Dinosaur Death Pits from the Jurassic of China David A. Eberth,1* Xu Xing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

PALAIOS, 2010, v. 25, p. 112–125 Research Article DOI: 10.2110/palo.2009.p09-028r Dinosaur death pits from the Jurassic of China David A. Eberth,1* Xu Xing,2 and James M. Clark3 1Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller, Alberta, T0J0Y0 Canada; 2Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing 100044, China; 3Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, USA e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author. Keywords: Shishugou Formation, dinosaur, taphonomy, China, miring, Jurassic ABSTRACT Three newly discovered bonebeds from the Shishugou Formation of Xinjiang, China, are unusual in preserving vertically stacked and articulated to associated skeletons of at least 18 small, non-avian theropod dinosaurs in pits that are 1–2 m deep. The pits host a soft sediment-deformed mixture of alluvial and volcanic mudstone and sandstone. There is no evidence that the pits were discrete depressions in the topography that filled through time. Rather, they appear to have been highly localized areas of liquefaction caused by large- dinosaur (possibly sauropod) trampling of saturated sediments. Evidence indicates that the small theropods, and some other small vertebrates, became mired and died in these mud-filled pits. High quality skeletal preservation suggests that most individuals were buried within days to months after their deaths. Carcasses were buried successively, coming to rest above previously buried individuals. In some cases, skeletal body parts became separated or were removed, probably during scavenging. Given the large sizes of the pits relative to the small body sizes of the vertebrates contained within them, we conclude that small vertebrates (<3 m long and <1 m tall) were particularly susceptible to miring at these sites. Although the small, presumably herbivorous ceratosaur, Limusaurus inextricabilis, dominates the combined small theropod assemblage from these bonebeds (minimum number of individuals [MNI] = 15), there is no evidence that any biological features other than its small size and a large, and possibly, gregarious local population were responsible for its becoming mired in large numbers. A bias for small theropods in these bonebeds, compared to their relatively low abundance in the overall Shishugou Formation fauna, underscores that small theropods are underrepresented in Mesozoic fossil assemblages collected from other ancient alluvial and paludal settings. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

The Dashanpu Dinosaur Fauna of Zigong Sichuan Short Report V - Labyrinthodont Amphibia
The Dashanpu Dinosaur Fauna of Zigong Sichuan Short Report V - Labyrinthodont Amphibia Zhiming Dong (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleoanthropology, Academia Sinica) Vertebrata PalAsiatica Volume XXIII, No. 4 October, 1985 pp. 301-305 Translated by Will Downs Department of Geology Bilby Research Center Northern Arizona University December, 1990 Abstract A brief discussion is presented on the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic position of Sinobrachyops placenticephalus (gen. et sp. nov.). The specimen is derived from the well-known Middle Jurassic Dashanpu dinosaur quarries of Zigong County, Sichaun Province. Sinobrachyops is the youngest geological occurrence of a labyrinthodont amphibian known to date. Its discovery extends the upper geochronological limit for the Labyrinthodontia into the Middle Jurassic. Introduction The first fossils collected from Dashanpu, Zigong, in 1979, were a pair of rhachitomous vertebrae. This discovery created a sense of perplexity among the workers, for the morphology of these pleurocentra and intercentra suggested an assignment to the Labyrinthodontia. This group of amphibians, however, was traditionally believed to have become extinct in the Late Triassic, a traditional concept that must be abandoned if scientific investigation is to be advanced and left unfettered. In 1983 the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology, Paleoanthropology Academia Sinica launched a paleontological expedition in the Shishugou Formation (Middle-Late Jurassic) from the Kelameili region, northeast Jungar Basin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, where several rhachitomous vertebrae were discovered. Later, a fragmentary skull of a labyrinthodont amphibian was collected, confirming that this group extended into the Middle Jurassic. The discovery from the Shishugou Formation convinced the workers that the rhachitomous vertebrae at Dashanpu belonged to the Labyrinthodontia.
[Show full text]
First Turtle Remains from the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, NE China
Vol.7, No.1 pages 1-11 Science Technology and Engineering Journal (STEJ) Research Article First Turtle Remains from the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, NE China Lu Li1,2,3, Jialiang Zhang4, Xiaolin Wang1,2,3, Yuan Wang1,2,3 and Haiyan Tong1,5* 1 Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China 2 CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China 3 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China 4 State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China 5 Palaeontological Research and Education Centre, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand * Corresponding author: [email protected] (Received: 14th August 2020, Revised: 11th January 2021, Accepted: 9th March 2021) Abstract - The Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota, preceding the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota in NE China has yielded a rich collection of plant, invertebrate and vertebrate fossils. But contrary to the Jehol Biota which is rich in freshwater vertebrates, in the Yanliao Biota the aquatic reptiles are absent, and turtles have not been reported so far. In this paper, we report on the first turtle remains from the Yanliao Biota. The material consists of a partial skeleton from the Upper Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Bawanggou site (Qinglong, Hebei Province, China). Characterized by a broad skull with a pair of sulci carotici and a remnant of an interpterygoid vacuity, a well-developed anterior lobe of the plastron with mesiolaterally elongated epiplastra and a relatively large oval entoplastron; it is assigned to Annemys sp.
[Show full text]
A New Xinjiangchelyid Turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the Evolution of the Basipterygoid Process in Mesozoic Turtles Rabi Et Al
A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles Rabi et al. Rabi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:203 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/203 Rabi et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:203 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/13/203 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A new xinjiangchelyid turtle from the Middle Jurassic of Xinjiang, China and the evolution of the basipterygoid process in Mesozoic turtles Márton Rabi1,2*, Chang-Fu Zhou3, Oliver Wings4, Sun Ge3 and Walter G Joyce1,5 Abstract Background: Most turtles from the Middle and Late Jurassic of Asia are referred to the newly defined clade Xinjiangchelyidae, a group of mostly shell-based, generalized, small to mid-sized aquatic froms that are widely considered to represent the stem lineage of Cryptodira. Xinjiangchelyids provide us with great insights into the plesiomorphic anatomy of crown-cryptodires, the most diverse group of living turtles, and they are particularly relevant for understanding the origin and early divergence of the primary clades of extant turtles. Results: Exceptionally complete new xinjiangchelyid material from the ?Qigu Formation of the Turpan Basin (Xinjiang Autonomous Province, China) provides new insights into the anatomy of this group and is assigned to Xinjiangchelys wusu n. sp. A phylogenetic analysis places Xinjiangchelys wusu n. sp. in a monophyletic polytomy with other xinjiangchelyids, including Xinjiangchelys junggarensis, X. radiplicatoides, X. levensis and X. latiens. However, the analysis supports the unorthodox, though tentative placement of xinjiangchelyids and sinemydids outside of crown-group Testudines. A particularly interesting new observation is that the skull of this xinjiangchelyid retains such primitive features as a reduced interpterygoid vacuity and basipterygoid processes.
[Show full text]
Jonah Nathaniel Choiniere
Jonah Nathaniel Choiniere American Museum of Natural History Division of Paleontology Central Park West at 79th Street New York, NY 10024 [email protected] (703) – 403 – 5865 (mobile) (212) – 769 – 5868 (office) Education BA 2002 Anthropology cum laude BS 2002 Geology cum laude University of Massachusetts Amherst Ph.D. 2010 Biology The George Washington University Professional Experience and Appointments 2010–2012. Kalbfleisch Fellow and Gerstner Scholar: American Museum of Natural History 2011-present. Paleontology Advisor: The Excursionist. 2010–2011. Curatorial Assistant, “The World’s Largest Dinosaurs”: American Museum of Natural History 2007—2010. Research Student: National Museum of Natural History 2002–2004. Property Manager: Boston Nature Center 2000. Archaeology Intern: Yosemite National Park Grants 2011. Co-PI Grant in Aid of Research, University of Cambridge: £17,000 2011. Jurassic Foundation Grant, Jurassic Foundation: $3084 2011. Waitt Grant, National Geographic Society: $15,000 2009. Mortensen Fund, The George Washington University: $250 2009. Exploration Fund, The Explorers Club: $1500 2009. Jurassic Foundation Grant, Jurassic Foundation: $2500 2009. Jackson School of Geosciences Travel Grant, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: $1200 J. N. Choiniere 2 2008. East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes Grant, National Science Foundation: $10,000 Awards and Fellowships September, 2010–August, 2012. Kalbfleisch Fellowship and Gerstner Scholar, American Museum of Natural History Fall, 2004–Spring, 2010. Weintraub Fellowship for Systematics and Evolution, The George Washington University Fall, 2009. King Fellowship, The George Washington University July, 2007. Cladistics Workshop Fellowship, The Ohio State University May, 2002. L.R. Wilson Award, University of Massachusetts Amherst Fall, 1997–Spring, 2002. Commonwealth Scholarship, University of Massachusetts Amherst Publications 2011.
[Show full text]
Octavio Mateus
Foster, J.R. and Lucas, S. G., eds., 2006, Paleontology and Geology of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36. 223 LATE JURASSIC DINOSAURS FROM THE MORRISON FORMATION (USA), THE LOURINHÃ AND ALCOBAÇA FORMATIONS (PORTUGAL), AND THE TENDAGURU BEDS (TANZANIA): A COMPARISON OCTÁVIO MATEUS Museu da Lourinhã, Rua João Luis de Moura, 2530-157 Lourinhã, Portugal. Phone: +351.261 413 995; Fax: +351.261 423 887; Email: [email protected]; and Centro de Estudos Geológicos, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal Abstract—The Lourinhã and Alcobaça formations (in Portugal), Morrison Formation (in North America) and Tendaguru Beds (in Tanzania) are compared. These three Late Jurassic areas, dated as Kimmeridgian to Tithonian are similar paleoenvironmentally and faunally. Four dinosaur genera are shared between Portugal and the Morrison (Allosaurus, Torvosaurus, Ceratosaurus and Apatosaurus), as well as all non-avian dinosaur families. Episodic dis- persal occurred until at least the Late Jurassic. The Portuguese dinosaurs did not developed dwarfism and are as large as Morrison and Tendaguru dinosaurs. Resumo em português—São comparadas as Formações de Lourinhã e Alcobaça (em Portugal), Formação de Morrison (na América do Norte) e as Tendaguru Beds (na Tanzânia). Estas três áreas do Jurássico Superior (Kimmeridgiano/ Titoniano) têm muitas semelhanças relativamente aos paleoambientes. Quatro géneros de dinossauros são comuns a Portugal e Morrison (Allosaurus, Torvosaurus, Ceratosaurus e Apatosaurus), assim como todas as famílias de dinossauros não-avianos. Episódios migratórios ocorreram pelo menos até ao Jurássico Superior. Os dinossauros de Portugal não desenvolveram nanismo e eram tão grandes como os dinossauros de Morrison e Tendaguru.
[Show full text]
A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia
RESEARCH ARTICLE A New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia Fenglu Han1,2*, Catherine A. Forster3, James M. Clark3, Xing Xu2 1 School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, 2 Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, 3 Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America * [email protected] a11111 Abstract Ceratopsia is one of the best studied herbivorous ornithischian clades, but the early evolu- tion of Ceratopsia, including the placement of Psittacosaurus, is still controversial and unclear. Here, we report a second basal ceratopsian, Hualianceratops wucaiwanensis gen. OPEN ACCESS et sp. nov., from the Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) Shishugou Formation of the Junggar Basin, Citation: Han F, Forster CA, Clark JM, Xu X (2015) A northwestern China. This new taxon is characterized by a prominent caudodorsal process New Taxon of Basal Ceratopsian from China and the Early Evolution of Ceratopsia. PLoS ONE 10(12): on the subtemporal ramus of the jugal, a robust quadrate with an expansive quadratojugal e0143369. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0143369 facet, a prominent notch near the ventral region of the quadrate, a deep and short dentary, Editor: Matthew Shawkey, University of Akron, and strongly rugose texturing on the lateral surface of the dentary. Hualianceratops shares UNITED STATES several derived characters with both Psittacosaurus and the basal ceratopsians Yinlong, Received: July 15, 2015 Chaoyangsaurus, and Xuanhuaceratops. A new comprehensive phylogeny of ceratopsians weakly supports both Yinlong and Hualianceratops as chaoyangsaurids (along with Accepted: November 3, 2015 Chaoyangsaurus and Xuanhuaceratops), as well as the monophyly of Chaoyangosauridae Published: December 9, 2015 + Psittacosaurus.
[Show full text]
Haplocheirus Sollers Choiniere Et Al., 2010 (Theropoda: Alvarezsauroidea)
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Number 3816, 44 pp. October 22, 2014 Cranial osteology of Haplocheirus sollers Choiniere et al., 2010 (Theropoda: Alvarezsauroidea) JONAH N. CHOINIERE,1,2,3 JAMES M. CLARK,2 MARK A. NORELL,3 AND XING XU4 ABSTRacT The basalmost alvarezsauroid Haplocheirus sollers is known from a single specimen col- lected in Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian) beds of the Shishugou Formation in northwestern China. Haplocheirus provides important data about the plesiomorphic morphology of the theropod group Alvarezsauroidea, whose derived members possess numerous skeletal autapomorphies. We present here a detailed description of the cranial anatomy of Haplocheirus. These data are important for understanding cranial evolution in Alvarezsauroidea because other basal mem- bers of the clade lack cranial material entirely and because derived parvicursorine alvarezsau- roids have cranial features shared exclusively with members of Avialae that have been interpreted as synapomorphies in some analyses. We discuss the implications of this anatomy for cranial evolution within Alvarezsauroidea and at the base of Maniraptora. INTRODUCTION Alvarezsauroidea is a clade of theropod dinosaurs whose derived members possess remarkably birdlike features, including a lightly built, kinetic skull, several vertebral modi- fications, a keeled sternum, a fused carpometacarpus, a fully retroverted pubis and ischium 1 Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand; DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Palaeo- sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University. 3 Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History. 4 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2014 ISSN 0003-0082 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES NO.
[Show full text]
Large Theropod Metatarsal Found in Jurassic Shishugou Formation, Junggar Basin, China 6 February 2013
Large theropod metatarsal found in Jurassic Shishugou Formation, Junggar Basin, China 6 February 2013 Formation, exposed at the Wucaiwan Locality in the northeastern part of the Junggar Basin, was discovered and reported in the latest issue of Vertebrata PalAsiatica 2013 (1). The finding adds to the diversity of theropods present at Wucaiwan Locality. Researchers compared the new specimen with the fourth metatarsals of other theropods, and assigned this specimen to Allosauroidea. Similarities to the equivalent bone in other allosauroids include: the proximal end has a subtriangular outline with a tongue-like, posteriorly directed posteromedial process; the shaft has a gentle outward curve; a semi-lunate concave of muscle attachment is present on the posterolateral side of the shaft; and the cross-section of the shaft is triangular. "Within Allosauroidea, the new specimen is most similar to the fourth metatarsal of Sinraptor dongi, a taxon that occurs in the same formation in the Jiangjunmiao area of the Junggar Basin. It displays several specific resemblances to S. dongi: the outline of the distal end is subtrapezoidal, the depression for muscle attachment on the posterior side of the shaft that borders the shaft's lateral side lacks a well-defined ridge", said first author HE Yiming, a paleontology graduate student of the Left metatarsal IV (IVPP V 18060), in lateral (A), medial IVPP. (B), posterior (C), anterior (D), proximal (E) and distal (F) views, and left metatarsus of Sinraptor dongi, proximal However, the new specimen also differs in some views of metatarsals IV (G), III (H), and II (I). A, B, C, D respects from the fourth metatarsal of S.
[Show full text]
Two Theropod Track Assemblages from the Jurassic of Chongqing, China, and the Jurassic Stratigraphy of Sichuan Basin
- 第51卷第2期古脊椎动物学报 pp. 107 130 2013年4月 VERTEBRATA PALASIATICA figs. 1-9 Two theropod track assemblages from the Jurassic of Chongqing, China, and the Jurassic Stratigraphy of Sichuan Basin XING Li-Da1 Martin G. LOCKLEY2 CHEN Wei3 Gerard D. GIERLIŃSKI4,5 LI Jian-Jun6 W. Scott PERSONS IV7 Masaki MATSUKAWA8 YE Yong9 Murray K. GINGRAS10 WANG Chang-Wen11 (1 Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origin of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100044, China [email protected]) (2 Dinosaur Tracks Museum, University of Colorado Denver PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217, USA Martin. [email protected]) (3 Chongqing Museum of Natural History Chongqing 400013, China) (4 JuraPark, ul. Sandomierska 4, 27-400 Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, Poland) (5 Polish Geological Institute Rakowiecka 4, 00-975 Warszawa, Poland) (6 Department of Research, Beijing Museum of Natural History Beijing 100050, China) (7 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada) (8 Department of Environmental Sciences, Tokyo Gakugei University Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan) (9 Zigong Dinosaur Museum Zigong 643013, Sichuan, China) (10 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada) (11 Yongchuan District Administration Institute of Cultural Relics and Preservation Chongqing 402160, China) Abstract Four Jurassic dinosaur tracksites have been reported from Chongqing Municipality. These include the Lower Jurassic Dazu site in the Zhenzhuchong Formation, which yields the oldest sauropod trackway known from China. Two of the remaining three sites (Nan’an, and Jinji sites), variously regarded as Middle and Upper Jurassic, are here described in detail for the first time and regarded as Upper Jurassic, both from the Shangshaximiao Formation.
[Show full text]
Sinraptor Dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China Christophe Hendrickx, Josef Stiegler, Philip J
1127 ARTICLE Dental anatomy of the apex predator Sinraptor dongi (Theropoda: Allosauroidea) from the Late Jurassic of China Christophe Hendrickx, Josef Stiegler, Philip J. Currie, Fenglu Han, Xing Xu, Jonah N. Choiniere, and Xiao-Chun Wu Abstract: The dental morphology of the holotype of the theropod Sinraptor dongi from the Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China is comprehensively described. We highlight a combination of dental features that appear to be restricted to Sinraptor: (i) crowns with denticulated mesial and distal carinae extending from the root and an irregular surface texture on the enamel; (ii) a D- to salinon-shaped cross-sectional outline at the crown base in mesialmost teeth; (iii) mesial crowns with mesial carinae spiraling mesiolingually and lingually positioned longitudinal groove adjacent to the mesial carina; and (iv) particularly labio- lingually compressed lateral teeth with weakly labially deflected distal carinae, flat to concave basocentral surfaces of the labial margins of the crowns, and horizontally elongated distal denticles showing short to well-developed interdenticular sulci. Using cladistic, multivariate, discriminant, and cluster analyses, we demonstrate that the dentition of Sinraptor is relatively similar to that of ceratosaurids, megalosauroids, and other allosauroids and is particularly close to that of Allosaurus. The dental anatomy of Sinraptor and Allosaurus, which differs mainly in the labiolingual compression of the lateral crowns and in the number of premaxillary teeth, shows adaptations towards a predatory lifestyle, including premaxillary teeth capable of enduring tooth-to- bone contact and crowns with widely separated mesial and distal carinae capable of inflicting widely open wounds. Key words: tooth, crown, denticle, dinosaur, theropod.
[Show full text]
Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China
Evo Edu Outreach (2009) 2:236–247 DOI 10.1007/s12052-009-0137-0 ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Evolutionary Transitions Among Dinosaurs: Examples from the Jurassic of China James M. Clark & Xing Xu Published online: 9 May 2009 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2009 Abstract Dinosaurs have captured the popular imagination relationships and transitions. Familiar highly specialized more than any other extinct group of organisms and are animals such as Triceratops, Pachycephalosaurus, Stego- therefore a powerful tool in teaching evolutionary biology. saurus, Ankylosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, Brachiosaurus, and Most students are familiar with a wide variety of dinosaurs Parasaurolophus are joined in the fossil record by hundreds and the relative suddenness of their extinction, but few are of their relatives with less-specialized features (Weishampel aware of the tremendous longevity of their time on Earth et al. 2004). Together, they comprise a many-branched and the richness of their fossil record. We first review some evolutionary tree that flourished for over 160 million years. of the best-known groups of dinosaurs and discuss how Dinosaurs are found almost exclusively in sedimentary their less-specialized relatives elucidate the path through rocks formed in terrestrial, rather than marine, environ- which each evolved. We then discuss our recent discovery ments, indicating that they rarely ventured out into the sea. of Yinlong downsi, a distant relative of Triceratops, and These river and lake deposits formed layers, or strata, that other fossils from Jurassic deposits in China to exemplify are overlain by younger rocks and underlain by older ones. how the continuing discovery of fossils is filling out the By studying how these and other layers of rocks and their dinosaur family tree.
[Show full text]
GEOLOGY of the INTERMOUNTAIN WEST an Open-Access Journal of the Utah Geological Association ISSN 2380-7601 Volume 7 2020
GEOLOGY OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST an open-access journal of the Utah Geological Association ISSN 2380-7601 Volume 7 2020 AN UNUSUALLY DIVERSE NORTHERN BIOTA FROM THE MORRISON FORMATION (UPPER JURASSIC), BLACK HILLS, WYOMING John R. Foster, Darrin C. Pagnac, and ReBecca K. Hunt-Foster Theme Issue An Ecosystem We Thought We Knew— The Emerging Complexities of the Morrison Formation SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Annual Meeting, October 26 – 29, 2016 Grand America Hotel Salt Lake City, Utah, USA © 2020 Utah Geological Association. All rights reserved. For permission to copy and distribute, see the following page or visit the UGA website at www.utahgeology.org for information. Email inquiries to [email protected]. GEOLOGY OF THE INTERMOUNTAIN WEST an open-access journal of the Utah Geological Association ISSN 2380-7601 Volume 7 2020 Editors UGA Board Douglas A. Sprinkel Thomas C. Chidsey, Jr. 2020 President Leslie Heppler [email protected] 801.538.5257 Azteca Geosolutions Utah Geological Survey 2020 President-Elect Riley Brinkerhoff [email protected] 406.839.1375 801.391.1977 801.537.3364 2020 Program Chair Paul Inkenbrandt [email protected] 801.537.3361 [email protected] [email protected] 2020 Treasurer Greg Gavin [email protected] 801.538.4779 [email protected] 2020 Secretary Elliot Jagniecki [email protected] 801.537.3370 John R. Foster 2020 Past President Peter Nielsen [email protected] 801.537.3359 Bart J. Kowallis Utah Field House of Brigham Young University Natural History State Park 801.422.2467 Museum UGA Committees [email protected] 435.789.3799 Education/Scholarship Zack Anderson [email protected] 801.538.4779 [email protected] Environmental Affairs Craig Eaton [email protected] 801.633.9396 Steven Schamel Geologic Road Sign Greg Gavin [email protected] 801.541.6258 GeoX Consulting, Inc.
[Show full text]