577 491 Safety factor n 3 3 normal time Allowable bearing capacity aq=qu/n (kN/m2) 526 164

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3) Determination of Foundation type

As the result of the examination made above, the spread foundation type shall be adopted for each of 2 schemes, as the maximum shear force computed based on the structural calculation is smaller than the allowable bearing capacity.

Table 2.37 Check of allowable bearing capacity Aliab Kitiab

Pump room Electric room Pump room Electric room

Allowable bearing capacity ① (kN/m2) 2,052 526 471 164

maximum subgrade reaction ② (kN/m2) 63 82 63 82

Judgement（①≧②） OK OK OK OK

(6) Structural calculation

In the structural calculation of the station building, such factors shall be taken into account as own weight, loads of pumps and pipes, surcharge load, buoyancy, uplift pressure, earth pressure water pressure as well as loads of overhead crane and water tank etc. The basic structure of the station building consists of beams, columns, walls and slabs, and the rigid frame analysis shall be made assuming a frame model in which beams, columns and walls support the loads acting on slabs and walls. In the analysis, it is assumed that the slabs are of two way slab fixed by beams and walls and also that the earth pressured underground wall is of two way slab fixed by columns (or walls) and the base plate.

(7) Water supply facilities

Concerning the 2 schemes in RNS, it is planned that facilities for shaft water sealing will be provided with so as to minimize the building cost. As is the case, it is necessary to equip the pump station building with an elevated water tank and deep well to supply the required water for sealing. Required water for sealing the vacuum pump shaft will also be supplied from the elevated water tank. The scale and dimensions of the water tank and deep well shall be capable to meet the requirement. The required water quantity and the scale of deep well are estimated as follows.

1) Deep well

-Requirement by pumps Pump shaft sealing : 30 lit/min x 4 units =120 lit/min Valve shaft sealing : 5 lit/min x 4 units = 20 lit/min Vacuum pump shaft : 35 lit/min x 1 unit = 35 lit/min Domestic in station : 20 lit/min Allowance : 20 % Total : 234 lit/min -Well pump head : 20 m (GL – Water surface) + 15 m (GL – E Water tank) + 3 m (Loss) ≒ 40 m -Diameter of well pump : φ65 mm -Motor output : 3.7 kW -Diameter of well : 150 mm

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2) Elevated water tank

1 kg/cm2 pressure is required for water sealing of pump shaft. Assuming that the piping loss in between the elevated water tank and the pump would be 2.5 m, the position of the elevated tank shall stay at 12.5 m higher than the pump and the tank may be located on the roof of the station building. In order to protect the temperature rising of the water to be supplied, the water tank shall be of concrete-made. The effective storage capacity of the water tank with which the frequency of pump operation will become the minimum can be computed through the following formula, where well pump capacity (Q) is applied with the assumption made at 30 minutes as the permissible operation frequency (T) without causing temperature rise on the water supplied.

V (m3) = Q (m3)/4 x T (min) = 0.234/4 x 30 = 2.55 m3

In addition, 30 % allowance shall be taken into account, and the capacity is to be planned at 3.32 m3.

(8) Other facilities

As the incidental facilities for the pump station building, walk ways and steps shall be provided for the purpose of easy O&M works. For the floor pumps will be installed, drainage ditches and drain pit will be provided. Concerning storage of spare parts required for due O&M works, the necessary stockyard shall be provided by the Sudan side either by rehabilitating the existing one or by newly construction.

2-2-2-7 Outline of Pump Equipment

Outline of pump equipment is shown in (Table 2.38).

Table 2.38(a) Outline of Pump Equipment (1/3) Aliab Irrigation Scheme

No. Description Specifications Unit

1 Pump Double Suction Volute Pump 4 sets （with prime 1.0m3/s x 12.0m、Speed 490mm-1 mover） Suction pipe size φ800mm、Discharge pipe size φ600mm Squirrel cage induction motor, totally enclosed, fan cooled, tropical usage 170kW, 12P, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, Speed 490mm-1 With common base and direct coupling between pump and motor

2 Vacuum Pump Water ring vacuum pump; 2 units 1 set （with prime 6m3/min/unit, Suction and discharge pipe size φ80mm mover） Water tank; 1 unit Squirrel cage induction motor, totally enclosed, fan cooled, tropical usage; 2 units 15kW/unit With common base and coupling between pump and motor

3 Valve Manual, butterfly type 4 units （Suction side） Size φ800mm

4 Check valve Swing type 4 units

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No. Description Specifications Unit

（Discharge side） Size φ600mm

5 Valve Motorized, butterfly type 4 units （Discharge side） Size φ600mm, 1.5kW

6 Flap Valve Applied size φ600mm – φ800 4 units （Discharge side）

7 Suction & Discharge Pipes Mild steel, with Flanges 4 sets Size of discharge side φ600 ～Size of suction side φ800mm

8 Control panel Self standing, mild steel made, tropical usage 1 lot （Receiving panel, Receiving panel; 1 panel Pump panels, Auxiliary Pump panel; 2 panels panel） Auxiliary panel: 1 panel With reactor starting and interlocking circuits, and room lighting system With cables and cable piping between transformer, control panels and motors

9 Spare parts - 1 lot

Table 2.38(b) Outline of Pump Equipment (2/3) Kitiab Irrigation Scheme

No. Description Specifications Unit

1 Pump Double Suction Volute Pump 4 sets （with Prime 1.0m3/s x 11.4m、Speed 490mm-1 mover） Suction pipe size φ800mm、Discharge pipe size φ600mm Squirrel cage induction motor, totally enclosed, fan cooled, tropical usage 160kW, 12P, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, Speed 490mm-1 With common base and direct coupling between pump and motor

2 Vacuum Pump Water ring vacuum pump; 2 units 1 set （with Prime 6m3/min/unit, Suction and discharge pipe size φ80mm mover） Water tank; 1 unit Squirrel cage induction motor, totally enclosed, fan cooled, tropical usage; 2 units 15kW/unit With common base and coupling between pump and motor

3 Valve Manual, butterfly type 4 units （Suction side） Size φ800mm

4 Check valve Swing type 4 units （Discharge side） Size φ600mm

5 Valve Motorized, butterfly type 4 units （Discharge side） Size φ600mm, 1.5kW

6 Flap Valve Applied size φ600mm – φ800mm 4 units （Discharge side）

7 Suction & Discharge Pipes Mild steel, with Flanges 4 sets

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No. Description Specifications Unit

Size of discharge sideφ600 ～Size of suction side φ800mm

8 Control panel Self standing, mild steel made, tropical usage 1 lot （Receiving panel, Receiving panel; 1 panel Pump panels） Pump operation panel; 2 panels Auxiliary panel: 1 panel With reactor starting and interlocking circuits, and room lighting system With cables and cable piping between transformer, control panels and motors

9 Spare parts - 1 lot

7 Suction & Discharge Pipes Mild steel, with Flanges 4 sets Size of discharge sideφ600 ～Size of suction side φ800mm

8 Control panel Self standing, mild steel made, tropical usage 1 lot （Receiving panel, Receiving panel; 1 panel Pump panels） Pump operation panel; 4 panels Auxiliary panel: 1 panel With reactor starting and interlocking circuits, and room lighting system With cables and cable piping between transformer, control panels and motors

9 Spare parts - 1 lot

Table 2.38(c) Outline of Pump Equipment (3/3) K14 Pump Station

No. Description Specifications Unit

1 Pump Vertical mixed flow pump 3 sets （With Prime 3.5m3/s x 9.6m、Speed 490mm-1 mover） Suction size φ1,200mm, Discharge size φ1,200mm Squirrel cage induction motor, vertical type, tropical usage 480kW, 12P, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, Speed 490mm-1 With installation base and coupling between pump and motor

2 Control panel Self standing, mild steel made, tropical usage 1 lot （Receiving panel, Receiving panel; 1 panel Pump panels） Pump panel; 3 panels Auxiliary panel: 1 panel With reactor starting and interlocking circuits, and room lighting circuit With cables and cable piping between transformer, control panels and motors

3 Transformer Outdoor type, Capacity: 3,000kVA 1 unit Input 11kV – Output 415V With incoming panel (Ring Main Unit)

4 Spare parts 1 lot

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2-2-2-8 Plan of discharge chamber Discharge Chamber Connection (1) Shape and dimension Canal

The discharge chamber is to dissipate the less than 12゜30' flow from discharge pipe, change the flow direction and divert the flow to the downstream canal so that the pressure fluctuation accompanying the sudden change of flow quantity as caused by the start and stop of pump operation can be less than 12゜30' absorbed in the chamber as the change of 2,000 water level in the chamber. more than 300mm For the transitional section connected Discharge Pipe with downstream canal, the shape and dimension shall be so designed that the φ800 Flap valve velocity would be gradually changed and 2,000 not causing non-uniform flow or waves Figure 2.16 Bearing capacity factor in the downstream water surface. To cope with this, the transitional angle shall be kept at less than 12*30’ and the base plate shall be provided with the slope gentler than 1:4.

Taking into account the examination result made as above, the shape and dimension of discharge chamber are determined as shown in the (Figure 2.16).

(2) Structural design

In the discharge chamber, tractive force will occur due to the disturbance of flow and the high velocity. Therefore, the structure shall be of firm reinforced concrete type. The vertical loads to be considered in the structural design include own weight, surcharge, internal water weight, buoyancy and uplift pressure etc and the horizontal loads are inclusive of earth pressure and water pressure to be considered in the analysis in the form of flume structure.

2-2-2-9 Plan of riverbank protection

(1) Installation range

For the river bank of the Nile River which flows through the RNS, there is no protection works provided in general, and there can be seen some parts eroded by the river flow with higher velocity during the floods. Subject pump station sites under the project are located on the straight line river bank but not on the water colliding river bank. Due to the possible erosion by river flow, however, the suction pipe embedded underground might be exposed and the safety of the pipe could be endangered with the trashes/drifts clinched. This requires riverbank protection works under the project for attaining sustainable operation of the pump station. The extent of the riverbank protection shall cover 10 m each of both upstream and downstream directions from the center of suction pipe considering the position of suction pipe embedded. Also for connecting the riverbank protection with the present bank, 2 m width space shall be secured.

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(2) Structure type

The structure of mortar masonry retaining wall by using natural stones shall be adopted for the protection works, considering the gentle slope of 1:2.0, safety against the effect of water flow, availability of required materials, other viewpoints including landscape evaluation, economy and easiness in construction etc. For the connecting work with the present riverbank and protection work for embankment slope, gabion works with high flexibility shall be adopted.

(3) Foundation works

In order to average the variable velocity distributions during the suction, it is necessary to secure sufficient space for the head of suction pipe. Also, it is preferable to provide structures to fix the suction pipe so as to protect the suction pipe with considerable length exposed from various actions/effects by the river flow. In view of the above considerations, retaining wall of plain concrete as in the (Figure 2.17) which will satisfy the both requirements as discussed shall be provided for the foundation portion for the riverbank protection works around the suction pipe. 2800 600

Figure 2.17 Foundation of protection works on suction pipe

Except the suction pipe portion, the foundation works for riverbank protection work shall be provided with the retaining wall as mentioned above as connected at the heads and gabion works shall be provided as the countermeasure to river bed scouring. 1100

Figure 2.18 Foundation of protection works except for suction pipe

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2-2-2-10 Rehabilitation Plan of Irrigation Canal and Diversion Facilities

In accordance with the priority given to each of the schemes, the target canal and related facilities to be examined are of the Aliab and Kitiab in River Nile State, and New Halfa in Kassala State. On the basis of mutual understanding for the project however, these canals will be implemented by the Sudan side, while the Grant Aid Project will cover the scope for the pump station, connection canal and soft component.

Firstly, the condition of each canal and relative structure are evaluated by inventory survey at site, then examination shall be made whether these need the improvement and rehabilitation or not. The canals in the scheme include largely Main and Minor and Major canal as well as Abu Ashreen and Abu Shitta canal which are of tail-end canals. In this examination, the Main and Minor canal which have significant role, shall be duly focused, since these canals are supposed to require large scale works with heavy machine, if in case of the improvement / rehabilitation be implemented.

As for the Abu Ashreen and the Abu Shitta, the design as well as the construction works are to be done by the Sudan side, because for these canals, it is easy to lead the water from the main or minor canal by the excavating work with man-power, and the alignment of tail-end are planned depending on the water management by the farmer themselves.

The follow table shows the information about the condition of the canals and relative structures in each scheme by the inventory survey. In the survey the team carried out the evaluation on the condition by the visual investigation.

Table 2.39 Result of the inventory survey for the canal related structure New Halfa Aliab Kitiab (Major canal) Required irrigation 3.58 m3/s 3.93 m3/s 9.91 m3/s water The canal is generally in The canal does not The canal cross section good condition, however secure the necessary is enough to flow the Main canal the dredged soil on the flow section which has necessary irrigation (named Major canal in both bank occupy the lower bank as compared water. New Halfa) maintenance road and with Aliab scheme. narrowing canal. The canal is in good The weed is on the The canal is in good condition canal, but it is not condition Minor canal problem when weed is removed. The gate has damage at Need the rehabilitation All gates are provided Regulator the end of the main due to the gate without with the proper (on the Main and canal. However mostly the spindle maintenance Major canal) the maintenance of gates is done properly. Diversion gate All gates are with the Almost all gates are with All gates are with the (B.P of Minor canal) proper maintenance the proper maintenance proper maintenance In the interview to the In the interview to the In the interview to the farmer, they do not have farmer, the volume of the farmer, the volume of the Remarks the big problem for the flow of main canal is not flow of main canal is not canal and gate enough. enough. due to the short operation. operation times.

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Table 2.40 Result of the inventory survey for the condition of the gates Items Gate size Aliab Kitiab New Halfa The gates require the rehabilitation None less than 3 gates None None The gates require the 1.0m2 replacement 1.0~2.0m2 None 4 gates None The gates require the less than None None None new installation 1.0m2 The regulator body require the None rehabilitation The regulator body require the 1 regulator 1 regulator None replacement

(1) The examination method of the canal capacity

All of the canal at the target schemes is of the earth canal. The required function of canal is to convey the irrigation water properly with the required water level and water volume supplied from the pump station. The size of the cross section is planned by the volume of the required water with Manning formula as follows, and the volume of the required water depends on each irrigation blocks as divided by the regulator or the irrigation area.

Q = A・V where Q : Discharge (m3/sec) A : Flow Area (m2) V : Average flow velocity (m/sec); Manning’s formula：V = 1/n・R2/3・I1/2 n : Roughness coefficient, for concrete lining canals：n = 0.015 and for other canals：n = 0.022 R : Hydraulic radius (m) I : Hydraulic gradient : 1/20,000 or average gradient of existing canal

Therefore the method of the examination for the canal capacity will apply the followings.

･Firstly, calculate the required water volume for the each irrigation block at schemes ･Secondly, examine the required size of the cross section to discharge for the above water volume

The way how to decide irrigation blocks is based on the site interview.

As mentioned above, the examination of the canal will be done with taking into consideration as the following objectives.

･Whether the maximum flow capacity can be flowed by the existing canal cross section or not ? ･Whether the clearance of dike against the water level be secured or not ? ･What is the relation between the water level on the design discharge and the farm land level ?

As for the detail method in examining the size of the existing canal section and required size of the canal section, it will be carried out as follows.

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1. The canal bed slope, bank slope and bed width are estimated for each section of canal, then the target cross section is selected from each irrigation blocks 2. The clearance of the water level is decided by referring Japanese Design book in which the following calculation formula is shown, and the clearance should be higher than the calculated figure. Fb＝0.05d＋β･hv＋hw Fb : clearance (m) d : depth of the design discharge hv : velocity head (m) In this case, it is no count due to slow velocity β : conversion coefficient from velocity head to static head. In general it is 0.5～1.0 hw : clearance for the waving of water surface. In this case it is 20cm

According to the site survey, the canal in the target schemes is operated to have water basin to a certain degree. (refer to Figure 2.19) Therefore the clearance is to be secured equivalent to the difference of the bed level Figure 2.19 The clearance by slope of the canal bed between upstream and downstream and the examination of the clearance need to take the effect into consideration. Above all, the clearance is decided to the larger figure with comparing the figure calculated by the formula and calculated by the difference of bed level. 3. The capacity of the cross section which is selected under the condition of above " 1." and include the clearance decided at above "2," is examined for the design discharge. The roughness coefficient is n=0.022 which is standard figure for the examination of the earth canal in Sudan. 4. If the canal does not have enough capacity for the design discharge, the cross section will be widen or heighten. As for the measure of excavating the canal bed to secure the necessary capacity, it will affect to lower the water level and cause the trouble of the irrigation at the farm land. Therefore basically, the method of the canal bed excavation will not be adopted, however, in case of reverse bed slope or similar, the canal bed will be excavated with trimming. As for the cross section in that case, the design canal slope of 1/20,000 will be applied which is standard figure for the examination of earth canal in Sudan. 5. Finally, the detail of target section on the canal for the improvement and rehabilitation will be decided by the examination of "3." and "4."

(2) The examination method of the related structures

The relative structures are represented by regulators, diversion gates and siphon. According to the inventory survey, these structures are mostly made of the bricks and the most of gates are of manufactured in Sudan. The basic policy for improvement and rehabilitation of these structures is to take into consideration the existing maintenance works as a precondition because these structures are generally small size and much numbers, and in case of executing the required improvement and rehabilitation, the measures for structures will be examined to be the same type as the existing.

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(3) The plan for improvement and rehabilitation of canal

The general plan is shown for each of target schemes. The detail plan of the works is shown in the (Appendix -6.11).

1) The canal on Aliab scheme

･Remarks of the examination

In Aliab scheme, the service area is divided to three (3) irrigation blocks (refer to the general plan) and the irrigation water is operated by the rotation method following a certain cycle decided by the manner. Therefore the size of the canal cross section at each irrigation blocks are decided by volume of the irrigation water which covers for the self-irrigation block and the other blocks to be irrigated at the same time with the former. Accordingly, in rotation manner, the size of canal cross section will be mixed with small and large one.

However, in the site, the existing canal section is planned as the similar size through the canals. The reason is considered that the irrigation to the farm land at once at main season and to be safe for the miss operation of the diversion gates, which lead to covey the excess irrigation water to the farm land.

Above all, the examination of the required size of the main canal cross section at each block are carried out under the condition of the planned maximum discharge of 3.58m3/s, so that it will be able to flow at each sections, implying that the sizes of the all cross sections are the same. For the examination of the minor canals, the irrigation blocks are calculated by the proportional distribution for the number and length of the canals, and the capacity of the existing section for the required discharge will be examined.

･Conclusion of the examination

The evaluation of the existing main and minor canal size for the required discharge is shown on the (table 2.41) and the detail calculation is on the (Appendix-6.12).

The main canal needs to widen the canal partially because the digging soil left on both bank of canal make the canal section narrow. Accordingly the basic way of the improvement of the main canal at Aliab scheme will be to widen the canal width.

The minor canal does not need to improve and rehabilitate. In the interview at site, there are no opinions and requests concerning the trouble of the minor canal and, additionally, these conditions are proved in this examination to have no problem.

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Table 2.41 The improvement plan for the Aliab scheme ・The general plan for the Aliab scheme

5 4 1 8

Name of canal Planned section Section Slope of canal Level of the B.P

From the point Main canal 1.6km back and Level EL 353.70 forward 100m The scale is different Ver. and Holi.

From the point

Main canal 3.6km back and Level EL 353.60

forward 100m

The scale is different Ver. and Holi.

4.4km～ Main canal 1/7,900 EL 353.50 5.8km

The scale is different Ver. and Holi.

6.6km～ Main canal 1/7,900 EL 353.30 8.0km

The scale is different Ver. and Holi.

10.0km～ Main canal 1/7,900 EL 352.70 11.4km

The scale is different Ver. and Holi.

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2) The canal on Kitiab scheme ･Remarks of the examination In Kitiab scheme, the service area is divided into three (3) irrigation blocks (refer to the general plan) and the operation of the irrigation water is carried out by the rotation method similar to Aliab scheme. Additionally the sizes of the cross section of canal at each irrigation blocks are planned with the similar size through the canals. Above all, the examination of the required size of the main canal cross section at each block are carried out under the condition of the planned maximum discharge of 3.93m3/s, so that it will be able to flow at each sections, implying that the sizes of the all cross sections are the same. In the examination of the minor canals, the irrigation blocks are calculated by the proportional distribution for the number and length of the canals, and the capacity of the existing section for the required discharge will be examined. ･Conclusion of the examination The evaluation of the existing main and minor canal size for the required discharge is shown on the (table 2.42) and the detail calculation is on the (appendix-6.12). The main canal needs to be widened throughout, however, in this scheme, there is a road along the main canal which serve as not only for the maintenance but also for the transportation for the residents at scheme. Therefore for the narrowing the road by widening the canal will make the trouble to the farmer and residents. Above all, as the main policy for the improvement of the canal, it heightening of the bank to secure the required size of the cross section is to be made with refraining from widening the canal except for the special condition. The minor canal does not need to improve and rehabilitate. In the interview at site, there are no opinions and requests concerning the trouble of the minor canal and, additionally, these conditions are proved in this examination to have no problem. Table 2.42 The improvement plan for the Kitiab scheme ・The general plane for the Kitiab scheme

Minor Canal (9.8km) Main canal

0 00

No need the improvement Minor canal 16

6 P(Floating) 2

P 1

0 1 River Reg.1 1 Reg.2 Nile Replace Reg.4 the two gates Reg.3 Reg.5 Replace the regulator with gate Main C anal (13.8km Need t ) 0 2000m he improvem ent for the w hole length

Name of canal Planned section Section Slope of canal Level of the B.P

whole length Main canal 1/9,700 EL 354.10 （13.8km）

The scale is different Ver. and Holi

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3) The major canal at New Halfa scheme

Examination shall be made for Kilo 14 pump station at New Halfa scheme in Kassala State, where the capacity of the major canal for the maximum discharge is 10.5m3/s, when three (3) pumps are operated all together.

･Remarks of the examination

With referring the standard cross section provided by the Ministry of the Irrigation, the examination will be done with the following conditions.

Table 2.43 The improvement plan for the New Halfa scheme Standard cross section condition Remaks

Discharge 10.5m3/s 3 pumps are driven together

Slope 1/10,000 by the Ministry

Roughness 0.022 Standard value in Sudan

Height 2.5m by the survey at site

･Conclusion of the examination

According to the calculation, at flowing rate of 10.5m3/s, the water depth become 1.73m at the section, which is within the maximum height of 2.5m, of the canal. The detail calculation is shown on the appendix.

(4) The plan of the improvement and rehabilitation for the relative structure Table 2.44 Standard size of the gates According to the site survey, the condition of the relative structure is No. Size figured out as follows. The gates with the trouble are caused by 1 1.24m×1.24m deformed spindle and gate, therefore these gates can not be operated 2 1.01m×1.01m as planned. 3 0.91m×0.91m These gates are to be replaced to new one preferably because these 4 0.76m×0.76m 2 are of small size with almost less than two (2) m . In addition, it is 5 0.50m×0.50m noted that the size of gates for the replacement should refer to the 6 0.35m×0.35m authorized size in Sudan. (refer to the table 2.44)

1) The relative structure in Aliab scheme

The relative structures in Aliab are the regulators. The gates of regulators with the trouble are three (3) gates on the main canal. (refer to the table 2.44) One of three (3) is leaning toward the side and, therefore, this regulator need to be replaced with the gate as well as its structural body.

In case of replacing the regulator, the steel gate is to be applied to be same width the existing type and the body is made by the bricks. The sizes of replacing gates are two gates of 0.76m×0.76m and one gate of 1.24m×1.24m by the site survey. These gates are available at Atbara near the scheme and therefore it is to be executed by the Sudan side.

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2) The relative structure in Kitiab scheme

The relative structures in Kitiab are the regulators. The gates of regulators with the trouble are two (2) gates of Reg.1 on the main canal and one (1) off-take gates for minor canal beside the Reg.1, and one (1) gate of Reg.4 on the main canal. (refer to the table 2.42)

In case of replacing the gates, the steel gate is applied to be same width the existing type and the body is rehabilitated by the bricks. The sizes of replacing gates should be located four (4) gates of 1.24m×1.24m. These gates are available at Atbara near the scheme and it is to be executed by the Sudan side.

3) The relative structure in New Halfa scheme

The relative structures in New Halfa are eight (8) numbers of the regulators. These structures have been properly maintained and without the trouble. These structures are available for use continuously.

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2-2-3 Outline Design Drawing

Drawing List DRW No. Drawing Name Pcs Aliab Irrigation Scheme 1-1 Aliab Pump Station Plan 1 1-2 Aliab Pump Station Profile 1 1-3 Aliab Pump Station Front Elevation 1 1-4 Aliab Pump Equipment Plan 1 1-5 Aliab Pump Equipment Section 1 1-6 Aliab Electric Single Line Diagram 1 Kitiab Irrigation Scheme 2-1 Kitiab Pump Station Plan 1 2-2 Kitiab Pump Station Profile 1 2-3 Kitiab Pump Station Front Elevation 1 2-4 Kitiab Pump Equipment Plan 1 2-5 Kitiab Pump Equipment Section 1 2-6 Kitiab Electric Single Line Diagram 1 Common Drawings for 2 Schemes (Aliab, Kitiab) 3-1 Pump Station Building 1 3-2 Sections of Pump Station Building 1 3-3 Typical Cross Section of Pipeline 1 3-4 Riverbank Protection Works (1/2） 1 3-5 Riverbank Protection Works (2/2） 1 3-6 Plan and Sections of Discharge Chamber 1 3-7 Cross Section of Connection Canal 1 New Halfa Irrigation Scheme Kilo 14 4-1 Kilo 14 Pump Equipment Plan 1 4-2 Kilo 14 Pump Equipment Section 1 4-3 Kilo 14 Electric Single Line Diagram 1

計 22

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2-2-4 Construction Plan/Procurement Plan

2-2-4-1 Policies on Construction/Procurement

(1) General

The subject project is to be implemented under the framework of a grant aid program being executed by the Government of Japan (GOJ). In case the project implementation is approved by GOJ after the completion of this outline design, an Exchange of Note (E/N) should be signed and entered by and between GOJ and GOS (Government of Sudan), and the project will enter into the implementation stage. For project implementation, the manner of contracting shall be a single contract with a lump sum payment condition.

Under the project, the major schemes to be rehabilitated/constructed include the following:

Construction of pump station and connection canal for;

- Aliab Irrigation Scheme, RNS

- Kitiab Irrigation Scheme, RNS

Provision of equipment and guidance for installation and test run of pump, motor and control panel for ;

- New Halfa Irrigation Scheme Kilo 14, Kassala State

(2) Active Use of Local Consultant and Contractors

In Sudan, there are a variety of contractors in its scale including small, medium and large. The large scale contractors are operating mainly in Khartoum, the capital city, and the vicinity and seldom engage in the small scale works in rural areas far from the capital. In RNS, there are small scale contractors who engage in small scale works locally bid such as individually operated hotels and residential houses on contract basis. While in Khartoum, there are some medium scale contractors who have the capacity to work as sub-contractor to foreign contractors having a reasonable number of construction machineries as well as engineers and technicians. The policy shall be to use actively those medium scale contractors for the planned construction works for the subject project.

(3) Necessity for Dispatching Engineers

In Sudan, there are few engineers and skilled technicians who have enough knowledge and technique/experience concerning the construction of pump station and installation, adjustment/tuning and test operation for large scale pump, equipment and control panel. Accordingly, it is considered necessary to dispatch the following engineers.

- Civil engineer to supervise pump station works

- Mechanical and electric engineers to supervise the related works on equipment, piping and electrical wiring

While for the New Halfa Irrigation Scheme Kilo 14 in Kassala State for which provision of material/equipment is planned, the following engineer is to be dispatched for the guidance and assistance on the works to be done by the Sudan side for installation, adjustment and test run of pump,

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- Mechanical and electric engineers

(4) Responsible and Implementing Organization from the Sudan Side

The responsible agency for subject Project is the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) which is concerning directly with the 2 schemes in River Nile State and K14 in Kassala State, and has submitted the request letter of the grant aid to Government of Japan. Therefore, Detailed design, bidding and construction works shall be proceeded under the authority of the MoAI.

Under the MoAI as the responsible agency, the National Wheat Production Project unit (NWPP) of MoAI is the implementation agency for 2schemes (Aliab, Kitiab) in River Nile State in collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State (MoAIF, RNS). In addition, Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Directorate of Mechanical and Electrical, Department of Irrigation) is the implementation agency for New Halfa K14 rehabilitation project in Kassala State in collaboration with New Halfa Agriculture Corporation. (Ref. Table 2.45)

Table 2.45 List of departments implementation organization Scheme Implementation Organization River Nile State Aliab pump station National Wheat Production Project unit (NWPP) of MoAI in collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State (MoAIF, RNS) Kitiab pump station National Wheat Production Project unit (NWPP) of MoAI in collaboration with Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State (MoAIF, RNS) Kassale State New Halfa Kilo 14 Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Directorate of Mechanical and Electrical, Department of Irrigation) in collaboration with New Halfa Agriculture Corporation.

2-2-4-2 Matters to be paid with due Attention in Construction and Procurement

(1) Construction aspect

1) Aliab pump station

This pump station is located along the Nile River ,being 6 km distance(Desert-irrigation O&M road) on the western direction from the intersection point with the asphalt-paved trunk road connecting between Khartoum and Port Sudan (Althady Road). At the construction site for the new pump station, there are existing buildings (Warehouses etc.) much deteriorated by aging and trees. It is confirmed that these existing substances at the site would be pulled down and removed by Sudan side to make the site in cleared condition prior to the commencement of construction works. As the construction site of the pump station is adhered to the Nile River, it is necessary to carry out the works for pipe installation and slope protection during the non-flooding period when the water level in the Nile be lower in the dry season. The construction site is neighbored with the existing pump station

2-91 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan which is being operated even during the construction period, and therefore, due attention shall be paid during the works so as not to cause any disturbances on the pump station and irrigation facilities at work. Further, it is noted that coffer dam is to be provided to protect the site from inflowing from the Nile River during the working period for installation of intake pipe and slope protection.

2) Kitiab pump station

This pump station situates at the left bank of the Nile River. Accordingly, the access is to be made by 2 steps. Firstly, move to the location being 7 km distance ( Desert-irrigation O&M road ) on the western direction from the intersection point with the asphalt-paved trunk road connecting between Khartoum and Port Sudan and secondly further move to the opposite side of Nile river by ferry boat to reach at the subject site. The space of the ferry boat is capable to carry only 4 units of 4-wheel sedan car, good for just 2 units of 4 ton cargo truck, implying that the ferry boat can not be used for transportation of equipment/materials for the subject construction works and for exclusive use for the project as well. Moreover, there is no bridge and other ferry boat services available in the vicinity areas. As is the case, there are no choices but to consider the access to the subject construction site for transporting equipment/materials for the project works from either of the following routings.

- Moving 67 km distance to the north (Left bank) and cross the river by the bridge in Atbara city

- Moving 72 km distance to the south 83eft bank) and cross the river by the bridge in Shendi city

However the road is in naturally-made at desert condition and not accessible during the rainy season. Further to mention, it is necessary to improve the road partly to be usable for passage by large vehicles.

There are many numbers of existing buildings deteriorated such as warehouse, oil tank, lodgings and etc. and trees standing in the planned construction site and it is confirmed that those buildings and trees will be pulled down and removed by the Sudan side prior to the commencement of the project construction works. As the construction site of the pump station is adhered to the Nile River, it is necessary to carry out the works for pipe installation and slope protection during the non-flooding period when the water level in the Nile be lower in the dry season. The construction site is closely neighbored with the existing pump station which is being operated even during the construction period, and therefore, due attention shall be paid during the works so as not to cause any disturbances on the pump station and irrigation facilities at work. Further, it is noted that coffer dam is to be provided to protect the site from inflowing from the Nile River during the working period for installation of intake pipe and slope protection.

(2) Procurement aspect

In the neighboring areas of construction site for each pump station, there are residential houses of beneficiary farmers scattering over the area. It is considered possible to employ those farmers as common labors during the period free from farming work. It is predicted, however, that these farmers will leave from construction works during the time they are fully occupied with farming works, making it rather difficult to secure long term stable employment from nearby areas throughout the construction period. To cope with this, it is planned that those key labors for long term employment, skilled labors and technicians shall be procured from Ed Damar, Atbara and/or Shendi.

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2-2-4-3 Scope of work and demarcation of work items/ obligations

The obligations of GOJ and GOS regarding work items under the overall project implementation shall be demarcated as indicated below. In this concern, it is noted that RNS government intends to store those important spare parts as needed for repairing serious defects out of the spare parts procured at the workshop under the management of RNS government, and it is necessary to secure a space sufficient for the purpose there.

Table 2.46 Demarcation of Work Items to be implemented by each Government To be covered by the Government of Schemes To be covered by the Government of Sudan (GOS) Japan (GOJ) Grant ・ Construction of Pump Station ・ To secure and clear the land for Construction of ・ Procurement and Installation of four(4) Pump Station including installation of the units of Pump and Incidental Equipment equipment and materials, and removal of ・ Procurement and Installation of Piping for warehouses and trees four(4) units ・ Provision of temporary yard for construction ・ Procurement and Installation of Control ・ Installation of Transformer with 1,500KVA Panel for four(4) units including foundation works and Electric Aliab ・ Incoming Works from High Voltage Transmission irrigation Cabling for Electric Incoming from Transformer to Control Panel Line to Transformer Scheme ・ Construction of Connecting Canal from ・ Provision of spare parts stockyard Discharge Basin to Existing Irrigation Canal ・ Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canal ・ Dispatch of two (2) Japanese experts for ・ Assignment of three(3) staff from MoAIF, RNS Implementation of Soft Components to work with Japanese experts for Implementation (Technical assistance) at three (3) schemes of Soft Components at two(2) schemes in RNS (in common with Kitiab in RNS and K14 in (in common with Kitiab). Kassala state). ・ Construction of Pump Station ・ To secure and clear the land for Construction of ・ Procurement and Installation of four (4) Pump Station including installation of the units of Pump and Incidental Equipment equipment and materials. ・ Procurement and Installation of Piping for ・ Provision of temporary yard for construction four(4) units ・ Installation of Transformer with 1,500KVA ・ including foundation works and Electric Kitiab Procurement and Installation of Control Panel for four (4) units Incoming Works from High Voltage Transmission Irrigation ・ Cabling for Electric Incoming from Line to Transformer Scheme Transformer to Control Panel ・ Provision of spare parts stockyard ・ Construction of Connecting Canal from ・ Rehabilitation of Irrigation Canal Discharge Basin to Existing Irrigation Canal ・ Assignment of three(3) staff from MoAIF, RNS ・ Implementation of Soft Component to work with Japanese experts for Implementation of Soft Components at two(2) schemes in RNS (in common with Aliab). ・ Procurement of three (3) units of Pump and ・ Removal of existing pump, motor and control Motor, Control Panel and Transformer with panels 3,000 KVA ・ Disembarkation, custom clearance at Port Sudan, ・ Dispatch the Engineer to assist installation inland transportation, unloading and storage of K14 and Test operation of Pumps and Control Equipment Pump Panels ・ Installation of Pumps and control panels Station ・ Implementation of Soft Component ・ Installation of Transformer including construction In of its foundation NHAC ・ Provision of temporary water supply during pump replacement works ・ Assignment of three(3) staff from NHAC to work with Japanese experts for Implementation of Soft Components at K14 scheme.

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2-2-4-4 Supervisory works for construction work and procurement

(1) Primary tasks and matters to be considered

In performing the supervision works under the project, the following shall be paid with due attention.

1) Primary tasks

- To fully grasp the contents and processes of outline design and detailed design

- To understand the framework and arrangements of the grant aid program by GOJ

- To grasp the contents of E/N and G/A signed by and between GOJ and GOS

- To cooperate with MoAI, MoAIF of RNS and NHAC for smooth implementation of the project

- To reconfirm the items agreed in the Outline Design stage to be covered by Government of Sudan

2) Matters to be considered in construction supervision

Construction schedule

- Confirmation shall be made on the procedures for custom clearance and tax exemption required for importing of equipment/materials under the project and due consultation be made with the agencies concerned like MoAI and MoAIF of RNS.

- Water level in Nile River differs considerably by 6-7 m in maximum between the dry season and rainy season. The high water level usually appears during 4 month period from July to October based on the data availed, and therefore, civil and/or building works for pump station is planned to be undertaken during dry season and during the high water level in rainy season other works including installation, test run and turn over shall be planned.

Quality control

- Quality of concrete is to be secured with paying due attention on temperature and working conditions

- In test running of new pumps, it is necessary to confirm the capacities obtained as designed

Safety control

- During the construction work period, attention shall be paid carefully so as not to cause any traffic as well as electric shock accidents

- Communication network for emergency case shall be made up

Documentation/records

- Such documents, drawings and records as shop drawing, construction drawing, as-built drawing, inspection records, meeting minutes and progress reports shall be properly managed and kept in order.

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(2) Organization for construction/procurement supervision and tasks

Consultant services for construction supervision of the subject project include the following.

- Consultation meeting among parties concerned before commencement of works

- Approval on the shop drawings and construction drawings

- Supervision on schedule/quality/safety controls of construction works

- Inspection of articles before shipping, checking on quality of work, various tests, quality inspection and inspection for work completion

- Required report preparation during the construction period

- issuance of certificate for construction work completion and for payment

For the organizational arrangement of the construction supervision, a resident supervisor shall be assigned for overall arrangement of construction works at the project site through the entire construction period, and for the occasions of commencement and completion of construction works, the advisory supervising engineer will participate and support the resident supervisor. While for the piping works for intake and discharge chamber and mechanical/electrical works as installation of pump and motor, engineers of respective field shall be dispatched for the specific purpose of supervision work for the specific period. In addition, a local civil engineer shall be assigned as an assistant to the resident engineer.

As for the supervision work for the K 14 pump station in Kassala State, for which provision of equipment/materials is planned, the task of consulting service is as follows.

1) Consultant services for procurement supervision shall include checking and inspection of goods/materials to be procured from Japan at the specified period and task items as indicated below through due reference to the specifications and contract documents to be made. In each stage of the subject procurement, it is necessary for the consultant to have a constant and close communication with the Sudanese authorities concerned.

Table 2.47 Occasions and task items for inspection/checking work Occasions Task items Prior to manufacturing, to check whether specifications and drawing are consistent with the Interim contract and contract drawing or not. After manufacturing, factory inspection documents shall be checked. Factory For major items, participate in capacity testing. Before the goods/materials be shipped, the appearance, quantities and the results of Before shipment capacity tests be confirmed and only those items granted with approval shall be embarked. Tasks include 1) confirmation on work schedule for installation and adjustment, 2) confirmation on inspection made before and after installation and guidance on O&M, 3) During installation confirmation on guidance made on test run/initial operation/, 4) confirmation on guidance for O&M and 5) Inspection and turn over of equipment/materials.

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2) Concerning the goods and materials procured in Sudan, related documents shall be checked based on the specifications, contract and contract drawings. During the installation works, supervision works be made for the installation guidance by the manufacturer. As for the installation works to be done by Sudan side, supervision service shall cover such work items as timing, period, personnel arrangement and the manner of installation.

3) For the two (2) schemes in RNS, the contractor will manage procurement and construction of all the work items with having the supervision by consultant. While for the K 14 pump station in Kassala State, the contractor will manage only procurement and the construction/installation shall be done by the implementing agency of Sudan government. The related manufacturer/supplier shall dispatch engineers for guidance as required, on which the consultant shall perform the supervisory services.

2-2-4-5 Quality control plan

Items to be covered by the quality control plan under the construction supervision for the project are as tabulated in the following (Table 2.48). A compression test for concrete shall be done with the sample once a day for each class of strength. A water pressure test is to be done for a certain distance of pipe length so as to confirm the leakage. Concerning the equipment which turns on an axis, controls on alignment/position and centering are required.

Table 2.48 Plans for Quality Control Work Items Control Items Methods Frequency Concrete Aggregate Grain size analysis Once Cement Physical/ chemical Once Concrete Slump Once/class/day Compression test Once/class/day Reinforcing Strength Tensile strength Once Arrangement position Inspection Every parts Form/support Positioning Locating/ manner Every parts Strength Design calc As required Structure Dimensions Measuring Every parts Pump Installation accuracy Positioning and measure on centering All equipment Electrical equipment Function Test run at test run Pipe material Strength/ dimension Check at mill test Each approval Pipe install work Dimension Appearance/ Visual size Check Each delivery Torque Torque wrench As required Joint Gap gauge As required Welding Color check As required Leakage Visual Check Entire section

Quality control on the equipment/materials to be procured shall be made with due reference to the specifications, contract documents and drawings. In case of matching of equipment/materials procured with the existing facilities, there might happen to be discrepancies between the standards applied. In this case, prior consultation with the implementing agencies concerned shall be necessary to find out the countermeasures to cope with the discrepancies.

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2-2-4-6 Procurement plan for equipment/materials

(1) Equipment and materials for construction works

Reinforcing bars (D 26 mm and smaller), cement, sand and gravel are available at the local markets in Sudan. All the other kinds of materials and equipment are mostly imported from foreign countries and the prices in Sudan are rather high and tend to rise up with higher ratio. Pumps and electrical equipment/devices which are the major ones under the subject project are planned to be procured from Japan, taking into consideration the quality as well as the reliable guaranteeing on the products and the preference confirmed by the implementing agencies of Sudan side. (Table 2.49) shows the origins (Source) of major equipment and facilities as well as materials to be procured under the subject project.

(2) Construction machineries

Such commonly used construction machineries as backhoe, bulldozer and crane are owned by local contractors and ready to be availed on rental basis. However, the rental cost stays at a higher level as caused by costly repairing costs due to the deteriorated machinery conditions by use for too long time.

Table 2.49 6rigins of Equipments/materials to be procured Sauce Items Remarks Sudan Japan Third Country Fine aggregate ● Coarse aggregate ● Cement ● Reinforcing bar ● ● Timber ● Plywood ● Steel scaffold and board ● Form ● Pipe (Large size) ● N/A at site Valve and accessories (Large size) ● N/A at site Pump and motor ● N/A at site Control panel ● N/A at site Transformer ●

(3) Procurement of equipment/materials

Equipment/materials to be procured under the project including motor, control panel and transformer etc have to be operated in a system, and therefore, it is necessary to plan the procurement with the following manner putting more emphasis on their functions.

1) Procurement procedures including designing, manufacturing, assembling, inspection and shipping shall be made systematically in a way that each of equipment/materials be unified functionally based on the standards applied.

2) Pump equipment and related materials to be designed, manufactured, assembled and inspected

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based on the standard applied are not produced in Sudan, and those shall be procured from Japan. For the transformer, however, there are some productions in Sudan in conformity with the IEC standard, and the source of procurement shall be either Sudan or Japan.

3) As to the equipment/materials procured for the 2 schemes in RNS, these are the needed equipment/materials for the new pump station construction and the whole process shall be included in the contractor’s work including domestic transportation to the site and installation.

4) While for the K 14 scheme in Kassala state, the equipment/materials are for replacement purpose and contractor’s work shall be completed by shipping of equipment/materials and the following procedures like custom clearance, domestic transportation to the site and installation shall be undertaken by Sudan side. Provided however, Japanese side shall be responsible for dispatching of engineers for guidance of installation works. It is noted that the equipment/materials procured shall be unloaded at Port Sudan and transported to the site through in-land transportation after the custom clearance.

Spare parts considered necessary for O&M are to be included in the subject procurement. Consumables included in the subject procurement are limited to only those of accessories/fittings for the time being, and the requirement in future shall be procured by Sudan side. In order to arrange the procurement of spare parts by Sudan side easier, it is necessary to select the equipment manufacturer and/or contractor who shall have sole sales agent or branch office in Sudan or the neighboring countries.

(4) Transportation route for procured goods

Those equipment/materials to be procured from Japan are to be shipped to Port Sudan, Sudan via port of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and after unloading, custom clearance and in-land transportation, the goods shall be delivered to the construction sites either in RNS or Kassala state. The main truck road from Port Sudan to RNS is in good condition in terms of the pavement condition and road width and capable for use by large trucks and trailers for smooth in-land transportation. However, the accesses from the branching point with the main trunk road to each construction site are of natural desert road, and the use in rainy season is hardly possible and also repairs and required O&M are very necessary partly even in the dry season. The main trunk road from Port Sudan to Kassala state is also in good condition both in pavement condition and the width and capable for use by large trucks and trailers.

2-2-4-7 Training plan for initial operation and maintenance

Concerning the intake pumps/related facilities as driven by electric motor procured from Japan, Sudan side has a limited experience in the operation, and the O&M expert of these facilities will undertake initial O&M training during the installation period including the following items.

2 schemes in RNS

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contractor will undertake the guidance and training for O&M staff of Sudan side concerning the operation and O&M of subject facilities. 3) Trial Operation: In order to unify the pump station facilities in one system, trial operation shall be continued for the duration sufficient for due confirmation. In the operation, mainly the confirmation shall be made by five senses where no records shall be required. 4) Initial operation: This shall be undertaken after the trial operation. Confirmation and inspection shall be made on whether or not the pump facilities fully function without defects. The operation shall cover several hours of duration until temperatures of each part of electric motor be stabilized as specified. During the period, the contractor shall keep the records of confirmation and inspection regularly. Moreover, the contractor shall provide for the O&M staff of Sudan side guidance during the trial operation on operation method as well as confirmation/handling of protective devices. 5) Operation guidance: This shall apply the actual operation mode. First the contractor shall operate the system and then substituted by the O&M staff of Sudan side. In the guidance, operation shall be trained in a practical manner on maintenance and inspection prior to the operation, measurements during operation and continued confirmation works, and due explanation is required so that the O&M staff be fully aware of the necessity and importance of the said works. For the above-mentioned stages of training, staff in charge of O&M of Sudan side shall participate. Taking into account the expertise both of mechanical and electrical aspects, the training shall be undertaken separately and/or combined together depending on the adequateness. The number of participants for the training shall be several for each stage and finally subject to the intention by the contractor. Sudan side is requested to submit through the consultant to the contractor the request paper indicating the number of participants and their name list to discuss the matter to reach an agreement.

K 14 scheme, Kassala state

1) Installation: The contractor shall undertake all works under the supervision by the consultant. 2) Installation/inspection before operation: Inspection/records shall be made whether or not the equipment/materials be installed accurately in accordance with the specification. For the operation, mechanical works and electrical works shall be made in an integrated manner since a unified and systematic function is necessary for one pump system. During this occasion, the contractor will undertake the guidance and training for O&M staff of Sudan side concerning the operation and O&M of subject facilities. 3) Trial Operation: In order to unify the pump station facilities in one system, trial operation shall be continued for the duration sufficient for due confirmation. In the operation, mainly the confirmation shall be made by five senses where no records shall be required. 4) Initial operation: This shall be undertaken after the trial operation. Required guidance shall be provided for confirmation and inspection on whether or not the pump facilities fully function without defects. The operation shall cover several hours of duration until temperatures of each part of electric motor be stabilized as specified. During the period, the contractor shall keep the records of confirmation and inspection regularly. Moreover, the contractor shall provide for the

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O&M staff of Sudan side guidance during the trial operation on operation method as well as confirmation/handling of protective devices. 5) The operation shall be made in an ordinary practical manner for which guidance shall be provided in a way that the operation can be managed only by the O&M staff of Sudan side. Further, in the guidance, operation shall be trained in a practical manner on maintenance and inspection prior to the operation, measurements during operation and continued confirmation works, and due explanation is required so that the O&M staff be fully aware of the necessity and importance of the said works. For the above-mentioned stages of training, taking into account the expertise both of mechanical and electrical aspects, the training shall be undertaken separately and/or combined together depending on the adequateness. The number of participants for the training shall be several for each stage and finally subject to the intention by the contractor. Sudan side is requested to submit through the consultant to the contractor the request paper indicating the number of participants and their name list to discuss the matter to reach an agreement.

2-2-4-8 Soft Component Plan

(1) Background of Planning the Soft Components To realize increase of crop productivity through upgrading food production infrastructure, introduction of the soft components is necessary in addition to improvement of so called hardware such as pumps, pump stations and incidental facilities as explained below. Actual guidance for O & M of provided pumps and facilities are included in a part of the construction work and procurement of facilities, and therefore, such guidance and training works are not included in the soft component. Also strengthening of farming technology and agricultural extension service are necessary to increase productivity, but they are not included in the proposed soft components because it is considered that such activities will take a long time to attain actual outcomes in the short period of the grant aid project. 1) Strengthening of Management Capacity of Irrigation Schemes Annual data and information management on number of beneficiaries, areas, crop production and yield, O&M costs, revenue and expenditure etc of the targeted schemes is inadequate to analyze management conditions in its quantity and quality. At present, limited information/data are recorded just only on note kept by scheme manager. In order to upgrade record management, it is necessary to introduce personal computers to keep various records systematically, which will lead schemes to easier constraint analysis, higher water rate collection, and easier transfer of management technology to the next generation. 2) Strengthening of O&M of Irrigation Facilities Roles for O&M of irrigation facilities such as pump facilities, main and minor canals, gates, and tail-end canals are shared in the concerning organizations. However, O&M of these facilities have not been executed according to the roles of each organization, resulting in insufficient irrigation service till tail-end canals. To improve irrigation condition from upstream to tail-end canals to make on-time and on-demand irrigation service, it will be necessary to strengthen O&M capacity of schemes focusing on dredging, weeding on canals, regular inspection and recording, storage of spare parts, mutual work of tail-end canals by farmers etc.

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(2) Goals of the Soft Component Plan

The goals of the soft components are to attain the “positive impact cycle” in each scheme as shown in (Figure 2.4). The cycle means that better irrigation service brings better crop yields and higher farm income, which will lead to higher collection rate of water rate and better financial status, which also lead schemes to better O&M of irrigation facilities and better irrigation service in quality.

(3) Outcomes of the Soft Components

Realization of adequate O & M on irrigation facilities starting with pump facilities will lead the irrigation schemes to provide possible consistent irrigation services from upstream to tail-end canals, better water rate collection and stable financial condition, and also cause farmers to gain possible higher yield and higher farm income, and contribute to regional and national food security and their economy. Provision of various training/seminars will contribute to smooth transfer of management and O & M technology to the next generation of each scheme.

(4) Confirmation Methods of Outputs Accomplishment

1) Strengthening of Management Capacity of Irrigation Schemes

- Status of data and information input on O&M in computer by using unified formats and its quality and sustainability, - Improvement of water rate collection in percentage, - Improvement of financial status of each scheme such as reduction of debt, transparency, - Acquirement of management and OM technologies by the next generation of each scheme, and - Increase of meetings (assembly, special meeting and meeting of Farmer’s Union etc) 2) Strengthening of Management Capacity of Irrigation Schemes

- Improvement of irrigation efficiency, - Proper input and management of O&M records, - Reduction of claims by beneficial farmers through improved water service from upstream to tail-end canals, - Actual execution of dredging and weeding of canals based on roles of each organization concerned, - Participation of beneficiary farmers in O&M of tail-end canals, - Status of spare parts in quantity and storage conditions, - Utilization of fertile soil dredged from canals to farms(soil volume, no. of farmers used and areas)

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(5) Input for the Soft Components (input plan)

Input necessary for the soft components are estimated as below:

1) Japanese experts Table 2.50 Japanese Experts Expertise No. of Persons 1. Strengthening of Management Capacity of Irrigation １ Schemes 2. Strengthening of O&M of Irrigation Facilities １

2) Local Resources Table 2.51 Local Resources Expertise No. of Persons 1. Strengthening of Management Capacity of Irrigation 1+1=2 Schemes 2. Strengthening of O&M on Irrigation Facilities 1+1=2 3. Strengthening of financial management 1+1=2 4. Interpreters/translators 2 5. Facilitator for PCM workshop 1 6. Drivers 2 Note: 1+1=2 means one in River Nile State and one in Kassala State

(6) Procurement Plan for local resources of Soft Component

In principle, the local resource persons shall be selected from MoAIF for RNS case. In case of Kassala State, the candidates of local resource persons of soft component will be selected from NHAC, since the management and O & M of K14 station is under the responsibility of MoAI and NHAC.

Table 2.52 Procurement Plan for the Local Resources of the Soft Components Local Resources Procurement at 1. Strengthening of Management Capacity of MoAIF, RNS and MoAI, NHAC Irrigation Schemes 2. Strengthening of O&M of Irrigation Facilities MoAIF, RNS and MoAI, NHAC 3. Strengthening of financial management MoAIF, RNS and MoAI,NHAC 4. Interpreters/translators Public subscription 5. Facilitator for PCM workshop From NGOs 6. Drivers To be hired

(7) Target Groups (Trainee)

Table 2.53 Target groups (trainee) for Soft Component (Technical Assistance) expected Group Aliab Kitiab New Halfa K14 Board Members 6 6 7 Representatives of Farmer’s Union 1 1 1 Canal & Farmer Guard 4 2 12 Agricultural extentionists 2 1 8 Total 13 10 28

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(8) Implementation Schedule of the Soft Components

The proposed soft components is planned to commence from the beginning of October 2014 to the end of October 2015.

T 17 OC

K14 K14 K14 K14 K14 Kassala State, Jun Jul

： 2015

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 River Nilestate, Jan Aug Sep ：

RN RN RNRN RN RN RN K14 K14 567

2014

Preparation in domestic in Preparation ： 1234 Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Feb Mar Apr May A.D Month

） one from each state) ：

）） Concerningthe beneficiary farmers

･

Table 2.54 2.54 Table Components Soft the for Schedule

PCM, RRA workshop （

）

NGO 人： 1 （ 2persons) （ Preparation period period (discusssion Preparation with agencies concerned etc) facilities irrigation M for O & capa of Strengthening Strengthening of capacity for organizationmanagement (1) Monitoring of irrigation conditions and feedback and conditions irrigation of Monitoring (1) ratio collection rate water and supply water on Analysis (2) (3) Training for management of organization (4) Training for management of organization (1) Nourishing of leadership (2) Management indata/ information collection and processing (5) Training for value adding value for Training (5) preparation records and system management collection/ Water rate (6) (7)to Howprepare annual activities plan (8) Holdingofgeneral assembly and meetings and minutes preparation (9) Management on books, ledges and receipts and recording (Monthly) reporting of financial Preparation (10) transparency securing for auditors and for accountant building Capacity (11) fertilizer and produces agricultural of prices on Records (12) (1) Preparation/ management of inventory of irrigation facilities (2) Understanding on laws/ regulations for irrigationscheme (3) Records of pump operation (4) Capacitybuilding for Canal Farm & Guards (5) Formulation of annual activities M O & management water base broad on Training (6) (7) Monitoringand feedback on annual activities& M O (8) Water demands computation by PC distribution water Fair (9) (10) Operation of pump and maintenance １ Shedule of the Proposed Soft Compontes Shedule Soft the Proposed of (4)Interpreter/translators (2 persons) Facilitator (5) 1. domestic in Preparation 1.1 office project of Preparation 1.2 resources local for Arrangement 1.3 etc shedule about agencies C/P with Discussuin 1.4 2. 2. 3. Assignment Plan 3.1 Japanese Experts (1)Expert in chargestrengthening of scheme management capacity(1person (2)Expert in chargestrengthening of capacity & M O of schmes (1person Resources Local 3.2 (1)Experts in chargeofstrengthening scheme management capacitiy : one from each state) state) each from 2persons:one ( facilitie irrigation of capapcity & M O strengthening of in charge Experts (2) (3)Experts in chargeofstrengtheining of finacial management (2persons Drivers (6) 2.2 Strengthening of capacityfororganization management 2.3 Strengthening of capacity for organization management

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(9) Estimated Costs for the Soft Components

The costs for the soft components are estimated based on the proposed two (2) Japanese experts, number of travelling times and man-months. The necessary cost for the soft component is estimated at ***** thousand Japanese Yen.

Table 2.55 Estimated Costs for the Soft Components Amount Expense Items （thousand Yen） Direct Manpower costs ****** Direct costs ****** Indirect costs ****** Total *******

(10) Outcomes of the Soft Components

Following reports will be prepared and submitted to JICA according to the JICA’s Guideline for Soft Components, Third version published on October 2010.

- Progress Report of the Soft Components, and

- Completion Report of the Soft Components with attachment and appendices.

(11) Responsibilities of Sudan Side

It will be necessary for Sudan side to make consistent O & M of pump stations, main/major and minor canals. For the purposes, each organization concerning O & M of irrigation facilities including beneficiary farmers have to fulfill their prescribed roles steadily. Demarcation of O & M roles in Aliab scheme and K14 scheme are as shown below as example:

Table 2.56 Sharing of Roles in O&M of Irrigation Facilities (Aliab Scheme) Facilities Operation and Management Drredging, Maintenance, Reparing Pump station/Pumps Scheme Scheme Main canal - MoAIF of the River Nile State Cross regulators Scheme MoAIF of the River Nile State Off-take gates Scheme MoAIF & Scheme Sub-minor canal - MoAIF of the River Nile State Abu-Ashreen Canals - Scheme Abu-Shitta Canals - Farmers (No WUA)

Table 2.57 Sharing of Roles in O&M of Irrigation Facilities (K14) Facilities Operation and Management Dredging, Maintenance, Repairing Pump station/Pumps MoAI MoAI Major canal - MoAI Cross regulators MoAI MoAI Off-take gates MoAI MoAI Sub-minor canal - NHAC Abu-Ashreen Canals - Farmers (No WUA) Abu-Shitta Canals - Farmers (No WUA)

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(12) Coordination with Technical Cooperation

The proposed soft component does not include 1) improvement of cultivation technology for farmers and 2) capacity building for agricultural extensionist. The reasons are that those two (2) subsectors take long time to generate clear effects because of involving some kinds of educational factors, and should be coped with longer perspective. Though two (2) irrigation schemes were targeted finally for the Project, still there are 145 schemes with above 500 feddans (210ha) in River Nile State along the River Nile. It is inferred that every scheme is mostly under the same conditions in farming and management status as six (6) schemes surveyed implying that every schemes need strengthening management, O & M of irrigation facilities, cultivation technology and agricultural extension to increase crop productivity. Pump electrification project currently being promoted under NWPP (National Wheat Production Project) in River Nile State and Northern State does not involve in soft component such as technical transfer and other educational programs. Therefore, conventional cultivation methods will probably be continued and increase of productivity is not expected though some O & M cost for pumps would be reduced by electrification of pumps. In order to uplift capability for crop production in irrigation schemes, necessity for introduction of technical cooperation after completion of the Project is considered very high and effective, which will contribute to increase of agricultural production in the whole northern parts of Sudan.

Table 2.58 Desirable Follow-up Activities Programs Target Group Outputs Major Activities ・ Fostering leadership ・ Compilation of basic data & information of each scheme ・ Management method of schemes Capability of scheme ・ Method of grasping farmer’s needs Capacity 725 persons management will be ・ Value adding and value chain building of composed of strengthened to ・ Water rate collection and recording scheme scheme continue irrigated ・ Preparation of annual activity plan management managers etc *1 agriculture in dry areas ・ Management of assembly and meetings ・ Financial management methods ・ Compilation and management of prices of crops and farm inputs ・ Others ・ Preparation of inventory of irrigation facilities ・ Understanding of Bylaw related to irrigation ・ Recording of Pump operation ・ Capacity building for canal & farm Capability of O & M of guards(gatekeepers) Capacity 725 persons irrigation facilities is ・ Preparation of annual activity plan for O & M building for O & composed of strengthened to realize ・ Broad based water management M of irrigation scheme sustainable irrigation ・ Monitoring of the planned activities facilities managers etc *1 services ・ Water requirement calculation using computers ・ Equitable water distribution ・ Operation and maintenance of provided pumps ・ Others

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Programs Target Group Outputs Major Activities ・ Training on cultivation technologies for farmers Supporting for 725 persons ・ Training on marketing, post harvest Improvement of farming improvement composed of processing technologies technologies, crop yields of cultivation scheme ・ Establishment of demonstration farms and farm economy technology managers etc *1 ・ Execution of Farm Filed School(FFS) ・ Study tour to advanced areas ・ Others

・ Execution of ToT (Training of trainers) for agricultural extensionists ・ Comparison of crop profitability and analysis method ・ How to grasp farmer’s needs Capability of extensionists Strengthening ・ Preparation and improvement of handbooks 60 persons will be uplifted and of agricultural for crop cultivation for extension purposes composed of extension system will be extension ・ Management method of demonstration extensionists *2 consolidated to increase services farms crop productivity ・ Value chain analysis ・ Method for studying value adding ・ Preparation of extension plan ・ Study tour to advanced areas ・ Others

Note. *1:（145schemes- 2 schemes) x 5persons/scheme+10 persons from NHAC or MoAI=725 *2:（40 extesionists in locality + 8 extensionists of MoAIF）+ 8 extensionists of NHAC≒60

2-2-4-9 Implementation schedule

The project implementation schedule shall be made out in a way that the civil construction works for pump station would be effectively completed within the dry season period and the incidental installation works for pumps, motors and control panels will follow.

Detailed design : Approx. 7 months

Tender/contracting : Approx. 3 months

Construction/ installation (2 schemes in RNS)

Equipment supply/ installation (K 14)

: Approx. 29.5 months (Contracting through completion)

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(RNS+ K14) (RNS+

37 38 39 40 Heisee Year 27 Year Heisee Summer Winter Year 2015 Year

(Kassla K14) (Pump, Motor, Control Board) 33 34 35 36 (K14, Pump Installation)

pipes) e g r 30 31 32 Winter (KitiabPump Station) (Transportation)

Nile) (River (Suction & discha & (Suction Heisei Year 26 Year Heisei d) r 24 25 Summer olBoa Year 2014 Year r 23 22 , Cont, r (Manufacturing) 20 21

(Pump, Moto 18 e pipes) e g

r 16 17

15 29 14 Heisei Year 25 Year Heisei

discha & (Suction 12 13 19 Summer Winter Year 2013 Year 11 (AliabPump Station) 9 iod: minimum 60days) minimum iod: r 8262728 (Pe 7

Winter Table 2.59 2.59 Table Implementation for Schedule

410

23 56 Heisei Year 24 Year Heisei 01

EN/GA Year 2012 Year oval r

Cabinet App Heisei Winter Summer Year 23 1234567891011121234567891011121234567891011121234567891011

A.D. Month ) Kitiab

, Japanese Fiscal season Cropping Aliab

Elapse month from E/N

K14 (New Halfa Pump Station) Pump Halfa (New K14 Preparatory Survey Preparatory Contract Consultant Field Survey Detailed Design Preparationof Tender Documents Approval of Tender Documents (PQ) Qualification Preliminary Tender Evaluation & Supplier & Contractor with Contract Manufacturing Oceanand Inlandtransportation temporaryworks Preparation, works line Electrical Suction&discharge piping works Pumpelectrical works Dischargepit and canal works Pump installation, testrun Inspection & commissioning works completion and Cleanup Exchange of Notes and Grantand Notes of Exchange Agreement Pump building works ( Tendering (Tender Notice, Submission Notice, (Tender Tendering Drawings) of

Contract

Appraisal Implementation Detailed Design, Tender & Tender Design, Detailed components Soft

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2-3 OBLIGATIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF SUDAN

In order to ensure smooth project implementation and operation and maintenance, obligations of the measures to be undertaken by the government of Sudan during preparation, procurement of equipment, construction and operation and maintenance under the grant aid project is outlined as follows.

2-3-1 Obligations regarding demarcation of works on construction/procurement

(1) General

1) To bear the necessary commission for the bank based on the Banking Arrangement and to issue the Authorization to Pay (A/P). 2) To obtain all necessary customs clearances and ensure prompt execution of unloading of the materials and equipment to be brought into for use of the project. 3) To exempt Japanese nationals from custom duties, internal taxes and other fiscal levies that would be imposed in Sudan with respect to the supply of materials, equipment and services or to bear the same. 4) To allow Japanese nationals who offer services for the project entrance into Sudan and stay therein for the performance of their works 5) To operate and maintain the facilities ad equipment provided under the Grant Aid properly and effectively, and to inform the Japanese side of the conditions of operation and maintenance of the facilities and equipment upon request. 6) To bear all the expenses other than those to be incurred by the Grant Aid, necessary for the implementation, operation and maintenance of the project. 7) To give due environmental and social consideration in the implementation of the project. 8) To provide electrical and other facilities for project implementation and operation if needed. (2) Obligations to be undertaken prior to and during the implementation of the project

1) To secure permissions for construction and building works from the authorities concerned for those works to be implemented on the river banks along the Nile River. 2) To secure permissions from the scheme’s authority for project related vehicles for using existing roads in the schemes. 3) To provide required land lots for disposal of excavated materials (Spoil bank) as well as for obtaining embankment materials for re-filling (Borrow pit) within 5 km distance from each of pump station site. Further, to complete necessary procedures for securing royalty for taking earth materials. a) To secure permissions from the authorities concerned on the land lots for spoil bank and borrow pit. b) To explain about the project for the resident people of each scheme and to secure people’s understanding and consent on the project implementation works. 4) Monitoring results of environmental impacts by the Project shall be reported to JICA regularly during implementation.

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5) To implement the works indicated in the column “To be covered by GOS” in the (Table 2.47) of the Section 2-2-4-3 Scope of work and demarcation of work items/obligations. 2-3-2 Burden Sharing on the Soft Components

O & M of the pump facilities provided through the Project will be done by Sudan side after completion of the Project as agreed upon. Following matters are to be shared as burden by the Sudan side to attain goals of the proposed soft components:

1) Provision of counterparts concerning irrigation facilities, scheme organization, financial management etc, 2) Sustainable O & M and inspection of the provided facilities, 3) O & M of Main/Major canals, Minor Canals, Sub-minor Canals based on the By-Law, 4) Participation in PCM workshop for concerning personnel of MoAIF in River Nile State and NHAC inclusive of K14, 5) Dispatch of concerning personnel in River Nile State and NHAC inclusive of K14 to seminar/training on strengthening of scheme management capacity and O & M capacity strengthening, and 6) Monitoring of scheme management and O & M of irrigation facilities such as pumps, canals, management, water rate collection, irrigation condition from upstream to tail-end, and farmer’s needs etc.

2-4 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE PLAN OF THE PROJECT

2-4-1 Operation and Maintenance System of the Project

(1) Operation and Maintenance of the Whole Schemes

Operation and maintenance (O & M) system of the targeted schemes are to remain as same as at present in accordance with the Governmental Agricultural Project Law of the River Nile State for the Year 2006. The Law stipulates the manner for election, scheme management, water rate and its collection, and O & M. There exists no water users’ association presently both in 3 schemes in RNS and K14 in Kassala states, and under the subject project for rehabilitation, new establishment of water users association (WUA) will not be planned but emphasis will be placed on strengthening of scheme organization itself. However, present scheme’s O & M system is varied scheme by scheme as shown below:

Table 2.60 Organization Structure of each Scheme Irem Aliab Kitiab K14 No. of Board (Members) 1 (11) 1 (11) 1(14) No. of Scheme Staff 37 48 54 for K14 Farmer’s Union (Members) 1 (30) 1 (40) 1 in NHAC Irrigation & Agriculture Committee (ditto) 1 (4) None None Financial Committee (ditto) 1 (4) None None No. of Pump Operators 13 21 8 No. of Canal & Farm Guards 7 2 5+20 No. of Agricultural Extentionists 2 1 8 in NHAC No. of Accountants 2 2 5 in NHAC

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Among the two (2) schemes selected in River Nile State, only Aliab scheme collects water rate at 100% in the past two (2) years. Although the scheme has some debt at present, Farmer’s Union functions to solve various conflicts in the community, and the scheme manager patrol two (2) times a day to inspect irrigation condition, which implies that the scheme is managed well. As MoAIF of River Nile State evaluate Aliab scheme as good one, the scheme will be a good model for better O & M of irrigation scheme by strengthening their capability for management with the proposed soft components under the Project.

Meanwhile, it will be necessary to increase number of staff depending on schemes to strengthen organization. However, it may be difficult to increase staff under indebted condition as scheme management including salary relies on water rate. Therefore it is recommendable to increase staff when their financial status becomes stable by realizing higher water fee collection rate. In case of increasing staff, it will be suggested that participation of farmers as volunteer should be fully studied.

For Kitiab scheme, it will be necessary to increase number of canal & farm guards to make irrigation service more efficient.

(2) O & M System of Pump Stations

O & M of the procured and provided pump facilities by the Project will be done following the existing stystem as scheme committees in River Nile State manage schemes with initiative and MoWR does in K14 in Kassala State as well.

Pump operators in the schemes in River Nile State are in charge of daily-basis maintenance and inspection of pumps including repairing of diesel pumps too. They work under two-three shift system. In Aliab 13 operators, 21 in Kitiab including mechanics and labors are deployed at pump stations. In K14 pump station in Kassala State, eight (8) operators along with electrical engineers and labors are deployed and work under two shift system, and MoAI’s engineers in the workshop are in charge of repairing and O & M of electric pumps.

In River Nile State, the targeted schemes will be able to be managed by several operators since existing diesel-driven pumps are replaced to electric ones and O & M works will become easier than before. As well as the case in Kassala State, schemes in River Nile State are required to deploy several operators under mechanics at each pump station to operate pumps and to make daily inspection and maintenance including minor repairing in cooperation with engineers in workshop of supporting agency, who work for regular inspection and major repairing and replacement of spare parts etc.

2-4-2 O & M Plan of the Project

The roles for O & M of irrigation facilities shall be done following the existing prescribed system, and any change is planned for O & M system for the occasion of Project rehabilitation because it is considered that MoAIF of State, scheme committees, and farmers are required to fulfill their prescribed roles for O & M of irrigation facilities according to the By-Law to realize on-time and on-demand water supply with consistent O & M of canals from upstream to tail-end ones. They must recognize that it will become difficult for proper irrigation service that if one out of these three (3) agencies do not fulfill their roles. (Table 2.42) in the Section 2-2-4-8 shows current demarcation in O & M system in Aliab scheme.

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However, it is observed at present that consistent O & M from upstream to tail end ones is not executed probably due to lack of budget, lack of heavy equipment and lack of farmer’s recognition on importance of O & M, which cause disturbance of smooth water flow as caused by sedimentation and overgrowth of weed in canals.

Major prerequisite for schemes to attain proper O & M of irrigation facilities is to provide quality irrigation service first to make schemes possible increase higher water fee collection, and farmers are required to fulfill prescribed roles on O & M of tail-end canals as well, which will be resulted in better yield of crops, higher water rate collection, better financial status as illustrated the (Figure 2.4) in the Section 2-2-1-7.

At on-farm levels, prioritized irrigation for upstream area near to division work has been practicing conventionally, and farmer at downstream are in disadvantageous condition. To solve this issue, scheme committee is required to work with initiative to realize equitable water distribution at on farm level.

In order to realize above mentioned suggestions, various trainings on water management at on-farm level, and rule making on water distribution in parallel with consolidation of basic data and information such as area, number farmers, population, pump capacity, length of canals, number of gates, repairing records and operation records etc using provided computers as described in the Section 2-2-4-8.

For the operation and maintenance of equipment to be procured, guidance and training will be planned for operators at the pump stations and engineers in the workshop of the responsible agencies in order to contribute to establish the firm organization.

To prolong the life of pump equipment, it is necessary to secure the pre-upkeep before equipment would be deadly damaged. Since the operators and engineers who daily maintain the equipment are the most important persons to prolong the life of equipment, it is essential for them to learn the know-how for daily and/or periodical inspection and maintenance. For heavy damages of pump equipment, the responsible agencies, which give instructions and support to the schemes, are in charge to procure and store spare parts for them. Therefore, its organization would be designed as follows:

Organization Chart for Operation and Maintenance

Responsible Agency Store for Workshop in Federal or State Ministry Heavy Damage Existing: about 20 persons for pump section Existing: Several persons

Scheme Mechanical Engineer Total(plan)：11～16persons (2 shifts) Manager (Electrical Engineer) 1～2 persons

Operator (Mechanic) (Electrician) 2～4 persons

Assistant Assist Maintenance House Workers operators in charge keeper 2 persons 4～6 persons 1 person 1 person Figure 2.20 Organization Chart (Plan) of O&M for the Pump Station

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Maintenance

Rehabilitated pump stations will be maintained in accordance with the following manners:

1) Specification sheets, operation & maintenance manuals, spare parts list, operation records and so on should always be available for the daily inspection and maintenance. To prolong the equipment life, the operation records should be described in accordance with the checking items (suction pressure, discharge pressure, current, voltage, operation hour, vibration, noise, etc). 2) Spare parts, packing, oil and grease should be kept. 3) Inspection shall be made before operation for related facilities as well as pump equipment in order to maintain fitness and stability among equipment, intake and discharge pipes, discharge reservoir, canal, etc. Following periodical inspection should be continued: Table 2.61 Periodical Inspection Items Period Contents In charge 1st month Inspection of deterioration of bearing grease and bearing surfaces Pump Station

3rd month Changing and/or addition of bearing grease, Pump Station Checking of vibration and noise Responsible agency support 6th month Changing of bearing grease and packing Pump Station

One year Disassemble inspection, checking of tightness of bolts and nuts, Pump Station checking of abnormal parts and inside valves, checking of Responsible agency accessories, cleaning support

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2-5 ESTIMATED PROJECT COST

2-5-1 Estimated cost for the project

The total cost to be incurred by the subject project implementation is about ＊＊＊＊ Million Japanese Yen (Japanese side ＊＊＊＊ Million Yen and Sudan side 62 Million Yen), with the broken-down items as born by both Japan and Sudan side based on the demarcated obligations as discussed above. The estimation was done applying the estimation conditions as indicated below. The amount estimated, however, does not indicate the ceiling limit in the E/N to be signed.

2-5-2 Cost to be born by Japanese side

Table 2.62 Total project cost under grant aid Total cost estimated Approx. ＊＊＊＊ Million Yen

Cost items Amount Facilities Construction of ２ schemes, RNS ******* ******* Equipment supply, Kassala state ******* Design/supervision Detailed design and construction supervision ******* ******* Soft component ******* ******* Sub-total ******* Cost of Contingency ******* Entire-total *******

2-5-3 Costs to be born by government of Sudan

Table 2.63 Cost to be born by government of Sudan Items Amount (SDG) 1) Land preparation for 2 schemes in RNS 76,000 2) Custom clearance in-land transportation of pump 148,000 equipment and materials in Kassala state 4) Disposal of existing pumps in Kassala state 99,000 5) Installation of supplied equipment 329,000 6) Improvement of main canals for 2 schemes in RNS 1,354,000 7) Commission for Banking Arrangement and A/P 30,000 Total 2,036,000 62 Million Yen

2-5-4 Estimation conditions

(1) Estimation made at : September 2011 (2) Exchange rate : 1 US$ = 81.57 Yen = 2.68 SDG ( 1 SDG = 30.44 Yen ) (3) Construction period/ Procurement period : As shown in the implementation schedule (4) Others : Cost estimation was made in accordance with the guidelines adopted for the grant aid project by GOJ

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2-5-5 Operation and Maintenance Costs

Budget necessary for O & M of pumps, canals, salary of scheme staff will be provided by water rate being collected from beneficiary farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to make further effort to collect water rate at higher ratio as far as possible by providing farmers with better irrigation services as illustrated in the (Figure 2.4) in Section 2-2-1-7. Actual O & M costs of the schemes are shown in the (Table 2.50). As for two (2) schemes in River Nile State, O & M costs for pumps will be reduced drastically after replacing existing diesel driven pumps to electric ones. Though it is not yet confirmed at this moment, even in the area of K14 which has been already electrified, several percentages of O & M costs could be reduced by replacing deteriorated pumps to new ones.

The possibility of reduction of pump operation cost for 26.5% is indicated in the (Table 2.65) which shows the comparison of energy consumption costs between diesel engine and electric motor when irrigates the planned area in the target schemes.

Table 2.64 Records of Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs Annual O & M Costs O & M Costs per Feddan Scheme Irrigation Area (feddan) (SDG) (SDG) Aliab 5,250 1,553,500 296 Kitiab 5,700 1,700,000 298 K14 *1 31,000 7,750,000 250 Note:*1: O&M costs of K14 are estimated according to the irrigation area at the rate of 250SDG per feddan.

Table 2.65 Comparison of the Energy Cost between Diesel Oil and Electricity

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Rate Days 31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31 Discharge (m3/s) 3.58 3.24 2.50 1.41 1.01 1.04 0.99 1.26 1.96 2.12 2.30 3.44 Monthly Ope. Hr. (hr) 1,997 1,632 1,397 764 563 563 551 704 1,061 1,186 1,243 1,918 13,577 Monthly Mean Total Head (m) 10.53 10.33 9.55 8.12 7.87 7.88 6.11 2.87 3.90 6.73 8.14 10.00 Engine Shaft Power (Ps) 590 524 374 180 124 129 95 57 120 224 293 538

Aliab Motor Shaft Power (kw) 442 393 281 135 93 96 71 43 90 168 220 404 Oil Consumption (Gallon) 82,475 59,833 36,591 9,615 4,890 5,067 3,648 2,796 8,916 18,590 25,544 72,277 Oil Cost (SDG) 536,090 388,916 237,840 62,500 31,787 32,939 23,710 18,173 57,954 120,837 166,037 469,802 2,146,587 Electric Cost (SDG) 141,326 102,527 62,700 16,476 8,380 8,683 6,250 4,791 15,278 31,855 43,771 123,851 565,890 26.4% Discharge (m3/s) 3.88 3.93 3.73 2.39 1.72 1.98 1.89 1.72 2.08 2.16 2.01 3.43 Monthly Ope. Hr. (hr) 2,168 1,980 2,079 1,293 959 1,068 1,055 959 1,121 1,205 1,084 1,913 16,884 Monthly Mean Total Head (m) 10.44 10.79 10.57 8.35 7.73 7.92 6.12 2.62 3.46 6.22 7.34 9.43 Engine Shaft Power (Ps) 635 664 616 313 208 245 181 70 112 210 231 506

Kitiab Motor Shaft Power (kw) 476 498 462 235 156 184 136 53 84 158 173 379 Oil Consumption (Gallon) 96,356 92,027 89,692 28,337 13,973 18,327 13,372 4,734 8,818 17,733 17,515 67,730 Oil Cost (SDG) 626,316 598,177 583,000 184,190 90,825 119,129 86,920 30,771 57,320 115,263 113,849 440,242 3,046,002 Electric Cost (SDG) 165,111 157,693 153,692 48,557 23,944 31,405 22,914 8,112 15,111 30,386 30,013 116,058 802,997 26.4% Discharge (m3/s) 0.77 0.39 0.26 0.04 0.00 0.00 1.79 6.56 9.91 9.78 6.70 1.69 Monthly Ope. Hr. (hr) 122 56 42 6 1 0 286 1,046 1,529 1,559 1,033 269 5,950 Monthly Mean Total Head (m) 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60 9.60

4 Engine Shaft Power (Ps) 120 61 41 6 1 0 279 1,023 1,544 1,524 1,044 263

K Motor Shaft Power (kw) 90 46 31 4 1 0 209 767 1,158 1,143 783 197 Oil Consumption (Gallon) 1,024 242 119 2 0 0 5,582 74,946 165,329 166,432 75,521 4,949 Oil Cost (SDG) 6,658 1,571 771 15 0 0 36,286 487,150 1,074,642 1,081,807 490,885 32,167 3,211,951 Electric Cost (SDG) 1,755 414 203 4 0 0 9,566 128,424 283,301 285,190 129,409 8,480 846,745 26.4% Note: Discharge (m3/s) is given in case of 18 hours operation per day. In addition, pump operation hour and shaft power are shown in total of all planned pumps. Diesel Oil : 6.5 SDG/Gallon, 0.22kg/Ps・ｈ, 0.83kg/lit, 3.785lit/gallon Electricity : 0.16 SDG/kwh Monthly Mean Total Head (m) of Kilo14 is assumed as constant figures at the design total head. And the cost in case of Engine Driven is calculated as a reference.

The comparison of O&M costs between records and planned is shown in (Table 2.66) below, O&M costs in Aliab and Kitiab will be able to be reduced by the change of power source and reduction of staff number. Spare parts cost of K14 would be as the same as that of the records, because the planned pump number

2-114 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure and capacity are as the same as those of the existing. Since the spare parts cost in the past is not clearly mentioned, it would be included in the total O&M cost. Actually, it is considered that the planned total O&M cost is about the same as that of the records.

Table 2.66 Comparison of Annual O&M Cost between Records and Planned

Scheme Aliab Kitiab K14 Item Remarks Irrigation Area (feddan) 5,250 5,700 31,000 Annual operation hour 13,577 16,884 5,950 Plan Motor capacity (kW) 170 160 480 Electric rate = 1. Electricity Electricity cost (SDG/year) 565,890 802,997 846,745 0.16 SDG/KWH, Cost Records Annual fuel oil cost (SDG/yer) 1,225,000 1,330,000 - (Electricity cost - Fuel oil cost) Difference -659,110 -527,003 0 (SDG/year) Equipment cost (×1,000YEN) 421,724 416,526 419,081 Approximate 2. Spare (except pipes and valves) Plan estinated cost of Parts and Equipment cost (SDG) equipment 13,854,271 13,683,509 13,767,444 Consumable (except pipes and valves) s Costs Required annual spare parts equipment cost × Estimated 138,543 136,835 137,674 cost (SDG/year) １％/year Existing Staff in Scheme 36 33 100 Average salary ＝ Existing Existing Staff in Pump Station 13 21 11 26,400 （） 3. Planned SDG/year/person Plan Staff in Pump Station 11 11 11 based on Aliab Staff Cost Staff difference in Pump Station -2 -10 0 data; Difference Cost difference -52,800 -264,000 0 980,000SDG/ (SDG/year) 37persons/yr Records Records of Total O&M Cost 1,553,500 1,700,000 7,750,000 Annual Difference of fuel or electricity -659,110 -527,003 0 records, consumption cost Planned Required annual spare parts cost 138,543 136,835 137,674 O&M Cost Difference of staff cost -52,800 -264,000 0 and Plan Difference Difference of cost, sub-total -37,346 -534,575 137,674 (SDG/Year) Total annual O&M cost 1,516,154 1,165,425 7,887,674 O&M cost per feddan 289 204 254

Scheme managers of some scheme intend to reduce current water rate along with electrification of pumps. However, it is recommendable to reduce water rate after clearing off all debt if considering each scheme are in debt, though it is necessary to obtained due agreement by beneficiary farmers.

2-115

Chapter 3 Project Evaluation

Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT EVALUATION

3-1 Preconditions

(1) Secure of lands and permissions for construction works

Construction works under the subject project implementation include rehabilitation of regulators installed for pump stations and canals as well as partial rehabilitation of canals. The canal network as a whole is to be rehabilitated with the fund provided by the Sudan side. In the rehabilitation works for pump stations, the possible construction site is a public land owned by the government as located at the neighbor of the existing pump station. While for the regulators and canals, there will be no need for any new lands for construction as the nature of work is of renewal and rehabilitation. Accordingly, it is noted that there will be no any difficulties in securing required lands and permissions for construction works under the subject project implementation.

(2) Secure of approval on EIA

All the development projects are under the obligation to submit EIA report to the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Physical Development. The EIA report submitted would be considered by the High Council for Environment and Natural Resources and an Environmental Approval be issued as the result. For the subject project with having various civil works and requiring submission of EIA report, the EIA report was submitted by the project implementing agency in August 2011 during the period of this JICA survey and an Environmental Approval has been granted in September 2011. As is the case, there is no harm towards the implementation of the subject project. Further, a monitoring plan and environmental check list during the construction period have been prepared to be ready for monitoring activities under the supervision by the responsible and implementing agencies.

(3) Custom clearance procedure and tax exemption measure

The subject project is to be implemented under the grant aid scheme by the government of Japan and custom duties, internal taxes and any other surcharges to be levied in Sudan shall be exempted. It is agreed upon by the parties concerned that such exemption measures shall be handled by the responsible agencies of Sudan side.

(4) Work items to be undertaken by Sudan side

Such work items as tabulated below are to be undertaken by the implementing agencies as well as responsible agencies of Sudan side.

General: -Extension of electricity supply line -Installation of transformer -Land acquisition for construction works -Banking arrangement

3-1 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

-Tax exemption procedure Others: -Permission for construction works -Permission for passage/access -Securing of disposal site(Excavated earth material) -Securing of borrow pit (Material for refilling)

For the aspect of soft component implementation, it is required for Sudan side to let those officials/technical staff concerned with the project participate in the training programs and also to let those scheme leaders as executives of target scheme, Canal & Farm Guards and extension workers participate as well.

3-2 Necessary Inputs by Sudan side

In order to make the project benefits generated as planned and sustainably maintained, the Sudan side is requested to complete the following works and fulfill the inputs noted below.

(1) Improvement of irrigation canals under the scheme

Irrigation water intake could be stabilized through renewal of pump station and relevant pump equipment etc. by the implementation works by Japanese side. However, for smooth distribution of water to each of beneficiary land plot, the regulators installed at canals and important positions shall be operated in adequately functional condition. For the 2 schemes in River Nile State in particular, lack of flow sectional area of main canal due to the sedimentation has been confirmed through the field investigation, and it is necessary to improve the main canal by dredging and re-shaping the canal cross section so as to enable conveying the required irrigation water discharge. The present survey examined required cross sectional area and necessary dredging/re-shaping sections of main canal and the results were presented to the Sudan side in the form of drawings. To this end, it is noted that Sudan side is required to implement those improvement works as mentioned above in parallel with the implementation works by Japanese side.

(2) Strengthening of O & M organization

At present, project O & M is undertaken following each of rules/regulations by 3 parties of responsible government agency, scheme committee (Including O & M organization of pump station and water users’ organization etc) and beneficiary farmers. In the schemes, however, no systematic O & M has been practiced due to various reasons as below.

-Deterioration and lowered pump capacity -Lack of O & M equipment/material and insufficient scheme budget -Inadequate awareness on importance of water fee -Lack of knowledge on water distribution rules in the area

In order to improve the present condition as above mentioned, strengthening of management capacity

3-2 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure of water users’ organization and reinforcing of O & M activities for irrigation facilities are planned under the subject project. Each of staff/personnel concerned will learn the manner and techniques on a systematic water diversion and distribution from pump station to the terminal ditch for which the learned know-how shall be commonly shared and sustained for long future practicing.

(3) Measures on considerations for society and environment

The subject project is a rehabilitation/improvement of the existing project consisting of rehabilitation and renewal of pump stations by Japanese side and rehabilitation and improvement of main canals and regulators installed along the canal alignment by Sudan side. Therefore, there will be no burden newly generated to the environment and the societies without having any new land acquisition and resettlement of people, causing no requirement for compensation measures for the affected. Provided, however, for the environmental burden temporarily occurred due to construction works, it is considered necessary for Sudan side to practice monitoring and taking countermeasures when deemed appropriate based on the monitoring plan and the environmental check list.

(4) Items to be supplemented/strengthened by other schemes and etc.

Under the subject project implementation, renewal and rehabilitation of irrigation facilities will be carried out and in addition soft component required for facilities operation and management shall be implemented. To assure raise up of agricultural production, however, further inputs as improvement in farmers’ cultivation techniques and strengthening of extension services are deemed necessary. In more practical manner, such measures as introduction of improved seeds, improvement in production volume and productivity by getting through training on cultivation techniques and possible expansion of more effective marketing network etc. are considered effective for increasing the farmers’ income. These measures will require longer technical guidance period than the soft component implementation under the subject project, and therefore, for those cultivation techniques obtained through implementation of assistance project in other areas may be adopted by the Sudan side to the subject project so as to further strengthen the project effects to be generated actively. Moreover, it is considered effective to formulate and implement a technical cooperation project inclusive of the subject project area aiming at supplementing/expanding this project.

3-3 Important Assumptions

For attaining the full scale project benefits sustainably, the following external conditions shall be secured.

- To operate the pump station facilities constructed in a sustainable manner, the public electric power as the source of energy shall be supplied sustainably and continuously. - The flow sectional area of canals shall be secured to meet the requirement and irrigation water be distributed adequately. - Such necessities as personnel, consumables, spare-parts and funds for O & M of the facilities shall be continuously secured and O & M works shall be properly executed. - There would be no extreme climatic/meteorological occurrences like severe drought and flood

3-3 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

for a long period. - There would be no limitation on cropping area enforced and change of policy by the government.

3-4 Project Evaluation

3-4-1 Relevance

Project implementation under the grant aid scheme by the Government of Japan is considered justifiable with the following viewpoints.

1) The project will cover the broad beneficial area and large number of beneficiary people that the total beneficial area of the targeted 3 irrigation schemes is 41,950 feddan (17,599 ha) and the total number of beneficiary people is 141,500 persons. Besides, the average cost of living per capita are as low as 1,830 SDG/capita/annum in the project area as a whole with having some dispersions. While the GNI per capita in Sudan in the year 2009 is 1,220 SDG (as per the data by World Bank), it is considered that there are many families under the poor category. It is expected that the increased production volume and higher productivity to be generated from the subject project implementation will surely contribute to improvement of national food security and stabilization of living condition and surely meets with BHN (Basic Human Needs) as well as poverty alleviation in the area, making the importance of the subject project implementation quite high. Thus, it is judged that the project is in conformity to the policy of supergrade national plans.

2) In Sudan, there have been several medium-long term development plans/projects such as 5 Year Plan, 25 Year Plan, Executive Programme for Agricultural Revival, National Wheat Production Project and National Rice Development Strategy etc. and all of which aims at improvement of agricultural productivity and the increased production volume. As is the case, the implementation of subject project is to contribute to attain the goal of such development plans/projects with sharing the same targets as involved in such medium-long term development plans/projects.

3) Integrity with the policy/direction for Cooperation by GOJ：Justifications of ODA to Sudan by GOJ are various including the followings. First, Sudan is the country with the largest land area in Africa and the stabilization and favorable development in Sudan is important for the stabilization of Africa as a whole. Second, the country is blessed with rich mineral resources and important. Thirdly, the improvement in the productivity and the expansion/increase in the production in the agricultural sector which employs more than 80 % of the people are quite important in view of the food security for the nation and the region. Accordingly, GOJ’s basic policy is to support GOS, among others, in peace building, for stabilization of peace and in implementing needed programs with due understanding on different peace making processes. In view of the above, the important items with high priority given by GOJ are support for people suffered from disputes and re-union of divided society, support for raise up of people’s standard of living and support for solving the multi-sector crossing issues. These are to contribute to attaining MDGs goal for Sudan in a way to support for stabilization of peace. Further, the subject project is to contribute to attaining support for rehabilitation and improvement of irrigation facilities covering 100,000 ha as committed by GOJ in TICAD IV.

3-4 Sudan Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure

3-4-2 Effectiveness

Expected benefits/effectiveness through implementation of rehabilitation and improvement of facilities and relevant soft component for the subject project for 3 irrigation schemes are as follows.

① Pump operation can be stabilized one and the O & M become easier after electrification of power source. ② Accordingly, irrigation water supply to the beneficiary land plot could be stable and there would be no excessive or short supply to meet the requirement. ③ Through electrification of pump running, energy cost is to be considerably reduced and this will lead to substantial improvement of financial status of schemes. At the same time, O & M activities for irrigation facilities are expected to be carried out in more effective manner. ④ With having the soft component implemented, management capability of water users’ organization and O & M capacity for the system could be strengthened. This will effect in adequate operation of regulators with due O & M of canals and appropriate irrigation water supply will result in improvement of agricultural productivity and increased production. ⑤ The implementation of soft component will enable necessary recording and data collection on pump operation hours, frequency of regulator operation and canal maintenance works, making it easier to find damages and malfunctioning of the facilities. This will help utilize the facilities for a longer period. Besides, those data obtained in a designed format with uniformity will make it possible to formulate adequate water management manner and techniques in future.

(1) Quantitative effects

1) Aliab scheme Target year（2017） Indexes Base year（2011）（3 years after project implemented） Max. irrigation water supply 1.60m3/s 3.58m3/s Annual operation cost 1,200,000 SDG/yr 600,000 SDG/yr 1,500 kg/fed Crop productivity（Unit yield （24% increase in 3 years, assuming 1,100 kg/fed of wheat） to attain 80% of the recorded maximum by 10 years） Water fee collection rate 100% 100%（Remain sama） Annual O & M cost 1,553,500 SDG/yr 1,516,200 SDG/yr Reduction of financial debt of 980,000SDG 30% reduction scheme Records of maintenance None Available

2) Kitiab scheme Target year（2017） Indexes Base year（2011）（3 years after project implemented） Max. irrigation water supply 3.03m3/s 3.93m3/s Annual operation cost 1,300,000 SDG/yr 800,000 SDG/yr 950 kg/fed Crop productivity（Unit yield 800 kg/fed （24% increase in 3 years, assuming to of wheat） attain 80% of the recorded maximum

3-5 Upgrading Food Production Infrastructure Sudan

by 10 years） Water fee collection rate 90% 100% Annual O & M cost 1,700,000 SDG/yr 1,165,400 SDG/yr Reduction of financial debt of 800,000 SDG 30% reduction scheme Records of maintenance None Available

3) K14（New Halfa） Target year（2017） Indexes Base year（2011）（3 years after project implemented） Max. irrigation water supply 7.0m3/s 9.91m3/s Max. daily operation hour 17.5 hour 18.0 hour 730 kg/fed Crop productivity（Unit yield （24% increase in 3 years, assuming 700 kg/fed of wheat） to attain 80% of the recorded maximum by 10 years） Water fee collection rate 100% 100%（Remain same） Annual O & M cost 7,750,000 SDG/yr 7,887,600 SDG/yr Records of maintenance None Available

(2) Qualitative effects

1) Through improvement in crop productivity and resultant production increase, the economic base of rural communities will be stabilized and this will contribute to solving problem issues of the rural society by poverty alleviation, reducing of migration to urban area by youths and lowering crime occurrence rate.

2) Improvement in O & M skills and techniques through implementation of Soft Component (technical assistance) will bring about preferable collection of basic data and information required to be a good model for the other similar natured irrigation schemes. The methods and technologies applied will be extended to wider areas and will contribute to improvement of rural society in general.

3) By replacing the existing engine-driven pump to the electric motor-driven one, O & M activities will be much easier and the work load of O & M workers be reduced under safer working conditions improved by the provision of ceiling crane and maintenance space with the pump station renewed..

4) With higher opportunities for agricultural technique extension as well as the improvement of marketing capability for agricultural produces, possibilities for further improvement in agricultural productivity and farmers’ income could be enhanced.

3-6

[ Appendices ]

Appendix-1．Member List of the Study Team ...... A1-1 Appendix-2．Study Schedule ...... A2-1 Appendix-3．List of Parties Concerned in the Recipient Country ...... A3-1 Appendix-4．Minutes of Discussion（M/ D） ...... A4-1 Appendix-4.1 M/ D on 26th July 2011 ...... A4-1 Appendix-4.2 M/ D on 15th September 2011 ...... A4-8 Appendix-4.3 M/ D on 16th February 2012 ...... A4-23 Appendix-5．Soft Component (Technical Assistance) Plan ...... A5-1 Appendix-6．References ...... A6-1 Appendix-6.1 Selection of Targeted Irrigation Schemes ...... A6-1 Appendix-6.2 Organization Chart ...... A6-5 Appendix-6.3 Cropping Schedule and Cropping Area ...... A6-8 Appendix-6.4 Monthly Average Actual Head and Total Head of Pump ...... A6-13 Appendix-6.5 Pump shaft Power and Required Power ...... A6-14 Appendix-6.6 Output of Motor and Required Capacity of Transformer ...... A6-15 Appendix-6.7 Schematic Diagram of Undertakings for Irrigation Schemes ...... A6-17 Appendix-6.8 Environmental Approval ...... A6-20 Appendix-6-9 Monitoring Plan and Environmental Checklist ...... A6-21 Appendix-6.10 Cost of canal works for target area ...... A6-27 Appendix-6.11 Plan of canal works for target area ...... A6-34 Appendix-6.11-1 Plan of Aliab canal works ...... A6-34 Appendix-6.11-2 Plan of Kitiab canal works ...... A6-59 Appendix-6.12 Calculation of canal capacity for target area ...... A6-86 Appendix-6.12-1 Calculation of canal capacity for Aliab ...... A6-86 Appendix-6.12-2 Calculation of canal capacity for Kitiab ...... A6-92 Appendix-6.12-3 Calculation of canal capacity for New Halfa ...... A6-98 Appendix-6.13 Result of natural condition survey ...... A6-100

Appendix-1. Member List of the Study Team

Name Position/Expertise Organization Mr. Hiroshi Executive Technical Advisor Rural Development Department SUZUKI to the Director General Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Mr. Shinjiro Director Rural Development Department AMAMEISHI Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Mr. Kensuke Programme Officer Rural Development Department OSHIMA Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Mr. Tatsuhiko Chief Consultant/Irrigation Project Operation Division No.4, International MORI Facility Planner Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Toshinori Irrigation Equipment Project Operation Division No.3, International KUDO Engineer Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Motohisa Irrigation Facility Engineer Project Operation Division No.2, International WAKATSUKI / Natural Condition Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. (Topographic & Geological Survey) Mr. Kazuma Natural Conditions Project Operation Division No.4, International AKIYOSHI (Meteorological) Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Kensuke Agriculture/Organization Project Operation Division No.4, International IRIYA Management Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Hideki Environment and Social Project Operation Division No.4, International ISHIKAWA Consideration Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Asaharu Procurement/ Cost Estimation Project Operation Division No.2, International NAGAHARA / Construction Planning Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Mr. Yoji Coordinator Project Operation Division No.3, International SAWADA /Irrigation Equipment Department, Sanyu Consultants Inc. Assistant Engineer

A1-1 Appendix-2. Study Schedule Schedule of The Study Team (Phase 1) 1/2

Name A：Tatsuhiko MORI E：Kensuke IRIYA B：Toshinori KUDO F：Hideki ISHIKAWA C：Motohisa WAKATSUKI G：Yoji SAWADA Day D：Kazuma AKIYOSHI No Day Schedule Accommodation Persons Kansai(QR803/23:55) - Doha(5:15) 1 Apr.21 Thu ACDEFG Narita(QR803/20:50) - Kansai - Doha(5:15) 2 Apr.22 Fri Doha(QR522/7:15) - Khartoum(10:55) Khartoum ACDEFG 3 Apr.23 Sat Team meeting / DAY OFF at Khartoum Khartoum ACDEFG 4 Apr.24 Sun Courtesy call (JICA, EOJ, FMoAF) at Khartoum Khartoum ACDEFG 5 Apr.25 Mon Explanation of the Inventory survey to the local consultant Khartoum ACDEFG Leave Khartoum for River Nile State 6 Apr.26 Tue Atbara ACDEFG Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) Filed survey at Aliab 7 Apr.27 Wed Khartoum ACDEFG Leave River Nile State for Khartoum 8 Apr.28 Thu The bidding of the Inventory survey Khartoum ACDEFG 9 Apr.29 Fri Decide the local consultant for the inventory survey Khartoum ACDEFG 10 Apr.30 Sat Team meeting Khartoum ACDEFG Meeting with JICA 11 May.1 Sun Atbara ACDEFG Leave Khartoum for River Nile State 12 May.2 Mon Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) Atbara ACDEFG 13 May.3 Tue Filed survey at Aliab Atbara ACDEFG 14 May.4 Wed Filed survey at Bauga Atbara ACDEFG 15 May.5 Thu Field survey at Kadpas Atbara ACDEFG 16 May.6 Fri Team meeting / Data consolidation Atbara ACDEFG 17 May.7 Sat Field survey at Kitiab Atbara ACDEFG 18 May.8 Sun Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) Atbara ACDEFG 19 May.9 Mon Field survey at Elshaheed Atbara ACDEFG 20 May.10 Tue Field survey at Sayal Atbara ACDEFG 21 May.11 Wed Team meeting / Data consolidation Atbara ACDEFG 22 May.12 Thu Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) Atbara ACDEFG 23 May.13 Fri Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Khartoum ACDEFG 24 May.14 Sat Team meeting / Data consolidation Khartoum ACDEFG Leave Khartoum for Kassala State 25 May.15 Sun Kassala ACDEFG Meeting with FMoIWR Meeting with FMoIWR 26 May.16 Mon Kassala ACDEFG Filed survey at New Halfa 27 May.17 Tue Leave Kassala State for Khartoum Khartoum ACDEFG 28 May.18 Wed Team meeting / Data consolidation Khartoum ACDEFG Meeting with JICA A EFG 29 May.19 Thu Khartoum Khartoum(QR521/20:30) - Doha(23:55) CD Team meeting / Data consolidation A EFG 30 May.20 Fri Khartoum Doha(QR802/0:50) - Kansai(16:40) CD

A2-1 Schedule of The Study Team (Phase 1) 2/2

Name A：Tatsuhiko MORI E：Kensuke IRIYA B：Toshinori KUDO F：Hideki ISHIKAWA C：Motohisa WAKATSUKI G：Yoji SAWADA Day D：Kazuma AKIYOSHI No Day Schedule Accommodation Persons 31 May.21 Sat Team meeting / Data consolidation Khartoum AEFG 32 May.22 Sun Meeting with FMoIWR Wad Medani AEFG 33 May.23 Mon Meeting with FMoAF Khartoum AEFG 34 May.24 Tue Data consolidation Khartoum AEFG Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey 35 May.25 Wed Khartoum AEFG Meeting with MoEFPD 36 May.26 Thu Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum AEFG 37 May.27 Fri Team meeting / Day off Khartoum AEFG 38 May.28 Sat Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum AEFG Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey 39 May.29 Sun Khartoum AEFG Meeting with MoEFPD Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey A EFG 40 May.30 Mon Khartoum Narita(QR803/20:50) - Kansai - Doha(5:15) B Team meeting / Draw up the Report of site survey A EFG 41 May.31 Tue Khartoum Doha(QR522/7:15) - Khartoum(10:55) B 42 JUN.1 Wed Meeting with JICA Khartoum AB EFG 43 JUN.2 Thu Leave Khartoum for River Nile State Atbara AB EFG 44 JUN.3 Fri Team meeting / Day off Atbara AB EFG Meeting with River Nile State / Data collection 45 JUN.4 Sat Atbara AB EFG Inspect the workshop in Atbara 46 JUN.5 Sun Field survey at Bauga and Kadopas Atbara AB EFG 47 JUN.6 Mon Field survey at Aliab and Kitiab Atbara AB EFG 48 JUN.7 Tue Field survey at Sayal and Elshaheed Atbara AB EFG 49 JUN.8 Wed Meeting with River Nile State / Data collection Atbara AB EFG 50 JUN.9 Thu ditto Atbara AB EFG 51 JUN.10 Fri Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Khartoum AB EFG 52 JUN.11 Sat Team meeting / Day off Khartoum AB EFG 53 JUN.12 Sun Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum AB EFG 54 JUN.13 Mon Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum AB EFG 55 JUN.14 Tue Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum AB EFG 56 JUN.15 Wed Project meeting with Sudan side and JICA Khartoum AB EFG 57 JUN.16 Thu Project meeting with Sudan side and JICA Khartoum AB EFG 58 JUN.17 Fri Arrangement of the leaving Khartoum AB EFG 59 JUN.18 Sat Khartoum(QR521/20:30) - Doha(23:55) Khartoum AB EFG Doha(QR802/0:50) - Kansai(16:40) A EF 60 JUN.19 Sun Doha(QR802/0:50) - Narita(19:20) B G

A2-2 Schedule of The Study Team (Phase 2) 1/2

Name A：Tatsuhiko MORI E：Kensuke IRIYA B：Toshinori KUDO F：Hideki ISHIKAWA C：Motohisa WAKATSUKI G：Asaharu NAGAHARA Day D：Kazuma AKIYOSHI H：Yoji SAWADA No Day Schedule Accommodation Persons Kansai(EK317/23:35) - Dubai(5:05) A C EF 1 July.21 Thu Narita(EK319/22:00) - Dubai(3:50) B H Kansai(QR803/23:55) - Doha(5:15) D Dubai(EK733/14:35) - Khartoum(17:40) 2 July.22 Fri Khartoum ABCDEF H Doha(QR522/7:15) - Khartoum(10:55) 3 July.23 Sat Team meeting Khartoum ABCDEF H Meeting with JICA / 4 July.24 Sun Khartoum ABCDEF H Explanation of the Topographic & Geological Survey Meeting with FMoAF / 5 July.25 Mon Khartoum ABCDEF H Bidding of the Topographic & Geological Survey Joint Meeting with FMoAF,NHAC,MoAWR,JICA / 6 July.26 Tue Khartoum ABCDEF H Negotiation of the Topographic & Geological Survey 7 July.27 Wed Meeting with Survey Company / Data collection & consolidation Khartoum ABCDEF H Data collection & consolidation / Project meeting ABCDEF H 8 July.28 Thu Khartoum Narita(EK319/22:00) - Dubai(3:50) G Team meeting ABCDEF H 9 July.29 Fri Khartoum Dubai(EK733/14:35) - Khartoum(17:40) G 10 July.30 Sat Leave Khartoum for River Nile State Atbara ABCDEFGH Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) / 11 July.31 Sun Atbara ABCDEFGH Filed survey at Aliab (Meeting with local consultant) 12 Aug.1 Mon Filed survey at Kadabas (Meeting with local consultant) Atbara ABCDEFGH 13 Aug.2 Tue Filed survey at Kitiab (Meeting with local consultant) Atbara ABCDEFGH 14 Aug.3 Wed Filed survey for irrigation facilities Atbara ABCDEFGH 15 Aug.4 Thu Filed survey for irrigation facilities Atbara ABCDEFGH 16 Aug.5 Fri Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Khartoum ABCDEFGH Leave Khartoum for Wad Medani Wad Medani AB H 17 Aug.6 Sat Team meeting / Khartoum CDEFG Meeting with FMoIWR / Leave Wad Medani for Kassala State Kassala / AB H 18 Aug.7 Sun Leave Khartoum for Kassala State ditto/ CDEF Research for Procurement & Construction Planning Khartoum G Meeting with NHAC / Filed survey at New Halfa Kassala / ABCDEF H 19 Aug.8 Mon Research for Procurement & Construction Planning Khartoum G Courtesy call for MoAFI (Kassala State) / ABCDEF H Kassala / 20 Aug.9 Tue Filed survey at New Halfa Khartoum Research for Procurement & Construction Planning G Leave Kassala State for Khartoum ABCDEF H 21 Aug.10 Wed Khartoum Research for Procurement & Construction Planning G 22 Aug.11 Thu Team meeting Khartoum ABCDEFGH 23 Aug.12 Fri Plan the policy of the Project Khartoum ABCDEFGH 24 Aug.13 Sat ditto Khartoum ABCDEFGH 25 Aug.14 Sun ditto Khartoum ABCDEFGH Meeting with JICA A DE Khartoum 26 Aug.15 Mon Plan the policy of the Project C F H / Kassala Meeting with FMoIWR / Leave Khartoum for Kassala State B G Plan the policy of the Project A CDEF H 27 Aug.16 Tue Khartoum Filed survey at New Halfa / Leave Kassala State for Khartoum B G Meeting with FMoIWR AB DE 28 Aug.17 Wed Plan the policy of the Project Khartoum C F H Research for Procurement & Construction Planning G Plan the policy of the Project ABC EFGH 29 Aug.18 Thu Khartoum Khartoum(QR523/12:25) - Doha(15:50) D Team meeting ABC EFGH 30 Aug.19 Fri Khartoum Doha(QR802/0:50) - Kansai(16:40) D A2-3 Schedule of The Study Team (Phase 2) 2/2

Name A：Tatsuhiko MORI E：Kensuke IRIYA B：Toshinori KUDO F：Hideki ISHIKAWA C：Motohisa WAKATSUKI G：Asaharu NAGAHARA Day D：Kazuma AKIYOSHI H：Yoji SAWADA No Day Schedule Accommodation Persons 31 Aug.20 Sat Plan the policy of the Project Khartoum ABC EFGH 32 Aug.21 Sun ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 33 Aug.22 Mon ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 34 Aug.23 Tue Draw up the Report of Site Survey Khartoum ABC EFGH Meeting with FMoIWR Wad Medani AB 35 Aug.24 Wed Draw up the Report of Site Survey / Khartoum CEFGH 36 Aug.25 Thu Draw up the Report of Site Survey Khartoum ABC EFGH 37 Aug.26 Fri Team meeting Khartoum ABC EFGH 38 Aug.27 Sat Draw up the Report of Site Survey Khartoum ABC EFGH 39 Aug.28 Sun ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 40 Aug.29 Mon ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 41 Aug.30 Tue ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 42 Aug.31 Wed ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH 43 Sept.1 Thu ditto Khartoum ABC EFGH Team meeting A CEFGH 44 Sept.2 Fri Khartoum Khartoum(EK734/19:15) - Dubai(0:15) B Draw up the Report of site survey A CEFGH 45 Sept.3 Sat Khartoum Dubai(EK318/2:50) - Narita(17:35) B Draw up the Report of site survey 46 Sept.4 Sun Khartoum ACEFGH Receive the Topographic & Geological Report Leave Khartoum for River Nile State / 47 Sept.5 Mon Atbara ACEFGH Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) Filed survey at Kitiab C FG Atbara / 48 Sept.6 Tue Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) / A E H Khartoum Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Filed survey at Kadabas and Aliab C FG 49 Sept.7 Wed Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Khartoum Joint meeting with Sudan side and JICA A E H Meeting with JICA A E 50 Sept.8 Thu Khartoum Draw up the Report of site survey C FGH Team meeting ACEFH 51 Sept.9 Fri Khartoum Khartoum(EK734/19:15)-- Dubai(0:15) G Draw up the Report of site survey ACEFH 52 Sept.10 Sat Khartoum Dubai(EK318/2:50) - Narita(17:35) G Joint meeting with Sudan side and JICA / Courtesy call for EOJ 53 Sept.11 Sun Khartoum ACEFH Draw up the Report of site survey Joint meeting with Sudan side and JICA A E 54 Sept.12 Mon Khartoum Draw up the Report of site survey C FH Filed survey at Aliab , Kadabas Atbara / A E 55 Sept.13 Tue Draw up the Report of site survey Khartoum C FH Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State) / Filed survey at Kitiab A E 56 Sept.14 Wed / Leave River Nile State for Khartoum Khartoum Draw up the Report of site survey C FH Joint meeting with Sudan side and JICA A E 57 Sept.15 Thu Khartoum Draw up the Report of site survey C FH Team meeting A E H 58 Sept.16 Fri Khartoum Khartoum(EK734/19:15)-- Dubai(0:15) C F Arrangement of the leaving A E H 59 Sept.17 Sat Khartoum Dubai(EK316/3:00) - Kansai(17:10) C F 60 Sept.18 Sun Khartoum(EK734/19:15) - Dubai(0:15) AEH Dubai(EK316/3:00) - Kansai(17:10) AE 61 Sept.19 Mon Duba(EK318/2:50) - Naritai(17:35) H

A2-4 Schedule of The Study Team (Phase 3)

Kansai(QR803/0:20) - Doha(5:50) A 2 Feb.8 Wed Khartoum Doha(QR522/6:40) - Khartoum(10:40) AB Leave Khartoum for River Nile State / 3 Feb.9 Thu Atbara AB Meeting with MoAARFI (River Nile State)

4 Feb.10 Fri Leave River Nile State for Khartoum / Team meeting Khartoum AB

5 Feb.11 Sat Meeting with JICA / Documentation and Additional Survey Khartoum AB

Explanation and Discussion about Draft Design 6 Feb.12 Sun Khartoum AB with related ministries

7 Feb.13 Mon Explanation and Discussion with NWPP, FMoAF Khartoum AB

8 Feb.14 Tue Explanation and Discussion with related ministries Khartoum AB

9 Feb.15 Wed Documentation and Additional Survey Khartoum AB

Draft Final Report Explanation / 10 Feb.16 Thu Khartoum AB Signing of Minute of Discussion 11 Feb.17 Fri Khartoum(QR521/20:55) - Doha(0:15) Khartoum AB

Doha(QR802/1:30) - Kansai(16:30) A 12 Feb.18 Sat Doha(QR802/1:30) - Narita(19:30) B

A2-5 Appendix-3. List of Participants No. Name Position Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) (Former : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MoAF)) 1 Mr. Mohamed Hassan Jubara Undersecretary 2 Mr. Abdelwahid Abass Bilateral Cooperation 3 Mr. Abdel EL Halim EL Hassan General Manager of National Wheat Production Project 4 Mr. Badreldin EL Sheikh Mohamed Directorate of Horticulture Ministry of Agriculture 5 Ms. Abra Malik Osman Director, International & Regional Organization Dorectorate Acting Director, 6 Mr. Babiker Hassan Adam International & Regional Organizations Administration (IROA) 7 Mr. Hassan Abdelageim Bilateral Cooperation 8 Ms. Najat Yousif Mohamed Agricultural Engineer 9 Ms. Salma Yousif International Cooperation & Investment Directorate 10 Mr. Abdel Rahaman Msood Investment Department 11 Mr. Wajdy Khidir Hassan National Wheat Project

Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR) (Rormer : Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MoIWR)) 1 Mr. Adam Abbakar Pashier Undersecretary 2 Mr. Karon Elhag Hamad Director General, Dams and Nile control 3 Mr. Elmageoub Ahmed Taha Director General, Water Resources 4 Mr. Hassan Aboabasher Ali Technical Director 5 Mr. Hassab Elnabi Musa Mohamed MOIWR-RIRP-NC 6 Mr. Sayed Suliman Irrigation manager (New Halfa) 7 Mr. Mohamed Hamid General Manager, Mechanical Electrical Administration 8 Mr. EL Sadig Ahmad Adam Projects and Dams Manager 9 Mr. Abdel Gadir Elnaeim Mech. & Elct. Pumps Manager 10 Mr. Gamal EL Gali Pumps Manager 11 Mr. Ahmed Hammad Mohamed Irrigation Operations 12 Mr. Mohamed Elkhidir Ali Workshops and Equipment Director 13 Mr. Noureldin Abdalla Ismail Procurements Manager

Ministry of Environment, Forestry & Physical Development (MoEFPD) 1 Mr. Manoon Isa abdel Algaadir Director of General Department of Environmental Affair 2 Mr. Sayed Hag EL Nour Ahmed Director of Environmental Control

Ministry of Finance and National Economy (MoFNE) 1 Mr. Amer Abdelrahim Ministry of Finance and National Economy

Ministry of International Cooperation (MoIC) 1 Ms. Tomadir Taha Deputy Director of Financial Bilateral Department

Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) 1 Mr. Alaeldin Mohamed Elhassan Agricultural Engineer, ARC / Hudeiba Research Station 2 Mr. Omer H. Ibrahim Crop Physiologist, ARC / Hudeiba Research Station 3 Mr. Fathel Rahman Ali Soil Scientist, ARC / Hudeiba Research Station 4 Ms. Maie Kabbashi Scientist, ARC / Hudeiba Research Station

A3-1 No. Name Position Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation and Forestry, River Nile State (MoAIF, RNS) (Former : Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Resources and Irrigation (MoAARI, River Nile State)) 1 Mr. El Sadig Suliman Professor, Minister of MoAIAR 2 Mr. Fathel Rahman Osman Director of River Nile National Wheat Project 3 Mr. Mohamed Ibrahim Khalid Agriculturalist, Ex-Director of Agricultural Scheme of R.N.S 4 Mr. Hassan Alhag Ahmed Irrigation Director of Agricultural Scheme of R.N.S 5 Mr. EL Mubark Aiel Hafr Director of Shendi, Irrigation Ministry 6 Mr. Salah Aldeen EL Almamoun Irrigation Engineer 7 Mr. Alwahab Suliman Omer Mechanical Engineer (Pump), N.W.P 8 Mr. Mohamed Alnaire Ali Agriculture & Environmental Engineer, M&E Officer 9 Mr. Omer Mohamed Ahmed Ministry of Irrigation 10 Mr. Murtada Awad Alkalim Electrical Engineer 11 Mr. Hag Attwa Tag Eisir Engineer, Manager General 12 Mr. Mohammed Siragedin Mohammed Agricultural Engineer

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MoAF, Kassala State) 1 Mr. Abdella Ali sharief Minister of MAFI Kassala State 2 Mr. Abdel Hakeem Elhassan Director General of MAFI Kassala State 3 Mr. Khidir Ramadan Sadig Technology Transfer and Extension Department 4 Mr. Mohamed Abdu Mohamed General field manager 5 Mr. Abdelgadir Haj Ali General Manager

New Halfa Agricultural Corporation (NHAC) 1 Mr. Omer Mohamed Ibrahim General Director 2 Mr. Mohamed Abdelaziz Planning and economical Researches 3 Mr. Mohamed Ahemd Ali Irrigation and water management head consultant 4 Mr. Mustafa Mohamed Ahmed New Halfa Scheme Manager 5 Mr. Mohamed Ahmed Abdelmawla Irrigation Engineer 6 Mr. Gamal Hussein Mohamed Khartoum Office Manager

Each Scheme of River Nile State 1 Mr. Abdel Rahman Ahmed Chief Person for Farmer's Union 1 Mr. Sharhahel Musa Kadpas Scheme Manager 1 Mr. Fathel Rahman Auodalle Aliab Scheme Manager, Agriculture Ministry 1 Mr. Mohamed Elshaigi Project Manager of Kitiab Scheme Office 1 Mr. Abdel EL Ghafav Karim EL Sayal Scheme Manager 1 Mr. Abdel Fattah Mhamed Elshaheed Scheme Manager

A3-2 Appendix -4. Minutes of Discussion (M/D) Appendix -4.1 26th July 2011 First Minutes of Discussion

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